Two Summers in Mississippi (The writer of this article went to Mississippi Vicksburg, and returned for the summer of 1965. with the 1964- Summer Project, stayed through Here he compares the two summers and assesses part of the winter, helped found a newspaper in the present situation in the state.) BY DAVID RILEY unprofitable it can be to resist dissatisfied: more than a handful JACKSON, Miss.—Four or five agreeing. does not mean the masses. times a day over the p.a. system, Aside from changing the atti­ "You can't talk to a person a dusky woman's voice, a white tudes of whites, the same three about the Congressional Chal­ voice, announces that the airport factors have profoundly affected lenge if he's hungry," says one limousine is departing from the the attitudes of Mississippi Ne­ FDP leader who is concerned Hotel Heidelberg, one of the old­ groes. They have been greatly about the party being too "hung est and finest hotels in Jackson. encouraged to challenge the sys­ up" on abstract issues. The fact that the Young tem more actively themselves. In the new area of economic, Democrats Convention, involv­ So the most important de­ as opposed to political, activity -Robertson Wood-SNCC Photo ing many Negroes and civil velopment in Mississippi in the in the civil rights field, there has YOUNG MISSISSIPPIANS call for democratic procedures at State rights workers, was held at the last year is the one most diffi­ been more direction by Missis- Young Democrats Convention. Freedom Democratic Party Leaders Hotel Heidelberg last August cult to define: the change in (Continued on Page 4) Robert Smith and Joyce Brown speak from floor. (See article at left.) 14 explains a lot about the attitude and atmosphere. difference between the Missis­ "The people," as one Negro sippi summers of 1964 and told me, "smell freedom." And 1965. so they are more and more ac­ Especially revealing is what tively working for it on their The Southern Vol. 23, No. 8 went on at the Convention. Here own initiative, which is the most were Mississippians—white and significant and exciting fact black, mostly black—gathering about the Mississippi civil rights October, 1965 to elect representatives who movement in 1965. would go North and ask the Na­ During the Summer Project tional Young Democrats for a of 1964 the 800 white North© charter. PATRIOT volunteers tended, quite nat­ Published by the Southern Conference Educational Fund, Inc. Here in two factions, the urally, to dominate and direct NAACP and the Freedom Demo­ activities. Too much so, SNCC cratic Party (FDP), were the and CORE felt, which is the grandchildren of slaves and the major reason a similar pro­ a€LCs The New Trends cohorts of murdered, martyred gram was not planned for the men—fighting in a fancy South­ 1965 summer. (The 1965 SCLC summer convention came too enough, suggesting he should have volunteered to ern hotel over who would repre­ This summer 150 volunteers late for the September Patriot but was one of the lead a peace delegation to Vietnam. However, the sent them up North. joined the 200 or so who stayed South's most significant meetings of the year and stand he took was strong enough to bring him over from last summer, and the A year ago there was no is reported here in retrospect.) torrents of criticism from people supporting the project was run not by COFO public split in the civil rights war in Vietnam. This criticism has continued—and (which was disbanded in July), By CAROL STEVENS movement; the enemy was far King has continued his calls for peace. hut by the FDP. FDP coun­ (Special Correspondent) too much of a threat in 1964 SCLC itself in its final resolutions implied ap­ ty executive committees, com­ BIRMINGHAM, Ala.—Two significant trends to permit the luxury of a pub­ proval of King's individual peace efforts but said posed of local people, were marked the ninth annual meeting of the Southern lic showdown like the one at because of limited resources its organizational ef­ officially in charge of local proj­ Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) here. the Hotel Heidelberg last Au­ First, in the words of the Rev. Jim Bevel, forts would continue to concentrate on racial broth­ ects this summer, instead of last erhood. But the resolution continued significantly: gust. SCLC's nonviolent action director, "Ours is no year's COFO project directors. ". . . . In the event of perilous escalation of And a year ago no white poli­ longer the narrow concern of civil rights for, In many areas, though not all, the Vietnam war, we respect the right of Dr. tician, however liberal, was pub­ Negroes but the broad concern of human rigb*= this was true in j'act as well as King and the administrative committee to alter licly courting the Negro vote as for the people." Bevel, who recently led an SCLC . in tbenru: y___ = - this course in the interest of the survival of man­ move to Chicago, appeared on a panel witn For the first time since Recon­ kind and turn the full resources of our organiza­ in August, and at the earlier Bayard Rustin, Dr. Alice Mary Hilton and Miss July meeting, held at the same struction, more than a handful of tion to the cessation of bloodshed and war." Mississippi Negroes are involved Ella Baker entitled "Visions of Things to Come." The convention brought 1000 delegates to Bir­ hotel, to form the Mississippi The Rev. Andy Young, SCLC executive director, Democratic Conference. in political activity, thanks to the mingham. The last time SCLC met here in 1962 FDP. But some FDP officials are pointed out in his keynote speech that in securing King called this the most rigidly segregated city Why this much change in a these rights we possess "a power so awesome that year? One reason is President in the U.S. Since then, those barriers have begun .... I tremble to think what might happen if it Johnson's landslide victory last to break; Negroes at this convention filled the lob­ is not organized and disciplined in the interest of November which shocked many bies of a leading downtown hotel, and King spoke School Protest positive social change. ... I think it would be pos­ white Mississippians into realiz­ in the city's civic auditorium. FORREST CITY, Ark.— sible to recruit a nonviolent army of upwards of ing that the rest of the country The theme of the convention was "Human Rights More than 200 Negroes, most 100,000 in any major city in the country." doesn't agree with them. An­ of them high school students, —Basic Issues—The Grand Alliance." There was other is federal legislation which were arrested here when they The other significant move was made by Dr. much confusion about the meaning and implica­ is forcing them to agree with the demonstrated in protest against Martin Luther King, Jr., in his keynote address in tions of it, particularly of the grand alliance which rest of the country, or rather to inadequate facilities at the which he called for a peace meeting among the was explained in various ways, depending on who act as if they do. all-Negro high school and what leaders of all sides in the Vietnam war. It was was speaking. A third is increased civil rights they consider "tokenism" in here that he announced he would write to the heads Some stressed the idea of coalition at the activity which, along with the desegregation. of state to encourage such negotiations. grass roots among the movements for social legislation, is showing them how Many here criticized King for not going far (Continued on Page 4) ?How To Avoid Another Berkeley'.... A Campus Tour BY ED HAMLETT selecting a title for his remarks our universities and colleges." of Michigan, taught in Spain, did not feel morally bound to trained for the Peace Corps, and abide by a law in the making of I didn't dream up the title for that would not upset the dean. The "beared dissenter," as the then went to Berkeley to con­ which he had had no part. Though this article. In a way it was se­ They chose: "How to Avoid An­ Nashville Banner called him, then tinue his studies. SSOC invited most students and others in our lected by a dean at Louisiana other Berkeley." proceeded to tell the students just him to make the Southern tour society do not articulate it in this State University. Steve tried to answer the what he thought the problems in line with its purpose of stimu­ way, Steve's statement s prob­ The students there were able question. were. He did the same thing at lating thought and action among ably a clue to the solution of to obtain meeting facilities for "Get rid of the conditions 27 schools in 11 Southern states. Southern students on vital issues. many of the problems facing col­ Steve Weissman of California's that spawned the movement at Steve grew up in Tampa, Fla., lege adminitrators. Free Speech Movement only by Berkeley," he said. "Clean up graduated from the University of The tour revealed something the problems that exist in all Tampa, studied at the University about the state of academic Students at Berkeley revolted, (Late last spring, Steve Weiss- freedom in the South: positive Steve explained, because they man, a leader of the Free Speech in that Steve was able to speak were not allowed to solicit funds Movement at the University of on 27 campuses, negative in for support of fellow students California in Berkeley, made a that students had to resort to working in the civil rights move­ speaking tour of Southern cam­ devices like the speech title at ment in Mississippi and else­ puses, both Negro and white, un­ LSU to get him there. where, including California. der sponsorship of SSOC, the The trip also revealed the hun­ Thus, the free speech issue Southern Student Organizing ger of many students for discus­ developed around the fact that Committee. He was accompanied sion of meaningful ideas. They civil rights activists were not by Hedy West, noted Southern came in numbers larger than we allowed to advocate on campus folk singer who sang for the stu­ expected; the question periods that students go off campus to dents, and Ed Hamlett, SSOC were lively. In all, he spoke to protest inequality. organizer. The Patriot delayed 2,500 Southern students. Tremendous pressure had come publication of this report on the His statements were as revolu­ from ex-Senator Knowland's tour because of its special inter­ tionary as John Locke's contract newspaper in Oakland because est to campus readers who miss theory of government. Again and Scranton supporters had recruit- the paper in the summer. (Continued on Page 4) Steve Weissman and Hedy West again he made it clear that he THE SOUTHERN PATRIOT The Southern Patriot A —*—' «««f- The Southern Patriot is published monthly except July and August by the Southern Conference Educational Fund, Inc., dedicated to On Peace and Civil Rights .... ending discrimination based on race, creed, color, national origin, In recent issues, The Southern Patriot has movement but was broader than it was and also or economic condition. Edit6rial offices, 4403 Virginia Ave., Louis­ printed several articles reporting activities of peo­ broader than the issue of peace—a movement big ville, Ky. 40211; business offices. Suite 408, 822 Perdido St., New ple and organizations connected with the civil enough to include all people who want a more Orleans, La. 70112; office of publication, 150 Tenth Ave. North, rights movement in behalf of world peace. moral society. He helped initiate the Washington Nashville, Tenn. 37203. Twenty-five cents a copy, $2 a year. This has stimulated an unusual amount of Summer Action Project designed to stimulate com­ Entered as second-class mail matter, Nashville, Tennessee. mail from Patriot readers, some saying civil munication among people thinking in these terms. THE SOUTHERN CONFERENCE EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. rights groups and their publications should not This project culminated in the August 6-9 As­ 822 Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112 become involved in the peace issue, others saying sembly of Unrepresented People in Washington they should. (See September Patriot), and Parris was one of Treasurer President Below we print a representative letter stating those arrested when police stopped this Assembly BENJAMIN E. SMITH FRED L. SHUTTLESWORTH each of these differing points of view. from entering the Capitol grounds. Vice-Presidents Secretary In addition, on Page 3, we print an interview Parris, who is still on the staff of SNCC (the JOHN M. COE JESSIE P. GUZMAN with one of the nation's best known civil rights Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) BISHOP CHARLES F. GOLDEN workers, Bob Parris, who has become identified with sees his future life in terms of serving the South­ MODJESKA M. SlMKINS Assistant Secretary peace activities. ern freedom movement, and also plans to con­ CLARICE CAMPBELL Parris, as Bob Moses, played a key role in tinue work for peace. He sees no conflict in these roles, in fact finds them inseparable. Editor Executive Director organizing the freedom movement in Mississippi. He believes that each individual must determine ANNE BRADEN JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI Late in 1964, convinced that people must be their own leaders, he decided that the national image he his own course by his own conscience and thus Special Consultant Field Organizer had acquired would cripple the emerging Missis­ finds it difficult to generalize from his own experi­ ELLA J. BAKER CARL BRADEN sippi movement if he stayed there. ence to offer advice to others. However, in response He left the state, adopted his middle name of to questions by the Patriot editor, he agreed to Eastern Representative Project Director Parris as his last name and moved to Alabama to discuss some of the philosophic questions involved WM. HOWARD MELISH FRANK FLETCHER begin organizing anew. in the relationship of the civil rights movement to About this time, the war in Vietnam was the matter of war and peace. October, 1965 © Vol. 23, No. 8 intensifying and there was developing in this These questions are important to every con­ country a significant student movement against cerned citizen. We would welcome further discus­ Review of the Month war—reaching a height in the Easter demon­ sion of them from our readers. stration that brought 25,000 young people to The U.S. House of Representa­ tion picture varies, depending on Washington. Many of these young people had 9 tives voted 228 to 143 to dismiss whether one measures it by past worked in the South, and their lives were being 'Issues Are One the Freedom Democratic Party's failures or the long road ahead. shaped by their identification with the Southern To the Patriot Editor: Challenge calling for unseating of Under pressure of the 1964 Civil freedom movement. Rights Act, desegregation came I rejoice that the Southern Patriot advances Mississippi's congressmen. It was Parris saw here the beginnings of a new move­ to communities where it would the current nationwide debate on the causes and a failure not so much for the ment that was an outgrowth of the civil rights Challengers as for America—in have been considered impossible consequences of our Government's war policy by the words of an FDP leader "an a few years ago, especially rural 9 careful reports of the freedom movement's actions indication that this country is not areas and small towns. 'dob Not Yet Bone and statements for peace. yet ready to face up to the basic But the NAACP pointed out Resistance movements against undemocratic changes needed to end second- that tokenism was still the rule To the Patriot Editor: power and lack of representation will continue to class citizenship status of Neg­ and in the Deep South only 7 I was quite upset at reading in the most recent spring up, here and abroad, as 500 years of white roes." per cent of Negro pupils are in issue of the SCEF publication an article appealing misrule are brought to an end. We have long been Hundreds of Negro Missis­ desegregated schools. for support of the campaign opposing our military aware that the Freedom Movement in our own sippians traveled to Washing­ News reporters heralded a new participation in the war in Vietnam. country does not stop at state borders. Cruel, ton to support the Challenge day at the annual Southern gov- It had always been my understanding that the senseless wars now compel us to recognize that -~and sat In the gallery as'TKe nenror's conierenceJD_cause for the SCEF was organized for one purpose, and one pu±i* "One Man One Vote In Selma and Saigon" is— House voted. Mrs. Fannie Lou first time the racial issue did not pose only, namely to aid the Negroes in the South more than a slogan. Hamer, Mrs. Victoria Gray, and hold the spotlight. "It's no longer in their fight for first class citizenship. On that To avert a nuclear holocaust, to live, to be free, Mrs. Annie Devine, who ran for an issue," said one governor. basis I have supported the Fund for a number of we have to organize, community by community, Congress as FDP candidates Civil rights workers in most of years. against poverty, racism and war. Dr. King, Eric and contested the legality of the region feared this statement I feel very strongly that this is a tremendous Weinberger, Robert Moses Parris, Dr. Staughton the election, sat on the House was somewhat premature. job with much still to be done, and that therefore Lynd and all the Freedom leaders who have spoken floor. the SCEF should not interest itself in any other out against bombing, drafting, jailing and brutal­ The FDP said it would enter issues. The war in Vietnam is of interest to all izing—whether at home or abroad—speak for me. candidates in Mississippi con­ All-Night Sit-in of us as individuals, but should not involve the Historian Henry Steele Commager (July 10 gressional and senatorial races Fund or its publication in any way. Saturday Review) warns against our American In Powatan County, Va., 70 next year. The 1965 Voting Rights I believe that this subject is of considerable "habit of taking for granted a double standard of citizens marched on the month­ Act has brought sharp increases importance, not just to me, but to many others, history and morality." Those most devoted to a ly County Board of Supervisors in registration in some of the 14 and hope that there will be a clear-cut statement single standard of history and morality move in meeting to protest job discrim­ counties where Federal registrars on this matter by the Fund's Board of Directors a dimension where peace and freedom are one and ination and other grievances. are assigned, but for the Deep in the publication. indivisible. South as a whole results are still Some staged an all-night sit- ISOBEL M. CERNEY in at the courthouse. VICTOR H. RAISMAN, M.D. token. SNCC pointed out that Kew Gardens, N.Y. Atlanta, Ga. terror, intimidation and stalling are still being used in many counties. Book Notes: Personal Stories Shed Light on South Likewise, the school desegrega- The recent period in the South, personal experiences. They of the 1964 summer is told in ex­ Some of the letters are works Statement of Ownership, like all times of great social illuminate history as no socio­ cerpts from letters writtten by of art, and the total impact Management and Circulation change, has not only made his­ logical study could. the volunteers and collected by of the book, which grips the (Act of October 23, 1962, Section 4369, tory; it has produced a multitude Two recent books on the 1964 Elizabeth Sutherland. reader from beginning to end, Title 39, United States Code.) Date of filing : September 2, 1965 of personal stories of heroism, Mississippi Summer Project are is testimony to Miss Suther­ Title of Publication : The Southern Patriot and intense inner experience. land's brilliant editing. Frequency of issue: monthly except July in this category. One is Freedom and August Summer by Sally Belfrage (Vik­ Unfortunately, many of these Another kind of personal story Location of known office of publication: ing Press. 625 Madison Ave., 150 Tenth Avenue No. Nashville, Tenn. stories have never been written is told in God Wills Us Free by 37203 New York, N.Y., $5). Location of the headquarters or general and may never be—partly be­ Robert McNeill (Hill and Wang, business offices of the publishers: Room 408, 822 Perdido Street, New Orleans, cause the people who lived them Miss Belfrage was one of the 141 Fifth Ave., New York, $5). La. 70112 or observed them closely are too volunteers, and she brings it all Names and Addresses of publisher, editor McNeill is one of many Southern and managing editor, Publisher, South­ busy making more history to to life—the moments of exhalta- white ministers who have been ern Conference Educational Fund, Inc.: Room 408, 822 Perdido Street, New Or­ write about what has been. tion, of depression, the fear, the driven from their pulpits for leans, La. 70112, Editor Anne Braden, Now, however, there are ap­ joy, the tension, the sometimes 4403 Virginia Avenue, Louisville, Ky. their stands for racial justice. 40211 pearing a number of books that unbearable drudgery, the humor, Owner: Southern Conference Educational pathos and tragedy—her own ex­ The outer circumstances of his Fund, Inc., Room 408, 822 Perdido Street, record some of the memorable New Orleans, La. 70112 periences a window on those of struggle were quiet compared Stockholders: none Average No. Copies the hundreds who ended the sum­ with more dramatic happenings Each issue during mer not sure how much they had in the South, but the drama here preceding 12 mos. Single issue nearest changed Mississippi but knowing is inner. McNeill came from a to filing date Total no. copies printed 11,992 11,877 their lives would never be the mixture of Southern traditions, Paid circulation— same again. son of an aristocratic mother and 1. sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors, counter sales None None The same experiences are a hill-country father. He traces 2. mail subscriptions 10,892 11,047 Total paid circulation 10,892 11,047 painted on a broader canvas but his own development with hon­ Free Distribution 1,100 830 esty and insight and makes it Total distribution 11,992 11,877 also in intensely personal terms, Office use, left-over-unaccounted spoiled in Letters from Mississippi (Mc­ clear why, as he says, the "con­ after printing None None comitant of the Negro's justice Total 11,992 11,877 Graw-Hill, 330 W. 42nd St., New Robert McNeill I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. is the white man's liberation." JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI, Executive Director York, NY., $4.95). Here the story Tells of White Man's Liberation THE SOUTHERN PATRIOT A Talk with Bob Parris One Freedom Worker's Views The basic question regarding the relationship of civil about, Parris implies, it will not only lose an opportunity rights and peace, Bob Parris says, is not whether civil to contribute to the democratic process for the whole rights organizations should take formal positions on the country but find itself up against new dead-ends in its war in Vietnam. own quest for freedom. In the first place, he notes, formal resolutions are "A real question for the movement in the South in meaningless unless they grow out of the natural direc­ the next several years," he notes "is going to be how the tion of organizations and are combined with action. vote, now that more people have it, can be meaningful. Instead, Parris thinks, the correct starting point is "We do not want the new politics to be just like for those identified with the freedom movement to con­ the old. People need a chance to vote on real issues. sider the underlying philosophy of their own movement, That means, among other things, debate on foreign to decide what response this philosophy calls for in policy in our election campaigns—something that relation to the war, and what natural courses of action doesn't really happen anywhere in the country now." flow from this. The other factor which creates a responsibility for This approach, he thinks, applies to individuals within civil rights forces to speak and act on the peace issue the movement, to the movement as a whole, and to or­ relates to the national psychology of a nation that is ganizations within the movement—although the prob­ waging war. lems and questions facing each of these will be different. The Rationale for Murder There is absolutely no question as to the moral right "What are the psychological conditions under which —Photo by Len Holt of people and organizations identified with civil rights people can commit organized murder?" Parris asks. PARTICIPANTS in last August's Assembly of Unrep­ to speak out on the issue of war and peace, Parris thinks. "They have to have a rationale. The rationale that the resented People stand in silent vigil at White House Those who question this right should ask themselves Johnson Administration gives the country today is that protesting war. (Bob Parris, who is interviewed on this some questions, he believes. the free world is under attack by a world-wide move­ page, is in center of photo.) "Those who say people identified with civil rights ment that we must fight in Vietnam lest we have to fight should not become involved in the peace question," he it on the freeways of California." This1 rationale is very much out of proportion to the As to what people and organizations in the civil explains, "threaten the Negro with probable loss of what rights movement can do about all this, Parris notes that he stands to gain from the civil rights movement if this complexity of today's world and its problems—prob­ lems that intelligent people know cannot be solved even critics of their participation in the peace movement involvement develops." concede the right of an individual in the movement to That, he points out, raises the question of what are with guns, Parris says. But it is bolstered by the con­ cept this country has of itself as the center of defense join peace groups. It is involvement of civil rights or­ these rights the Negro has fought for through the free­ ganizations that they question. dom movement. of the "free world." "Certainly one of the most basic rights we have And this concept is in turn bolstered, he says, by the The People Are Silenced Too been seeking is the right to participate fully in the fact that this country sees itself as fighting for freedom But ths objection tends to silence the individual too, life of this country," he goes on. "Now if by partici­ of Negroes at home. Parris says, because American society identifies people pating—that is, taking part in the discussions of the "Therefore," he says, "people closely connected with primarily as part of a category—a profession, an organi­ great issues that face the country—we threaten the the freedom struggle have the responsibility to state that zation, etc. right to participate, we have to begin to wonder wheth­ the concept of freedom we are struggling for is not the "Our society has really lost most of its people," he er the right is real." same concept of freedom at all that is being projected notes. "What we have are categories, functions. But In addition to the right to take a stand on the peace by this country in the Vietnam situation." the civil rights movement must by its own philosophy issue, however, civil rights forces may also have the "What we must look for all over the world," he oppose this concept of person; we believe people are responsibility to do so, Parris implies. states, "is people struggling against governments to individuals, not just part of categories. Thus a civil Where Are Decisions Made? bring more power to the people." These, he believes, are rights organization must maintain the right of the the world's "freedom movements," and someway the This responsibility involves two factors. First, the people who are part of it to function as individuals." freedom movement in this country must begin to define whole manner in which the war in Vietnam has developed (He notes that SNCC did that when it decided—after its relationship to these movements the world over. raises important questions about the democratic process much discussion—that he need not take a leave of absence Because of the U.S. government's increasing involvement in this country. These are questions which should be the from its staff while he worked on the Washington Sum­ throughout the world, people in the freedom movement concern ©f every—citizen, Parris--says, and they rebate mer Action Project, even though SNCC as an organiza­ here cannot continue to say they are simply interested to the very core of the philosophy of the freedom move­ tion did not participate.) in domestic issues and thus escape their responsibility to ment. As for the whole freedom movement, Parris says define their relationship to world developments. "It's a matter of where debate on important issues the relevant question is not whether this movement Actually, Parris says, the rationale this nation uses is to take place in this society and where the decisions should join the peace movement; this is not a possibility. to justify war in Vietnam turns out to be "amazingly are to be made," Parris explains. "Rather the question we must ask ourselves is what similar" to the rationale that has been used by the At present, he notes, there is a general assumption kind of a movement are we going to be," he says. "Are white South to justify its opposition to the freedom that foreign policy is to be made by the executive branch we going to address ourselves to the broader problems movement. of the government. Even the Senate, which constitution­ of society? Can we build a wider base for a movement ally makes foreign policy, has given over this function "The South has said its civilization is being attacked in this country; and actually can the freedom movement to the President. Among people generally, many of whom by people—outsiders—who want to overthrow it," he as it has existed survive and achieve its goals unless it don't distinguish between the various branches of gov­ notes, and that's what this country says in Vietnam. In does this?" this situation in the South, the list of acceptable defenses ernment, there is just an acceptance of the idea that For each organization within the civil rights move­ "the government" makes foreign policy. for those who feel threatened has included organized murder, and so the acceptable defenses for our nation ment, the matter of war and peace will come up in dif­ "But the civil rights movement, in line with its phi­ when it feels threatened in Asia includes murder. ferent ways—and each must find its way in line with losophy, puts forth a different idea," Parris says. "We A Nation in Schizophrenia its own emphasis and approach, he says. have always said peonle should be involved in all the For the racist white Southerner, there is a logic in One thing, however, is sure, Parris says. There is a major decisions that affect them." this parallel, he notes. He condones murder in Vietnam sickness in this country in its view of the world. And Thus, the debate needs to be shifted not only from for the same reason he condones it at home—he sees a it is possible that those who have been part of the the executive branch threat to his civilization. agonies of the South in recent years can understand of government to the it better than some others. Important Notice But for the rest of the country, there is a schizo­ Senate and the whole The white Southerner, like the nation today in regard A new postal order will soon phrenia: it says it goes to Vietnam for the same rea­ Congress but to the to the world, he points out, has been twisted and per­ require zip codes on all ad­ sons it backs the civil rights movement in the South— entire country. The verted by its fear of the "outsider," the "foreigner," dresses of publications. With­ to support freedom—yet its rationale is the same used teach-ins, Parris "one different from us," a fear of the "foreigner" telling out them, the publication will by racists to fight the civil rights movement. notes, have been an him what to do, a fear of a "conspiracy" from those not be delivered. effort in that direc­ President Johnson balances out this dilemma, Parris "outside forces." If your zip code is not on tion on the part of says, by saying all problems are caused by a few ex­ the address label on this the intellectual com­ tremists: the Ku Klux Klan in the South, delinquents The Long, Hard Road to Sanity paper, please send us the form munity. in Northern ghettos—and, in the world, by a few "ex­ Today, this white South has at least begun to move below. If you are not yet a tremist" (or communist) nations. toward sanity because it is facing the fact that its prob­ subscriber, you may use this "But the move­ But those in the Southern movement know, Parris lems are much more complex than this and that the basic form as a subscription blank ment would go fur­ says, that the problem in the south is not just a few problem lies not with outsiders but with itself. and enclose payment. The ther than that (if it extremists. They know that the rationale for murder has This possibility of sanity opened up for the South, Patriot is sent to all persons follows its natural the support of the majority who condone it and that Parrs notes, because it was part of a larger country and who contribute $2 or more to direction) and say therefore it is woven into the very fabric of society. people in other parts of it shouted the truth about op­ SCEF. that debate on for­ Must Raise the Deep Questions pression and its complexities and some of them came eign policy should "I think we must keep raising these deep questions South. Name not be confined even about our own society," he says. "I want this country "But what do you do when the whole country has to the intellectual Address to be less sure of itself so it can stop making war on a sickness?" Parris asks. "How do you break through community but ex­ other countries to export our system. Another way of then? Are there the people who have the information City . tended to the entire saying the same thing is that I want this country to about the world and its complexities and also the legiti­ country—across the be more sure of itself so it can publicly admit it has real macy to speak? Can they awaken this nation as the Zip Code neighborhoods problems and must work to solve them." South is beginning to be awakened?" throughout the na­ ( ) Check here if you are a "Then maybe we can see that other governments may These remain unanswered questions, he thinks—ques­ tion," Parris says. new subscriber. have similar problems including what we call communist tions that the civil rights movement may yet be able Return form to If the civil rights governments," he adds. to help answer. And it may be that the South's people, SCEF movement fails to That perspective, he implies, might lead to a mean­ both Negro and white—people who have experienced a follow the logic of ingful approach to the human problems of the world— period in which the myths their region lived by were 822 Perdido St. its own philosophy instead of a separation of mankind into the "good guys" destroyed—are better equipped than others to take an New Orleans, La. 70112 in helping bring this (who are us) and the "bad guys" (who must be killed). honest look at the myths by which the nation lives. NEWS & LETTERS The Root of Mankind Is Man* 10 Printed in 100 Percent 10c A Copy Vol. 10—No. 1 Union Shop JANUARY, 1965 Sd in Great Britain Editorial Article The Real State of The Union FREE SPEECH MO VEMENT AND Permanent Poverty Grows In the THE COMMUNITY OF SCHOLARS' By Raya Dunayevskaya Midst of Ever-Rising; Profits Directly after President Johnson's official State of the Union address, the true state PART ONE of the union was revealed as big as life in a CBS documentary on unemployment and On Dec. 2, 800 students in the Free Speech Movement at poverty. Far from living in "The Great Society" here are the grim facts of life for more Berkeley sat-in at Sproul Hall to protest against the University Administration's curtailment of free speech and freedom of action than 34 million Americans: Poverty is rampant not only among the unemployed, but in behalf of civil rights and political principles. also among the employed. Out of 47 million families in the United States, 9 million are On Dec. 3, Governor Pat Brown dispatched 643 police to eject officially recognized as abjectly poor. And far from being limited to Appalachia, the 800 sit-inners who, in self defense, as well as for their belief which by now is well known as the misery-belt of the United States, this poverty in non-violence, went limp. None too gently the non-violent demon­ characterizes every section of the country: city and farm; white and Negro; North strators were dragged down the stairs and thrown into police patrol • | South, East and West. wagons headed for jail. During the 12 hours of this operation the • * _t *? I i . * _ . -J* ,1s | Here are some of the actualities building was closed to the faculty. But TV coverage of the police I to compare with President John- force's invasion of the university grounds and the subsequent finger­ I son's abstractions: printing and mugging of the students as if they were common crim­ • A white truck driver who inals, did more to galvanize the majority of the student body to I lives in the inner city of Chicago, action than all the speeches and actions of the FSM had been able and who drove trucks in the Army to achieve in the three months since the start of its struggle: in Korea and can operate any STUDENTS TAKE FREEDOM INTO THEIR OWN HANDS machine, now makes $20 a week for 90 hours work as a dishwash­ The "moderates" became "leftists," the apolitical political, and er, feeding his family on beans the political students called for a strike. On December 4, 15,000 and bread, and dreading the day students stayed away from classes. he might be forced to go on wel­ This put an end to the myth, perpetrated by the University fare. Administration, the Governor and the press, that "a small hard • A Negro farmer in South core of Leftists" (if not outright "Communists"), who were "non- students" to boot — estimated by President Clark Kerr to be no Carolina makes up to $300 a year more than "30 to 40," and by the spokesman for the truly hard-core by having his entire family, from minority of the faculty, Mr. Lewis S. Feuer, to be "170"—constituted the 6-year-old on up, help to pick the Free Speech Movement. In truth, not only did a majority of the cotton. The new "Southern boom" vast student body now support the FSM, but the overwhelming has changed nothing for these majority of the faculty likewise now sprang to action of their own people, who are working exactly in its support. as their grandfathers did. Asked Two departments canceled classes and many professors honored how he lived, the farmer said, the picket lines. The chairmen of all departments constituted them­ "We are just existing, it isn't selves as a Council of Chairmen, met with President Kerr and tried really living." to woik out a compromise. At the same- time :_IH. -pre_e9s»_'s-met- • In Dos Palos, California, 15 to plan strategy to present to the Academic Senate to endorse com­ years of poverty have taken root. plete political freedom and amnesty. The Academic Freedom Com­ This is where 2,000 Americans mittee and the Chairmen's Council endorsed the proposals. On Dec. 8, who were war workers were the Academic Senate voted, 824 to 115, to endorse the Resolution stranded when peace broke out. of the Academic Freedom Committee. They live with no sewage system, walking a mile to get water in a To find out how it was possible for the allegedly most apolitical —FSM Photo, Berkeley, Cal. student body in the world—the American—to open a new chapter bucket from a well. OCTOBER 1964 — Students at Berkeley surround police car (ex­ • In Fresno, the richest agri­ of mass action for freedom, applying tactics never before used in treme left) and prevent arrest of CORE worker, Jack Weinberg. any university anywhere in the world, it becomes necessary to trace cultural spot in the world, farm the dialectic of revolt from its beginning. (1) workers live in a box-car encamp­ ment. Each abandoned box-car UNDER THE WHIP OF COUNTER-REVOLUTION has become one long windowless On Sept. 17, a united front of organizations as far apart on the room in which entire families, political and civil rights spectrum as SNCC, CORE, SLATE, YSA, WORKER'S JOURNAL By Charles Denby, Editor some numbering a dozen or more, SDS, and the Du Bois Clubs, on the one hand, and the Young exist. Democrats, Young Republicans, and even some Students for Gold- • In New Jersey, the migrant water, on the other hand, united to oppose the arbitrary Sept. 14 Job Speed-Up Hurries Layoffs workers get seasonal work, but ruling issued by Dean Kathryn Towle which curtailed the content of, and areas for, free speech as well as fund solicitations and Some workers think that the mad rush in production at Chrysler the poverty is year-round. They recruitment by civil rights and political organizations. Corporation is over, but the speed of the lines continues at the same pay $10 to $20 a month to live pace. Some workers say it is over because the lay-off began today. in condemned houses, and here, The University of California's sudden "discovery" that the area It is very hard for anyone outside of the plant to understand the too, entire families work to eke heretofore used by these organizations, and for which city permits feeling that goes through workers inside those plants when they see out an existence. One man who had been obtained, was university property came about through the this kind of a reduction in the work force (as the company calls it) works at a saw-mill when there is prodding of forces outside the academic community, forces whose take place without any warnings or previous notice. Especially only concern with education lay in the attempt to extend McCarthy- work for him to do, has a wife since these same workers were being forced to work 10 to 12 hours who works in their back-yard ite tactics against both academic freedom and civil rights. These a day by the company. reactionary forces had, in summer, gathered in convention to cap­ constructing crates. She and her ture the presidential nomination of the Republican Party for Gold- Before the holidays, workers were told the demand was so 65-year-old mother together pound water. They stood aghast at the students and other civil rights urgent and the orders were so far ahead of the cars being produced, nails in an open-air shed all day workers who were demonstrating before the hall. that we could only be off for Christmas day when every worker long. The entire family together The old leaders of this new fashioned neo-fascistic fringe of was pleading to be off the whole weekend. The company finally makes $4,000 a year. The average American politics had memories that were as long as they were agreed to give us Christmas weekend off, but not New Year weekend unemployment in the area runs abysmally deep in the backward look. They recalled that this was —that we had to work. 7.2%. the city, and these youth the fighters against the "open" hearings Now exactly four days later there is a layoff. All of those PERMANENT POVERTY— that the House UnAmerican Activities Committee chose to conduct laid off are newly-hired employees with two and three months of AND RISING PROFITS in San Francisco in 1960, the very year in which Negro youth began service with the company. Practically every older worker knows President Johnson assures us their revolution down South. that this is always the beginning and no one knows when and that we are living "in the midst And here they were again, despite the fact that the film made where it will stop. They also know that whatever pace these younger of the greatest upward surge of of the 1960 demonstration and police measures against it, plus the workers set in production, the company will expect the older ones to economic well-being in the his­ fascistic rhetoric of Fulton Lewis Jr. extolling the forces of "law keep up. Then there is this saddened feeling to know yesterday tory of any nation." Yet the na­ and order and anti-Communism," had succeeded in forging a new that at break time you laughed and joked with them, and today tional unemployment figures have brand of college conservatives—Goldwaterites, Birchites, and even they are not here and may not be here again. not dropped below 5% since 1957, Wallace-ite racists. At the height of their power, about to capture I saw and heard David McDonald, President of the Steel Work­ a year that was officially recog­ a major political party, they were being challenged by still a newer er's Union, on TV blowing and bellowing about all he and his nized as a recession year. These and greater national force, since the Negro Revolution had not only union will do for the workers in steel this coming contract, just statistics are actually misleading, extended itself from South to North but aligned itself with new because he has opposition for his job. As though every worker since a great many of the unem­ white youth. does not know if he is elected they will be sold out again to the ployed are simply not counted in There is no way, of course, of knowing whether plans against company. It made me think of the things that are happening to the official charts, either because the Berkeley students were hatched there and then, or whether some of these younger workers in our shop. they have long ago used up any these forces felt too cocky with big power politics to do more than unemployment compensation, or store the sight of the youth in the back of their heads for future use. TWO WORKERS—FIVE FOREMEN because as teen-agers who have What we do know beyond the peradventure of any doubt is that Two workers were fired several weeks ago for what the com­ never worked since they got out (Continued on Page 5) pany called leaving the job without permission. Today a worker of school, they just never got into has from two to five foreman. These foreman have different jobs the labor charts. More important, in different parts of the plant. The two workers said that on some the 5% unemployment level, ON THE INSIDE days they worked for all five foreman. One will come and get which was once considered criti­ them and after an hour, then another will come and get them, etc. cal has now been accepted as Students Support Cafeteria Strikers p. 6 On the day they were accused of leaving, the first foreman "normal" by the Administration. McDonald Falls Flat p. 3 they worked for that day told them to go with the second foreman. CBS—like the Administration- 'Utopian' or 'Indispensable': Two Reviews —p. 7 When the third foreman came to the first foreman to get them, the tried to minimize the spectre of (Continued on Page S5) (Continued on Page 8) Page 2 NEWS & LETTERS JANUARY, 1965 Kentucky War on Poverty Gets Nowhere WORKER'S JOURNAL (Excerpts from Editorial by Tom Gish of the Mountain Eagle, (Continued from Page 1) Editor's Note: Whitesburg, Ky.) first foreman said he did not know where they were. After the third foreman made up the pay-off slip, the Chief Steward sent The CBS-TV program, "Christ­ A meeting this week marked something in the way of a man to see if they were with the second foreman, and they were. mas in Appalachia," shown a an anniversary for me as a reporter, editor and citizen of After the pay-off slip went into the office, the foreman they worked few days before Christmas, one of the most impoverished areas in the nation—the for said if he admits they were working for him, he would be fired brought tons of food and clothes single section of America that is perhaps most responsible and toys to Kentucky from peo­ instead of the workers. for generating the flow of interest and publicity that ple who saw the film and were brought about the President's "War on Poverty" and the Everyone thought this would be something the local union would shocked that such poverty really President's Appalachian Development Program. settle without any trouble. But the officers could only tell these existed in this "land of plenty." workers that they did not have 90 days and the company would not The response from Detroiters This latest meeting is a fam-fe talk with them on their greivance. seemed to be greater than any iliar scene, with familiar faces | area council cannot approve a PAY DUES, BUT NOT REPRESENTED other—maybe because there are saying and doing much the same program, that it can merely re­ thing that has been said and ceive it and pass it along to This is what is so disgusting. We have the check-off system in so many ex-miners who have found their way to Detroit, but done without measurable suc­ Frankfort and Washington. our union. When a worker is hired, he or she signs a card to have cess at innumerable meetings Earlier, in connection with the their union dues taken out of their checks after the first 40 hours who remember well where they came from. througout Eastern Ky. these Brademas appearance, he said of work in a month. All of these newly hired workers said that past few years. It is a meeting of the council could initiate and after their first week they began paying union dues the same as This kind of help, while grate­ the Upper Kentucky River Area sponsor any projects it wanted the oldest worker there. Then how is it they cannot get representa­ fully appreciated, cannot provide Development Council to.) tion until after 90 days? jobs, jobs that will pay them (UKRADC). . . enough to eat. But the almost visible tension When this was brought up to the union President he said they ALL THE SAME between the two groups repre­ were correct, and from now on they will not stand by and let the It was not only Automation, All the well-known faces are sented — one group in a sense company get away with this type of railroading our union members but the ruthless efforts of the there—the county agricultural representing the unemployed — out of the shop. But since the company has closed this case, there coal operators, who control the agents, public welfare workers, does not melt away. Although, is nothing we can do. power structure in Kentucky, that health department workers, hopefully, there is perhaps the Many of the laid off workers were saying they had 89 days succeeded in destroying the school board workers, a few beginning of a thaw. with the company, and one day more would have given them seniority. United Mine Workers in the area ministers, a batch of poverty ex­ A NEW VOICE APPEARS One of the workers said, "What difference would it have made? and reduced the miners to scab perts from the University of Then comes one of the most The union people told me that if and when the company calls work­ work in dog-holes at $3 a day, Kentucky, state experts, etc.— poignant moments of this or any ers back, they call in line of seniority. If they need us again they or starvation. and the vastly outnumbered other UKRADC meeting. will call. If not, seniority or no seniority, we won't be called back." The Appalachian Committee handful of private citizens. Com­ A Negro woman from the Appa­ He said, "I have learned since I was hired that there are many for Full Employment, an organ­ munity leaders, business people lachian Committee for Full Em­ Older workers who worked here for years who have never been ization of the unemployed miners generally are absent. Elected ployment stands up to say, in a called back. Some were talked into selling their seniority by the in Eastern Kentucky, is the only public officials for the most hesitating voice, that she hopes company and the union. What I am saying is, man, if they do not organization that has resisted the part are absent. "You people will pay some atten­ want you, they have thousands of ways to get rid of you. That $15 terrorism of the operators and The general theme of the tion to this talk about doctors initiation fee that the union collected from us was just so the big local authorities, and is attempt­ meeting is of course "poverty" and hospitals." A friend of hers boys will have more to spend. So we were taken for $30 or better ing to make the "war on poverty" and ways and means of using the was turned away without admiss­ to work here for two months." a reality. We print below a letter new federal office of Economic ion in labor because she didn't AFRICAN VISITOR AMAZED AT WORK PACE received from one of the miner's Opportunity (poverty) program. have fifty dollars to pay a doc­ wives active in the ACFE, and William Miller, resource de­ tor to deliver her child. The baby We had a young student from Africa visiting with us during velopment specialist with the was born without medical care. the Christmas holidays and he had a chance to tour Ford's River excerpts from an editorial con­ cerning conditions in the area University of Kentucky exten­ "It is just not right," says the Rouge Plant. He said he never was so amazed at the pace those sion program at Quicksand, gets workers had to work on a production line. He said he felt sure by Tom Gish, of the Whitesburg woman, "for a mother to raise Mountain Eagle. the meeting off to a start by up her sons and see them taken that a worker in his country would not work at such an inhuman saying that most of the applica­ away to war and then not be able pace. It seemed to him that this was making robots out of human tions for programs from Kentuc­ even to see a doctor when she beings. ky for grants or projects under is going to have another child." It should be clear in everyone's mind what this "Free Enter­ Worked 'til 2 a.m. the poverty program are being The woman's hesitant state­ prise System" means when one looks at whose labor makes the returned. . . ment is something of a first. It system's profit. As a worker said, "This country is going crazy Giving Out Toys It seems that everyone has marks perhaps the first time that for money. If there were no big profits involved, people could made the wrong kind of applica­ a poverty stricken 'individual in work as human beings everywhere." HAZARD, Ky.—We have been tion .Miller says, because the ap­ Eastern Kentucky has showed up This is the basic problem not only in production but in the going day and night since the plications failed to relate the at such a meeting and been bold whole society. This is why we are involved in conflict practically 23rd of December. It started projects to the overall economic enough to talk about a specific all over this world. This mad rush for profit. And to get it human with phone calls, then trucks, problem of the poor. And it trailers and cars began to come development plan. (The OEDP is beings have to sweat, sweat, and die, until enough of them get part of the Area Dedevelopment marked, I believe, the first time so sick of the whole mess that they decide to change this whole in, but the first ones went to that some of the area council Whitesburg. Administration's... requirements thing and make it a better place for all humans to live in. for aid, and up to now nobody members present had been called So Thursday night we gave had been aware that it was sup­ upon first hand to meet a spec­ out toys until after two o'clock posed to have anything to do ific situation involving the poor. Friday morning, and did' we have with the poverty program.) But the statement produces Way of the World a time—the rain really came ... I wonder how in the nothing but an embarrassed si­ down all night. It didn't stop world such a monumental fail­ lence on the part of the audience, By Ethel Dunbar the people, or us either. ure could have happened. I won­ which promptly adjourns for This week we have taken care der where Kentucky's own in­ lunch. Young Hopes vs. Reality of the food. Thursday and Fri­ numerable poverty experts have (It was this same area council day we served over seven hun­ been. How could the state's large that last November passed a res­ The New Year is off to a This government has destroyed dred' families. And this week we area program . . . staff of ex­ olution saying the President's booming start with people on everything and every place plan to serve them with clothes. perts—how could all of these Emergency Winter Relief Pro­ gram was not needed in Eastern the radio and TV telling the where a man could go to and For myself, I have been sick people permit such a thing to whole United States what they sit down and relax without hav­ happen? . . . Kentucky.) all day. I have such a cold I HOW MUCH LONGER think will happen in the year ing to pay out more than $50 can't get a good breath. Asthma MINERS COMMITTEE HERE of 1965. a day. White children are say­ is what makes a cold so hard Sitting through all this meeting I reflect that this indeed has Some white men think that ing "What is there to do but for me to fight. has been a small group of "out­ been the 300th or so meeting I get in your old car that your have attended on the general sub­ this government will do more I guess you have seen by now siders" totally foreign to the us­ for the people than ever before. people got for you and run up ual group that attends such meet­ ject of Eastern Kentucky poverty and down the street to have a that we didn't get our paper out and development programs, and But the white chilcCren do not again, this week, but we hope to ings. A group that one suspects think this government is doing little pleasure," because there is may be the only true experts on we are all pretty much where no park to go to, and no club get to it this next week, if we started five years ago. too much to make this a better we have to work at it by night. poverty present—a group repre­ world for the young to live house for the young. senting the unemployed of Perry How many more meetings will in and enjoy, and to do some­ It looks sadder yet for the What did you think of our it be, I wonder, before we really program that we drew up and County who have organized thing they like. colored race, because they still themselves under the name Ap­ get down to the business of doing Instead of producing more put some of the old Uncle Toms presented to the Upper Kentucky something to help Eastern Ken­ River Area Development Council palachian Committee for Full jobs for the young to have some­ on TV and radio to say that the Employment. Everette Tharp, an tucky? We must live through how thing to do and to make money Negroes have gone far enough meeting? We are now awaiting many more broken dreams, how the word from the Office of Eco­ unemployed miner who lives to help support themselves, this fighting for their freedom, be­ just outside Hazard, gets up to many more unfulfilled promises? government is still trying to cause they don't want their peo­ nomic Opportunity Act in Wash­ And I ask myself how can you ington. Committee Member say that his committee has worked turn the whole world into an ple to overdo it. But these old up an application for a poverty tell President Johnson that his Automation world. That is so people are wrong for saying such program project and that he poverty program really is getting the rich man can still hold onto a crazy thing. That is all the would like to explain it in de­ nowhere in Eastern Kentucky, what he has, and still take in white man wants to hear an old Now Available — tail . . . and won't unless its course is more and more in order to hold sharply altered? How do you con­ colored person say, and then HE Members of the UKRADC set­ vince him that his Appalachian the poor youngsters back. takes it from there and says A limited quantity of a political letter by Raya tle back with visible discomfort Recovery Bill will do little for Just to depend on the govern­ that the Negroes are not ready to listen to Tharp—after all, the Eastern Kentucky? How can you ment for the little help that they for their freedom. Dunayevskaya, titled, "A air around Hazard has been fill­ persuade poverty program Dir­ will give to the young means That is why Goldwater got Critical Turning Point in ed with talk about communism ector Sargent Shriver to grasp that a young person will never defeated campaigning for Presi­ European History: British and didn't Tharp's unemployed the realities of life in Eastern become rich. He will always be dent. He thought Negroes would Anti - Nuclear Movements miners have something to do Kentucky? Who can talk to these under the government's care, not count that much; that he Come Up Against State- with all. that mine violence a men? Who will talk to them? just as the old folks are who could win without their vote. He Capitalism, Russian and couple of years ago? Where? can't go or do anything to help would show them how he would Franco-German Vari­ . . . But in a soft voice Tharp When? themselves. stop the Negro from marching eties." outlines a modest proposal re­ ENJOYMENT GONE for their freedom and that he questing such things as job re­ We urge our readers to send The government doesn't see would put the Army on them. training, improved medical fa­ donations of food, clothing and how much enjoyment they have And a lot of the Northerners Price: 20 cents. Order cilities with out-patient clinics, money to: taken away from the young peo­ were for him, with his crooked from News & Letters, better educational opportunities, Appalachian Commiteee for ple, with nowhere to go for an talking. But when he said that 8751 Grand River, De­ modest housing improvements Full Employment, outing, or nothing to do to keep he was going to do away with troit, Michigan, 48204. and community cultural and rec­ 501 High St., a young person's mind on some­ Social Security, right there was reational centers. Hazard, Kentucky thing that he would like to do. when Goldwater was through. (Miller tells Tharp that the JANUARY, 1965 NEWS O LETTERS Page 3 California Produce Farmers Plan to Wreck On the Line Program of Higher Pay, Hiring Unemployed Accumulated Time Practice LOS ANGELES—Even before the bracero program not be allowed to hire Mexican farm hands under the immigra­ Gyps Workers Out of Wages (which gave California produce growers a source of under­ tion laws (Public Law 414) unless By John Allison paid, underfed, and underhoused Mexican farm hands that they first offer the jobs to all do­ The contract agreement reached by the United Auto were forced to work under sweatshop conditions in the mestic workers seeking the jobs. The farmers, mostly citrus grow­ Workers union and the auto firms in 1964 were talked fields) ended on December 31, 1964, growers from Cali­ ers, who have "cooperated," that about by the press, radio and TV as the second coming of fornia's Imperial Valley threw a monkey wrench into a is hired those they deem "compe­ Santa Claus for the working men and women in the auto state-federal crash program to head off a shortage of labor tent" will be allowed to bring Mexican workers to fulfill their shops. Let these reporters work on a production line for a crisis and a rise in the prices of lettuce and celery. labor demands. week, and maybe they'd begin to learn a few facts of life While the first busload of un­ employed workers were on their as compared to the $1 an hour the Meanwhile the many Imperial in the auto shops. Mexican worker got, free hous­ Valley growers do not have to for doing the higher paid work— way to the lettuce fields on De­ This won't happen, of course, ing, and a guarantee wage for pay according to the standards because they wouldn't last a day, and the worker has to keep track cember 30, the growers cancelled three-fourths of the contract set by the Department of Labor let alone a week, on a produc­ of his own time. their order for 1,800 workers on agreement whatever the chang­ since they are recruiting their tion line. And while they would Of course, the foreman is also the grounds that "domestic" ing conditions are. own labor force and not partici­ learn plenty if they only worked supposed to keep a record of pating in the government pro­ workers are "incompetent." What is attracting the unem­ on the line for an hour, they these changes. But a foreman or gram. State Employment Di­ could never learn what the auto supervisor is too busy worrying Spokesman for these farmers ployed domestic workers is the rector Albert Tieburg said "only fact that there are still 5% unem­ workers know from their years about how he can get more pro­ Herbert A. Lee, President of The about 16 growers in Imperial of daily struggles against the duction out of the men to give ployed in this country who are Valley are paying the $1.25 mini­ Imperial Valley Farmers Assn., not reaping any of the fruits of company. very much thought about keeping stated that workers recruited to mum. The bulk are paying $1.05." present day affluent America. These same growers are provid­ What the public doesn't know, his records straight. So what it replace the braceros • "were not for example, is that the com­ often boils down to is that the HUNDREDS APPLY ing one way transportation only. able to do the job required to panies cheat the workers out of worker is forced to file a griev­ pack a marketable crate of let­ At one employment office alone Some growers have almost hundreds of thousands of dollars ance to obtain what is rightfully on Dec. 28, in Los Angeles 400 taken up arms when information every year. This isn't the profits his. tuce." He said it was a matter offered by officials as to possible unemployed turned up at 4 a.m. that all auto workers know the Only it isn't that simple, be­ of "initiative, attitude, or cap­ seeking the jobs. The office opens places to recruit farm workers company makes from their labor, included the Agricultural Work­ cause when the foreman claims abilities." Mr. Lee doesn't bother at 8:00 a.m. The growers did not this is money that the workers the worker didn't put in enough to explain that this was done show up on schedule but arrived ers Organization Committee AFL- are entitled to under clear terms CIO. A telegram was being sent time to get the extra pay, it's the and said even before the first bus­ at 10:35 a.m. and hired 190 work­ spelled out in the contract. ers. Although the growers agreed to no one less than President word of the foreman against that load of workers had arrived, Johnson stating that this was One particular spot that Chry­ of the worker—and the worker is to supply transportation they did sler workers were promised by never mind even giving them a not make such arrangements "repugnant to us and pushes be­ the one who has to prove that he their union leaders would be chance to work. until 1:30 p.m. that afternoon. yond even our ability to accept is right. So if a grievance is filed, changed in this contract was and if the worker proves he is WORKERS ARE PAWNS These "employers" are not the doctrinaire instructions." lettuce farmers who refused to knocking out the practice of ac­ entitled to the pay—in a month, While the growers and govern­ hire domestic workers but the WHAT MEXICANS FACED cumulated time payment. But it's or two, or three, when and if the ment officials, both state and farmers that are "cooperating" Here are the conditions still there, and is still being case is finally processed, he just federal, battle it out; while the with the government plan. Letting the now unemployed Mexican used to cheat the workers out of might get what is justly due him. rightfully earned wages. growers negotiate directly with workers stand around for 9 hours worker labored under. He receiv­ PILED UP GRIEVANCES the Mexican government to work ed a $1 an hour, had to pay $1.75 must be a sign of competency ACCUMULATED TIME GYP What often happens in fact is out some plan to get the bracero of the farmers. for three meals. If by chance he had 3 meals a day it came This provision states that if a that the worker can't even get a program into effect; while newly The following day in Fresno, 38 worker does work in a classifi­ steward to file a grievance on elect-Senator George Murphy to $11.25 per week, besides the unemployed farm workers had to other deductions from his pay cation that pays a higher wage many of these cases. The griev­ dashes off to Washington in the be fed and housed by the Salva­ than his regular classification, ance machinery is overloaded service of the growers, the pawns and he did not have a guarantee tion Army because growers did work contract. he will be paid the difference with these kind of cases that in this game—the Mexican work­ not pick them up as scheduled. between his regular rate and the should never require grievance er who has lost his job (100,000 During the drive it has been re­ In the recent furor over the higher rate after he has accumu­ procedures—they can easily be worked to harvest the crop in ported that growers very often do ending of the extension to lated 40 hours of work in the settled as the contract directs. 1964) and the unemployed "do­ not send buses to pick up workers the bracero program, the plight higher paid classification. Say a mestic" workers who are turn­ as they promised and others send of the Mexican worker is long worker is classified as a welder, The company knows this, and ing up by the hundreds to answer them "five to 10 hours late." forgotten. An insight into what but also knows how to do solder­ knows that by piling up a bunch breed of men the growers are of measly grievances that the the call for jobs—are being bounc­ By January 6, the Imperial ing work, which pays 5c more an and what faced the Mexican hour. If a solderer is on vacation, steward can't do a proper job in ed around like rubber balls by Valley farmers agreed to hire representing the men. The result the growers. workers in the fertile fields of the foreman may ask the welder workers from all parts of Cali­ California can be seen in Mr. is lost wages for many workers fornia except from Los Angeles, to work a half a day on soldering, Officials claim that it is the Tieburg's statement that now then take another man for the because these conditions exist. "improved" working conditions Bakersfield, Stockton, and San (with domestic workers) limits Francisco, precisely where the rest of the day, and rotate the This gyping of the workers is that has attracted unemployed on the amount of work will have job around as he sees fit. It may also further complicated by the workers at home. These "improv­ crash government program is be­ to be applied . . ." and "growers ing carried on. take two weeks, a month or more company's policy of not hiring ed" conditions consist of $1.25 are now beginning to send their for the welder to work the nec­ full-time employees to take the minimum wage (which will be Officials are still adamant that foremen to school for courses in essary 40 hours as a solderer be­ human relations . . ." place of retirees. When a man raised to $1.40 by April 1, 1965) the Imperial Valley farmers will fore he can claim the $2 due him retires, very often his job is shifted into the accumulated time class, so more and more of these jobs are being rotated. And McDonald's Kickoff Meeting Falls Flat in Homestead where the worker doesn't have PITTSBURGH, Pa.—David "vote" was also thrown out fol­ are a lot of unsettled grievances 1959 that he has bothered to visit a second to spare just trying to McDonald kicked off his lowing the uproar of the men at Homestead, but there are un­ the local, and the men knew it keep up with the speed of the campaign for president of over the way the meeting was settled grievances everywhere, wasn't a social visit. work, he is supposed to find the the United Steelworkers railroaded through. and we're going to take care of time to also be a time book­ Most of the guys at the kick- all of them." The men aren't being fooled by keeper, make sure the foreman Union against his Secretary- off meeting were curious to find McDonald, but they're not being Treasurer I. W. Abel on Mon­ But we've all heard this before fooled by Abel, either. Most of has his time right, make sure the out what McDonald was going —and nothing has ever come of steward has his time right—and day, Jan. 11, at our Home­ to say. He talked plenty, but them know that no matter who it. For two years the grievances wins the election on Feb. 9, not hope that he will get his right stead Local #1397 union didn't say anything. Oh sure, he have been hanging, with nothing wages. hall. said we were going to get the very many things are going to done about them; and now, all change — if any at all. LACK OF REPRESENTATION The meeting was publicized best contract we've ever had this of a sudden, when McDonald is widely through TV, press and year, and pointed to a contract out to get the votes of the men, But plenty of them feel that Some workers get so disgusted radio, and about 400 members that has already been negotiated he's going to do something about any change would be an im­ that they just don't bother with came to hear McDonald. We with one small steel plant that is them. provement, and there is an out­ the whole mess. And this is but have a membership of about 7000 supposed to guarantee job secur­ side chance that Abel will pay one way the company gyps the men. Of the 400 men present, ity. He also assured us that he Another worker asked when more attention about what's go­ men—there are plenty of others. about half of them were wearing was no politician, but a labor something was going to be done ing on in the mills so far as the So when you add up all of the leader, and wanted to get on with about the extra incentive pay men are concerened. ways the employees can and do Abel buttons, so McDonald could the job of winning the best con­ tell right away that these were that we are supposed to get when lose money that is rightfully tract. they put out more steel than the The things the men want won't not exactly "his boys." Even influence Abel very long, but theirs, it is because the union is quota. Every week steel produc­ not doing its job faithfully and some of the local officers just NOT FOR BIG MILL tion tonnage keeps going up — even if it only lasts long enough signed in and walked right out of The thing is that the contract for the important things the men the company is hell-bent on pro­ and the incentive pay keeps go­ duction and profits — and the the meeting. already negotiated that' he re­ ing down. This too, McDonald want to get to the negotiating EARLIER HINT ferred to just couldn't be put into said, was a big problem the un­ table, it'll be more than we've workers suffer from the want of He might also have known effect in a large mill such as ion leadership has been working had before. representation. something about the local mem­ ours, and we all knew it. As for on for a long time, and this would bers and their feelings from two not being a politician, he could also be staightened out in the w previous nominating elections more easily convince the men next contract. A Critical Analysis of the Works of held in District 15. At the first that he's not McDonald. election held, Abel won by eight One steelworker asked McDon­ MCDONALD HAD CHANCE Existentialist Philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre votes, but this vote was thrown ald from the floor what was be­ Like many of the men said, Sartre's Search for a Method to Undermine Marxism out because it was said the meet­ ing done about the unsettled McDonald has had a chance to ing had been held earlier than grievances that had piled up at do something for years, but never A Political Letter by Raya Dunayevskaya the time that had been specified. Homestead, grievances that were has. And they also made a point At the meeting held at the two-years old. McDonald turned about McDonald living in Bethel 16 Pages—20c "legal" time, as soon as McDon­ a couple of pages over that he — about 15 miles away. He's al­ Order from News & Letters, 8751 Grand River Ave. ald was nominated, the president had before him, looked down like ways visiting steel mills around slammed his gavel down and he was looking for something, but here for one reason or another, Detroit, Michigan 48204 closed the nominations. This could only say "Yes, I know there but this was the first time since

: . • • JANUARY, 1965 NEWS & LETTERS Page 5 THE FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT AND THE COMMUNITY OF SCHOLARS' (Continued from Page 1) and announced also that his appointed Faculty Committee on Stu­ one of this extreme Right had a personal vendetta to settle, since dent Conduct, and not a Committee of the Academic Senate, would the paper he published had been picketed by these same university hear the cases of the eight suspended students. The FSM stated youth who protested his unfair hiring practices. This man—erstwhile that if the Administration continued its refusal "to sit down and U.S. Senator, erstwhile Governor, and California Campaign discuss issues" on the different interpretations of the Oct. 2 agree­ who are deeply disturbed Chairman of Goldwater for President, and publisher of the Oakland ment, which they considered Chancellor Strong had violated, they about the situation in the Tribune, William Knowland — was a local resident and could take planned to end the moratorium on demonstrations. world. It is as important to his time about deciding when to launch his campaign against the At this point 600 unaffiliated students, called "independents," know these people and their students. expressed their support of the FSM. They chose five to serve on thoughts and to discuss with the executive committee. President Kerr reversed Chancellor them, as to participate in the No doubt Mr. Knowland felt doubly armed since this time, as Strong's interpretation insofar as the committee to whom the cases actions that have brought the against 1960, there were "court convictions" of the students for of the suspended students were to be submitted, and expanded the movement as far as it has the spring actions at the Sheraton Plaza and Automobile Row, and CCPA to include four from FSM. However, he remained adamant come. he knew the right section of Big Business to put pressure on the on his interpretation of what constituted "unlawful acts," while the Marxist-Humanist fund raisers in the UC Administration. Moreover the University students contended that the question of legality and illegality were Los Angeles would float a bond issue in November and he had a paper at his command to use to propagandize for or against. It was he who for the courts to decide. A move "to exercise our constitutional • made sure that the Administration "discovered" the property be­ rights" was made by the students who resumed manning tables. J. EDGAR HOOVER — longed to them. The fall semester had no sooner opened than the Chancellor Strong disbanded the CCPA and the Dean's Office students were confronted by the new ruling. It hit the newly re­ sent a letter to 70 students, citing violations. A new force then joined PAST AND PRESENT turned Mississippi Freedom Summer participants, like Mario Savio, the FSM: a newly organized teaching assistants' association. The It did my heart good to read especially hard since they knew just how the Southern Freedom Dean's Office now moved against the graduate students. The FSM your last issue with that great Fighters depended on the North for both human allies and financial was busy collecting signatures on petitions which urged the Board article about J. Edgar Hoover. assistance. That is why the first of the 19 organizations in the united of Regents to leave the question of "advocacy" to the courts to As an old militant, I have had front to man the tables in a challenge of the ruling were SNCC, decide. On Nov. 20 the Regents seemed to side with President Kerr my own experience with that CORE, SDS, Du Bois Clubs and SLATE, and these were the first on the question of "illegal" advocacy. When this was followed, during terrorist at the end of World organizations warned by the Administration about their violations the Thanksgiving holidays, by suddenly resuming disciplinary action War I. He was a totalitarian of the arbitrary ruling. The warnings were followed by the indefinite against Savio and others, the gathering storm broke loose. After a monster before anybody knew suspension of eight students. mass rally, on Dec. 2, 800 moved into Sproul Hall for a new sit-in. what totalitarianism was. The move of the Administration to use police to settle its dispute The first head-on collision which imparted an altogether new with the students, the intervention of the Governor, the arrest of , The IWW struggled both quality to the battle between students and university administrators the student demonstrators, as we saw, brought about the student against war, and for industrial­ occurred when, once again, an outside force entered the fray. strike, and such massive support from the faculty, that it became the ism long before the Commu­ Fifteen minutes before a scheduled rally of students to protest turning point for all concerned. nists appeared on the scene. the suspensions, at 11:45 a.m. on Oct. 1, Dean Van Houten ap­ The IWW, in fact, preceded proached the CORE table that was being manned by a "non-student," Just as the faculty was propelled into the student dispute with the Communist organization Jack Weinberg (who was a recent graduate), and attempted to the Administration, so the civil rights movement found that it was by some 10 years — and the have him arrested. Spontaneously, the students moved to surround by no accident bound up with the issue of academic freedom. The CIO by some 20 years. the police car and block it from removing Weinberg. Mario Savio, FSM itself had reached a new stage of development, for the dialectic of revolt is inseparable from the dialectic of ideas. AH the partici­ It is too bad that we all head of the Friends of SNCC, emerged as leader as he addressed the crowd. The struggle now extended to a sit-in in Sproul Hall. pants suddenly found that the whole struggle, victory included, was seem to have to learn for our­ but prologue to the unfolding drama which would first reveal differ­ selves. If the Negroes, who are The movement gained momentum and the protest demonstra­ ing attitudes not merely to the role of youth in a university, but to in the Freedom Movement now tion grew. Late that evening about 100 fraternity men assembled ideas and to reality. The right to free speech became a discussion and learning for themselves, and hurled eggs and lighted cigarettes on the hundreds sitting in on alienation in society as a whole. The right to discipline became had been with us working- the plaza. This violence, however, was not answered with violence a question of human relationships. The dialogue on concrete ques­ stiffs back in 1919, we would by the students sitting-in, who maintained the highest of disciplines tions became a search for a total philosophy. not still have to buck a J. — self-discipline.lt was this discipline plus the appeal of a Catholic Edgar Hoover in 1964. chaplain that finally caused the hecklers to disperse after many THE BANKRUPTCY OF THOUGHT: Old Militant tense hours. PROFILES OF CLARK KERR AND LEWIS FEUER Seattle The new momentum, plus the intervention of a group of faculty Long before the Berkeley battle broke out, UC President Kerr members who convinced President Kerr to meet with the students wrote of the university as a "multiversity" with government re­ that afternoon, led the following day to an agreement. This included search, business, the military, and scientific institutes all being part Thank you for your lead on submitting rules to a tripartite study committee of administration, of the "new" academic complex. Both in his Godkin lectures at J. Edgar Hoover. It certainly faculty and students, submitting suspensions to _a Committee of the Harvard in 1963, The Uses of the University, and in his other book, needed to be told — to the Academic Senate, and taking steps to deed the free speech sidewalk Industrialism and Industrial Man (2), he wrote of the "irresponsi­ white Americans especially. to the city. This was Oct. 2. On Oct. 3-4 the united front of student bility" of intellectuals and the need to do away with ivory towers We Negroes have long known organizations constituted itself as the Free Speech Movement. so that the university can become part of "society," i.e., the statified what the FBI represents. Be­ militarized economy run by responsible "managers." lieve me when I tell you that THE TURNING POINT KKK are not the only three Now, whether as he claims he was merely describing what is, Chancellor Strong, without waiting for recommendations from not advocating what should be, the point is that, once the actual letters the Negroes worry either students or faculty, appointed 10 of the 12 men who were about in the South! student revolt began in "his" university, and once society showed to serve on the Campus Committee on Political Activity, (CCPA) itself not to be a monolithic unit, but rent in twain by class struggles, Negro Reader civil rights struggles, academic as well as economic and political Georgia crises, President Kerr showed which part of "society" he was for, * * * NEWS & LETTERS PUBLICATIONS and which was the "enemy" and thereby not part of his concept of society. It turned out to be the students and even the faculty. 1 don't know how many 1—Freedom Riders Speak for Themselves— others are under illusions By Mary Hamilton, Louise Inghram, and others. An account by The students, on the other hand, considered "society" to be the about LBJ. But I don't think participants in the Freedom J Cc Per struggles for civil rights and freedom of thought, especially since the movement in the South is. Rides to Mississippi ^•'Copy the only struggle possible in the nuclear world is the struggle for I certainly did enjoy the car­ the minds of men — and they hunger to participate in that conflict. toon that accompanied your 2—Nationalism, Communism, Marxist-Humanism and They rejected Kerr's concept of the "multiversity" along with its last front-page article on the Afro-Asian Revolutions— IBM cataloguing of students as if they were mere numbers. Their Hoover—and noted that you By Raya Dunayevskaya. African "% CTc Per feeling of alienation can be sensed from one of the placards which gave special thanks for the Revolutions and Western Ideologies ^"^Copy read: "I'm a UC student. Please don't bend, fold, spindle or idea to SNCC in Atlanta, Geor­ 3—Workers Battle Automation— mutilate me." gia—which backs up my feel­ By Charles Denby, Editor of NEWS & LETTERS. Workers in Professor Lewis S. Feuer rushed into print with a pompous ing about this. Certainly when auto, steel, coal and other industries "J Cc Per analysis of the events at Berkeley. He thinks that by coining a new you're faced with FBI indiffer­ speak their minds •"» Copy word, "nulliversity" in place of "multiversity," and speaking of a ence every day it is hard to so-called community of scholars, he has thereby put himself to the have any illusions. 4—Indignant Heart— left of President Kerr. As it turns out, he is to the right of him. By Matthew Ward. The autobiography of a Negro worker In the manner of "patriots" who used to ask: "If you don't like Activist in the South ^ Pe Per Ohio this country, why don't you go back where you came from," Pro­ . and in the North -t_? Copy fessor Feuer asks: If the students don't like the large campuses, why * =. * 5—Sartre's Search for a Method to Undermine Marxism don't they go to smaller colleges? Why do they flock to Berkeley? I was glad to see that you A Political Letter by Raya Dunayevskaya analyzes the works Dr. Feuer thought it a big joke for Savio to have introduced did not limit your criticism of of Existentialist Philosopher *J f\c per Hoover to his spurious state­ -iV. Copy the question of alienation in his speeches. He also thought that he ment about Rev. King. The had really dug up the root of evil in the "multiversity." "Extremes affinity of his ideas to those of 6—News & Letters— do meet," he wrote. "The astonishing thing is that both Clark Kerr McCarthy found full expres­ Unique combination of worker and intellectual, edited by a and Mario Savio agree about the nature of the modern university." Negro production worker and $1 Per Between Feuer who has elected himself a sort of spokesman for sion in the thought-control im­ published 10 times a year * Sub posed on the academic com­ the minority of the faculty, and Kerr who speaks for the majority munity during the 1950's. We 7—American Civilization on Trial— of the university administrators, it is hard to decide who is more Statement of the National Editorial Board that traces the roots adept in degrading the world of learning. Both have emasculated are only now beginning to see er the light again, and if Hoover's of Marxist-Humanism from the Abolitionists CT/\c P language of its meaning. "Non-student" has become, for both, a sort diatribes continue to Pass for to the present day Freedom Fighters...., J V Copy of substitute for "subversive." The hallowed word, alumni, has been an analysis of Communism, dropped altogether, now that some turned out to be part of the FSM. 8—The Young Marxist Humanist— Instead we hear about "a hidden community" who live "off campus" we will find, I fear, that the Asearch by today's youth to find a philosophy equal to the and who, Kerr says, resumble "the Paris left bank." (He says it like Russian-brand of secret police, challenges facing America and the world. J Cc Per a man announcing that he has found "foreigners" and "guerillas'^ and the American-brand will Also contains an article by Raya Dunayevskaya .... ~ ^ Copy hidden beneath every campus bush.) turn out to be identical twins. Intellectual Feuer, who is a master of Stalinist-type of amalgam, here goes Berkeley ORDER BLANK the whole hog: "undergraduate Goldwaterites and graduate Maoists," Please enter my subscription to NEWS & LETTERS, "forlorn crackpot and rejected revolutionist," "lumpen beatniks and 12 issues for $1 • lumpen agitators." And while he is within sound of the syllable, We had some trouble with "nik," he creates a new term with which to deride practitioners of our taxes and then some mys­ Enclosed please find $ for the following: non-violence who go limp rather than actively resist the armed terious things began to hap­ 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 police: "limpnik." pen. I'm convinced that the (Please circle number corresponding to literature desired as listed above) President Kerr will not, however, let himself be put completely FBI in this country is no dif­ in the shade in innuendos against the aims and tactics of the student ferent than the secret police NAME revolt. His tone in referring to the tactics of non-violence as "civil of other countries. They all disobedience" has the sound of a military man who has just in­ use the same tactics. ADDRESS formed a defense plant about which grounds must be restricted Working Woman CITY STATE areas. Evidently President Kerr thinks we are at war and "civil Detroit (Continued on Page 6) Page 6 NEWS & LETTERS JANUARY, 1965 YOUTH LBJ's Education THE FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT Program Lacking (Continued from Page 5) Just as hollow as every­ disobedience" is synonymous with treason. Like a magician pulling Students Support Cafeteria thing else in LBJ's Great rabbits out of a top hat, he suddenly pulls out of nowhere the word, Promises on Jan. 4 was his " conspiracy." "The campus cannot be a sanctuary, but the question plan to improve education for is whether their punishment should be by the courts or by campus Workers With Hunger Strike all. Certainly new schools and authorities. There is a philosophical problem here: do we want better teaching are desperat­ district attorneys and sheriff's deputies on the campus? And there NEW YORK — I am writing this letter Dec. 14 at ely needed. Certainly new lab­ is a legal problem: when does 'advocacy' become conspiracy?" the entrance to Columbia University's largest cafeteria, oratories and opportunities for where I and four other members of Columbia CORE are "Frankly," adds Kerr — who wasn't ready for as simple a college scholarships are a fine matter as letting students do what they had been doing all along, on a hunger strike. This is the latest step in a campaign idea. Equally certain, how­ in manning tables for causes — "I wouldn't expect one case of that began in June, 1964, when a group of Negro and ever, is that one and a half conspiracy in 10 years on the Berkeley campus, but I realize we Puerto Rican workers in Columbia's dining halls came to billion dollars, no matter how must still answer the question." CORE for help in getting a union. The 80 full-time workers big it may sound to you and in the cafeterias told us that they had been trying without me, is pitifully small com­ Even this does not stop Feuer, who is at pains to erase his own pared to the true needs, and past (3), from calling Kerr nothing short of "almost a 'neo-Marxist'," success to get a union for 20 years. In 1952, they went on certainly compared to the and, as if to prove his own ultra-Rightism, he calls the strongman strike in an attempt to win recognition, but the strike was amounts the government will Chancellor who provoked the whole business, "saintly." broken when the university hired students to scab for spend on weapon development. almost twice the wages the workers had been getting. One thing must be said for Kerr. He at least spares us the The most important factor, display of amateur pseudo-psychology in which Feuer indulges as As a non-profit institution,^ — however, is that no matter he pretends to write history. Thus Feuer tells us that student move­ Columbia is not covered by the have picketed the dining halls how much money they would ments from 19th century Russia to Berkeley, USA, 1964, have always Wagner Act or by New York's every day since, and several spe­ be willing to spend, they are acted as a magnet for "non-students" who find "their life's calling little Wagner Act, which would cial demonstrations have been not going to tackle the fund­ in a prolonged adolescence and repetitive reenactment of rebellion have provided for a supervised held. A student boycott was be­ amental question of what is against their father." As for the FSM specifically, Feuer writes: election for recognition, and re­ gun and approximately 30% of education anyway. "The so-called students' movement . . . suddenly sounded more like quired the recognition of the the students have stopped eat­ It took the civil rights move­ children asking for permission to be bad. . . ." union if a majority of the work-- ing there. ment to raise the question of ers had so voted. But since "separate but equal" school­ Feuer cannot resist speaking in a "for adults only" type of After the pledge card drive whisper to call attention to the big university's acting "as a magnet Columbia is not covered by the was on several weeks, the man­ ing and "de facto" segrega­ labor laws, it denies its workers tion. And even so, eleven years for the morally corrupt; (who) advocate a melange of narcotics, agement fired a worker the day sexual perversion, collegiate Castroism, and campus Maoism." In the right to decide how they after he had signed a pledge after the Supreme Court decis­ shall be represented, and ter­ ion there is at best only contrast to this, Feuer prepares to present himself as the perfect card'. Workers called us imme­ father image practicing godlike cleanliness and patriotism: "The rorizes its workers with threats diately and we worked through token integration everywhere. At this late date the Adminis­ acrid smell of the crowded, sweating unbathed students sharply to their jobs if they engage in the night to plan a protest. The reminded me of smells I had long since forgotten among soldiers union activity. tration is still refusing to face next day, as some 150 students up to the counter-revolution in the Pacific more than 20 years ago." After this stab at melodrama, STUDENTS SUPPORT marched outside the dining halls the professor pontificates about the "anti-democratic potential" of WORKERS against all public education office, the worker was suddenly which Gov. Wallace heads. the FSM, designates the united front of the student organizations as Because of the specially dif­ rehired. Worker morale went The most hopeful sign of a "Soviet-style coalition," and concludes that it all reminds him ficult nature of this union fight, way up. Recent developments "unpleasantly of young German students talking in a similar vein the workers came to us to form improving education for all, have included a sit-in at the trus­ so far as I can see, is the in the early 1930's." This should make any Communist of Stalin's an alliance which might to­ tees' office and a faculty petition infamous "Third Period," when all opponents were designated as gether bring decent wages and Free Speech Movement that of some 150 professors, calling the students in Berkeley have "social fascists," feel that he has met his match! conditions to this supposedly lib­ for an election. * * * eral university. Cafeteria work­ launched, and which I think DIVISIVE U STRATEGY has only just begun to fight. The fact that such an "analyst" can find himself the head of a ers here start at $2912 a year The strategy of the university with little prospect for increases. Graduate Student philosophy department of the largest university in the country, has been to divide the workers New York which he modestly calls "the greatest concentration of intellectual They have no hospital benefits from their natural allies, the power and genius in the sciences and scholarship the world has ever and no pension plan. In short, students. Students have been known," speaks volumes for the bankruptcy of bourgeois thought they have missed out on every told that the food prices will UCLA-FSM GETS in America, and speaks just as eloquently of the need for the stu­ advance of organized labor since rise if a union is recognized OLD RUN-AROUND dents to go "off campus" to find a market place of ideas. The very the thirties. and that the student jobs will fact that they have succeeded in opening this intellectual abscess On Sept. 25, nearly 100 stu­ At the Academic Senate be imperiled. The university Meeting of UCLA before is no small achievement. dents began picketing the dining knows that if the students turn halls calling for a union election Christmas, any attempt by a The greatest achievement of the FSM, however, is the positive on the workers as scabs, as they member of the faculty to in­ one: civil rights struggles go hand-in-hand with freedom of thought. and for decent wages. Since then, did in 1952, no strike can Local 302, Cafeteria Employees troduce a proposal to support This is precisely what should give their action its further direction. succeeed. the faculty at Berkeley was They are only at the beginning of the long road to total freedom. Union, AFL-CIO, has signed up We are trying here, by the use always ruled out of order. They To develop a serious dialogue, on the campus and off it, it is neces­ 50 of the 80 employees and has of the hunger strike, to show voted to support the recom­ sary, first of all to clear one's head (4) of the brainwashing that held several meetings. Students that students are deteremined mendations of Chancellor passes for thought. We will deal with this further in the next issue not to ride through school on Murphy instead. when we take up campus developments since the return to school Aided Miners the backs of men who make Later there was a meeting following Christmas vacation. starvation wages. Only through of the Free Speech Movement this sort of an alliance can we at Hyde Park on campus, FOOTNOTES: Oberlin Student end the poverty conditions that which explained the decision university workers all over by the Academic Senate, and (1) The most objective and comprehensive Preliminary Re­ Faces Libel Suit America suffer ia the name of we began a vigil in front of port, The Berkley Free Speech Controversy, is the one issued on what is "good for the students." the Administration building December 13, 1964, by A Fact-Finding Committee of Graduate An important case involving Political Scientists. (Bardach, Citrin, Eisenbach, Elkins, Ferguson, freedom of speech and press We have been on strike here which continued to the next about 18 hours. It may be days day. The vigil was an expres­ Jervis, Levine and Sniderman.) Most of the factual material in our will be heard by the Kentucky sion of concern over the deci­ analysis comes from that report. The most scurrilous account is the Court of Appeals in Frankfort before the university makes a one by Lewis S. Feuer, entitled "Rebellion at Berkeley: The New new statement. But this after­ sion of the regents who were on Jan. 22. The case is that of to meet there that day. The Multiversity: Ideology and Reality." published in The New Leader, Stephen Ashton, 21, an Oberlin noon, as we b-"an our strike Dec. 21, 1964. All the quotations citing Feuer come from this report. on the floor of the lobby, each regents proposed that free student who went to Hazard, speech should not be impeded (2) Whereas it is necessary to consult Clark Kerr's main books Ky., to try to help jobless miners worker came out to look, to talk, and to give us the signs of sol­ "up to the first and fifth for background, his actions in the university speak loud enough, and in that community. He was there amendment" and Mario Savio his interview with William Trombley in the Los Angeles Times, at the time of the "roving picket" idarity. This helps when the time d'rags and the stone is cold promptly condemned the re­ Jan. 6, 1965, is very revealing. Most of the citations here are from movement. gents' decision. that interview. He wrote an eight-page report and hard under your back. entitled "Notes on a Mountain (3) About the only truthful statement to appear in Feuer's Strike" but did not have time to diatribe is this indirect one: "The students hear tell that their senior distribute it. Instead, Ashton and "Malcolm's revolution turns out to be an action for damages. professors were in their youth not infrequently Marxists, Trotskyists, the document were seized by He's only talking, after all, about larceny by fraud, trick, and Yipsels, Left-wingers. Now in middle age they seem to be resting Hazard police and he was force. It's a good cause, but nothing to fight and die for. They on reputations gained by their advocacy of conservatism with a charged with criminal libel. The sue."—from a recent issue Marxist vocabulary. ..." charge was based on his criti­ (4) A beginning in this direction was made by Joseph Paff, Bill cism of public officials and a Cavala and Jerry Berman in their piece, "The Berkeley Riots: newspaper editor in Hazard. THE ACTIVIST Dissent in the Multiversity" which appeared in THE ACTIVIST, Ashton was sentenced to six January, 1965. Consult that issue also for "SNCC: The Beginning months in jail and fined $3,000. the student journal of political affairs of Ideology" by Staughton Lynd. He is free under $3,000 bail A provocative journal of controversy, scholar­ pending the outcome of his ap­ ::.:;;s;sss peal to the high court in Frank­ ship, inquiry, and dissent. Four years old, inde­ ; fort. pendent, unsubsidized, The Activist is for those 1 His appeal is being pressed who are still attracted to the creative and can­ For our Detroit readers and friends with the aid of the American tankerous, the imaginative and radical. Civil Liberties Union. It says You are invited to attend a new series that two key civil liberties guar­ Subscribe for a year (only $2) antees are involved: due process of monthly public discussion meetings. of law and freedom of the press. Your Subscription is invited ACLU lawyers will argue the 5 issues, occasional pamphlets This Month: New Ferment in Japan's case for Ashton at the Jan. 22 Political Left hearing. The outcome of this case is Clip and mail with full payment ($2 per year) to the Activist, | Date: Friday, February 5 Time: 7:30 p.m. important to persons working 27% W. College, Oberlin, Ohio, 44074 for civil rights, civil liberties, peace, and a better deal for the Name Place: News & Letters jobless and underpaid people in Kentucky. If Ashton is jailed Address 8751 Grand River for criticism of public officials and newspapers, then others will City State Zip Admission Free soon be on the way to jail. JANUARY, 1965 NEWS & LETTERS Page 7

Fruit of Negro Revolt Is Sweet As Others See Us Says of South: 'Thought I Was Dreaming' Marxism and Freedom: Utopian' DETROIT, Michigan — A women and white women were left Montgomery was the 20 colored woman who just re­ wating on tables together. Negro football players walking or 'Indispensable'?-Two Reviews turned from Montgomery, "It seemed that the white wait­ out of New Orleans because they Ala., where she spent the ers are practicing discrimination were discriminated against. Review by George Licht- will continue to rest. But more in reverse. It seemed that they Everyone was so glad and excit heim in "The New York Re­ than that? These neo-Marxists Christmas holidays, said, ed that they left there, and felt really must get it into their heads "My thanks goes to-the Ne­ served the Negroes quicker than view of Books," Dec. 17, they do the whites, and are it was the Negro Revolution 1964. that a "workers' state" is no more groes and their supporters pleasant as they can be. And it is which had given them the cour­ possible than a "peasants' state." who made the 1963 and 1964 a pleasure to visit the Greyhound age to do it, and said they were ... A former close associ­ Even Marx never went beyond revolution in these United Bus Station and the railroad de­ Freedom Fighters too, now. ate of Trotsky — with whom saying that it was the task of States." pot to see that there are no "After seeing all this, I cannot she broke in 1939 over the the workers to "liberate the ele­ She said, "I have not gone "Colored" and "White" waiting help yelling from the bottom of Hitler-Stalin pact and other ments of the new society already South in six or seven years, and rooms—they all use the same. my heart and saying thank God matters _— (Raya Dunayev­ forming in the womb of the old." when I was there last, the only "The news hit Montgomery for this Negro Revolution. I am skaya) belongs to the "ultra- His disciples would do well to big change one could notice was while I was there that the Chief not saying it is perfect, and I am left" or libertarian stream of ponder this message. It holds no sitting anyplace you liked on the of Police of Dallas County in not saying discrimination has socialist thought. Understandably encouragement for utopianism. bus. Most of my life was spent Selma, Ala. made an announce­ been wiped out. Not by a long in the circumstances she treats in Montgomery, and no one ment to his police force that they way. But I am saying that a the Revolution as a tragedy, and would have made me believe I must adjust themselves to the Negro who was born and raised Lenin as a genius whose vision Review by Harry McShane would have witnessed the changes times whether they like it or not in Alabama and has not been ran ahead of its time. Though in "The Labour Worker" I saw when I was there for the and begin to treat all citizens there for years—knowing how the sentimentally attached to him, Glasgow, July, 1964. holidays. alike. This is supposed to be the conditions were when they left— and even inclined to overrate going back and seeing these ... A knowledge of Marx­ STOP IN TENNESSEE stronghold of the K.K.K. in Ala his intellectual accomplishments ist theory is essential—more bama. changes cannot possibly come (notably his rather amateurish "On our way down, we were COURAGE SPREADS away without a happy heart and now than ever before for in the southern part of Tennessee. Hegel commentaries) she has a those who wish to under­ "But what everyone was really saying, 'long live the revolu­ firm grasp of the essentials so It was late at night and we were talking about the day before I tionists.' " stand the economic, political hoping we could get to Birming­ far as the descent from Lenin to and moral complexities of the ham. We were tired and sleepy Stalin is concerned. present situation. For this and afraid to continue to drive * * * purpose Raya Dunayevska- much farther. So we pulled into Italian Political Crisis HER OWN utopianism comes ya's book, "Marxism and a filling station and asked the out in the chapter devoted to Freedom" is indispensable. white man there did he know 1921, the NEP, and the failure of Men like Harold Wilson, who, on where we could get a place to Reflects Economic Unrest the "Workers' Opposition." It is his own admission, gave up the true that Lenin in 1921 tried to sleep for the night. He said there MILAN, Italy — This has wards the President of the coun­ study of Marxism almost as soon was a nice motel just a few miles salvage what was left of party as he started it, would find that not been a Merry Christmas try, Segni, had to resign because democracy, where Stalin later down the highway. of ill health. From Dec. 16 until there is more in Marxist theory "I had to ask whether it was for thousands of Italian work­ ruthlessly destroyed it. But to than dry and dull economics. This now the parliament has been vot­ say that the Kronstadt mutiny white or colored, and when he ers and their families. Many ing for a new President. (The book shows clearly that Marx, in said white I wondered why he "compelled sharp measures which of the larger companies, but Italian President is elected by the are certainly no model for a everything he wrote, was con­ recommended it to us. So I asked also small factories, have parliament and has very limited cerned about human beings, their if the motel accepted colored and workers' state to follow" is to laid-off this month almost powers, but he is important at display a rather ingenious view passions, desires and aspirations. he said yes he thought so. all of their workers for 15 times of political crisis since he of politics. What "workers' Marxism, which combines theory "We felt the only thing we is expected to use his powers for state"? There never was such a with action, is seen to be the could do was to stop and ask. to 20 and also more days. This unpaid Christmas vaca­ compromise, for final decisions, thing. And conversely, if the most far-reaching human phi­ But when we saw this new and etc.) Bolshevik regime in 1921 was losophy of all time. beautiful place I said that never, tion has been given to the The Communists, the PSIUP what she imagines it to have never will they accept us and, workers in order that the and Socialists were voting for been, why should it not have if they did, they would over­ employers might modernize Nenni, while the Social Demo­ suppressed the rebellion? "The INEVITABLY, the work con­ charge us double and triple. their factories; and it is clear crats and a part of the Christian tragedy of the Russian Revolu­ tains a good deal about eco­ " We drove in and asked could tion," in her view, was that "the nomics. It presents the beginner to everyone that monderni- Democrats were voting for Sara- with an opportunity to learn we get a room for the night. gat. Others have either turned masses" were not really drawn When this white woman at the zation means that a certain into public life, in the way Lenin more about the meaning and pur­ their ballots in empty (mostly the pose of Marx's Capital than many desk said yes, I nearly fainted. number of laid-off workers Christian Democrats) or they had envisaged when he wrote I felt I was dreaming. Then will become unemployed State and Revolution. But in the of the popularizations published have voted for other candidates. over the years. The chapters that we asked the price. She said $6 workers due to the new ma­ LEFTIST ALLIES OF CAPITAL absence of democracy, how could for 24 hours, and that the hours they have been so drawn in? Mrs. deal with Capital can be read chines. This shows that the Italian peo­ with profit even by the veterans. began at 12 noon. She asked us At Rome, on Christmas day, ple, giving always more votes to Dunayevskaya might have learned how long we wanted to be there, the reasons of the failure from The way in which human develop­ there was a demonstration the left, have affected the politi­ ment is prevented by the domi­ and when we said maybe until against this modernization be­ cal situation, but it also shows Rosa Luxemburg, whose general nine or ten the next morning, outlook is somewhat akin to nation of capital over labor, or cause of the total closure of two that a large number of Italian hers. It is not enough to say that as Marx put it, "The mastery of she told us that we could stay factories there. But for the ma­ capitalists and the parliamen­ until 12 before our time was up, "the young workers' state could things over man, of dead labour jority of workers, protest and tarians that represent them not lift itself by its own boot­ over living labour," is stressed then it would be $6 for another strikes are impossible because the realize that the Social Democrats, 24 hours. She asked us if we straps, particularly as it didn't by the author who insists that first to protest are the first to be they followers of Saragat or have any boots." When will these the Humanism that found expres­ wanted breakfast the following be fired. In the meantime, prices Nenni, are not a threat but rath­ sion in the writings of the young morning, and we said that we Utopians realize that there never continue to rise, while the govern­ er persons that can be utilized was a "workers' state"? Probably Marx was present with the older did. When we left the following ment and its press insists that in their attempt at integrating Marx when writing Capital many morning, we were as happy as a never. If they did, they would economic stability and prosperity the working class into the capita­ have to stop being romantic about years later. child receiving his first toy. are just around the corner. list system. RESULTS OF REVOLT it. . . . She attaches great importance POLITICS AND ECONOMICS Note: After the writing of this to what Marx retained of Hegel's "After getting home to Mont­ The present political crisis is article, Saragat, on Dec. 28, was teaching. Not only did he take gomery, the shocks were even in part a reflection of the econo­ elected President. Nenni re­ IN THE case of Mrs. Dun­ the dialectical method of Hegel, greater. In every eating place mic crisis. In the elections of nounced to his candidature, and ayevskaya and those who think but he took the concept of Aliena­ downtown Negroes were sitting, October the various parties of the the Socialists and Communists along similar lines, the matter tion. But in moving from the and they were sitting beside left, especially the Communist switched their votes to Saragat is complicated by arguments over world of thought he found Aliena­ whites in most places. Negro Party, gained votes. Shortly after­ while the PSIUP abstained. "state capitalism." This is now tion in the world of produc­ the label fixed by these purists tion . . . upon all Communist regimes, in­ • • * "The first edition of Marxism and Freedom went to press as Sputnik No. 1 went cluding that of Mao Tse-tung. into orbit. That same year, 1957, the Little Rock riots shared headlines with the (Oddly, they combine this ap­ MUCH IS SAID about the "new scientific phenomenon. In 1962. two different events were again held in unison in proach with naive adulation of society" visualized by Marx in men's consciousness. This time James Meredith's courageous entry into the Univer­ colonial liberation movements). which the division between sity of Mississippi took the lustre out of Walter Schirra's spectacular six-orbital entry Stalinism and Maoism are both mental and manual labour would into space. An age in which 'a little thing' like school desegregation, can hold in "state capitalist." Very well, but no longer exist. Marx, says the tow such scientific milestones is an age in which men's consciousness is preoccupied, then why do the Russians and the author, could see in dim outline Chinese quarrel? Because it is the concentration of capital in the not with scientific conquest, but with human freedom." in the nature of the unregenerate "hands of a single capitalist." —From New Introduction to come to blows? Because they This brings us to the contentious are not really Communists? But question discussed further in the where and when shall we see book: that of State Capitalism as real Communism, if it is not em­ seen in Russia and in other parts MARXISM and FREEDOM bodied in these self-styled re­ of the world. gimes? The answer seems to be: By Raya Dunayevskaya when the workers and the intel­ The author deals with the East lectuals have seized power from German rising of 1953, and the Most reading for every Freedom Fighter the bureaucrats and installed Hungarian Revolution of 1956. true socialist democracy, on the These events constituted a chal­ In Paperback Edition: $1.98 With Hard Cover. $5.00 model of the Hungarian rebel­ lenge to the One-Party State and lion in 1956. the tyranny that goes with it. In this connection, her description * * * of the dispute between Trotsky Fill out order coupon below and send to: News & Letters, 8751 Grand River ONE WOULD like to see some and Lenin on the trade union Ave., Detroit, Michigan 48204. hint that, even in this happy question is of great interest. Here event (for which we are all wait­ we see Lenin's desire to curb Enclosed is $ for copies of Marxism and Freedom. ing), the workers will not in bureaucracy. The Plans intro­ fact become a new "ruling class." duced by Stalin, as by others At most they will have some of down to the present day, come the liberty now denied them. from above and emphasize the They will also, one hopes, be fact that labour is oppressed by State able to restrain the planners, capital in the same way as in with whom the ultimate control America and Western Europe.... 'Page 8 NEWS & LETTERS JANUARY, 1965 Permanent Poverty & Profits (Continued from Page 1) very forces of reaction who did poverty by saying that it affects everything in their power to de­ Our Life and Times "only" one-fifth of the nation, feat him at the polls in Novem­ while all "the rest of us" live in ber, and whom the American By Peter Ma I lory affluence. The truth is that those electorate soundly repudiated in VIET NAM to even suggest that the people earn $10 a month which, even families officially classed as poor, that election. Last year it was the of Viet Nam might like to by Indian standards, is a star­ because they make less than unemployed miners from Hazard, When Congressman Wayne solve their own problems with­ vation wage. $3,000 a year, are only slightly Kentucky, who picketed the White Hays of Ohio, speaking about out either their military dic­ When the untouchables poorer than millions of others House as Johnson prepared his the situation in South Viet tatorship or their American who just barely make out. State of the Union message, wait­ Nam said, "You hardly know struck, the debris and garbage advisors. Yet, until the people of the city piled up and rov­ This, despite the fact that 1964 ing in vain for him to see them where to start, it's such a of Viet Nam can determine and exposing his vague promises mess," he gave a choice of ing bands of strikers made was the year that corporate pro­ for themselves what govern­ sure that the strike was 100% fits reached an all-time peak, pil­ about ending poverty. This year things to speculate about. He ment they want, there can be it was the Mississippi Freedom could have been referring to effective. Despite the arrest of ing up a record $31.9 billion after no solution to the wars which 24 of the strike leaders, the taxes. Democratic Party, whose chal­ the government of South Viet have gone on for 25 years. Nam, which changes more fre­ city could find no strike break­ lenge he failed to support against ers to take up the dirty jobs. The world's largest corporate the Goldwater official Missis­ quently than most soldiers enterprise, American Telephone change their underwear. Or he Six sweepers started a hunger sippi Democrats, who exposed the strike. and Telegraph, alone made $1.7 hypocrisy of his promise to en­ could have had reference to NIGERIA billion profit—the highest yearly force the civil rights law and the security measures that The national elections in The strike was concluded earnings ever reported by any "eliminate every obstacle to the permitted a 1,200-pound bomb when the city officials prom­ American corporation. This fan­ Nigeria on Jan. 1 brought to right and opportunity to vote." to be smuggled into the of­ a head the ever-present crisis ised to take up the strikers de­ tastic profit accumulation is char­ ficers' quarters in the heart of mands, but the unprecedented acteristic of all the corporations, that has been taking place in CIVIL RIGHTS NOW? Saigon, which killed two the Nigerian government. The show of solidarity among the including the steel companies — As Johnson spoke, seven months Americans, wounded 65 Amer­ untouchables has shocked the who are nonetheless still balking extreme conflict in the coun­ after the murder of three young icans and 41 Vietnamese. It try, not only between the gov­ country into a state which in­ at any raise for the steelworkers civil rights workers for merely could have been reference to ernment and those who want dicates that future demands whose sweat and blood have made trying to register Negroes to vote, the sinking of an American to be truly free, but between will not be overlooked as they the profits for them. not only were the 22 men whom helicopter carrier at its dock the industrialized Eastern Re­ have been in the past. THE ADMINISTRATIVE the FBI had finally accused of in Saigon, or the brilliant gion and the backward North­ MENTALITIES the murder still free, but that strategy that led a whole Viet­ ern region, of necessity has very same day, the states-righter namese marine battalion into MALAYSIA Secretary of Defense, McNa- a trap baited with the bodies taken a tribal form, but in mara, not only accepts—and, in FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, of four dead American sol­ reality is a class question. The 15 month old Federa­ fact, increases—the present level himself, reported that there had diers. The choice of reference tion of Malaysia, formed from been a sharp rise in civil rights The Northern region, con­ of unemployment, but has dared is huge, the answers seem trolled by Nigeria's Prime the Malay peninsula, Singa­ to say that the unemployment cases investigated last year. scarce. pore, Sarawak, Brunei and Sa- There were no less than 960 cases Minister Sir A. T. Balewa and which accompanies his shutting his Nigerian National Alliance, bah, is the subject of repeated down of so-called obsolescent op­ under the new law which took ef­ The battle casualties for the is still semi-feudal. Nigeria's attacks from Indonesia. The erations is necessary to make fect last July 2—to say nothing United States, 169 in Decem­ President, Dr. Nnamdi Azi- guerrilla bands that have been sure we do not go down the of the cases that never got to the ber, are serious enough for kiwe, an old fighter for inde­ landed on Malaysia by Sukar­ economic drain as Great Britain "investigating" stage. the people back home to be­ pendence, has found his hands no, have been quickly rounded has done. He fails to mention that gin to demand some answers tied, working within a govern­ up by the Malaysian police It attests to the power of the from their Congressmen. After force backed up by 12,000 in Great Britain the existence of civil rights movement that no ment dominated by a party to 1% unemployment is considered Dean Rusk briefed the House which he is opposed. British troops. less than 148 members—one-third Foreign Affairs Committee, cause for great concern. When of the entire House of Representa­ The resistance that Malaysia unemployment in that country one member told him, "You'd Before the elections, South­ tives—felt forced to vote against damn well better find a solu­ ern and Eastern candidates has shown to Sukarno's plans went up as high as 2%, there was seating the five-man white segre­ to expand his empire, has so much commotion that the tion to this in the next two found they were not allowed gationist Mississippi delegation years, because that is about on the ballot in the North. caused Sukarno to threaten to Tories were thrown out and a new until after an inquiry into the withdraw from the United Na­ Labour government was elected. all the time the American pub­ Many were harassed, denied legality of their election. It is lic is going to give you." hotel space and suffered other tions. Sukarno is backed up by As for the retraining program, more indicative of how much civil indignities. Throughout the the Communist Parties in In­ While the military situation donesia, China and Russia, in the words of one worker from rights progress can be expected might be described as "fluid", South, millions in a United this year, however, that none oth­ Progress Grand Alliance pro­ who show little concern about the Brooklyn Navy Yard which due to the inability of the the rights of self determina­ the Defense Dept. has shut down, er than Louisiana's white-suprem­ South Vietnamese military tested the suppression of their acist Russell B. Long was elected party's candidates by boycot­ tion for the people of Malay­ it is "a lot of baloney." There forces to locate the positions sia. can be no pretense here that re­ as Democratic "whip" for the of the opposition, the internal ting the national elections. Senate. This creature not only Since the sniping tactics of training is needed because the political situation can best be The boycott, which was a workers are unskilled or illiter­ voted against the civil rights bill, described as chaotic. When Indonesia have obviously but also against the nuclear test dramatic success, was so effec­ failed, there is a feeling that ate. Some of the greatest skills the military dictators of the tive that the Grand Alliance in industry are represented by ban treaty; not only against the country announced a "final" Sukarno may try stronger mil­ said it would refuse to accept itary measures, in which case the workers at that yard—skills domestic peace corps, but also settlement on the question of any government formed on the such as pipe-fitters, crane oper­ against medical care for the turning the government over the British have warned that basis of the election results, they will use every military ators, ship-fitters, riggers and aged; not only against foreign to civilians on a Saturday, which it called a farce. machinists. aid, but even against aid to edu­ there were general strikes on force at their command to pre­ cation. After his election, he indi­ In the heat of the fight, Azi- vent him from taking over the Nor can there be any pretense Tuesday in the cities of Da cated that he would continue to Nang, Quang Tri and Hue kiwe threatened to resign as Federation. about future security after re­ take an independent line as whip president and take to the ra­ training and relocation. Too many which demanded the removal Sukarno has found no seg­ whenever he does not agree with of Premier Tran Van Huong. dio in an appeal to the people. ment of the population of Ma­ workers know the stories of oth­ Administrative proposals. He con­ His threat has failed to mate­ laysia sympathetic to his de­ ers who were dislocated in shut­ Nowhere has any serious ef­ rialize, however, and he has descended only not to be an "ob­ fort been made to hold an mands. downs, retrained, pulled up structionist." entered into discussions with stakes, sold homes and moved election in South Viet Nam, or Balewa to work out a solution. families, got new jobs—and got LBJ'S HALLUCINATION Despite the apparent unity CONGO laid off in less than half a year President Johnson's Great So­ once more. The over-riding fact stant threat of war. Even "medi­ of the politicians over the past MERCENARIES ciety hallucinations were exposed care" has been changed to "hos­ six years, Nigeria suffers from of life today is the permanent even more by the fact that our The latest looting of four army of the unemployed. pital care" which does not even economic ills. The six year De­ jeeps from the U.N. mission energies and attentions can sup­ cover doctor's bills. velopment Plan has fallen Secretary of Labor Wirtz, from posedly be turned toward build­ short of its goals, corruption in Stanleyville has caused the his affluent office, has told us ing The Great Society because the THE CLEAR MANDATE among the officials and ad­ UN Mission there to issue a to be realistic about how long it international scene is so well un­ strong protest to Tshombe Whether Johnson wants to ac­ ministrators is rampant, and about the conduct of his white will take to end poverty in our der control: "In this period, we cept a "mandate" or not, the the grievances of the common country: it will not be in a year, have taken more steps toward South African mercenary American people know that he man are widespread. troops. Bibiano Ossorio-Tafall, "but maybe in a generation." He peace — including the test ban has the greatest majority in Con­ attempted to defend those who There have been two suc­ chief envoy of the U.N. to the treaty—than at any time since the gress since Roosevelt's Adminis­ Tshombe government issued are unemployed against what he cold war." cessful general strikes during tration, and can get whatever he the last 14 months in which the complaint. called the intellectual "cowards" wants. And having heard his who try to claim they are unem­ Except, of course, that the war the issue of building a nation­ He said the looting of UN in Vietnam grows hotter and our "promises," they are watching wide Labour Party was raised. ployed because they are lazy or before embarking on actions that property started 48 hours incapable. "Only one-half of one presence there grows more un­ The Party, however, has failed after the mercenaries entered popular both with the Vietnamese will make clear to the Adminis­ to materialize. the town following the Belgian percent" he says may fall into tration what an overwhelming such a category. But he has noth­ and with the American people— Leadership which can over­ paratrooper attack on Nov. 24. daily. Except that the bloody war vote evidently did not make clear. "They bust into the PX in our ing to offer the other 5%, except The brain-trusters will find out come tribal suspicions will be ill-founded promises for the fu­ in the Congo threatens to grow required to build a political headquarters at the Hotel Wa- bloodier and our role in it more that "mandate" of the people is cenia and walked off with $24,- ture. not a mandate for double-crossing organization capable of unify­ indefensible daily. Except that ing the country and overcom­ 000 worth of food, whiskey and Johnson's great promise to DeGaulle has his own "force de and double-dealing with the very other goods," Mr. Fernand "double the war against poverty forces of reaction they went to ing the threat of secession and frappe" and is planning to ex­ the splintering of the country Scheller, the Swiss U.N. rep­ this year" is shallow indeed once plode another bomb, and under­ such great trouble to reject. resentative said. "The rebels we look at it concretely: the $780 into warring groups. mine the whole NATO organiza­ As FDR found out when the never touched the PX during million allocated last year when tion; Indonesia is leaving the the 4 months they were here, Johnson declared "unconditional workers decided to trust only United Nations; and China has themselves and built their own but the mercenaries grabbed war" on poverty, constituted only already exploded her bomb. INDIA the stuff within two days." three-fourths of 1% of the Na­ organization, the CIO, although tional Budget—and double this is What Johnson's Great Society he had "given" them the NRA— The untouchables, the low­ "They have looted every­ really amounts to is the emascu­ so LBJ is going to find out that est class in the caste system— where they can", he reported. still only 1.5%. By contrast the which remains a part of life Pentagon plans to spend $13.5 bil­ lation of everything that the ma­ the workers, Negroes and stu­ "The mercenaries have broken in India under "socialism" just open every safe in town ex­ lion on arms alone in the coming jority of the people in this coun­ dents are perfectly capable of creating new forms of organiza­ as it did during the rule of cept two and stolen millions year, and the Defense Budget has try told him they wanted in no British imperialism — have of francs. They have looted consistently devoured more than tion once more to correspond to uncertain terms, when they de­ their aspirations. The resounding done the unthinkable. They stores, taken refrigerators, 50% of the National Budget every feated Goldwater by overwhelm­ went on strike. In New Dehli typewriters and every piece of year. defeat of Goldwater was only a ing numbers in November: full portent. Next it may be the much they have the jobs of street equipment that they can get Characteristic of President employment, education for all, the balley-hooed, so-called "two-party sweepers. About 8000 of them their hands on." Johnson is his bowing before the end of segregation and the con- system." THE N.A.A.C.P. LEGAL DEFENSE REPORT AND EDUCATIONAL FUND Vol. IV, No. 1 APRIL 1966

"take your children out of the white school or. . . 99

In rural Issaquena and Sharkey counties in the Mississippi Delta white plantation owners, landlords, and employers have fired and evicted Negro parents who, under orders of the United States District Court, last August enrolled their children in previously all-white schools and refused to withdraw them. Lawyers of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, on February 11, filed suit in the U. S. District Court on behalf of the families pictured on these pages and other similar victims of economic reprisal, eviction, intimidation or violence. The unprecedented suit asks redress for grievances suffered in the exercise of constitutional rights: that employers reinstate those fired, plantation owners restore tenants to their dwellings, and compensation be made for losses inflicted.

MRS. RUBY BARNES did not take her children out of school. A week after her daughters, Gloria Jean, 6 and Brcnda, 7, had been registered at the white school, Mrs. Barnes and her father were turned out of the house in which they had lived since 1951 on a large cotton plantation near Rolling Fork. Under an arrangement customary in the Delta area, the owner provides a house and the tenant must be available for farm labor when needed. The owner's agent visited Mrs. Barnes' father, demanded that the daughter with­ draw her children from the white school. The owner personally told him that he would give him work on the farm "if you weren't in this school mess,"

Mrs. Barnes stood firm and the family lost their home of 15 years and lost their livelihood.

WALTER COLLIER, JR. did not take his children out of school. A cross was burned before Walter Collier's house on the night of August 8th. Nevertheless, the following day Delta Ann Collier, 8 and Debra Ann, 6 were registered at Anguilla Consolidated School. A week later Mr. Collier was fired from his job pressing and loading cotton at the local mill. Three more crosses have been burned outside the Collier door. Walter Collier is young and strong, but he can get no work. There are only four other Negro children left at the school, but the two little Collier girls go every day.

HENRY EDDINGTON did take his children out of school. Last August 9, Mrs. Eddington enrolled Frank James, 6 and Julia Ann, 8 in the Fielding Wright School in Rolling Fork. They are no longer there. Mr. Eddington is blind. He told the Legal Defense Fund lawyer, "if I could see, I would fight." But when the Negro from whom he rents his house came and begged him to take his children out of the white school and reported that word was out the house would be bombed, Mr. Eddington felt he had no choice. Fund Fights Cruelty in Mississippi Delta with Suits to Protect Victims of Segregationists.

The Legal Defense Fund suit to stop reprisals against courageous Negroes who have sought to avail themselves of their right to equal education reveals the inadequacy of current methods of enforcing court orders and the 1964 Civil Rights Act. What has happened in Issaquena and Sharkey counties, Mississippi is an extreme instance of segregationist defiance of the law across the Deep South. Few if any parents whose children attend a "white" school have retained their jobs. Ending this disparity between law and actuality is the major task confronting the Legal Defense Fund in the years ahead.

Mechanized farming is changing the economy in these Delta counties. Many former sharecroppers have left for the cities of the South, North, and West. Most rural Negroes who remain live in plantation shacks doing day labor when the boss calls upon them. Others live in the few small towns, working at menial jobs in the mills, shops, and homes of the whites. The median per capita income of Negroes in rural Mississippi is $364 annually; Sharkey and Issaquena counties are probably below average. The whites exercise total political control as well.

Despite their nearly complete dependence on the whites, Negro parents and guardians of 279 children joined last April in a Legal Defense Fund suit to integrate the com­ bined school system of the two counties. In May, Federal District Judge Harold Cox ordered the school officials to submit a desegregation plan in time for the start of the fall term. At the Fund's urging, Judge Cox rejected the grade-a-year plan first presented by the board. He required a plan for desegregation in at least four grades, including the twelfth, in accord with guidelines set by the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in an earlier case won by This little girl is in the second grade at a "white" school. the Fund. Her father's boss fired him. He had been a tractor driver for three years. However, the dual system of Negro and white schools remained unchanged, as is typical of Southern school desegregation. Thus the Negro parents seeking equal educa­ original 279 — are now attending the "white" schools of tion for their children must take the initiative in applying these Delta counties, and few if any of their parents are for transfers. In the second week of August, registration employed. One father of five who lost his job was told began for the two schools that previously served only the he could receive no unemployment insurance because he whites of Sharkey and Issaquena counties. had not worked long enough, and no welfare benefits because he was "too young." The registrar routinely asked every applicant for trans­ fer, "Whose plantation do you live on?" or "Who is your Reprisals and harassment have not kept these 46 employer?" In every case, white employers and landlords children out of the "white" schools, but ways have been learned at once the names of the Negro families dependent found to perpetuate their segregation. In one school, 20 on them who had taken the unprecedented step of breaking Negro children are isolated in a newly created "remedial traditional color bars. There followed immediately evic­ class." All of the children must ride the Negro school tions, firings, cross-burnings, intimidating threats, and buses. The court had required desegregation of the 12th violence. The result was that only 46 children — not the grade. Suddenly there have been mass promotions of students now in the 11th grade at Negro schools. They will be graduated in June, so that there will thus be few senior students to seek transfer to the "white" school in the fall. WE NEED YOUR HELP ... The N.A.A.CP. Legal Defense Fund has expanded steadily over the past 27 years of service as the primary legal arm of the civil Only one Negro is still enrolled in the 12th grade of a rights movement. It works closely with the NAACP, CORE, desegregated school in Sharkey and Issaquena counties. SCLC, SNCC and other civil rights groups, but is an entirely The school bus goes past her door every morning but does separate and independent organization. Total financial not stop. She waits for the Negro bus, which makes a support of the Legal Defense Fund comes from voluntary special trip for her. In school she has been called "nigger," subscriptions. Funds are urgently needed: and "stinky." Someone threw a rock at her. She was hit • to finance court action for equality in schools, jobs, over the eye with a hair clamp shot from a rubber band. hospitals and housing; • to defend civil rights workers against illegal arrests, Save to call her names, the other students do not talk to her. harassment, and violence. The battle for integrated schools in the Delta counties Send your tax deductible contribution today. and across the South clearly has a long way to go. Given THE N.A.A.C.P. LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. the pattern of continued reprisals for the exercise of 10 Columbus Circle, New York, N. Y. 10019 constitutional rights, the Legal Defense Fund suit filed Judge Francis E. Rivers William T. Coleman, Jr. February 11th represents a major step toward placing President Vice-President firm restraints on those who cruelly use their brute eco­ Jack Greenberg Mrs. Thornburg Cowles nomic and political power to thwart the aspirations of our Director-Counsel Treasurer most disadvantaged citizens. IN ENGLISH El Malcriado NO. 41 "The Voice of the Farm Worker"

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NEW TREACHERY AT DIGIORGIO

The NFWA signed an agreement with Di- Giorgio setting up elections on the Sierra being arrested for simply setting foot on Vista Ranch for August 30, 1966. The DiGiorgio property. farm workers agreed to end the strike and the boycott. We have kept our promise. 3) DiGiorgio is secretly continueing to. make But DiGiorgio has broken their part of the deals with the Teamsters, and is threate­ bargain time and again. ning to sign a sweetheart sellout contract with the Teamsters for Arvin and Yuba Ci­ 1) They fired 192 workers barely one week ty. THEY REFUSE TO ALLOW FREE E- after the agreement was signed ending the LECTIONS ON THESE RANCHES. picketing. Most of these workers were in favor of the union, so they were laid off. 4) DiGiorgio used the State Senate hearings Then DiGiorgio began hiring workers who to repeat many old and disproved lies. would vote the way they were told, who They tried to use the hearings to smear were for the Teamsters. us. DiGiorgio is showing bad faith. They hope 2) DiGiorgio has cotitinued to favor the to delay elections at Arvin and Yuba City Teamsters. They let the Teamster agents until after the harvest, when all the farm work openly in their camps and fields, at workers have left. They plan to rig those working hours, when the NFWA members elections, if they are ever held. Will they are barred. Yet NFWA members are still really hold fair elections in Delano? 3 IN THIS ISSUE:

INVESTIGATING THE HUELGA page 10

A new power Farm Workers Unite FROM ARVIN TO YUBA page 12 The National Farm Workers Association and AWOC, the AFL-CIO , will probably santa paula: merge this month into one strong union. Encarcelated without Cause We have been working together for ten page 14 months now, in the strike in Delano, and this new unity will make us even stronger to FIESTA AND CARAVAN fight the growers. We as farm workers, PAGE 17 must have one strong union, of^ farm workers, \ for farm workers. * Your Son and the Draft page 21 This move is full of hope and promise. But we farm workers must never let some union boss, from some office in the city, tell us how to run our union. That's how the Team­ sters are. And though we may join the AFL- CIO, we must never forget the wonderful help we have gotten from the Longshore­ men, theMine and Smelter Workers, and many , many other workers, including the I Published every two weeks in Spanish and English try I Farm Worker Press, Inc., P.O. Box 1060, Delano, Calif. many fine Teamsters who helped us, and I Office of Publication~1224 Fremont, Delano, California. - Second class postage paid at Delano, Calif. To subscribe are still helping us, but who are not in the at $2 a year write Box 1060, Delano, California, 93215. This isjme is # 37 ^a^ 6/2/66 AFL-CIO. We must never firget that we are brothers with all workers. We must always build towards the day when every worker, regardless of race or religion, has a de­ m&mSS^ cent wage, a life with dignity, and a life of justice. H NEW POWER FROM

DIGIORGIO WORKERS JOIN N.F.W.A. The NFWA is signing up members so fast in the Sacramento Valley that NFWA Vice- President Gil Padilla has been sent North to handle the movement there. There is a new office at 914 -4th-Street in Marysville. Hundreds of peach pickers throughout the Valley have joined the union. And hundreds of pear pickers from DiGiorgio's two big orchards, New England and Dantoni orchards near Marysville and Yuba City have also joined the union. DiGiorgio is just as bad in Marysville as in Delano. He pays $1.40 an hour in the sheds and only $6.00 for 1000 pound bins. He even cheats on the bins. The bins really hold 1200 pounds. For every five bins the picker gets paid for, he gives DiGiorgio one for free. DiGiorgio Rent-a-Cop in Yuba City

The FWA has demamded elections at these ranches, and also at the DiGiorgio ranch at Arvin. BUT DIGIORGIO HAS REFUSED TO DiGiorgio and the Teamsters can hold their HAVE ELECTIONS AT THESE RANCHES. own little teaparty, another fake election. They know they would lose. They hope to They could vote the carpenters and the cooks stall until the harvest is over, and then and all the other non-farm workers. The hold another rigged election. The Teamsters NFWA will fight any such rigged election, are in complete agreement with DiGiorgio. just as they fought, protested, and boycott­ When the harvest is over and the farmwork­ ed the last rigged election. ers )who support the NFWA ) have left, then

fcW EMUMD "Welcome to DiGiorgio" R m I . ._* :_?- R '..;. . in Yuba

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PEACH PICKERS

l/w__** DEMAND CONTRACT Peach pickers by the hundreds have been join ing the FWA recently in the Sacramento Valley. There is an increasing demand for higher wages and the protection of a union and a written contract. There will prob­ ably be no strike in peaches this year, but the workers have warned the growers of how they feel. The workers have suggested $1.90 an hour minimum guaranteed, or $4. 50 per 1000 pound bin of peaches on a piece rate. They also want 10£ for medic­ FWA office in the DiGiorgio Hacienda neai al insurance. All this must be in a written Arvin contract. Clive Knowles, a farm worker leader in Marysville, sent letters to almost two dozen major growers of the area who each own 1000 acres or more. He said they better sign contracts now or face strikes and trouble later. Unless the growers sign ARRESTS IN YUBA CITY by next year, there may be peaches rotting on the trees. Knowles suggested that the DiGiorgio has started arresting strikers peach growers have fair elections if they again. Three women were arrested in want proof that the workers want a union. Yuba City last week. Their crime: they But so far, all growers have refused to were talking about the strike to other DiG hold elections. iorgio workers. It was after hours. There were Teamsters agents in the camp at the same time who were not arrested. It just shows: DiGiorgio simply cannot be trusted.

Apolonio Flores, who is helping the NFWA organize in Marys­ ville, signs up field workers who work for DiGiorgio. Send this coupon to EL MALCRIADO, BOX 1060 The cost is $2.00 per year, but you DELANO, CALIFORNIA do not have to send this now. Wo will send you a bill. The best way to be sure you will gat your MALCRIADO is by mail, deliv­ NAME ered to your home every two weeks. Send your name and address to Box ADDRESS_ 1060 Delano, Calif., and we will send you the newspaper to you for TOWN one year. Texans Continue ElllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllfUl! 400 Mile March EL PASO N.F.W.A. The great Farm Worker March across Tex­ | The boycott of DiGiorgio is over,but NFWA as continues as the workers approach Cor­ | centers across the country are still busy pus Christl. Their 400-mile protest march | raising money and collecting food for the from the lower Rio Grande Valley to the | strikers , and trying to stop scabs from State Capitol in Austin, is now 1/3 over | coming to Delano.One of the busiest of these and the marchers are growing in numbers | centers is in El Paso, Texas, where NFWA with each new day. Only a few marchers | leader Tony Orendain is in charge. Many | people in the El Paso area have now joined § the NFWA and thousands of others have been | told, through radio and newspapers and I leaflets, by individuals, other unions, the | bishop himself, DON'T COME TO DELANO THIS YEAR.. .DON'T BREAK THE STRIKE! | Only the first step towards victory has been | taken, and until victory is complete, no | one should come to Delano to work this | year. The growers are trying to recruit | scabs in El Paso. This, like all their other | tricks, too will fail.

| This picture shows a new car donated to the | NFWA by the ElPaso Smelter Workers Union. 1 This union has been helping us a great deal, | and are true friends of the farm workers. started, but now there are over 80. Mrs. | In the center is Alfredo Montoya of the Gregoria Villareal of La Jolla, shown above, | Smelter Workers, with Tony Orendain and joined the march on the third day. Most of | Jesus Chavez, NFWA leaders in the El Paso the marchers are younger, but all have the 1 area. same burning faith, the same desire for jus­ tice. They plan to meet with Governor John Connoly in Austin on Labor Day, and also hope to visit President Johnson on his big Texas ranch. Their demands: $1.25 an hour as a guaranteed wage.

Man y of the marchers are the same workers who made the strke in the melons in Starr County in early June. The workers took a second vote in late July, and again decided, by a vote of 101 to 3, to be a part of the NFWA. This vote commits these workers to the struggle and sacrifice until victory is won for all farm workers regardless of race or religion. It was a hard vote to take. But brave men are never afraid of sacrifice and struggle. siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiii «. A DON COYOTE STORY u®w rpj^r®®K$f(oaTO "Chihuahua, but its hot," thought Don Coy­ ote, the contractor, as he loaded the buckets into his pickup. He had been sitting in his air-conditioned 1966 pickup almost all day, watching the men work. Every time he had to get out of the truck, he had felt that heat, and it made him glad that he was a contract­ or, and at least didn't have to work 10 hours in that awful sun. Here it was 5 o'clock and it was still 100 degrees or more. "I guess I'll stop off at the bar," don Coy­ ote decided as he headed into town. As he pulled up at the bar, there was the big new Cadillac of Sr. Gordito, the Patron him­ self. "Hmmm," thought don Coyote, "he usually doesn't come to this bar." As he walked in he saw the Patron, sitting at a table in the corner. The Patron was short, but very fat. He took up half the table. He motioned to don Coyote. "Sit down," he "Did I ever tell you how I got so rich?" said. Don Coyote got a pitcher of beer and said Sr. Gordito. sat down. "Boy its hot, "said the Patron. For a couple of glasses, they drank in sil­ "By hard work," replied don Coyote quickly. ence. But the beer soon loosened the tongue of Sr. Gordito. "Yes,yes, but it took more than that," said the Patron. "When my old man kicked off, he left me 4, 000 acres of desert. But NOW I'm the biggest rancher in the country-and the richest, too. " The Patron leaned back and patted his huge belly.

Don Coyote thought, "No one THAT FAT could work in MY crew. He'd be too slow. He'd break all my laddrs and he couldn't bend over. His fingers are so thick that he couldn't hold a short-handled hoe. And he wouldn't make enough off me to buy pants big enough to fit."

The Patron continued, "Here's how I made my fortune. First I got elected to the irri­ gation district and got the government to build a canal straight to my ranch, so I get free water, all I want. Now my land is worth a fortune. HO HO HO! They certainly are stupid, those government %

(§®^ ^® W&R people. Us ranchers can always cheat and never get caught. I also learted that if you are smart, you don't have to pay taxes, no matter how rich you are. Look at Kern County Land Company, cheating the govern­ ment out of $4,000, 000 A YEAR, and they are the biggest ranchers in Kern County. But they got caught. Not me. I'll never get caught. HaHaHaHaHaHa " fat. They do all the planting, all the prun­ ing, all the picking... in fact, they do every* Don Coyote thought to himself, "The Pa­ thing except make money!! Make high pro­ tron is drunk, telling me all his secrets. fits but pay low wages, that's my secret. But maybe I can learn his tricks." For years, I had Okees and Arkees, then Braceros, but Texans are almost as good. "Next," said the Patron, "I gobbled up all If a man is starving, he'll work for any­ the small farmers around me. I cheated thing. That's the way I like 'em. Those them on my cold storage prices, wouldn't Okees were dumb but you Mexicans will let them get water, got the banks to refuse work for peanuts.'' And the Patron let out to give them loans. But I must admit, most another big laugh. of my riches have come from the workers. They are the ones who have made me so "This Patron is a beast," though Don Coy­ ote, "but he's so rich I should act like he does."

Next issue Don Coyote tells the Patron how contractors get rich. _^SfeL £___

V

O H" 1 State Senators

Study Strike

A group of California Senators spent three days last week studying the Delano Grape Strike. All the Senators seemed more concerned with the problems of the growers than with the problems of the farm workers. But the hearings were surprisingly fair. Senator Vern Sturgeon of Paso Robles and Senator Walter Stiern of Kern County seemed genuinly inter­ ested in the problems of the farm workers, and deserve special praise. The worst senators were Schrade of San Diego and Way of Exeter, both growers themsel­ ves, and Senator Cobey of Merced, a lawyer who works for the Merced Tomato Growers Association and the Merced Eastside Growers Association. EL MALCRIADO plans to ex­ pose many of these politicians before the November election, and will then tell the whole story about people like Cobey and Way.

Many growers got up and told their same old Hes. "There is no strike," claimed Patr6ns Pandol, Steele, and Dispoto, while many of their ex-workers booed and jeered from the audience. Obviously the senators and most of the people in the state no longer believe the lieing Patr6nes. Many people predict that the gove_?iment will pass a law next year to protect farm workers' rights and allow them to vote whenever they want a union. This would be a GOOD LAW. It already protects city workers. We should have the same rights as city workers, so we can begin to catch up in wages and all the other benefits that they already have.

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VISITS TULARE

Sergeant Shriver was visiting Tulare Cou­ meets residents of Woodville Camp, nty a few days ago. Shriver is top boss of the government "War on Poverty", and also the brother-in-law of President Kennedy Nine-year old Marcos Lopez of Pixley shakes and of Senator Robert Kennedy. hands with Shriver. "Work hard and you'll ,be rich some day," said Shriver. Shriver saw plenty of poverty when he vis­ ited Tulare County. First he saw Wood- ville Camp, between Woodville and Poplar. There he saw the awful tin shacks that Tulare County is charging $22 a month for. "Disgusting," said Shriver. He had lunch with some of the rent strikers and some county officials. The officials seemed pretty embarrassed about their county slums. The rent strike is still going on after 13 months because the tenants will not let corrupt Housing Officials push them around or cheat them ever again.

Shriver was later driving near Pixley and came on a crew picking potatoes. Over half of the crew was under 15 and some were under 10 years old. Shriver stopped to talk. There were no toilets in the field, no drinking water. When Shriver asked the children what their pay was, they didn't know. The contractor refuse to tell Shr­ iver the pay rate until they were out of the earshot of the workers. The contractors probably told Shriver a much higher wage most of the poverty programs are a waste than the workers were really getting, and of time and money. If Shriver had ordered that's why he didn't want the workers to that contractor arrested on the spot, as a hear. lesson to other cheating contractors, it would have done more for farm workers EL MALCRIADO SAYS: We think that than most of these "poverty projects". •'ft. • We have been striking DiGiorgio for 10 mon­ ths now, and victory is at last in sight. A *i¥i4to>Uf 4$ *D6\ But DiGiorgio has more tricks up his sleeve than an army of witches. Farm workers will will not be able to trust DiGiorgio until a contract is signed and DiGiorgio is paying a fair wage. Here are some of the histor­ ies of past strikes at DiGiorgio, and of some of the trickery and tactics that DiGio rgio used to break the strikes in the past.

Beatings, Arrests Meet Strikers in 1939

DiGiorgio owns one of the largest pear or­ The workers were madder than ever, and chards in the world, with 600 acres at the over 600 went out on strike on July 1, 1939. Datoni Ranch near Marysville, and the But DiGiorgio got a special law passed by even bigger "New England Orchard" a few Yuba County and began arresting all the miles away. On May 1, 1939, at least strikers. Over 200 strikers were arrested 652 workers walked off the job because and many were brutally beaten by DiGiorgio DiGiorgio was trying to lower wages. The officials and police. The ranchers even workers demanded a 30£ an hour wage and had a secret army organization called Ass­ job security. This first strike lasted 10 ociated Farmers, which brought machine days and then DiGiorgio agreed to raise guns and clubs to attack the workers. And wages, so the workers went back to work. when the governor tried to stop the violence and asked DiGiorgio to come to a meeting But DiGiorgio never admits defeat. They and try to settle the dispute, DiGiorgio were out for vengeance against those refused. workers, who had been brave enough to strike. They decided to divide the workers TODAY we see DiGiorgio using some of the by playing one race against the others. So same techniques, beats up workers and DiGiorgio began bringing in Japanese and strikers, trying to play off one race against Filipino workers, and firing the whites. the others, trying to get special laws to Again, DiGiorgio tried to lower the wages. make the strike illegal. w. %ionyia& 70a* /4ycUetAt t&g 7(J

Arvin Strike of 1947 l^OSEft-T Rb\ b »cf_.<_> 11> Nearly 1300 workers went on strike again­ st DiGiorgio in Arvin in July, 1947. They had signed up with the National Farm Union and the Teamsters (who were helping farm workers in those days). They had asked DiGiorgio to sit down and discuss wages, but DiGiorgio refused. Even with over 1000 people on the picket line, DiGiorgio said it was all "outsiders". Yuba Workers Win DiGiorgio evicted workers from the camps and he got the government officials to force all the Braceros back to work. DiGiorgio also used many wetbacks to break the strike. Over 315 were caught, but DiGiorgio was never Raise in 1960 never punished. There was also violence as a scab mob of 40, led by a DiGiorgio fore­ man, beat up pickets. Three were hospit­ Workers were getting $1 to as low as 75£ in alized. Growers later shot up a union meet­ 1960, in DiGiorgio's Yuba County Pear Or­ ing. DiGiorgio used its high-paid lawyers chards. The workers finally got disgusted, to harrass the strike and the boycott that had and in July, 1960, demanded $1.25 an hour. had been organized. They even got a friendl When DiGiorgio refused, the workers went ly judge to outlaw a movie about the strike on strike. As usual, DiGiorgio claimed there called "Poverty in the Valley of Plenty." there was no strike. But at the same time, The Lions Club of Delano was threatened they asked the government to give them with a lawsuit when they wanted to show this Braceros. Labor Secretary Mitchell re­ movie in September, 1949. fused, saying he had proof that at least 130 out of 186 Americans had joined the strike, DiGiorgio broke this strike with Braceros Braceros could not be used as strikebreak­ and wetbacks and illegal recruiting. ers this time, he said,

So DiGiorgio went to his old friend, Gov­ ernor Brown, and asked that the State Farm JOSEPH Di GIORGIO Placement Service give him 750 workers. And a friendly Judge ordered the State to 1874 "•" ": 19 5 1 : supply strikebreakers. But DiGiorgio PIONEER AGRICULTURIST AND HUMANITARIAN finally figured it was easier to pay a better WHOSE VISION AND COURAGE wage. He offered $1.10 an hour and 10£ a MADE POSSIBLE THIS GREAT ENTERPRISE box, which the workers accepted. The strike lasted only a week. DiGiorgio proved that he was so powerful he could make the state supply strikebreakers if he wanted them.

C»*- THE TOcotO of ixfeiogfeioj 11+ In the last issue, El malcriado printed the story about the kidnapping and false arrest of Cesar Chavez, two priests, and with False Arrest in workers in Borrego. Here we print ano­ ther shocking story about illegal arrest of a farm worker, this time in Santa Paula. It reminds us that false arrests are the oldest trick the growers use against us to keep us down. Here is the whole story, Grower-Police as told by Sr. Pablo Izquierdo, the arrested worker, and Ignacio Garcia, F. W. A. j Izquierdo tells what happened next: leader in Ventura County: "Since I thought that it was an unjust price, 24£ for a box of oranges—I went to Campo Sr. Pablo Izquierdo was one of 28 workers Nuevo to turn in my equipment and to ask in a crew picking oranges for L. & O. for my check. The person in charge of camp Growers Association of Santa Paula. The and office—Eddie Beason—received me by. workers had not been told specifically what pushing me and calling me a striker. I ask- the piece rate was, but it had been 35£ a ed.'What is wrong, Mr. Eddie ? I came for box last year and everyone figured it was my check,that's all.' Eddie says,'No—I the same. After finishing two groves in cannot give you the check—go first and see two weeks, the workers learned they would Mr. Bob.' So I went to see Bob and ask him, only get 24£. Each time, they were told to 'Why did you go to the office and tell them pick but were not told the rate of pay until I was a huelguista? You knowing perfectly they had finished. On the third grove, with well that all the workers were asking for a trees much larger and taller, the workers just price which was paid last year—35£. started picking and then demanded to know Knowing that during the 11 years that I have the rate of pay. The foreman, Victor Morua, worked here, never have I been accused of said he did not know, that only the field being a huelguista.' Bob stated that every­ boss, "Mister Bob," could give the prices. thing would be settled tomorrow. 'We are So the workers said they would just wait going to divide people into different crews until the field boss showed up and told them to—to change prices—so that workers can the wage rate.

"Mr. Bob" arrived after about 30 minutes. "Why aren't you working? What do you wa­ nt?" he said. The workers all answered that they wanted to know if the pay was going to be 35£ a box, as it had been last year. Bob said,"No! It is only 24£ this year and if you don't like it, you can turn in your e- quipment." The workers were mad that they were being cheated, and everyone started to turn in his equipment. When Bob saw this, he said, "Wait... Not yet.. .We will go to the office. Then if you still want to quit, you can turn it in and get your checks." He hop­ ed that the men would change their minds as they rode back to the office in the truck. But the workers were disgusted with the low pay and the tricks of the field boss. Sr. Conspiracy?? earn a little more. So report at the campo tomorrow.'

"Since Bob told me that next day we were going to earn a better wage, I reported to work. All reported to work at the Campo Nuevo at 7A.M. We were waiting for the foreman or field boss to tell us the price as had been understood yesterday. I, upon seeing that nothing was being related to us approached the foreman, Victor Morua and Eddie Beason. That instant police arrived. Victor told us the field boss had decided not to continue to employ ten persons and that EL MALCRIADO SAYS: These arrests make I was one of them. Being told that, I asked us sick to our stomach. They happen all the Eddie for my check time. I had not finished time. The police are often willing to arrest talking to him, when two policemen grabbed anyone a grower tells them to arrest. And me, and took me to the station—in the pro­ judges often encourage farm workers to cess they roughed me up a little and left plead guilty when they are not even aware my arms swollen. of the "crime" they are charged with. Lack of English may leave a worker at the com­ plete mercy of police and courts. "From the police station, I was taken at 9 A.M. to the court. The Judge asked me if Luckily, Sr. Izquierdo had the bravery to I was guilty. I said, 'Of what am I accused?' stand up for his rights. And the FWA is now The judge said she didn't want any questio­ in Ventura County to help farm workers in ns—if I didn't plead guilty to ask for a law­ just this kind of situation. The FWA is not yer to represent me in the respassing cha­ satisfied when such a false arrest is mere­ rge. I stated 'not guilty because I was an ly dismissed. It is an insult for the D.A.to employee of the company and just asked for say we should be "pleased" that he isn't my check.' sending us to jail, WHEN WE HAVEN'T BRO­ KEN ANY LAWS. We say that Mr. Beason "The trial was set for June 28, but on June and anyone else hwo makes these false ar­ 24 the District Attorney announced he was rest should be punished, Unless Beason is going to dismiss the case. The D. A. stated punished for his criminal false arrests, he he had 'decided to dismiss the case as a wiU try it again, and again, and again, result of complete investigation of the facts whenever he doesn't like a worker. So Sr. which led up to the arrest and his conclu­ Izquierdo is suing Beason for false arrest. sion that it would not be in the best interes­ ts of justice to prosecute you arising out of this misunderstanding. Therefore, I hope We might also add that the growers will al­ that you are pleased that the D.A. and the ways try to lower wages, or change the rate complaining witness, Mr. Beason,did not from field to field, and cheat us in any way proceed with the action.»" he can, until we have a written contract. Ifr, F. W. A. LEADER IN FRESNO TV fat U die %HHi o4 76u 7

Cresencio Mendoza, a leader of the NFWA and the representative of the Association in Fresno, is one of the hardest-working members of the NFWA staff. He has been explahiing our cause and the Association lie {Out atttove* to hundreds of new farm workers every week. He has spoken to groups all over Fresno County, in towns from Mendota to 6

Last issue we had two winners. The correct answer was THE TULARE HOSPITAL. Winners were OLGA PALZ ACIOS of Tulare, and SALLY MARQUEZ of Earlimart. Highway 99 may soon be known as the High­ STRIKE HIGHWAY way of the Strikers. It is up and down this highway that hundreds of thousands of mi­ grants travel each year. It is up and down this highway that the strikers of Delano RITA DE LA MIMM marched, on their pilgrimage to Sacramen to. And it is up and down this highway, in

SACRAMENTO every county and town, that the N. F.W. A. is building its strength. Unless the growers learn to sign contracts and pay fair wages, we will be making strikes up and down this

Mr AREA STOCKTON highway in 1967, 1968, and every year until we have justice and fair contracts and wages.

FOOD CARAVAN AND FIESTA MODESTO

SAN JOSE

MERCED

hi Early August there will be a great caravan bringing food and support to the strikers in Delano. On August 5, there will be a big rally in Sacramento. NFWA Vice-Preside­ nt Gil Padilla will speak and the Teatro C- ampesino will perform. Food will be coll­ ected in Sacramento early Saturday morning August 6. It will stop in Stocton, Modesto, Merced, and Madera. At each point, food will be collected and short rallies will be held. In, Madera they will stop for the night and there will be a big rally, with beautiful, fiery Dolores Huerta speaking. On Sunday morning there will be early church in Fres­ no and then the caravan will leave for Del ano, where it will arrive in the afternoon. There will be a grand fiesta in the Park, with plenty to eat and drink, with music and good times. Everyone is invited to come hear Cesar Chavez speak, and to join in the fun, IS :r.rt:i:t:.:HU:M :<:<:<% :<:<:<:<:. :l:i:t :<** *&etten£t* t&£ S

Mr. Editor, Well my opinion is this I know you people have a problem concerning the injustice on wages. Now Ibelieve - I believe simply that you people have to get together and fight this thing out. This is not only to better yourself but your families and chi; children as well—everything. You've got a lot to get and nothing to lose. I have said things like this vefore to different unions— and I know that you people have a good thing going and the most important thing is this— that you people are doing something far greater than a lot of people in the United States are doing. And that is to go to the fields, expose yourselves to the heat, expose yourselves to the cold. These summer days when it's so hot, these winter days when it's so cold. You people don't even say anything— you just go to work-for what? for the measley (lousy) wages. Lamont worker

NFWA, On behalf of Mr. Lupe Cervantes, Juan Gue- rro, Beto Salinas, and Aubdon Elzondo and Mr. Juan Soto of Orange Cove and Orosi we have collected the small stun of $15.00 dol­ lars with the idea of helping the strike. Sincerely, Lupe Cervantes, Orosi EL MALCRIADO SAYS? For us farm work­ ers, fifteen dollars is not a small sum, nor is helping the strike a small proposition. We can only thank you with very few words— but we will go out and with your help strength en ourselves and organize ALL THE FARM WORKERS' brown, white, and black, be cause we cannot divide ourselves into sep­ arate races and call ourselves "Mexicans," or "Filipinos," or "Americans" only. We have only one race, the FARM WORKER; and one hope, UNITY. We will spread from California to every single state in this country. my. > y > |30'&*^74 g»:H»:i:»: Dear Sir: Keep up the fine work of reporting on and ed­ Dear Sirs, ucating about your important struggle. I would like a subscription to the El Mal- Joan Ohlson criado because I have found in its pages New York City bravery, and it seems that in these times it doesn't exist anymcr e. I would like to congratulate you and all the farm workers who fight so diligently and with anger for their rights, and their sons' rights. Also for the brilliant action that they have done in the strike. I think that if all of us were like the other, equal, then we would under­ stand each others' situations. And long live farm labor with its dignity!! Jose Reyes Puente Five Points, Calif.

Dear Editor, Keep on struggling hard—may this struggle inspire others! Yvonne Bond San Francisco, Calif.

CLASS OF SERVICE SYMBOLS This is a fast message DL = Day Letter unless its deferred char­ NL=Night Letter acter is indicated by the proper symbol. 1201 (4-00) I -T-_ International TELEGRAM Letter Telegram . ( W. P. MARSHALL, PRESIDENT The filing time shown in the date line on domestic telegrams is LOCAL TIME at point of origin. Time of receipt is LOCAL TIME at point of destination "OBOO. 0 CCDU545~ = (27) nIBGL421/SH 5 29/26 PD INTL=CD GEORGE TOWNGUYAN/^']^ I7U !MJ$L ' 16 1155= =LT CFASAR CHAVEZ =

NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSN DELANO (CALlF)=

GUYANA WORKERS EXPRESS SOLIDARITY AND SUPPORT YOU IN YOUR PRESENT STRUGGLE AGAINST INTRANS I GENT.EMPLOYERS AND LAND0WERS=

RICHARD ISHMAEL PRESKENT TUC= ;ze

YOUR

THE

Umost all the sons of farm workers must serve in the _rmy or the Navy. If they lon't volunteer, they get Irafted.

Many people have recently been complaining But there are many other things that are un­ about the draft.' They say that it is unfair fair. Many families with Mexican citizenship and that the draft boards that decide who are told that their sons must fight in the U. gets drafted are unfair also. And they S. Army. It doesn't matter that they are point out that the draft has always been es­ .citizens of Mexico and may only be here for pecially unfair to the farm workers. a few years. They are drafted anyway.

In the last world war, many of us were sent And often poor families depend on a son to to fight in foreign lands while the Braceros help support them. The son gets drafted took our jobs here at home, and while the and the family has to go on welfare. But growers like Guimarra were getting rich we read in the papers about rich actors with the cheap labor and high profits. But who do not get drafted because they are when the war was over and we came back "supporting their families." to get our jobs, many could not get work because the Braceros had the jobs. And it And we all know that growers can send got worse and worse. During the war years, their sons to college to escape the draft. there were 30,000 Braceros in the Calif­ The sons of farm workers who cannot af­ ornia harvest. But in "peace years" like ford to go to college are not quite so lucky. 1959, there were over 90,000 Braceros. We finally got the Bracero law ended, but And there is a special law which says that the growers are starting the same croco­ anyone engaged in the harvest can be ex­ dile tears again. They say, "We need brac­ cused from the draft. This law should eros because there is a war, and there is a apply to all farm workers. But it is the labor shortage, and there is no one to pick growers who decide who gets this special our crops." While we fight to defend our exemption. Most of the people who get country, the growers stay at home and get this exemption are the sons of growers, rich. foremen, managers, and contractors. NEW POWER FROM

DIGIORGIO WORKERS JOIN N.F.W.A. The NFWA is signing up members so fast in the Sacramento Valley that NFWA Vice- President Gil Padilla has been sent North to handle the movement there. There is a new office at 914 -4th-Street in Marysville. Hundreds of peach pickers throughout the Valley have joined the union. And hundreds of pear pickers from DiGiorgio's two big orchards, New England and Dantoni orchards near Marysville and Yuba City have also joined the union. DiGiorgio is just as bad in Marysville as in Delano. He pays $1.40 an hour in the sheds and only $6.00 for 1000 pound bins. He even cheats on the bins. The bins really hold 1200 pounds. For every five bins the picker gets paid for, he gives DiGiorgio one for free. DiGiorgio Rent-a-Cop in Yuba City

The FWA has demamded elections at these ranches, and also at the DiGiorgio ranch at Arvin. BUT DIGIORGIO HAS REFUSED TO DiGiorgio and the Teamsters can hold their HAVE ELECTIONS AT THESE RANCHES. own little teaparty, another fake election. They know they would lose. They hope to They could vote the carpenters and the cooks stall until the harvest is over, and then and all the other non-farm workers. The hold another rigged election. The Teamsters NFWA will fight any such rigged election, are in complete agreement with DiGiorgio. just as they fought, protested, and boycott­ When the harvest is over and the farmwork­ ed the last rigged election. ers )who support the NFWA ) have left, then

i ':h ftp t:f f» "Welcome to DiGiorgio" M__BP' • • £: _•< in Yuba

L ^M^m^mm^

' :• -v.-," psf; ii §__ is? «# 5 IN THIS ISSUE:

mm Tjncffi KicoinrieifiTs

INVESTIGATING THE HUELGA page 10

A new power Farm Workers Unite FROM ARVIN TO YUBA page 12 The National Farm Workers Association and AWOC, the AFL-CIO , will probably santa paula: merge this month into one strong union. Encarcelated without Cause We have been working together for ten page 14 months now, in the strike in Delano, and this new unity will make us even stronger to FIESTA AND CARAVAN fight the growers. We as farm workers, PAGE 17 must have one strong union, of_ farm workers, \ for farm workers. » Your Son and the Draft page 21 This move is full of hope and promise. But we farm workers must never let some union boss, from some office in the city, tell us how to run our union. That's how the Team­ sters are. And though we may join the AFL- CIO, we must never forget the wonderful help we have gotten from the Longshore­ men, theMine and Smelter Workers, and many , many other workers, including the i Published every two weeks in Spanish and English by I Farm Worker Press, Inc., P.O. Box 1060, Delano, Calif. many fine Teamsters who helped us, and I Office of Publication—1224 Fremont, Delano, California. • Second class postage paid at Delano, Calif. To subscribe are still helping us, but who are not in the at $2 a year write Box 1060, Delano, California, 93215. This i_#ue is # 37 dated 6/2/66 AFL-CIO. We must never firget that we are brothers with all workers. We must always build towards the day when every worker, regardless of race or religion, has a de­ 9B9F cent wage, a life with dignity, and a life of justice. wmm

THE RECORD- "CORRIDO DE DELANO"

EL CORRIDO DE DELANO, A NEW 45 RPM RECORD BY LALO GUERRO, TELLING THE STORY OF THE STRIKE AND THE MARCH TO SACRAMENTO, IS NOW AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC.

IN THIS SPECIAL OFFER, WE WILL MAIL YOU SEND THIS RECORD ABSOLUTELY FREE IF YOU ORDER TWO FULL-YEAR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THIS PA­ PER-ONE FOR YOURSELFAND ONE FOR A ODAY! FRIEND ($4.).

IF YOU ARE ALREADY A SUBSCRIBER, SEND IN SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR YOUR FRIENDS--BUT TELL US TO SEND THE RECORD TO YOU. i TO: DISCO, Box 1060, Delano, California Name Address TO GET YOUR FREE "CORRIDO, " City SEND US $4 AND TWO SUBSCRIPTIONS Name FILL OUT THE COUPON. Address City Your name a nd address (if different from above) NOW: The First Record Album from the Strike

A Thunderbird High Fidelity Recording

INCLUDED FREE: Complete Written Script and Songsheet in Spanish & English

INCLUIDO GRATIS: Palabras de las Canciones en Forma Escrita

1. NINOS CAmPESIN0S-Valdez-l*3O 2. HUELGA EN GENERAL-Valdez-3:33 3. AY PERO SI, PERO NO-Cantu-2*24 4. CORRIDO DE CESAR CHAVEZ-Cantu-2:30 5. LA PEREGRINACI0N-Lira-1:55 LONG PLAY- 6. ADELITA-2:05 7. YO NO LE TENGO WIEDO-Lira-l:30 8. DE C0L0RES-1:45 -33 RPM 9. LLEGANDO A LOS FILES-Lira-1:30 $4.25 BY MAIL 10. SER COMO EL AIRE LIBRE-Lira-2:00 SIDE TUP

INCL. TAX 1. Sounds of the Strikers (Sones de la Peregrinacion) SEND T0DAY--MANDEL0 AHORITA' El Plan de Delano FARM WORKER PRESS/BOX 1060, DELANO, CALIF.

Farm Worker Press A< BrowM 3?E Box 1060 l 1027 Brussels Delano, California, ' San Francisco, California 9L13U | Independence and Peace On Algerian .Agenda By MAX DOMBROW •Gaulle to call upon the Army to As this is being written, on crush the OAS rebellion. March 25, a battle is under way The French ultras had • many AY»I in the city of Oran between weapons at their disposal: the __£___; *wn _r*_£i sympathy, and probably the ac­ troops of the French Army on the one hand, and members and tive support, of the overwhelm­ partisans of the ultra-Rightist ing majority of the European Secret Army Organization on the population; the closest links with other. And in Algiers, French right-wing military and politi­ soldiers are systematically comb­ cal circles in France; and the seeming indecisiveness of De April 6, 1962 Fifteen Cents ing the Bab-el-Oued quarter in a search for OAS terrorists. Gaulle Rapid turns in events are still Almost all observers have been possible, and the picture may predicting that the OAiS would look somewhat different by the avoid a direct attack against Ar­ La. Attempts To Crush time this issue of New America my forces, and would instead reaches its readers. And it would confine themselves to a stepped- surely be overly-optimistic to up campaign of terrorism and predict that peace is only a few murder against the Moslems, days, or even a few weeks, away. with the aim of provoking clash­ Civil Rights Movement But at this point, it seems es between the Moslems and the fairly certain that the ultra- European civilian population ? & tionary, Algerie Francaise which would result in Army in- By LUCY KOMISAR ' reaet 5 Wv*''____L CORE and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee are resisting an attempft^ t ^b y Louisiana to crush the Civil Rights Movement with an archaic statute againstRjcrimi anarchy." Five students face ten to thirty years at hard labor for being member's of of ga: hallenge the State's Jim wtucn University students against dis­ tary confinemenUtt-^ Crow laws — they stand accused crimination in Baton Rouge. In Baton Rouge is a six of plotting the overthrow of the mid December CORE Field Sec­ with one opening for government. retary David Dennis was ar­ —a small hole in the Conviction by local courts may rested for picketing and later the door where food mean several years in prison for charged with "criminal mis­ through. &N5C.C staff members Charles chief." The arrest of twen­ On February 1 Diamond was McDew, Dion Diamond and Rob­ ty-three other demonstrators slated to address a Southern ert Zellner, and Baton Rouge sparked a march, of four thou­ University rally protesting the COllEi leaders Ronnie Moore ami sand students which was dis­ expulsion of'48 leadei-s of the Weldbn Rougeau. There is no persed by tear gas, fire hoses march. Police seized him as he bond during the lengthy federal and German Shepherds. alighted from a taxi, charging appeal. him with vagrancy, criminal an­ The implications for the Civil Seventy-three students were archy and two counts of disor­ Rights Movement are staggering arrested, and 190 later treated derly conduct. Diamond's bail -Uii.es.- (.he .tiistice lVii.-i;;tnu..:l : for injuries jnHic'.ed l>v ]>•> _M_n.i, ii. twenty-seven were herded into resting integration leaders, any tion of four new charges. When an unventilated cell dubbed the objections were raised to his member of a Civil Rights group "sweat box" by their captors. ONCE THE FLN. NOW THE OAS can be held in exhorbitarit bail confinement with homosexuals, Accused of conspiracy to take The French Army CJianges Enemies and then imprisoned for years Diamond was remanded to soli­ possession of the lunch counters tary until his release. as an enemy of the State. The and of obstructing justice by 'Colored Visiting Day' forces will Be beaten, and that tervention on the side of the resources and manpower of the demonstrating near the Baton SNCC Chairman Charles Mc­ the agreements reached between Europeans, and preventing im­ Southern Movement could be Rouge Court House, leader of Dew and Field Secretary Robert the Algerian Front of National plementation of the agreement wiped out. the march Rev. B. L. Cox is Zellner were arrested when they Liberation and the French gov­ with the FLN. SNCC staffer Bob Moses told serving a twenty-one month sen­ sought to visit Diamond in jail. ernment will begin to be carried New America: "The possibility tence. He has been denied ap­ But the unexpected took place, They were prevented from see­ put. The final act has begun, for continuing the Movement de­ peal bond and a Writ of Habeas whether through stupidity oft ing' him because it was not the and it should bring an independ­ pends on the ability of Southern Corpus. the part of the OAS leadership "colored visiting day," but were ent Algeria and peace. college and high school students or through loss of control over iMoore and Rougeau were ex­ granted permission to bring the to come to grips with staying in The forces of the OAS appear their followers it is not yet pos­ pelled from Southern University jailed youth cigarettes and jail for periods of six months to to have committed a gross blun­ sible to know. and arrested for trespassing on books. On their return the two der which has provided an im­ one year, because we haven't got Under these conditions, it be­ the campus the same day. When were seized on charges of va­ portant contribution to the de-. the money to pay the excessive came easy for De Gaulle to ai­ CORE sought court action to re­ grancy and criminal anarchy: velopments of the last few days. bail." der the Army into action against duce the $3,000 bail, the students McDew carried books "contrary Their direct attack against the the OAS, and he did so. Also, Massive Protests were charged with criminal an­ to Louisiana's policy of segrega­ Army and their ambush of con­ the Army—including its officers archy, with bail set at $12,500 tion of the races" — Richard script soldiers has hardened the —may not have been as thor- The arrests are a reaction to and $7,500. The two youths spent Wright's Eight Men, The Ugly attitude of the French military massive protests by Southern 57 days in jail, mostly in soli­ (Continued on page 6) towards them, and enabled De (Continued on page 6) Liberals Mobilize For Medical Care Bill By M. MARTIN new and progressive medical re­ their big push for Social Securi­ day massive lobbying campaign mail to Congress supporting it. The issue of medical care form: the encouragement of lo­ ty medical care for the country's among congressmen. And tire Gallup poll has shown cal cooperative group clinics. for the aged may turn out senior citizens. The National" 'The bill itself is still tied up that public opinion is five to two New Frontier tacticians and Council of Senior Citizens for in the House Ways and Means in favor of the program. to be the New Frontier pro­ liberal-labor organizations have Health Care, the AFL-CIO, the Committee, in line with the re­ The American Medical Asso­ posal over which the sharp­ picked mid-May as the time for Golden Ring clubs, and other lib­ sistance which the Dixiecrat- ciation is reported as spending est struggles will take place eral groups are sponsoring mass GOP coalition is offering to even more money than any other lob­ during this session of Con­ WE'RE MOVING rallies in various cities through­ those minimal measures which by in Washington against the gress. The editorial and business out the country on May 20. President Kennedy has culled adoption of a medical reform from the 1960 Democratic plat­ President Kennedy recently offices of NEW AMERICA President Kennedy will ad­ law. In collaboration with the form and is pushing for. submitted a message to Congress and the national office of the dress the Madison Square Gar­ National Association of Manu­ calling for the adoption of the Socialist Party-Social Demo­ den rally in New York City and STRONG SUPPORT facturers and the Chamber of Commerce, it is reportedly rais­ program embodied in the An­ cratic Federation changed his talk will be simultaneously The medical care bill is receiv­ ing a twenty million dollar slush derson King bill. This piece of their address on March 31st. broadcast to the other mass ing strong support from the peo­ fund for anti-medical care legis­ proposed legislation is, of course, meetings. The National Council ple, and especially from elderly The new address, to be used lation activity, and has organ­ a watered-down version of the is circulating petitions and vari­ persons. As both the New York for all communications to ized the American Medical Po­ original Forand Bill, but it does ous unions are conducting large- Times and the National Observer NEW AMERICA or the SP- litical Action Committee (AM- express the principle of public scale letter writing campaigns (the^n^w national Sunday paper PAC) to "cope with COPE." responsibility for the health SDF is: among their members. The ral­ y^the weekly counter-part needs of at least a segment of 1182 Broadway lies are to be followed by a mo­ ill Street Journal, and The official AMA line is one the nation's citizens. In addition, Room 402 torized march to Washington by JsWardly friendly to the of massive resistance and com­ there is the fact that the Presi­ representatives of unions and lib­ ive admited, there has plete opposition. However, there dent's message proposed one New York 1, N. Y. eral organizations, aaid a two- enormous outpouring of (ConHnuedsjm page 6) r IV V^- \ '^_- Page Two April 6, 196S

DISARMAMENT an official publication of Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation NORMAN THOMAS

Volume II, Number 11 April 6, 1962 Nothing is clearer than that the only hope of sonableness of Anglo-American proposals of limi­ tations on wholesale inspection and evidence of GRamercy 7-2470. Published bi-weekly, except in July and August, when monthly. any good coming out of the 17 nation conference Subscription Rate: $3.00 a year; foreign, $4.00. Checks should be made payable at Geneva would be the achievement of an end of how much their rivals already know about Soviet to NEW AMERICA. I tests of nuclear weapons. Even if agreement is nuclear power. Michael Harrington, Editor reached there, we face trouble. France refused to But then comes a new danger. Senator Gore of Jack Newficid, Managing Editor come to the Conference and China wasn't invited. Tennessee, a member of the joint Committee OH Atomic Energy says, that "The American people, Lilli Bolitzer, Business Manager France has 'bombs — not the largest soi't — and an A.P. dispatch predicted Chinese tests in June. who have been told of the necessity for effeetiW" Only editorials necessarily express the official Viewpoint But even these nations may be brought Into line inspections through three successive administra­ of the Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation. if the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. formally agree to tions, now would, I believe, be shocked by our Editorial and business offices: Room 402, 1182 Broadway, New York 1, end tests. agreement that provided only for self inspection" —The Senate, he felt, could not in "good consci- N. Y. Published at P.O. Box 206, Baldwin, New York. Second Class Permit Otherwise when Kennedy says the word in entered at Baldwin, N, Y. about the middle of April, we shall renew tests'; " ence" accept such a treaty. Khrushchev has announced that Russia will, fol­ To which two things are to be said: First, that low; nation after nation will come in. There is the new proposals go somewhat beyond self in­ some dispute, not on danger from fallout., but the spection and it is to be hoped that Moscow may Taken Civil Rights degree of danger. There can be no dispute about accept them. But, second, self inspection is an in­ the effects of war on this generation of mankind accurate word for wlat is not possible, namely, national monitoring of tests, at least abov« Up until a few weeks ago, it seemed that the Administration was and its unborn progeny if nation after nation ground, which by our own experts' boast is now going to dodge the entire Civil Rights issue in Congress. But then, joins in polluting air, earth and water. Few na­ astonishingly accurate and adequate. We claim two bills were put forward, both with Kennedy's approval. tions can or will take such precautions as Khru- great knowledge of. the last Russian tests. "Self The first, a Constitutional amendment to ban the poll tax, was schev took or as Kennedy has promised. And such precautions did not and will not eliminate new inspection," including development of national first introduced by Senator Holland of Florida and has won support monitoring with results reported to some interna­ from "moderate" segregationists. This proposal is a dangerous snare, threats to all mankind. Beyond that danger lies In Sir Charles P. Snow's prophesy, "with new tests, tional committee, might at the worst be vastly as civil rights advocates realize. The NAACP, together with the better than the calamitous renewal of tests. It American Jewish Congress, the American Veterans Committee, the in six years other nations, including China, will have the bombs, in ten, some will go off." would not automatically solve the problems of ADA, the AntwDefamation League, the International Union of Elec­ sanctions, that is, penalties for violators of no trical Workers and the United Auto Workers, is calling for its defeat. In the tensions of our times, if nothing can be test agreements. (Neither would international in­ As the NAACP explains, approval.of the amendment "would provide done about tests at Geneva nothing substantial spections to which some American Senators and an immutable precedent for shunting all further civil rights legisla­ will be done about general disarmament. And hope certainly the Birch Society would also object.) tion to the amendment procedure." Moreover, these organizations of progress in dealing with the crises in Berlin There is great danger that the same strong point out, Congress has the . Constitutional power to abolish the poll or Vietnam will wither in the climate of renewed tax by, congressional legislation. influences in our military-industrial complex which tests. i "caused Kennedy to announce resumption of tests The second bill has the strong backing of Bobby Kennedy and the. despite our leadership in atomic arms (see, for Justice Department. It would strike at the racist habit of flunking As I write, on March 21, from Geneva ' itself example, the charts in the U.S. News and World Negroes in literacy tests (usually in the most trumped up way) and comes news of better hope of action in tests than I had hoped for. Russian intransigence, based on Report, March 19) will insist that nothing must using this bureaucratic maneuver to keep the vote lilly-whlte. Un­ fear of inspection as a cloak for spying and Rus­ stop these exciting tests that our scientists and questionably, a. Federal law declaring a sixth grade education as proof sian belief that there can be no trustworthy neu­ military men have planned for Christmas Islancj^^ of literacy would have some effect. • trals, may yield before -fh-e—moderation nnH •V. tffio n.n.o-,6 MVKWST M imi imi.-rt speuU We are for this bill. It. represent..'an py+re-mely mode-it Tfown pay­ ment on the Democratic platform passed at Los Angeles. And yet, there is a danger In simply affirming support of this proposal; that it will be taken 'as an assertion that this amounts to a serious Civil Rights program. Something is better than nothing; it is a gain when the Kennedy Administration moves from a position of complete legislative non-support of Civil Rights to the advocacy NORMAN THOMAS of one \good law. But this "something," it must be emphasized, is not very much. Respectable Rebel During the campaign, the President made the famous statement MURRAY B. SEIDLER that a great deal of Jim Crow could be abolished by a "stroke of the pen" at the White House. Yet, in the first year and a half of Ken­ The first full account of Norman Thomas and the Socialist Party, written nedy's incumbency, there has been little decisive pen work in Wash­ by a man whose father was a labor organizer, Socialist Party candidate ington. Lyndon Johnson and Arthur Goldberg have a committee on discrimination in employment and that is an advance. But the long- for governor of Michigan, and close friend of Thomas. (Much of the heralded declaration on discrimination in housing gathers dust; not material in the book was drawn from unpublished documents and private a signature. Other positive acts now within .the competence of the papers to which the author was given access, and from personal inter­ Chief Executive have been ' avoided. views.) "A good narrative introduction to one of the most important The reason for this executive inaction is the same one which ex­ figures in the history of American radicalism."—Michael Harrington, plains the Kennedy coolness to really pushing Civil Rights in Con­ 'The Reporter. ; $5.50 gress. The fine proposals of the Democratic Platform are left on the library shelf as material for historians. And the excuse is: the Presi­ dent dare not antagonize the Dixiecrat-Republican coalition, because ORDER FROM YOUR BOOKSTORE OR he must win votes from its "left" wing, from the moderate reaction­ aries, if he is to get across his basic program. •• \ , SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY PRESS Two fundamental comments are in order on this strategy. Syracuse 10, New York First, as we have insisted time and time again, it is not only im­ moral but impossible to. win social progress at the expense of Negro Please send me copies of NORMAN THOMAS at $5.50 per copy. rights. The Negroes are precisely the most exploited and oppressed group in the society. To deal, let us s'&y, with unemployment in a Jim • Send postpaid (payment enclosed). [Rj Bill me. Crow way is not to deal with unemployment at all for it leaves the group most victimized by automation without protection. Similarly NAME With housing, with .education, and with every other liberal advance. Secondly, there is the question of leadership. During his campaign, the President constantly talked of "getting America on the move ADDRESS again." That is an excellent sentiment. But it cannot be done in any sphere of the national life by temporizing with the greatest single moral issue m the society. An America which cannot see its Negroes, CITY ZONE STATE, which cannot reach out to them, an America which deals with Civil Rights in terms of wooing the moderate racists, that Amerca will not be able to see Asia, Africa and Latin America. It was the fashion when-Eisenhower was President to say, if only we had a leader, he would go down there to Little Rock and lead those children by the hand. We do not ask the President to go to Little Rock. We are not so optimistic. We simply ask him to go to Michael Harrington's book "The Other America" is just off the presses. It has been the Congress with his own program. And if he replies that the Con­ praised by the New York Times, the New York Post and the Village Voice. It is s gress is stacked against him on the issue, then he must go to the compassionate, perceptive survey of the waste products of our affluent society—the people. He must, to use an idea which he popularized during the cam­ 40 million American poor. This book can be obtained, without charge by anyone who paign, lead. We are for the bill on literacy tests; but it is not the program sells four subscriptions to New America. Just send us the four names and we'll send whioh we need, it is not an excuse which justifies Kennedy's inaction you "The Other America," which retails for $4.00. on this great domestic imperative of our time. April 6,1962 Page Three New York's Reform Movement-A Step Forward

By MAX DOMBROW face, but in actuality continued it, for the form clubs elected a Congressman, a whch has been introduced in the City LaGuardia movement was the representa­ State Senator, and several State Assem­ Council. This too should produce similar The "Tammany Tiger," traditional em­ tive in New York of the New Deal. blymen. results. blem of the New York City Democratic The Reform movement of today dif­ Party organization, has been ' known fers considerably from previous undertak­ The records of those elected by Reform Of major concern is the relationship throughout the United States as the sym­ ings bearing that label: it is the major clubs in 1960 testify to the general politi­ between the, Reform movement and the bol of boss-dominated, corrupt, organi­ organized liberal movement (outside of cal character of the movement. Reform unions, or more exactly, the absence of zational machine politics since shortly the unions) in New York City, based Congressman William Fitts Ryan, for ex­ a relationship between them. In 1960, the after the formation of the Republic. And upon neighborhood clubs and functioning ample, was one of the two members of labor movement supported the Tammany during much of this time, "Reform" has as a force inside the Democratic Party; the House of Representatives to vote candidates against whom Reformers were been the magic spirit periodically con­ it espouses a general liberal political against appropriations for the House Un- running. In part this reflected the good jured up by advocates of good govern­ program in addition to good government American Activities Committee this year; working arrangements which the unions ment to slay the Tammany beast. The and party reform planks (although the he was one of. the two Congressmen to in New York have had with the regular current Reform Democratic movement in latter have up to now received the most vote against an anti-civil libertarian Democratic organization and with City New York is, however, a significantly pronounced emphasis); and it contains measure hampering the receipt hy mail Hall, and the fact that New York City's different affair from its predecessors. within itself, even if implicitly rather of publications from Soviet-bloc coun­ Democratic Congressional delegation al­ than explicitly, a wider national political tries; he was one of the seven representa­ ways votes right on economic, social wel­ Past Reform efforts have, on the whole, and social significance. tives to vote for a bill (which he had in­ fare and labor legislation, as distinguished been strictly confined to a concern with troduced) barring the use of federal funds from, for example, civil liberties ques­ the improvement of municipal govern­ in any Civil War Centennial celebration tions. And In part, it was no doubt due TODAY'S REFORMERS ment, to cleaning up what Lincoln Stef- where segregation was practiced; and he to the failure of the Reform movement fens and other muckrakers called "The was the most (if not the only) outspoken to reach out to the unions and establish Shame of the Cities." They have general- The Reform movement got under way advocate in the House of government understandings with them. in the very late 1940's and early 1950's, ownership of the communications satel­ lite system. in response to a Congressional campaign In 1961, the Reform Democrats, the by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. which the Liberal Party and the labor movement 'Last year, the Reform movement faced Democratic machine bosses had opposed. were united behind Wagner. Paradoxical­ a crisis of conscience over the question The first Reform club, the Lexington ly, the decision of the Reformers to sup­ of a Mayorality endorsement. Partially Democratic Club was established in Man­ port the Mayor, which was regarded by in response to pressure from the top CDV hattan's upper East Side by a group of some people (including some Reform leadership, and partially because of the ADA'ers and liberal Democrats in 1949 Democrats) as a conservative step, as a feeling that political realities made the and went on to defeat Tammany in the betrayal of Reform principles, brought nomination of a third set of candidates primary elections in 1953. Several other about an informal alliance of the Reform in the primary unfeasible, the overwhelm­ clubs were formed in other areas of Man­ movement with labor. But although Re­ ing bulk of the Reform movement en­ hattan in the early 1950's. The 1956 Stev­ form Democratic leaders, Liberal Party dorsed Mayor Wagner for re-election enson campaign, however, was what real­ leaders, and union leaders crossed paths against Levitt, the candidate of the ma­ ly put Reform on the political map. at Wagner campaign headquarters at the chine bosses. Wagner's impressive vic­ Hotel Astor, no concrete agreements or ADA'ers and other liberals who wanted tory in all areas of the city (in districts relationships were established. to campaign for 'Stevenson discovered where there were no Reform clubs, as that in many areas the regular Tammany well as in those in which such Clubs ex­ This year, there may very well again clubs were sitting on their hands during isted), showed the attractiveness of the be a divergence on the political field be­ the election; in other districts where the Reform idea. The campaign also helped tween labor and Reform. Congressman organization was working for the Demo­ bring Reform clubs into being in sections Ryan will face a primary election fight, ADLAI STEVENSON cratic candidate liberals found the ma­ of the city where there had been none as a result of Congressiona1 l redistricting, chine clubs totally uncongenial. The re­ previously, and resulted in the election O (Who sult was the formation of a number of of a number of Reform City Councilmen •Jtsr ; supported by the old-line Democratic independent clubs for Stevenson, which and additional Reform district leaders. ly been the product of a few people at campaigned for their man in 1950 and Party clubs). Zelenko is a member of the the top. And they have usually taken a which transformed themselves into op­ House Labor Committee Who votes right form that has of necessity precluded any position, insurgent Reform clubs follow­ PROBLEMS on labor legislation. Much of the labor lasting appeal to the broad, masses of ing that election. Among the more well- movement may, unfortunately, support people and any meaningful long-range known ones were the Village Independent One of the problems facing the move­ Zelenko against Ryan. (Ryan's victory, social change. Democrats (in the Greenwich Village ment is the fact that it has been mainly of course, will not mean that he will re­ area), the PDR-Woodrow Wilson Demo­ concentrated in Manhattan up until now. place Zelenko on the Labor Committee.)' In many cases, Reform was simply the crats, and the Riverside Democrats, all But clubs have been established in the camouflage adopted by a set of Demo­ on Manhattan's West Side. other boroughs of the city during the cratic leaders, generally one that was Unlike the club movement in Califor­ last year or so, and this development was out of power, as a weapon in its smug­ nia, New York's Reform clubs were not accelerated during the 4961 election cam­ gle against a rival set of machine leaders, organized around national and interna­ paign and in the months since then. The usually the one in control of the organiza­ tional political issues. The clubs had been gubernatorial and congressional elections tion. In such instances, the "Reformers" organized by ADA'ers, former Liberal this year should result in a further spread differed from those they combatted only Party members and unaffiliated liberals; of Reform organization. In style; in substance they were the same. they took their liberalism for granted. This type of Reform was clearly a fake. The problem as these people saw it was Important too, is the problem of the social and ethnic composition of the Re­ On other occasions, genuine municipal to win political power inside the Demo-. form clubs. Until recently, Reform club Reform campaigns have been waged. cratic Party so as to ensure nomination members were predominantly middle class These have frequently been organized as by the party of high-caliber genuine lib­ whites; workers, Negroes and Puerto Ri- movements outside of the Democratic erals who would really represent the cans were seldom found among them. Party and against the Democratic Par­ program of the Democratic Party and This too, however, is beginning to change. ty. At times the Republican Party has who would fight for that program, and One of the first breakthroughs occurred been the vehicle for such Reform; at other also to create effective Democratic or­ in East Harlem where Assemblyman times the Reform wave has been carried ganizations which would be_ run demo­ Mark Lane and district leader Carlos by a non-partisan, independent, good gov­ cratically and foe responsive to the wishes Rios organized i a club predominantly ernment party or candidate; at still other of their members. The Reform clubs Puerto Rican in membership. More re­ times there has been an alliance between therefore concentrated their fire upon the cently, a growing 'Reform club was es­ DEFEATED TIGER the Republicans and the non-partisan lack of democracy in the regular clubs, tablished in the Bedford-Stuyvesant area forces.: i N the "bossism" of the Tammany leaders, Carmine De Sapio and upon serving the -inhabitants of their of Brooklyn (a Negro community), and two Reform clubs have come into being The appeal of such a Reform move­ districts in regard to municipal govern­ in Harlem. And some clubs in mixed dis­ ment was solely to the middle class; the mental services, housing code violations, tricts have been able to reflect the char­ Tlie achievement of a coalition between workers usually supported the Tammany better police protection, etc. acter of the community in their member­ the Reform Democratic movement and Democrats either because of the direct ships. the labor movement (including that sec­ relationship between Tammany and the REFORM VICTORIES tion of it which supports the Liberal Par­ immigrant working class masses in ear­ • One key to the ability of the Reform ty) is an urgent task which must be lier periods, or because of the labor move­ movement to attract working class, Ne­ tackled. ment's support to the Democrats in later The 1958 state convention of the Demo­ cratic Party was an important event in gro and Puerto Rican members can be days. i ' the history of the Reform movement. The found in its orientation towards commu­ Other problems also remain unsolved: Indeed, in New York—and elsewhere— nomination of Frank Hogan—Tammany nity and municipal problems, rather than how to broaden the movement's political the machine was the carrier of social wel­ leader Carmine De Sapio's choice—for the national and international issues. Work perspective; how to achieve a balance be­ fare reform and labor legislation on both United States Senate led to the entrance on housing problems, the establishment tween involvements in community prob­ municipal and state levels, and was most of Mrs. Roosevelt and Senator Lehman of housing and rent control clinics, and lems and concern with national and in­ of the time supported by workers and by into the Reform movement and the crea­ the giving of aid to tenants in setting up ternational issues; how to develop a con­ liberals for this reason. The Reform ad­ tion of the city-wide Committee for Dem­ tenants' councils have helped clubs which scious national political orientation with ministration of Mayor LaGuardia—based ocratic Voters, which helped spread the began by having only white middle class regard to the national Democratic Party upon the Republican iParty, the Ameri­ Reform movement to areas where it did members recruit Negro and Puerto Rican and the GOP-Dixiecrat coalition in Con­ can Labor Party (before it became Com­ not exist previously. In 1959 the Reform workers into club membership. In recent gress. Nevertheless, the Reform Demo­ munist-dominated), and clean government groups scored a number of notable suc­ weeks. Reform clubs have started becom­ cratic movement is the most hopeful and groups (organized in the Fusion Party) cesses in the election of Democratic Par­ ing involved in the campaign for a city meaningful political development to hit —deviated from this pattern on the sur­ ty district leaders; and in I960 the Re­ minimum wage of $1.50, legislation for New York in decades. Page Four April 6, m% Decadence and Redemption as Art

By MICHAEL HARRINGTON back to Balzac, his aestheticism looks for­ him, corruption is the basic rule of ex­ But occasionally in these films, there ward to the tradition of MaTlarme and istence, it is the substance of love and of is an attempt to reach a choric statement. In recent years, a series of films Rimbaud, to the literature of breakdown artistic genius. The problem' is that it is based on ig­ and Introspection. norance. from Italy have become the focus The accomplishment of these writers, of a spirited discussion. Movies like By the twentieth century, the pace of the magnificence of their decadence, was In La Notte, for instance, the heroine La Dolce Vita, IRAventura and La events in the Western world had become that they did not simply present the in­ walks the streets. She notes people eat­ so rapid that it seemed that there was no credible play of the contemporary reali­ Notte have projected haunting im­ ing and laughing, and there is the theme' fixed reality. The institutions of centu­ ty, but that they gave it form and af­ ages of a decadent upper class Ital­ of the simple, happy life of the people. ries disappeared in a matter of days, the firmation as well.. An image of Mann's ian society. Indeed, they have raised The'implication is - that the workers are old values fell, and everywhere there was could stand for the genius of his genera­ somehow • immune -from the decadence.- the question of the modern deca­ the unprecedented transformation to a tion. In Dr. IfaustUs. the diseased hero- that the rich'are the only victims of this dence itself. totally technological world. composer, Adrian Leverkuhn, presents his final work. It Is a lamentation, devoid of spiritual breakdown. It is a mistake to'see these film's, and Had -there been a vibrant society ris­ a single note of hope, utterly committed the concern with decadence, as some­ ing out of the decay of capitalism, per­ to despair. It ends, and in the moment Yet, this is a modern form of the Rous-' thing new. One of the major artistic haps there would have been a new litera­ between-the conclusion and the applause seau myth of the happy savage. As books traditions of our time has been centered ture of affirmation. But there was not. of the audience, Minn sees the darkness like the New Haven study of mental ill­ on precisely this phenomenon. It in­ Instead of a quick transition to socialism, turned to light, for it is a darkness which ness and social class, or 'the magnificent cludes writers like Proust, Joyce . and there was defeat for the forces of hope, has been comprehended and made human, .study of the Mexican slums, The Chil­ Mann, painters of the stature of Picas­ success for a new totalitarian form of it is not simply a fact, it is now knowl­ dren of Sanchez, have made clear, tiie so and the action artists: it is the cen­ ciass society, and the. ultimate terrible edge; workers, the people, the poor suffer even tral aesthetic reality of our time. Be­ knowledge of the possibility of the self- more from the contemporary malaise fore turning to these movies it would destruction of the race of man. than anyone else. Their agony is not so be we'll to sketch in this hackground, to THREE FILMS glittering, and its surfaces are not as ex­ develop some brief definitions of the THE DECADENT EPIC quisitely pained. Yet they too are impli­ modern decadence. This last point offers an excellent cated in the breakdown. point of departure for these three film;!. Three writers, all of them publishing RISE AND FALL For all of their genius, for all of the ex­ masterpieces in the early twenties, wrote quisite images, they lack the affirmation I say these negative things not because the epics of the modern decadence: I want to put these movies down. They The most characteristic literature of of form. Their creators do not speak, as Proust, Joyce and Mann. are aware and alive (and reviewers are the rise of modern society was the Joyce, Proust and Mann, from a distance; part of the contemporary scene, too) and novel. The appearance of this genre at Consider for a moment the contrast be­ these films are not about decadence, they they have some insight. Yet if they are the time of the capitalist revolution is tween Proust and Balzac. The French are within it. seen in the context of the great works not an accident. In contrast to poetry novelist of the nineteenth century por­ of decadence., they fall far short. and the stage, the novel is the perfect trayed a gross, solid world whose unity This is not to say that an artist has to means of communicating the thickness was achieved through the entrance and have a political or social theory. It mere­ of middle class life, this vast new pri­ re-entrance of a literal mob of charac­ ly is to note that he cannot simply pre­ Fmally, it is necessary to* counsel vate world .so different from- the doings ters. The French novelist of the twen­ sent a reality, that form is a principle against an obvious mistake. Decadence is of the Kings and princes who had dom­ tieth century saw his vision emerge from both of vision and selection. The statue a social tragedy. It demands a social pro­ inated 'high culture. a cake, a cup of tea and the delicate un­ of Christ in La Dolce Vita is an attempt gram as an answer. But decadent art can folding of Japanese paper figures in a to introduce a choric character, a meas­ be magnificent as in the case of Proust, And the novel of the nineteenth cen­ glass of water. His unity was based upon ure for judgment. Yet it remains a lit­ Joyce and Mann. Indeed, one might argue tury is. infused with the materialism, the proposition that no one is ever the erary device extrinsic to the film itself. that disintegration sometimes releases the confidence, of the bourgeoisie itself. same, that the human personality is con­ the imagination and that there is some­ Writers like Fielding, Balzac, Flaubert stantly new because it is- immersed in But it is in the movies of Antonioni, thing of the vulture in a type of genius apd Dickens were portraying a new time, in change, in flux. La Notte and L'Aventtrra, that one can which lives off the carrion of society world. Their scenes were solid and no- see this flaw most clearly. The moral im­ nonsense. Their heroes had inner lives, plication of these films is that the de­ Joyce fractured time itself. In Finno- The artistic answer is not to be found yet their fate was more a function of gan's Wake, the novel begins on the last cadence which is described is to be pitied in the happy myth that there are those social class and birth. Tire conflict, page and ends on the first and theoreti­ at best and perhaps even scorned. Yet more often than not, centered around cally can be read from any part. The the camera is in love with this evil and who are exempt from the modern expe­ marriage, and the lovers were usually Joyeean hero is both ordinary and epic, that is the real experience of the films. rience, that the innocent girl at the em! from different stations or strata and he is Bloom-Ulysses and Anna Livia as It is as if the empty, hopeless and de­ of Dolce Vita is somehow from another that was the dramatic problem. woman, as river and as life itself. A more spairing people whom Antonioni de­ world and if only she could reach the de­ complete disintegration of the classic scribes had looked at him with a cobra's cadent and make him Whole, all would Then, in the middle of the nineteenth unities could hardly be imagined. eye and hypnotized him. be well. That film—and the others—wal­ century, this mood of confidence and ma­ lowed in a bed of lillies, to use Shake­ terialism began to change. Capitalism had Mann is perhaps the most extreme Indeed, one suspects that the consid­ left its revolutionary period, and it pro­ theorist of the modern decadence. In The erable power of these movies comes, not speare's bitter phrase. Redemption must duced the artists who described its cor­ Ma^ic Mountain (and again in Dr. Faus- from their (and our) horror with deca- _ come from within the work of art if it ruption. In France, Flaubert is a decisive lus) he considers the possibility that life dense, but from an opposite source: from is to come at all; it cannot be a dens ex figure of transition. His realism look,-: itself might be a disease of matter. For a fascination. machiua. Feiffer

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It has undermined there has been a tendency on the part of economy. the position of the Frondizi regime as a the Peronis'tas to abandon methods of • The crisis arising from the vic­ THE ELECTIONS democratic government dependent for its terrorism and violence, and to seek re­ tory of Peronista and neo-Peronista This program of Frondizi in power has support on the electorate. It has aroused integration into the normal political life parties in ten provinces in the elec­ alienated the Peronistas rather thanwin­ bitter resistance upon the part of the of the country. However, the cancellation ning them over. In giving extensive en­ Peronistas, who have called a general of elections which they won honestly will tions of March 18, underscored the strike in opposition. serve 'to throw, them back onee again into still confused and almost chaotic couragement to foreign investment, his regime has tended to outrage the nation­ Perhaps most important of all, this an insurrectionary mood. In this, they state of contemporary Argentine alism of the Peronistas; in his stabiliza­ undemocratic action of the military will will find firm links with the Fidelistas politics. It also 'highlights that coun­ tion program Frondizi has made the tend to force the Peronistas into the arms and Communists, who 'are quite frankly try's difficulty in reestablishing a workers bear the principal burden of the of the Communists and their allies. committed to. violent overthrow of the democratic regime after more than anti-inflation effort. * Hitherto, the Peronistas have been bitter Frondizi government, and the establish ment of a 'totalitarian regime of force. thirty years of open or disguised However, Frondizi has never broken all opponents of the Communists, in the la. bor movement and elsewhere. Peron him­ Events since March 18 represent a.se­ dictatorship. of his bridges with the Peronistas. This was indicated by his turning over the Gen­ self has not relished the rivalry of Fidel rious setback for democracy not only in eral Confederation of Labor to a commit­ on a continental scale, and the Peronista Argentina but throughout Latin Ameri­ tee of trade unionists, half of whom were trade union leaders have been worried by ca. The military leaders who are respon­ Communist inroads among their follow­ sible for these events will in all' likeli­ Peronistas, half of whom were anti-Pe- ; ronista democratic elements. It was also ers. hood live to rue the day they acted in shown in his hesitant steps toward legal­ During the last two or three years haste and violence. izing Peronista political activity. Al­ though he has not permitted the legal es­ tablishment of a national Peronista par­ ty, he has allowed the legalization of a Histadrut and Mapai series of provincial parties of Peronistas and neo-Peronistas. It was these which won the election on March 18. Feel Rising Tensions There were several causes for the vic­ tory of these parties. One was a miscal­ By ABRAHAM FRIEND of this idea >vas probably a tactical move. culation by President Frondizi himself. There has boon a rash of "unofficial" Although he considered the possibility a JERUSALEM, ISRAEL — The strikes in Israel, without the .sanction -of few months ago of having a new election devaluation of the Israeli pound the Histadrut. The most publicized strikes law passed which would introduce pro­ were those of the Engineers and th,' l'os portional representation and thus reflect seems to have created more ten­ sions within the dominant Mapai Office workers. Those who raised the the fact that present day Argentina is a call for "compulsory" arbitration were multiple party country rather than a two (Labor) Party, than it has in the really hoping to enforce "voluntary" ar­ Hcrbloc_ In The Washington Post party one, he did not go through with Israeli economy. The Mapai is the bitration and stem the tide of strikes.. "We have our own little Alianza." this project. After his party won several largest party in Israel and controls There is a big and growing movement provincial elections at the end of 1961, ol' rank-and-file "action committees" in Since the overthrow of Peron, the Ar­ he apparently concluded that many if the government apparatus and the industry ttott have taken the initiative gentine electorate has been divided rough­ not most of the Peronistas would throw Histadrut. The Histadrut in turn is and authority away from the officially ly into four parts. The Peronistas have their support to the Radical Intransigents. both the trade union negotiating maintained the support of approximately elected shop committees in many places. This did not happen to be the case. for the workers and the owner and 25-% of the voters. President Arttiro As might be expected in a political coun­ Faced with the alternative of the Frondi­ Frondizi's Intransigent Radical Party lias controller of cooperative and labor- try, the' opposition parties •— Herat, the zi Radicals and tin; neo-Peronista parties, had slightly less than that percentage; owned industry. As in every party, Communists and Mapam — are active in the Peronistas supported the latter. As a and the opposition Peoples Radical Par­ there are various wings and tenden­ those "action eomm'fl •" us is Aehdut result, these parties won a plurality of ty slightly less than the Intransigents. cies. Avodali, which is par. uneni: the votes in ten provinces and thirty coalition, but. no parly c,...... s thorn. Finally, the rest of the voters have been xnree weeks after the devaluation of members in the Chamber of Deputies, and The Histadrut faces a i\ a. ,,. uoiem in dispersed among a large number of small­ the pound, the Central Committee of precipitated the present crisis. maintaining ils traditional centralized au­ er parties. Mapai passed a resolution for support of PARTY SPLITS thority over the labor movement. The The most difficult aspect of this situa­ devaluation, but with much hedging and trade union leaders are forced to cham­ tion has been the continuance of a hard Another cause of the Peronista victo-„ a promise to study problems raised by pion some of the workers' demands if core of support for the person and ideas lies was the divided nature of the anti- devaluation. they are to maintain any kind of leader­ of the fallen dictator. Although virtual­ Peronista groups. The Radicals split in The devaluation, with its goal of ail ship. ly all of the other parties have attempted 1957 into two parties, the Intransigents export-market economy, was a victory to court the Peronistas, the results of the and the Peoples Radicals, which together for the management and bureaucratic Another factor in .Mapai and Histadrut March elections indicate that they have represented almost a majority of the vot­ sections of the party. This victory has tension is the not inconsiderable strength not succeeded in these efforts. ing populace, but divided do not in eithei made them bold enough to come out with of the "l.avon Group." Those familiar case have the strength of the Peronistas. with Israel will remember the "l.avon Af­ To' the degree that the Peronistas re­ some outrageous demands, from the trade fair." I.uvon, a former defense minister, main a solid gimip loyal to the exiled Other parties have also split. The So­ union point of view. cialists have been divided into three a Mapai and Histadrut leader, accuse". dictator, they represent a danger to de­ The first was the government's demand groups, one of which is known as the Par- Ben-Gurion and his group of "Young mocracy. However, it is by no means cer­ that the government and industry have tido Socia'lis'ta Democratico, both of the Turks" of running the Government as tain that the Peronistas today represent the power of "efficiency" firing, based others bearing the name of Partido So- their personal fief. As a result, he was the monolithic bloc which they were half on the claimed need to shift workers from cialista Argentine. The PSD follows in dismissed from his position as Secretary a decade ago. surplus labor areas to areas of laboi the traditional path of democratic so­ General of the Histadrut. This precipi­ President Frondizi has for long under­ shortage. However, the demand was mad- cialism; the other two have become in­ tated the hist general election that some­ stood the importance of breaking up the in such sweeping terms that it raised a fatuated with Fidelismo and have for ail what weakened Mapai. solid Peronista bloc. Even when Peron stormy reaction. Any worker who was practical purposes abandoned the demo­ was still in power, Frondizi never at­ not aiding «the efficient running of a The most immediate problem plaguing cratic camp. tacked the social and labor programs of plant could be fired. This would give the Mapai leadership is the question of his regime, but concentrated his fire on In the provincial elections during the management the light to fire older work­ a cost-of-living allowance. The trade un­ the anti-democratic elements of the Pe­ last months of 1901 the Democratic So­ ers, sick workers, etc. Who would re-hire ion leadership has threatened to demand ronista government. After the fall of Pe- cialists proved to be the strongest of the sin 'i workers was not discussed. Tin1 a c-o-1 allowance if there was a "substan­ Ton, Frondizi's Intransigent Radical Par­ three Socialist groups, though it had con­ trade unions reacted with a flat state­ tial" increase, in prices by March 15th. ty sought to protect innocent victims oi siderably less support than the united ment that it would not tolerate such fir­ The managerial and government wings "the severe persecution which the Provi­ party had had before the split. In tin? ings. Their statement called instead for of Mapai are demanding that no c-o-1 b< sional Government imposed on the Pe­ March 18 election, the PSD had high modernization of plants and reduction ol given before July and that henceforth ad­ ronistas. hopes of gaining a large vote for its can­ top-heavy management staffs. This kind justments . he made annually instead of didates, particularly in the province ot semi-annually. This is part of the pro­ During the election campaign of 1958. of efficiency and the re-allocation of "ex­ Buenos Aires, where its nominee for gov­ gram to lower the standards of living. Frondizi enunciated a program which tra" hands' in accordance with, trade un­ ernor was the popular Mayor of Mar del The economic experts, however, no contained much of the nationalism and ion principles would be acceptable. Plata, Teodoro (Bronzini. As this is being longer talk of lowering standards. They social reform which Peron had advocated. written, we do not have any information now talk of slowing down the rate at -However, since coming to power, condi­ ARBITRATION on the actual number of votes they re­ which they c'iaim standards have been tions have not permitted Frondizi to car­ The second outrageous demand was the ceived, however. rising. Their claim is that the. rate of ry out this program. Rather, he has con­ call by a secondary leader -of the Hista­ rise in living standards is the highest in centrated his government's efforts on try­ A number of new parlies have devel­ drut for compulsory, arbitration. After the world—an increase of 5-7r/c a year. ing to stem the - inflation which had be­ oped since the fall of Peron. One of these years of resisting this demand when The economic Technocrats admit that, come marked during the latter years of is (he Christian Democratic Party, and made by Herut and other right-wing par­ most of the increase went to the proper the Peron- regime, and raged wildly in in addition to it there are many smaller ties, the idea of compulsory arbitration tied classes and upper layers of em­ -subsequent years; and on stimulating the groups. Some of these are offshoots ol was now being raised by the manage existing groups, others are completely ment sections of the labor movement. ployees, hut claim that some of the in new. Again the reaction of the workers and creased living standards have percolated down to all groups. Professor Robert J. Alexander, a Whatever the causes of 'the Peronista the trade-union feadershp was a prompt and vigorous "No." The Mapai leadership was so divuied teacher and writer in the field of victories on March 18, their effect has been drastic. The military leaders threat­ It .seems ridiculous that anyone famil­ on the c-o-1 question and maintenance of Latin American affairs, is the author ened President Frondizi -with deposition iar with the present Israeli scene could real wages in face of the expected size­ of "The Peron Era" .and many- if ihe would not cancel the results of the seriously expect the idea of compulsory able increase in prices, that it did no: other hooks. poll. He did so, but this certainly has not arbitration to carry the day. The raising make anv decision on the matter. Page Six April 6, 1962 Civil Rights Movement Hope For Algeria... ^^^* (Continue-'_"',rtl_tl_-»ll_S_rd1 froffnWtm pagI"_-__T__e_ 1 \) menvn_-.v-.Jt- wit._.^+.th, th_.*____e_ FLTUT (XNT _wil_ l un­ doubtedly produce an overwhelm­ oughly anti-peace and pro-OAS ing "Yes" vote for De Gaulle. as was thought. But it could be the last expres­ The restraint of the Moslem Fights Suppression Attempt sion of confidence and the last population in the face of OAS grant of power the French peo­ provocations is most noteworthy. (Continued from page 1) ple will give him. Normal politi­ March 16 four Howard Uni­ Thursday, April 12 at 8:30. Under the direction of the FLN, cal life may now return t« American, and Scottsboro Boys; versity students—Including Tom The Rally will take place in the Moslems refrained from at­ France, and the construction, of Zellner's wallet contained a pho­ Kahn, author of The Unfinished Roosevelt Auditorium of Local tacks on i Europeans, thereby a democratic left to grapple with tograph of an integrated group. Revolution—sat-in at the Justice 91, ILGWU, at 17 Street and helping to frustrate OAS plans. France's domestic problems may Jailed in lieu of $7,000 bail Department in an attempt to see Union Square. This restraint gives further at long last finally begin. each, the students were placed Robert Kennedy. They were Charles McDew told New proof, if any were still needed, on exhibit for local whites as ejected by security police hours America: "The suppression on of the support the FLN enjoys "that Communist anarchist nig­ after Closing time. That night the right of any type of liberal­ among the Moslems in Algeria. ger" and "that nigger-loving an­ forty students marched 35 miles ism is frightening. It is reminis­ PROTEST TO ROCKY archist." Zellner was attacked in a nine hour trek from Balti­ One of the tragic aspects of cent of the Gestapo tactics em­ A telegram protesting New by white prisoners and then con­ more to Washington dramatizing the situation resides in the sup­ ployed in the early days of the York Governor Rockefeller's fail­ fined in solitary, where McDew the plight of the Six Civil Rights port being given to the OAS by Third Reich. To thwart our ure to support legislation, which sperit the ten days before bail leaders. The next day 500 stu­ the European workers of Alge­ Movement, the archaic laws of would extend the right to vote was secured. dents demonstrated in front of ria. The unions have gone out anarchy are being revised. In in New York State to citizens A. Philip Randolph, James the Justice Department to de­ on strike' upon the call of the this time of conflict we are in­ literate in languages other than Farmer, Reinhold Niebuhr, Roy mand federal intervention and OAS, and the workers—includ­ deed in^ a state of war, and we English, was sent by the Com­ Wilkins and other Civil Rights justice. ing those who previously voted of the Civil Rights Movement do mittee for Fair Voting Stand­ spokesmen have called for wide­ Communist or Socialist — have A New York Rally featuring not intend to cease or desist un. ards, which is composed of or­ spread public protest to Attor­ swung to the extreme right. The SNCC and CO-RE leaders arrest­ til we can claim ultimate vic­ ganizations long active in the ney General Kennedy. SNCC and degree to which the guarantees ed in Baton Rouge is slated for tory." civil rights field. Such legisla­ CORE have appealed to the Jus­ given by the FUN on the Euro­ tion, if passed, would enfran­ tice Department for immediate pean minority can be carried out chise several hundred thousand intervention, charging that the undoubtedly depends upon the citizens in the State, mostly arrests violate the 8th and 14tli willingness of the Europeans to Spanish-speaking, who are now amendments, which prohibit ex­ accept Algerian independence. To denied the right to vote. cessive bail and assure due proc­ date, the outlook for such an ac­ ess and equal protection under ceptance is not good. The Committee for Fair Vot­ ing Standards includes as mem­ the law. The agreement on Algeria is ber organizations the Associa­ SNCC leader Charles Jones cit­ to be hailed for the long-overdue tion of Catholic Trade Unionist H ed the Republican-Dixiecrat coa­ peace and independence it will (New York Chapter), The Con­ lition as the main bloc to mean­ bring to that country which has gress of Racial Equality, Th« ingful federal action. Without suffered so much and so long. Catholic Interracial Council of widespread public pressure, he A multitude of problems will New York, The Federation of asserted, the. Attorney General now confront Algeria, and it Spanish Societies, The Federa­ cannot intervene to protect the may become possible for differ­ tion of Union Representatives, Southern students. ent classes and groups to ad­ The National Association for the vance solutions to them. It is to During the past few weeks, Advancement of Colored People be hoped that the FLN will per­ Northern students have attempt­ (Greenwich Village - Chelsea mit democratic rights to other ed to galvanize public concern Branch), The Socialist Party-So­ Moslem political tendencies, and for the Baton Rouge six. A peti­ cial Democratic Federation, and to those Europeans who elect to tion by 1300 Washington stu­ the United Organizations of the stay in Algeria and loyally ac­ dents demanded federal protec­ Bronx. tion for people working to regis­ cept its independence. ter Negro voters and secure ra­ Peace in Algeria will also open cial equality. On March 13 mem­ up political life in France. For Read bers of the Washington Nonvio­ many long years France and do­ lent Action Group conducted a mestic French politics have been "The American Ultras" sit-in at the Justice Department paralyzed because of the war in by Irwin Suall to protest the arrests and de­ Algeria. It may well be that on­ The most comprehensive mand federal enforcement of ly a De Gaulle—who was brought study published to date on Civil Rights legislation. The next to power to crush the Algerian Co* _ the Ultra-Right in the United day over a hundred New York Moore revolution—could have concluded students rallied in Foley Square §k*tm. peace on the basis of self-deter­ States. in a protest called by SNOO, Stitdents protest persecution of Civil Rights leaders ivith picket mination. The referendum set for $.75 per copy CORE and SDS. line in front of Justice Department Building in New York City. April 8 to approve the agree­ Struggles Loom Over Medical Care Bill (Continued from page 1) ing administration of the pro­ form does not lie through neg­ They should be intensified and tionary politics, as well as for are strong indications that the gram from the Federal govern­ lecting the medical problems of enlarged, for a massive, no- the failure of American medi­ reactionary forces have about ment to the states or, if possible, millions of people unable to af­ punches-pulled campaign can cine to substitute preventive given up on the central issue of the insurance companies; limit­ ford care, nor through imposing achieve enactment of the bill, care for the current remedial Social Security financing and are ing coverage to only some So­ the indignity of a means test. this year in a reasonably decent system. This idea was first put instead concentrating on water­ cial Security recipients, who are The voting . on the various form (reasonably-decent, that is. forward in this country in re­ ing-down and compromising the to be determined by some kind , compromise amendments will be when one considers the strength cent times by the Socialist Par­ legislation as much as possible. of means test. absorbingly interesting; the out­ of Dixiecrat-GOP reaction in ty in R. W. Tucker's pamphlet, Compromise proposals being sug­ The . two main propaganda come is at this stage unpredict­ Congress). "The Case for Socialized Medi­ gested are these: cutting bene­ themes which the AMA is em­ able. On the one hand, Kennedy GROUP PRACTICE cine," in which an entire section fits "as much as possible; shift- phasizing abet these compromise has asked for the full range of As for local group-practice co­ explains how local medical co­ proposals. It argues that govern­ Anderson-King provisions. And ops, what Kennedy specifically ops point the way toward. basic, ment means "political medicine"; on the other, he seems to be proposes is a five-year Federal medical change. i.e., the insurance interests ready to accept crippling com­ Read loan program for "construction Kennedy also attacks another should control the spending of promises to further water-down of group, practice medical and basic cause of medical reaction THE CASE this portion of Social Security the already-diluted medical re­ dental facilities," with priority in his proposal that the govern­ funds, estimated at more than form program. If the bill doesn't for going to "smaller communities" ment help meet the costs of one billion dollars a year. And pass, he plans to use it as a cam­ and to groups "sponsored by non­ medical education. His congres­ SOCIALIZED MEDICINE the AMA argues that it's unfair paign issue next November in, profit or cooperative organiza­ sional message points out that for poor people's contributions of course, its. uncompromised by R. W. Tucker tions." This last would presum­ in the medical class of 1959, 43 to pay for the medical care of form. ably include labor unions, and per cent of all medical students $.50 per copy those few Oldsters who are The outcome depends in good "facilities" may include any­ came from that 12 per cent of wealthy and don't need govern­ measure upon the amount of thing from chains of hospitals U.S. families with incomes of ". . . states the case bril­ ment help. This second argu­ pressure which can be brought such as those run by the United over $10,000 a year. Most of liantly." — Harry Golden ment is. extremely shrewd; it de­ to bear upon Congress for its Mine Workers, to neighborhood these inherit predictable politi­ fends the means test, in itself adoption, and upon the Presi­ clinics in which local doctors can cal! and social opinions, which Order from: reactionary, by attacking Social dent to launch an all-out drive to practice jointly. helps explain why the AMA ia NEW AMERICA Security taxation as not suffi­ secure that adoption. The activi­ This proposal hits In the most able to get away with peddling ciently graduated to income, an its line. Enactment of this pro­ 1182 Broadway ties already under way and fundamental way at the piece­ argument which many liberals those scheduled for May by un­ work (fee-for-service) system on posal will serve to correct this Room 402 warmly agree with. The AMA, ions, senior citizens groups, and which American medicine is or­ situation, as well as to expand New York 1, New York of course, ignores the obvious liberal organizations are a good ganized, and which is primarily medical resources for the coun­ point that the road to such a re­ beginning. responsible for the AMA's reac­ try. April 6, 1962 Page Seven Justice Department Hands LETTERS

To the Editor: We cannot know about your The CP a New Martyr struggle with out only by radio The Re-Training bill for job­ and newspapers. We. are earn­ By JACK NEWFIELD less workers recently authorized estly asking to know more about Without waiting for the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of the McCarran by Congress will, hopefully, pro­ your struggle. The report of vide new skills for some work­ your struggle will have to much Act, the Justice Department has begun to move against individual Communists on the ba­ men who are automated into un­ encourage our movement. sis of the 1954 Immunity Act. employment. Hitoshi Nemoto James Jackson, editor of The Chief Committee of Zengakuren Worker and Midweek Worker, But the bill provides no help has been sentenced to six months for workers who cannot be re­ in prison for contempt after he trained. Pilot projects by some Bergman refused to answer 40 questions industrial firms indicate that a before a federal grand jury dur­ large percentage of displaced ing McCarran Act prosecution workers fall into this category. Dinner proceedings. The jail term was Moreover, the skills possessed by By B. J. WIDICK handed down by Judge Alexan­ these workmen, although obso­ DETROIT—In every sense der Holtzoff after the govern­ lete in this country, may be de­ ment invoked the Immunity Act, sperately needed in the develop­ of the word, the testimonial • which guaranteed Jackson im­ ing nations. And, plants and dinner held for Walter Berg­ munity from self incrimination equipment no longer useful in man on March 16 was a no­ 'and prosecution if he provided our economy may be of great table occasion, and a suc­ names. The law was passed in value' to nations less advanced cess in every respect. •1964 to deny witnesses protec­ technically than ours. It would be a terrible waste of men and Over 400 friends and acquaint­ tion of the Fifth Amendment, ances from all walks of life ia and has since been opposed by machines if they could boost the productive capacity of Under­ Detroit attended the dinner, pay­ the. American Civil Liberties ing $10 each to help raise funds Union because of "the uncertain developed nations but were Communist Leaders At The Smith Act Trials scrapped instead. for Bergman's enormous doctor protection of the immunity grant and hospital bills. Many donated and the self degradation suf­ Lement Upham Harris, The gov­ granted "immunity against self more as they arrived, so that Professor Seymour Meknan, fered by witnesses." . ernment, however, refused to re­ incrimination," under the 1954 over $5,500 net was gathered. author of The Peace Race, talks Philip Bart, the Communist lease the two top Communists statute, which can only be ap­ The urgency of the situation was of using our idle machinery to Party's organizational chairman until Harris told authorities plied when the Justice Depart­ emphasized by the fact that produce needed items for the has also been sentenced to six whether-or not he had ever been ment can prove "The national Walter Bergman was back in the peace .race. Might it not be even months in jail for contempt and a communisn. and where he ob­ security is endangered." hospital again, taking special better to dismantle obsolete is currently free on $1500 bond tained the surety. Under ques­ treatment, and was not present John J. Abt, veteran Commu­ plants here and re-assemble them while waiting appeal. tioning Harris revealed he re­ at the affair honoring him. ceived the money as a gift from nist Party attorney argued that in overseas countries where they The same federal grand jury Important as the fund raising the widow of former Communist the publication of The Worker can be used? Might it not also has also summoned Herbert Ap- aspects of the affair were to re­ leader Robert Minor. He invoked twice a week hardly consisted of be desirable to capitalize on the theker, editor of Public Affairs; lieve the Bergmans of the ter­ the Fifth Amendment, however, a threat to the national securi­ idled skills of our displaced Robert Forrey, managing editor rible financial strain and worry, when asked if he ever belonged ty. Jackson then invoked the workers and invite them to work of Mainstream; and Joseph Fel- they were overshkdowed by the to the Party. At that juncture freedQm of the press provision" at their machines outside this sln'n, of New Century Publishers, quiet dignity and genuine feel­ Assistant United States Attor- of the First Amendment and re- country on a contractural basis Inc. All are likely McCarran Act ing of the tributes paid to Berg­ ney Edward Cunniffe moved fused to answer the same set"T>t for specified time periodsT Citi- defendants and face the same man by the audience and the that the bonds be rejected, but questions. He was then ordered zens from these countries could choice of informing or imprison­ speakers, of whom Norman he was overruled by Commis­ held in contempt. then learn from our workmen ment. Thomas was the main one. sioner Earie Bishop, and H'all how to use the machines and On another front, federal In the audience were school and Davis were released. Editorial Comment eventually take over these jobs. agents arrested Gus Hall, CP teachers, trade unionists, col­ chairman, and national secretary As many of the assembly line On March 20, as Hall and Da­ jobs can be learned by imita­ lege students, the liberal commu­ Benjamin D'a.vis on March 16 for One of the few liberal dailies nity, leaders of the city and failure to register under the vis arrived for a hearing in to comment editorially on' the tion, thousands of Asians, Latin Bishop's office, they were hand­ Americans and Africans can be­ many personal friends. Besides Subversive Activities Control case has been the Washington telegrams from Congressmen, ed summonses stating that the Post. The editorial stated in come skilled at trades without Act. (McCarran Act.) They were and state officials, Congressman ordered held in $10,000 bond. Justice Department Was suing part: requiring professional teaching the Communist Party and its and without the problem of a Charles Diggs and George Ed­ Bondsman Questioned four top leaders for more than "If the inspiration for edito­ language barrier, wards, Detroit's police commis­ a half million dollars due in in­ rial comment is an appropriate sioner were there in person to Within 24 hours the bond was come tax penalties and interest matter for legal inquiry in this indicate the kind of wide inter­ posted by insurance executive There are, of course, many for the year 1951. case, it may be equally approp­ problems that would arise if est and concern for Walter Berg­ riate in the case of newspapers man that exists here. The CP had claimed exemp­ this type of on-the-job training, summoned before grand juries Horace • Sheffield, executive DR. ERICH FROMM tion from taxation as a legiti­ overseas aid project were estab­ for offensives having nothing to vice president of the T.U.L.Cj mate political party, but the lished. But these problems speaks on do with communism . . . should not be insurmountable. Ernest Mazey of the American Communist Control Act of 1954 Civil Liberties Union, Dr. Paul "WHY I AM The kind of genius that pro­ defined the organization instead "By the publication of the Rankin from the Board of Edu­ A HUMANIST SOCIALIST" as "an instrumentalty of a con­ puny rag (The Worker) he duces space satellites, automat­ ed plants and the myriad of cation, Ed Turner, chairman of spiracy to overthrow the govern­ (Jackson) edits, he is keeping the NAACP, each spoke briefly Thursday, April 5, 8:15 P.M. ment of the United States." The alive, at no risk whatever to this other remarkable inventions of- the Twentieth Century world on the contribution Walter Berg­ BACES HALL year 1951 was chosen for the country, a symbol of press free­ man made to the community, suit because the statute of limi­ dom, liberty and tolerance which should be able to devise work­ 1528 No. Vermont able means of inplementing a both by his ideas and his ac­ tations is about to expire for is so valuable to this nation that tions in behalf of his ideas. (corner Sunset Blvd.) that year. ' • it would be worth subsidizing program that would derive max­ Norman Thomas described his Los Angeles, California The Worker if it could not be imum use of present-day and visit that afternoon to the hos­ Donation $1.50 Jackson was originally ques­ kept going by any other means." For advance tickets tioned by the grand jury on Feb­ Charles Lyman pital, and the discussion he had send check to ruary 15, when he declined to Or, to express this idea in New York City with Walter Bergman who keeps answer 40 questions pertaining in closest touch with all develop­ ERNESTINE KETTLER slightly different form, liberals to The Worker's editorial, hir­ ments in the fight for peace and 725 So. Westlake Ave. Who criticize the government for ing and financial policies. When freedom. In expressing his so­ Los Angeles 57, California these actions against the Com­ recalled on March 9 he was munist Patty and The Worker do To the Editor: cialist convictions, his plea for so despite implacable hostility a world of peace, and a world of to the Communists and because We have heard your struggle human rights and freedom and THE ARMY-GEDDEN .. . COASTLINES ... justice, Thomas spoke in the of their concern with the state at March 3rd against nuclear SPRING, 1962 . . . manner which reflected the phi­ of civil (liberties. The status of test. It has much encouraged 84 pages ol non-nuclear Explosion by the U.S. literati, to be widely cir­ freedom in the United States, losophy and outlook of Berg­ culated throughout the Republic; Coastline's special anti-war issue. students of Zengakuren and peo­ not friendship with or apology man, and the audience was deep­ Believing that these times confront the artist-writer with no choice but to ples who have been protesting ly moved. spoak out accurately and uncompromisingly against creeping obligation, for Communism, is what counts. we immediately invite manuscripts in the following categories: the N-test. A book was compiled with the FICTION • ARTICLES • SATIRE • POETRY • ART • DRAMA. Meanwhile, the Justice Depart­ signatures of all 400 present. It PHOTOGRAPHY • ESSAYS • CARTOONS and DECLARATIONS. ment has provided the OP with We demonstrated against N- was sent to Walter Bergman DOCUMENTS, STATEMENTS . . . a brand new martyr, who will be test in Tokyo at the same time, with a "Get Well" message from COASTLINES marched from one Freedom of i.e., March 3rd. It was not only everyone. For Bergman in De­ the Press party to another, 2465 N. Beachwood Dr. a protest to the government troit is precious not only because Hollywood 28, ?y.R.TJs-?.^_...9u«?.9di'°r where he will invoke the name of his lifework as a socialist but ' 6ENE FRUMKIN, editor driving N-test, but also the sa­ California ALVARO CARDONA.HINE, poetry ed. of John Peter Zenger to the me­ because there are not enough of BARD DAHt, fiction ed. tallic counterpoint of the collec­ lute of solidarity with your NEL WEISBURD, managing ed. his kind around and the need tion cup. straggle. grows greater. Page Eight April 6, 1962 Goldwater Meets The YPSL Ken Tynan's "Curtains" By PENN KEMBLE BOULDER, Colorado — On March 8 Barry Goldwater appeared on the University of More Wit Than Insight Colorado campus, and was met with an organized, week-long opposition campaign by the By R. C. KOSTELANETZ humbug, and the English mind Boulder YPSL. The anti-Go'ldwater campaign was so effective that it drew international of cant." Elsewhere in the es­ news comment and provoked the local right-wing to frenzied self-defense. m CURTAINS. By Kenneth say, Tynan admits that .Shaw Three days before the Gold- Tynan. New York, Athenium had little talent for creating water speech, the Boulder YPiSL Press, 495 pp., $7.95. character or for causing emo­ prepared its opposition. They groans and applause, he turned have criticized - the YPSL for tional response and that hia r As one Who expects the rented a ticket booth in the stu­ the meeting over to Goldw ater. their outspoken antagonism, it plays were not consummate dent union, at which Irwin ' is clear that YPSL is further en­ greatest English theatre works of art. Tynan also'has a Goldwater seemed embar­ Suall's pamphlet, "The Ameri- trenched as the force of the critic since George Bernard' great passion for discussing rassed by his introduction, but . can Ultras," was sold in quan­ democratic left in Boulder. other drama critics — Harold managed to get off one of the Shaw, I was disappointed by tity, and where fast and rangy Clurman, Walter Kerr, Paul tepid speeches that he is known The open political battle which Kenneth Tynan's Curtains. debate drew crowds that some­ Leautaud and the New York by. He then asked for three broke between YPSL, the Daily, Although I could not help times blocked the hallways. They crowd — in between his revela­ questions from YPSLs in the au­ and the Right-Wing at the Gold- also began a protest, against a but be impressed with his tions on changing the script be­ dience, to which he gave falter­ water rally was hardly stopped. plan to give preferential seating range of interest, the flam­ fore productions and his criti­ ing and evasive answers. Dur­ The Right, which is strong in to friends of the Republicans at boyance of his rhetoric and cisms of the financial aspect3 of ing the question period there Boulder, has extended its attack theatrical producing. Still, be­ . the speech being held on public were catcalls from the audience; by bringing a plank into the his passion for the theatre, hind all these interests, the play ,.facilities of the University. and at the end of the question platform of a campus political I also found most of his often .gets lost. The Colorado Daily, the firm­ . period a bed-sheet banner, with party Which would make the job comments on the plays — ly-liberal campus newspaper, the slogan "Tippecanoe and Gold- of editor of the Colorado Daily usually plot summaries—to Tynan is an enjoyable writer, able to coin an aphorism and to followed the YPSL's activities water too" was flown from the an electoral rather than appoint­ be superficial and unhelpful, with front page interest, and on balcony. ive position. If this wins it will twist an impressionistic com­ the day of Goldwater's appear­ mean that the highly organized his language to be often ment into a good joke and a de­ ance printed two anti-Goldwater But Goldwater's speech itself and conservative Greek system sloppy, and his penchant for rogatory metaphor into a praise. -editorials. was not the cause of the politi­ can easily vote in its editor. The the superlative to devaluate Trying for the classic aphorism on the age-old difference, Tynan (Because of this campaign, ex- cal excitement now boiling in editor is now appointed by a the truly great. Boulder— it was the sauciness board of qualified faculty mem­ quips, "A playwright is a man " citement ran high over Gold- Most of all I was disturbed by of his YPSL opposition, and the bers and the newspaper staff. who can forget himself long water's speech. The doors to the his frequent Inability to treat a fumbling attempt by Rozek to The Rightist's move was in­ enough to be himself." University's 2700 seat Macky play as a play. Of course, purist silence that opposition. i spired by the honesty with which Recording his impression he Auditorium were closed a half objections notwithstanding, the the Daily editors have treated characterizes Vivien Leigh's La­ an hour before the speech was theatre does not exist in an aes­ The Denver papers have been YPSL, and by the concerted at­ dy Macbeth as "more niminy- scheduled to begin. People filled thetic vacuum but rather In so­ filled with comment on YPSL's tack .made on Goldwater by lib­ piminy than thundrey-'blundery, the aisles and stage as well as ciety. Plays always attempt to heckling and Rozek's attack, and erals and radicals. more viper than anaconda . . ." the seats. The Republicans were understand social reality. But press services have carried the lonesco's The Bald Soprano, he unable to save many seats that still, anything that claims to be story internationally. On the -In a telegram, sent March 9 finds, is "a loony parody of the they had originally intended to a 'theatre review should start campus, of course, it has become to the presidents of the C. U. aunts and uncles in The Family reserve for their partisans when with the play, stick with the play the subject for a boom in news­ Young Republicans, Goldwrater Reunion." Ability to twist a the general audience took seats. until the play is judged and then paper and classroom' controver­ said, "This is the first instance metaphor is a mark of a truly Chants such as "We want Bar- go on into other matters. Ty­ sy. Although the conservatives in speaking to approximately creative mind. Tynan describes rywater" and "We want a de­ nan, in his impatience, much too and some cocktail-party liberals 200 different schools and col­ Stark Young as "a windy writ­ partment store" Were, begun in often jumps to a related subject, leges that I have found an or­ er, but the wind is usually blow­ fie balcony. leaving the play Itself incom­ ganized Socialist group . . ." ing in the right direction." pletely discussed. ATTACK ON YPSL Phrases like these establish Ty­ In the short reviews that Ty­ nan as a talented writer. The meeting finally began, nan writes, there is not too much Just Out! Although he is a clever and and after a string of local PARTY NOTES space for extraneous comment. witty writer, he Is still not a Republicans had announced them­ Still, a review of Pearl S. Buck's keen drama critic. His taste is selves, the microphone was The Desert Incident pushes Ty­ Spring 1962 A call to the 1962 national slightly more progressive than turned over to Edward Rozek, a convention of the Socialist Par- nan into a lengthy discussion of the New York Times' daily man. University political science pro­ Socialist ty^Social Democratic Federation freedom and the atom bomb. The That is, he remains unable to ap­ fessor and sponsor of the cam- Call has been issued to all locals and Andersonville Tidal quickly sum­ preciate the theatre of the ab­ yus chapter of the Young Re members of the party. The con­ mons an essay on trials in the surd—his essays on Beckett, Io- publicans. As an introduction for vention will be held on June 8, 9 theatre, while The Tenth Man nesco and Genet are generally Gold-Water he gave the radio and Democracy and the and 10 in Washington, D.C. rapidly sends him into a polemic cold and inept. By and large his auditorium audience a rash and against those who see only two taste is conventional and hence Colonial Revolution slanderous e'ighteen-minute male­ Pre-converition discussion has choices in the modern world — predictable. begun and the first pre-eonven- God and Freud. diction at the Colorado Daily, A Symposium (Neither as original in his un­ and, of course, the Boulder tion issue of "Hammer and Likewise, in a review of Noel Tongs," the SP-SDF discussion derstanding of plays as Mary YPSL. He compared the Daily to Coward's Vortex, Tynan jumps McCarthy nor as Courageous and Izvestia, and the YPSL to the Andre Philip magazine is out. Copies are to a discussion of trends in so­ available at 15 cents from SP- sensible in dealing with the un­ Communist Party. Then, amid Robert Alexander , phisticated comedy, the notice on SDF, 184 West Washington, Chi­ defined as Martin Esslin nor as Look Back in Anger becomes a scholarly and authoritative as Rita Hinden cago, 111. lecture on the young English in­ Eric Bentley, Kenneth Tynan The SP-SDF constitution re­ telligentsia, for lonesco's plays paddles around the mediocre lev­ The Psychosis quires that members must be he leaps to ideology and art, and els of drama criticism. To read paid up in dues to be represent­ Brendan TJehan'sT The Hostage him takes little more effort than of Poverty NEW , ed at the convention. Dues becomes an essay on language in one gives to the newspaper crit­ through December 31, 1961 must modern drama. In a review of ic, and Tynan gives only a little Michael Harrington be paid not later than April 30, Mac'Lelsh's J.B., Tynan praises more In return. jAMEHICA 1962. the actors, presents a conde­ scending plot summary, and then Send 50c to: A limited amount of free i is the new voice of social­ goes into a long dissertation on Time Value housing in Washington, D.C. will the reasons for misfortune in ist criticism in the United NEW AMERICA be available for delegates who human life in which he suggests States. It provides bi- 1182 Broadway require it, on a first come, first that if MacLeish had Tynan's served basis. For a reservation Oriental-humanistic view on the I weekly news and analysis Room 402 for free housing, write to the subject, "He might have written I of the Civil Rights, labor organizer of Local Washington, a better play, or no play at all." New York 1, N. Y. Virginia Brown, 5177 MacArthur ; and peace movement, Blvd. N.W., Washington 16, SHAW ; and penetrating coverage D.C. In line with his inability to tf ro m correspondents discuss the play 'as a play, Ty­ nan devotes much of his energy i around the world. and attention to the personali­ ties of the actors. Perhaps cap­ 10 Negroes In Ala. Primary turing personality is Tynan's SUBSCRIBE NOW BIRMINGHAM, ALA. — Ten Negroes have announced their can­ forte, for his portraits of Greta Garbo, Gordon Craig, Tennessee $3.00 for one year didacy for the Jefferson county Democratic executive committee. The primary is scheduled for May 1. Williams and James Cagney are the best parts of the book. Among the candidates are: Rev. J. W. Hayes, pastor of the Trini­ In the same way, Tynan speaks New America ty Zion Church; Charles Peterson, a trade union leader in Ensley, of Shaw's achievements in non- Alabama; and Rev. Nelson Henry Smith Jr., secretary of the Ala­ theatrical terms. "Shaw's genius 1182 Broadway, N.Y.C. bama Christian Movement for Human Rights. was for Intellectual slum-clear­ ance, not for town planning. He Each of the ten candidates is running from a different district. cleared the English stage of AGRICULTURAL WORKERS STRIKE Freedom Labor Union Formed The Mississippi Freedom Labor Union hour minimum wage for a eight-hour day, (MFLU), formed early in April, 1965, has free medical care, social security and MOVEMENT at least 1200 members working for better accident insurance, government compen­ Published by wages and conditions in six Delta region sation for people who cannot get full-time work and equal hiring practices, working The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee of California counties. Workers in Shaw, Washington County, conditions and wages for all workers. who started the MFLU, were being paid LABORERS KEPT OUT OF ' $1.75 daily for ten hours of cotton-chopping. LABOR CONFERENCE "We felt we should be getting a fair price for what we were working for," George April 14, 60 MFLU members tried to SNCC Plans Summer Projects Shelton of Shaw said. "Members of our attend the eighth annual Farm Labor Con­ Union have gone on strike. They will only ference, held in Greenville. A Union or­ POLITICAL, ECONOMIC ACTION work for $1.25 an hour." ganizer said that though "the Conference The Union has been organizing in Bol­ dealt with the fates of thousands of ivar, Holmes, Issaquena, Sharkey, Sun­ Negroes", none were invited by the spon­ ARKANSAS flower and Washington counties. All mem­ sors — the US Department of Labor Bureau The Arkansas SNCC staff is planning a summer program under local leadership bers have signed pledges promising to work of Employment Security, the Mississippi supplemented by 50 to 100 volunteers. Political organizing will be done in 31 with the MFLU, through "strikes, picket­ Delta Council (an owners'organization), the Arkansas counties. A Freedom Center program will be implemented in four cities: ing, boycotts, collective bargaining and non­ State Extension Service and the State Em­ Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Helena and Forrest City. Classes will be held for young, violent action" to make the people they ployment Office. people and adults on voter registration, political issues, Negro history, literacy work for meet Union demands. When MFLU members got to the Con­ and various skills. Community meetings will shape the growth of independent The MFLU is demanding a $1.25 per ference, they were stopped by Greenville political organizations. Police Chief Burnley. Then a Delta repre­ sentative of the State Employment Service ALABAMA said that eight members could attend the Expansion will also occur in the Alabama afternoon Conference session. The entire black belt. Thirty-five SNCC workers are delegation asked to attend; they also said presently organizing in ten counties and they wanted to go to the morning session by the end of the summer local move­ on cotton-chopping. They were told that ments should be active in triple that number. the morning session was over, even though The emphasis will be on opening up areas it had begun at 11:00 and the MFLU group for further work as well as building organ­ had arrived at 11:30. izations which are run by local people. The eight who attended the afternoon meeting said the Conference Room was SOUTHWEST GEORGIA large enough for 50 to 100 more people. Organizing efforts will continue in this, They left early, because the afternoon topic SNCC's oldest project and 22 county area, was uninteresting, and joined the rest of and new ground will be broken in adjoining the delegation picketing the meeting, counties. Economic, as well as political, MFLU members want telegrams and organizing will take place. Programs simi­ letters sent to Labor Secretary Willard lar to the development of a maid's union Wirtz protesting that no Negroes were in­ in Americus last summer will continue. vited and few were allowed to attend. A number of volunteers are needed. Union membership is increasing rapidly. More than 100 attended a .workship in MISSISSIPPI Shaw to discuss MFLU goals and purposes. SNCC will work with the Mississippi Most of the members are cotton-choppers, Freedom Democratic Party's summer pro­ haulers and laborers, but the MFLU is gram. Over 400 volunteers will do intensive also trying to organize more skilled work­ political organizing. The program will in­ ers, such as tractor drivers. clude holding workshops on political ques­ tions, building block clubs and strengthen- SOME BOUGHT OFF BUT MANY JOIN ing FDP county organizations. The most George Ballis To keep his drivers out of the Union, important task will be to create an atmos­ COFO WORKERS SING AT A MEETING IN THE the owner of the Dunlease plantation near phere where local people can continue to Greenville offered them an increase of develop leadership skills. HATTIESBURG, MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM HOUSE $7.50 for a ten-hour day. Though his drivers agreed to accept the increase and not become MFLU members, drivers on San Francisco: other plantations are interested in the Union: What Is An Organizer' Seventy of the 450 Greenville Union mem­ There has been a great deal of recent organizer wants to get the people with together and the people are talking, he bers ere tractor drivers. discussion of what an organizer is, what whom he has been talking one by one to is interested in several things. First, he More than 600 MFLU members have gone he does, who he is. This discussion goes talk with each other — first in a small wants discussion from as many people as on strike in Shaw, Rosedak, Laymont on in SNCC and among people interested group where they won't shy away from possible. Second, he knows that if a group and Glen Allen. Union members in Shaw in SNCC's work. The following are some saying what they said to him alone, then of people start talking about their prob­ have cleared and planted a three-acre notes and thoughts on the work of SNCC in bigger ?nd bigger groups. These bigger lems, they will find that many of their Freedom Farm to help feed 130 strikers field secretaries. In particular, these ideas groups become organizations. problems are the same. His role then is there, but donations of canned food are seem to me to be applicable to the work The first kind of group the organizer to find a way to bring that group of people also needed. (Send to COFO, 830 Nelson, done by those organizers who have been brings together is informal — that is, to see that many of their individual prob­ Greenville) most successful in developing local grass­ it doesn't have a constitution or elected lems are common problems and that if roots organizations that remain functioning officers and special jobs for the people they confront the system together, they (just before this issue of THE MOVEMENT after the organizer leaves the community 'in the group. He does this because he wants may be able to do something about their went to press, we received word that tractor and goes on someplace else. people to get comfortable with one another problems. drivers in Washington County, Mississippi An organizer likes people — all kinds before they start dividing up work in very That's just the beginning. From that have struck on one plantation. The drivers of people. He takes people the way they specialized areas. point on the good organizer constantly and their families - roughly 80 people - have been evicted. Efforts are being made are. I would say that for most SNCC This kind of organizing is frequently raises questions; "How is this problem to set up a tent city to house them.) workers this attitude applies to' 'the enemy" enhanced by mass marches, direct action (CONTINUED HAGE 1, COLUMN I) too — that SNCC people are not inter­ demonstrations and the like, Negroes in ested in the annihilation of their opponents. Mississippi for a long time called the This attitude is especially relevent to our SNCC workers "freedom riders". They had SNCC Worker Wins Georgia Primary time. Relevent practically because a min­ seen the freedom rides on television or ority movement must finally live at peace had heard about them. The "rides" were VICTORY SEEN AS START OF GEORGIA with the majority, even if this is after a break into Mississippi. If they" hadn't FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY deep conflict. Relevent morally because in been followed up by door-to-door work with the time of The Bomb it is good that the people in the State, they would have there are people in motion, furthering their been largely meaningless. But, if they interests, who do not see the elimination hadn't occured, the door-to-door work might The young civil rights leader campaigned of their opponents as a precondition to have taken many more months before it on a platform calling for a $2.00 minimum the realization of their values. I do not began to be successful. Similarly, the wage, improved urban renewal programs, mean-that this coincidence of the practical Selma-Montgomery march opened people in repeal of the right to work law and an and the good always exists; when it does Perry, Wilcox, Lowndes, Dallas and other end to the literacy test for Georgia voters. not, the decisions to be made are deeply counties in Alabama to the idea that they "Talking with the people in my district agonizing and ultimate goals are sacri­ could begin to do something to change to see what they want done" gave Bond ficed to realism and practicality. their lives. The appropriate balance be­ the issues that led to his victory. tween direct-action and door-to-door com­ "I see this campaign as a chance to munity organizing is a subject of con­ prove that the ordinary citizen has deci­ AN ORGANIZER LISTENS tinuous discussion and debate in SNCC, sion making power," he emphasized. An organizer doesn't like to do all the SNCC Communications Director Julian Georgia held special primaries in May talking. He talks; he listens; he asks GETTING TO THE ROOT Bond ran in the Democratic Primary as to implement the U.S. Supreme Court's questions. He operates on the principle that SNCC's organizing techniques have been a candidate to represent his district, newly "one-man one-vote" decision for thenewly the people in the streets, in the neigh­ called "radical", and that is an >accurate created through reapportionment, in the reapportioned state House of Representa­ borhoods, in the fields, in the plants, on statement if by "radical" one means going Georgia state legislature and won. tives. Twenty-four Negroes were can­ the unemployed lines, on the welfare rolls to the root of things. Getting to the root Twenty-five years old, Bond was the didates, 17 running on the Democratic ticket know better than he what they want and of things means getting to the people, youngest candidate running in the state and 7 on the Republican. The general elec­ heed — but they don't know how to get it. because at the root of America's problems primaries. He is a leader of the Atlanta tion is scheduled for June 16, No less than An organizer begins his work with a is the fact that a very few people make Student Movement and former managing edi­ 6 Negroes are expected to win, giving conversation. First he talks with people most of the important decisions for most tor of the Atlanta Inquirer, the city's Georgia Negroes their first legislative one at a time. He's always trying to get of the people. Negro newspaper. voice since Reconstruction, people talking, so he can listen. Then the When an organizer has brought people (For a personal analysis of the Bond campaign by a SNCC field worker, see page 3) LIFE OUTSIDE MFDP Leader, "I WANT TO SAY...." EDITORIAL: THE SOUTH SNCC Worker Testify ExcerPts From a Lons Poem The question, "Whodecides?", was raised The risks of war and the effect of war "FREE ELECTIONS OR TERROR" the cop in the April issue of The Movement by demands for natonal unity and a halt of Mrs. Victoria Gray of the Mississippi in Selma Jimmy Garrett and related to the Southern social movements at home led the SNCC Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)and pulls the trigger movement. But isn't it time to ask the Executive Committee to endorse the recent Ralph Featherstone of SNCC testified be­ that question of all America? March on Washington against the war in fore a House Juciciary Subcommittee con­ kills for alabama Who decides the fate of our cities ? Urban Vietnam, sponsored by the Students for a cerning Johnson's Voting Rights Bill. Both for god and alabama renewal legislation requires "maximum Democratic Society. Among the speakers at concurred with numerous other civil rights as he's been taught feasible citizen participation" in the re­ the March was SNCC field secretary Robert groups and individuals in asking that an just liVfi his brother newal process. Yet in every Negro commun­ Parris. Among those participating in the amendment calling for new elections within who fought ity across the land urban renewal is one March was a busload of Mississippi Negroes six to nine months in the affected areas be or bombed of the most despised Federal programs. who came to Washington to demand a change added to the legislation. or gassed The slogan, "urban renewal is Negro re­ in our Vietnam policy. In his testimony Mr. Featherstone said: in south viet nam last week moval", is common in the ghettos of the Who decides is intimately related to what "First, it should be pointed out that many North. Nor is the feeling limited to Negroes. is decided. The problem today is to get the of the states most affected by the bill will and all the people In some cases it is Mexican-American American people into the American deci­ not hold state or local elections for the who don't make wars removal, in some Puerto Rican, in others sion-making process. next two or more years. This means that but just kill and get killed in them senior citizens of old Anglo-Saxon stock. democracy—in its true meaning of gov­ Each of these groups is poor and powerless. ernment by the people as distinct from the kill some more Urban renewal agencies do not operate in bill's present thrust of only the right to or bury the dead their behalf. vote—is years away, in many of these wishing mostly Who decides? Perhaps it is the banks, THE MOVEMENT states. that it all would end the savings and loan associations, and the is published monthly by the staff of the "Second, it has historically been true in so they could go home professional agency personnel who must Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee the South that the Negro has been denied which is not on the battle field killing keep renewal projects going if their Fed­ of California. the right to vote either through violence eral grants are to continue. or intimidation or through restrictive vot­ that's just Patriotic Duty Editorial office: Take the War On Poverty: there is a ing qualifications and frequently through and Responsibility 584 Page Street, San Francisco, Federal requirement for citizen partici­ both. California MA 6-4577 pation. Yet organizations of the poor and "We believe that passage of the bill So people who cry for Editorial Group: those representing poverty neighborhoods without requiring new elections will lead Rev Reeb Terence Cannon have had to fight city poverty councils and directly to a degree of terror and intimi­ and the Jimmy Lee Jacksons mayors to force compliance with the lan­ Bernice Glann dation yet unseen in the civil rights move­ should really cry guage of the legislation which initiated Jeanette Harris ment. This bill in effect leaves violence and for all the killing the war on poverty. By and large, the Jean Hume intimidation as the only out for those who that has got to stop poor have had to fight the established social Judi Lynch would prevent Negro voting. and all the uniforms Brooks Penney welfare agencies (with their respectable "Third, much of the national revulsion that have got to be torn off .... Boards of Directors) and the political ap­ Subscriptions: and disgust with racial events in the South pointees of city administrations. And someday $1 per year, individual copies. concern law enforcement and police bru­ In looking at urban renewal and the war maybe $20 per thousand per month, tality. Who can forget the murder of the on poverty it would be a mistake to view three civil rights workers in Neshoba if i give america a chance bulk subscriptions. the problem simply as one of city ad­ County, Mississippi, the murder of James i'll be able to ministrations sabotaging well intentioned Reeb, and, in the same spirit, the refusal wear the uniform and well planned Federal programs. NURSERY SCHOOL FOR of Governor Wallace to do his duty to pre­ and have the gun It is impossible to specify the complex RURAL CHILDREN IN ALBANY vent a potential mass murder on the march of the cop interplay of Executive and Congressional from Selma to Montgomery. that shot power here. "Life With Lyndon", in other The Albany Georgia Nursery School opens Jimmy Lee Jackson columns of this paper, indicates the way this spring for fifteen children of working power is used by the Executive Branch of mothers. "It will not be the purpose of the THE LAW CHANGES, or be the commander the Government. No doubt key legislators, nursery school to teach children how to THE LAWMEN ARE THE SAME. of the army many of them Southern, are able to hold read, count, or memorize nursery rhymes,'' "Though Governor Wallace's term ex­ that will send the bombs up programs initiated by the Executive emphasizes Mrs. Wendy Roberts, organizer pires in January of 1967, Sheriff Rainey's to blow up more people Branch. Suffice to say that neither the of the school and one of the two teachers. in Neshoba County extends to January 1968, President nor Congress have made any "Rather, the purpose will be to offer an and that of Jackson, Mississippi, law en­ i won't have to cry startling efforts to pass or implement le­ environment where pre-school children can forcement officials until July 1969. for the jimmy lee jacksons gislation that would begin to meet the prob­ gain feelings of confidence, pride and worth "Unless the subcommittee takes forth­ cause i'll have the right lems of the cities or the poor. Nor have in themselves." right action to require new elections in the along with the Responsibility they been outspoken critics of the imple­ Parental involvement will be a signifi­ areas affected by this bill, the problem of to kill them mentation of these programs when it fails cant part of the program. The nursery civil rights intimidation, violence and ter­ for god to include participation by the poor. school will be family centered. Parents ror will increasingly occupy the Congress and my country Let's put the whole question another way, will be encouraged to attend picnics, open and the President for the next several which i'll have learned about "Whose government is it?" Is it the gov­ houses, informal discussions and meetings years. standing at attention ernment of the people or of the narrow to better acquaint them with what the school "Fourth, as so eloquently stated before in uniform vested interests — the corporations, the is attempting to accomplish. the subcommittee by the distinguished financial centers of power? Several learning areas will be stressed: Chairman of the Committee on Education that's what will happen Ask the queston of our schools; Liberal language development, concept formation and Labor, the poor black people of the to me educational theory suggests that students and perceptual discrimination. South, who are in the greatest need of the when i'm given learn by making their own mistakes, that Underlying all activities and experiences program and benefits of the War on Pov­ equality. . . . ideas and action are intimately related, that will be the idea of instilling a positive erty, who need most to be brought into the students should be able to relate action self-image. There will be mirrors so that Great Society, will be waiting on the out­ and ideas and that universities and colleges children can gain a sense of identity. Many side for years after passage of this bill So we throw away are independent centers of intellectual and of these children have never seen their unless a provision for new elections be our lives social activity serving as reservoirs for the own reflection. included. Our experiences with the refus­ and take instead best values of our society. But what hap­ Books and stories that relate to real life als of the state and local authorities to their things pens? The Administration of the University experiences of the children will be used. provide the benefits of federal programs to of California did everything it could to If a child feels good about himself and all—much less, under grossly discrimina­ and the things they have frustrate the efforts of students to relate can do things himself, the transition to tory conditions, to the Negro citizens of the are like ideas to action. Schools daily trade their first-grade will be a positive one. This South—would fill volumes of testimony." missiles & guns independence for grants from Federal ag­ will have a marked effect on his attitude money & cars encies and large private foundations. Pro­ in relation to his education. THE RIGHT TO PETITION slots & walls fessors look more like businessmen hust­ Mrs. Gray and Mr. Featherstone also we take these things ling for another contract, too busy to take DURING THE SUMMER; TRAINING supported Congressman John Lindsay's and use them to seriously their obligations to students or During the summer vacation the school (Rep, N.Y.) proposed amendment that would kill and hurt to independent intellectual inquiry. If the will be a center to train people from var­ empower the President to appoint Federal be AFRAID values of colleges and universities are going ious communities in the South in nursery registrars to any area where fifty persons and be Unhappy to be preserved, it will largely be due to school techniques. The trainees will be have sworn that they have been denied the and to lose life the work of the students. involved in a work-study program of sem­ right to vote. Mrs. Gray said, "We believe but to mostly kill Finally, the question, "Who decides?" inars, observation and participation. very deeply that people who have been must be raised regarding the formation of Training sessions, which will be free, victimized should be able to directly peti­ cause we want to die American foreign policy. Has there been will involve workshops in art, music, dance, tion their government for redress of such cause deep down any great public debate over the war in literature and science, as well as programs grievances, and that the initiative should Vietnam? Has the government given even in child development, concept formation, be in the hands of the people and not solely we know the minimum of information necessary for importance of play, and other areas of dependent on involved political and bureau­ WE are life serious debate? The answer is clearly, nursery school education as applied to the cratic procedures." and we have been taught "no". For that reason, public discussion Negro child from the rural and semi- Another proposal that was supported by that's bad of Vietnam itself becomes a political act rural South. both Mrs. Gray and Mr. Featherstone was and must be destroyed by suggesting that there are two sides to The resource persons will arrive in Al­ an amendment that would deal with economic (our life) , the question — not just the official view bany prior to the students to familiarize and physical intimidation of registered cause that's a threat of Rusk-Bundy-Johnson. James Reston, themselves with the community. The work­ voters. Mr. Featherstone suggested lan­ to writing recently in the S.F. Chronicle, shops will be geared toward the use of guage changes in the proposed bill that noted that President Johnson now acts on inexpensive ways of making equipment. would "deal with economic intimidation by missiles & guns the advice of a handfull of close advisors. Staff persons will accompany trainees to denying the benefits of Federal programs money & cans These advisors have, according to many their communities to talk to people about to persons impeding others in regard to slots & walls reports in the press, closed themselves what they hope to set up. To ensure that their right to vote. The proposal is similar cause life can be ours off from criticism of our policy in Viet­ actual nursery schools will be set up as a to Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, nam. Policy in the Dominican Republic now result of the training program, the train­ and would be particularly effective through, to be planted and grown seems to be determined as a result of ees must have broad financial support - for example, the Community Credit Cor­ in 2 Billion ways the debate between the CIA and the FBI from local groups working on poverty pro­ poration and other such agricultural pro­ we can each call our own over how many Communists belong to the posals, civic clubs, churches and civil grams in the South." rebel forces. rights clubs. CHARLIE COBB THE ARKANSAS PROJECT PAGE 3 New Territory, New Methods This summer the Student Non-Violent Co­ state. Some of these counties have as high as brary and include training workshops for most work to Helena and West Helena. ordinating Committee plans to enlarge its 61% Negro population. Most have between the jobs that are opening up for Negroes, For the first six months police har­ present staff of six staff workers and one 30-50%. Political strides have also been made in rassment was fairly constant. On one oc­ volunteer in Arkansas with 50 to lOOvolun- In rural areas, 40% of all Negro dwel­ the area. Last fall, two local Negroes ran casion three staff members were arrested teers. The project will concentrate on voter lings are "deteriorated" and 41 % are for positions on the School Board. Arthur in the same afternoon; two were charged registration and community organization; "dilapidated." (The U.S. Census Bureau H. Miller won by approximately 600 to with inciting a riot, the third with car Freedom Schools and Community Centers defines "dilapidated" as housing which 540. (His opponent attempted to contest theft, the car in question belonging to one are also planned. Presently the project is "does not provide safe and adequate shel­ the election but could not prove his alle­ of the other workers. On another occasion, operating in 13 counties centered around ter and its present condition endangers gations.) Two candidates ran for state re­ the police broke into the house where the Freedom Centers in Pine Bluff, Helena, and the health, safety, or well-being of the presentative from Jefferson County (for SNCC people were living and arrested them Forrest City; but with the coming of the occupants." ) Forty-four percent of all two different positions). One was Ben Grin- for vagrancy; their bond was set at $1500 summer and the coming of the fifty volun­ Negro housing is without piped water; 66% age, presently the project director for the each. The police are always arresting SNCC teers, the plans call for the project's en­ is without flush toilet facilities or any at area, the other James A. Bagsby, chairman workers and people who are working with largement into 31 counties in the state's all. of the Pine Bluff Movement. Both lost but them for minor charges which, when totaled Delta area. The median income of white families in the voter turnout was encouraging and up, has come to mean quite a bit of time 1960 was $3,678, that of Negro families, plans are being made for the 1966 elections. and money. NEW VOTING LAWS ARE KEY $1,636. Thirty percent of all Negro fam­ SNCC first went into Lincoln County in On three occasions the police have broken As of March 1st, all elections in Ar­ ilies in Arkansas exist on less than $1,000 the spring of 1963, but harrassment has into mass meetings and intimidated the kansas must be held under the provisions of continued longer in that county than in people attending. Last summer several a new registration procedure that was Pine Bluff. SNCC workers were arrested houses were fired into by whites and the: e adopted in a state-wide referendum last constantly on minor traffic violations (once was an unsuccessful attempt to bomb the Nov. 3rd. This new amendment to the four were arrested in a period of one Freedom House. When a mob of about 150 state constitution outlaws the poll tax (people week). On one occasion, a worker was whites gathered on the road in front of the had to re-register every year), sets" up a arrested at two o'clock in the afternoon house on a hot July night last summer the system of permanent registration with only for not having a light over his license SNCC workers inside were forced to flee age and residence requirements, makes the plate. On election day last fall, one of the and spend the night sleeping in a corn field. county clerk the Registrar instead of the | workers was beaten in front of a polling Despite this 2,000 Negroes were regis­ sheriff, and puts in provisions to safe­ place. Local people who have cooperated tered and parts of the Civil Rights Bill guard against election fraud (which was have also been threatened and harrassed. were tested. The voter registration amend­ rampant in the past.) It is around these Despite this, registration has increased ment just barely carried Phillips County new provisions to the state constitution that and a Lincoln County Civics Club created. and it was the increased Negro vote that the Arkansas project plans to center its In November, William Green, a localfarmer, . did it. activities. ran as an independent candidate for state representative from Lincoln County. At­ JF0RREST CITY 49TH IN EVERYTHING- tempts were made to keep his name off In December 1964, two SNCC workers Arkansas is 49th in per capita income, the ballot, but failed. (92 names on the moved into Forrest City, the seat of St. 49th in money spent per pupil in public petition were challenged, but sufficient peo­ Francis county, to open up a new project. schools, and 49th in teachers' salaries. ple came to. court to testify that the signa­ The Forrest City project covers five coun­ 55% of the students (black and white) tures in question were in fact theirs.) ties (St. Francis, Mississippi, Woolrud, graduated by Arkansas colleges every year Mr. Green lost the election and is not Cross and Crittenden), three of which border leave the state; with 6.5% of the popula­ through with his troubles. In the election the Mississippi River. tion in general leaving the state between for Justice of the Peace in his township Up until now most of the activity has 1950-60. (Arkansas is first in one thing, last fall, he ran without opposition, however, been in making contacts and talking to however—the University of Arkansas has when he appeared to be sworn in for his people about the kinds of programs they the number one football team in the nation. second term, he was told that his election wish to have in their areas. There has as Justice was invalid because his name been some testing of public accomodations EXCEPT POLITICAL POWER JAMES JONES. DIRECTOR OF THE appeared on the ballot twice (once for Jus­ in Forrest City — this is what the people Politically, Arkansas has the most pow­ SNCC ARKANSAS PROJECT tice, once for state rep). The refusal to have wanted to do. erful delegation, man for man, in the United swear him was in clear violation of the Forrest City has experienced consid­ States Congress. Representative E.C. Gath­ per year. (The U.S. Government sets the state constitution. erable industrial expansion, for a city of erings is the third ranking Democrat on the figure of $3,000 per year as that income 12,000 , in the last few years .Two factories Agriculture Committee and is the chair­ below which a family may be said to be HELENA with a combined work-force of almost 2,500 man of the subcommittee on cotton. Rep­ poverty-striken — 80% of the Negro fam­ INTIMIDATIONS have moved into the area. Both hire a few resentative Wilbur Mills is the chairman ilies fall into this catagory). The median SNCC first went into Helena in November Negroes but only in menial capacities. of the Ways and Means Committee. Rep­ yearly income for individual whites is $1,788 1963, but because of a lack of staff and One of the plants has a union but the resentative Oren Harris is the chairman of that of individual Negroes, $712. Only 3.2 % police harrassment, were forced to leave. other is unorganized. One of the imme­ the Commerce Committee and Represen­ of Negroes over 25 years old, living in Three months later two SNCC workers re­ diate things that Negro residents of For­ tative James Trimble is the fifth ranking rural areas have completed high school. turned to Helena and there has been some­ rest City talk about is wanting more and Democrat on the Rules Committee. Senator Generally, all conditions of life are worse one there ever since. The Helena project, better jobs at these places. A letter has William Fulbright is the chairman of the in the rural areas than in the cities, and includes four counties bordering the Miss­ been sent to the SNCC Research Depart­ Foreign Relations Committee and Senator most of the Negroes live in rural regions. issippi" River (Phillips, Monroe, Lee, and ment asking them for all the information John L. McClellan is the chairman of the .Arkansas), but lack of staff has limited possible on these businesses. Government Operations Committee and is SNCC IN ARKANSAS the third ranking Democrat on the Judiciary After working briefly in Little Rock, Committee. SNCC moved into Pine Bluff and the sur­ SOME PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON THE BOND CAMPAIGN On the state level, the Democratic rounding counties in early 1963. Because I approached the campaign with some mis­ we were taken seriously by this machine machine is very strong. Orval Faubus is in SNCC has been understaffed since the be­ givings and ambivalence...I felt, and I still because if we wen we couldn't be control­ his sixth term as governor and some ginning, it was not until February 1964 feel, the threat that American "politics" led by them, which seriously threatens the members of the State Legislature make that work was expanded to Helena and the has on people who "play the game"... operation of this machine. Especially if him look green. However, Arkansas is now counties in that area of the state. Late On the other hand I felt that Julian on the what we do catches on and extends itself. under court order to reapportion both state that year another project in Forrest City floor of the Georgia State Legislature would Leroy Johnson (Negro Senator) wants "pol­ and federal districts—this may change and surrounding counties was begun. The inherently focus attention on the politics iticians" that he can control and use for things considerably. In addition, the Re­ state headquarters was then moved from that he articulated. In Julian's politics I his political ends... publican Party is gaining strength and Pine Bluff to Little Rock. have faith, so in the end, I based my Negro politics in Georgia is still new although it has nothing really to offer At the present time there are three decision to work on knowing Julian... enough and open enough for Negroes to either the Negro or the poor in general in main project areas with offices in For­ What is clearest to me in the cities, force a whole new concept of what poli­ the state, it can break the seemingly un­ rest city, Helena, and Pine Bluff. Out of is that the politics that runs things is tics is. breakable Democratic machine. these three field offices, and the state out of the hands of the people who need I want to repeat that last sentence: The State of Arkansas has two distinctly office, thirteen counties are presently being to use it most...Julian's campaign, then, "Negro politics in Georgia is still new different areas. The northern and western worked. was a chance for me to explore the poss­ enough and open enough for Negroes to parts of the state are in the Ozark moun­ ibilities of people being able to use the force a whole new concept of what politics tain country. This area is very sparsely PINE BLUFF politics that exist. Within the confines of is," not to mention other deep south states. populated and has almost no Negroes. NEGRO CANDIDATES today's "political realities" I don't think Immediately after it became clear that There are about ten counties in the state The project in Pine Bluff covers four we've (SNCC) ever had such a real op­ Julian had won, I thought that we (SNCC) that have no Negroes living in the entire counties — Jefferson, of which Pine Bluff portunity before... could have pulled off the same thing in county. This is because the system of is the county seat, Lincoln, Cleveland, and Like most communities, the-136th Dis­ all of the Districts where Negroes had slavery never flourished in this section for Desha. The boundaries of this project area, trict has been ripped and torn apart. Ju­ won. There were districts in Georgia where the land was not conducive to the planta­ as well as the others, are not fixed, by lian was like a sewing needle...it is im­ nobody even bothered to qualify. I guess tion system. (A white community project any governmental lines and can be changed portant to understand that, during the cam­ these seats are still open...Imagine ten has been considered for this area.) at any time. Due to the lack of staff paign, Julian was SEEN and KNOWN. Peo­ SNCC guys in the Georgia House com­ According to the 1960 census report, most of the work in the past two years ple voted for someone they knew and felt mitted to organizing their districts to using Arkansas has a total population of has been limited to Jefferson and Lin­ comfortable with. Very important: a pol­ the seats in the House to meet community 1,786,222. Around 450,000 (25%) of these coln counties. In Pine Bluff the project itician who took the time to walk streets, needs defined by the community. are Negroes. Somewhere in the vicinity of began with sit-ins in early 1963, out of knock on doors and know people, a poli­ I think that what we will increasingly 210,000 of these are of voting age and as of which was formed the Pine Bluff Move­ tician who was not threatened by a con­ find, especially in the urban South, are October 1, 1964, (the last time any one ment. Since that time the voter registra­ stituency that was organized around is­ chances to explore American politics and could register), there were approximately tion of Negroes in the area has nearly sues and not the politician. I think that the ways it can be shaped (if it can at 85,000 registered Negroes in the state. doubled, bringing the total to about 40% literally 100% of the people I canvassed all) to meet our needs. This can mesh and of the eligible Negroes. Jefferson County had never had anyone come to their house, hook up with the radical forms of our LIVING CONDITIONS and Pine Bluff in particular, have come a sit down and seriously talk to them about own (like FDP). Between 1950 and 1960, 8.9% of the Negro long way in the past two years — Civil their community. Imagine a politician sug­ Admittedly there are dangers inherent people left the state. The reasons for this Rights workers are not frequently arrested gesting that he wasn't the most relevant in this exploration. (Pressure of tradi­ unusually high migration lie in the deplor­ any more and people are willing to talk thing in politics! Imagine that politician tional politics, isolation, the fact that som< able conditions under which people — es­ about opening up job opportunities for Ne­ winning I people will be corrupted.) However, I an pecially Negro people — live in Arkansas, groes. Of course, nothing much has been We did not need the Negro democratic fascinated with the idea of communities The Negroes who remain live mostly in done, but it is a start. Future plans for machine in terms of the politics we were moving in and out of traditional Amer­ those counties bordering on the Mississ­ Pine Bluff call for a Freedom School- organizing, which was politics that did not ican political forms. It implies a crea- ippi River and the southern counties of the Community Center which will house a li­ belong to the politicians, which meant that ( CONTINUED PAGE 4, COLUMN 2) The Church and Civil Rights (This article inaugurates a regular Move­ these national statements ever have passed ment feature on the role of the church in the first place? It means that the ma­ in society. The general editor will be jority of Christian people believe them and Rev. William R. Grace, Director, Dept. will seek to implement them. But it also MOVEMENT of Urban Church, North Coastal Area, means that if civil rights groups want Published by Synod of California, United Presbyterian or need the church, then they must seek The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee of California Church.) to make overtures to the church to join This is the time of year when the major with them. Otherwise the church eets up religious denominations of our country- its own instruments for accomplishing goals hold their annual conferences, conventions, in racial justice. And these instruments THEY SAID WE COULDN'T HAVE A UNION" or general assemblies. Most of these bodies may appear to block in some cases or will say the right things about the racial in other cases simply be naive. But the struggle in our nation. Some of these bodies point is that the church will respond and Militancy In The Delta might even say something that is truly is concerned and will make commitments. prophetic. On the whole, the highest judi­ National pronouncements by the church The vast, flat, lowland area of the Miss­ wage or social security protection from catories of our churches have been at­ as an institution (with respectability) issippi delta is considered to be some the government. It is almost impossible tempting to be extremely relevant and, cause other institutions within the society of the best farm land in the world, with for a day laborer to get loans from the in many instances, have been relevant I to at least discuss their own racial posi­ its rich top soil reaching down an aston­ Farmer's Home Administration since he Yet, when it comes to the local church tions. This means that at the very minimum ishing thirty feet in some places. The major has no collateral and is deeply in debt. in a particular city or section of "the other secular institutions are going to be crops of the area are cotton and soy bean, Loans from private finance companies are nation, the church appears to be forced to search their own souls before two crops that are rapidly becoming mech­ abailable - at rates of interest over 33 1/3 "completely out of it." Oh. to be sure, declaring a policy of segregation publicly. anized, and the major work force of the %. As one union member said at a recent area is the Negro day laborer. The land meeting: "I've taken people to Greenville costs $500 an acre; a cotton chopper to get loans and most come back just as earns three dollars a day for ten or more they left — with nothing. But if you borrow hours work. it, you got to pay it back and with what? If you got a dark skin you're in trouble." THE DEMANDS A 75-year old chopper, Miller Larks, / On April 9, 1965, forty-five day laborers, is a typical union member. On the hottest tractor drivers, haulers, domestic ser­ days, he will wear a clean though badly vants, part time carpenters, mechanics, frayed shirt, tie, and long woolen jacket handymen, former sharecroppers and ren­ which reaches down four inches above his ters met in a tiny Negro church in Shaw, knees. He sometimes closes his eyes when Mississippi, and formed the Mississippi' he talks and he usually has a grin on his Freedom Labor Union. Within two weeks face. As much as anyone, he helped to get 1000 persons joined the union and 200 de­ the union started. He describes the system: clared themselves on strike, in a state "I began farming when I was eight years where mere hints of labor organization old. Only went to school till the fourth are enough to bring out the Klan. The de­ grade. My father needed me to help out mands of the striking workers were simple: in the fields. I moved to Arkansas when a $1.25 minimum wage per hour, and eight I was 24 and joined a farmer's union. But hour day with time and a half for over we couldn't get it through because the white time, sick pay, health and accident insur­ folks cut us out. They said we couldn't ance and equal employment practices in have a union in the south. I came back • wages, hiring, and working conditions. At to Shaw and rented till I couldn't rent no present more than 1800 workers are stay­ more. It got so that I was losing money. ing out of the fields in the first major Then white folks got that they wouldn't attempt to organize farmworkers in the rent to colored folks. That was about in area since the I930's when efforts of the 1949. They just got land out from under Southern Tenants Farmers Union were sup­ the colored peoples because of the debts. A FOSTERmid KLEISE pressed by violence. I remember it was in 1947 that I got some Some individual AFL-CIO unionists have parity checks — about $2,400. The white America — Image And Reality?**?* joined with the Student Nonviolent Coor­ folk, they didn't want you to have no parity dinating Committee and the Delta Ministry cb»f~ks. They took it all from me inJJ>47. staff of the National Council of Churches After that I couldn't rent for cash no more. to assist the MFLU. But there is no evi­ I couldn't even fourth-rent (an arrange­ dence of any direct support by the AFL- ment where the renter pays a fourth of CIO, the Industrial Union Department, or his cash earnings to the land owner). the Teamsters Union - which could make I couldn't rent no way. I had to work the the difference between success and defeat. shares but I wasn't making any living at A number of major unions — such as the all. Teamsters, the National Maritime Union "Then I got a truck and I hauled day and the railroad brotherhoods — are dir­ labor but 1 couldn't get enough people — ectly involved in shipping machinery, fer­ just two or three. I couldn't keep up my tilizer and cotton in and out of the area, truck. The boss man, he only paid you and would be in a position to give imme­ 50£ for each person you brought. Now I'm diate practical aid to the strikers./ too old to do a hard day's work. I live on old age checks and I get a government FIGHTING AGRI-BUSINESS check for my kids." wi»«*id5F»K*. The union is fighting the rich farmer GERHARD GSCHIEDLE _. ^' who operates his plantation as if it were "AFTER OLE MISS isolated clergy serve on human relations In other words, national church pronounce a huge industrial corporation. Foreign visi­ SHE LET ME OFF" tors come to Mississippi to see one of the commissions; some even partake in civil ments set a context for a different s« rights organizations; and others even march of values for the whole community and, i world's largest plantations, the Delta Land The secretary of the union is Mrs. Edna in picket lines. But, as a whole, the church used correctly, can aid the more militan and Pine Corporation, which occupies more Mae Garner. The three room shack she as an institution appears to have little in civil rights to have a base for discussion than 60 square miles of land in Bolivar lives in with her seven children has holes or no impact on this basic struggle for The church's racial pronouncements ar county alone. This English-controlled cor­ in the floor that daylight can be seen through; equality and justice in our day. another set of facts and figures which buil poration is typical of the growing concen­ there is no electricity or indoor plumbing. What then shall we say about these mag­ into the stream of local thought that racia tration of agriculture in America. From the The linoleum is worn through and the wall nificent statements that come from the na­ equality and justice is not just a goo< civil war to about 1930 the large slave paper is peeling off the wall. The last tional religious organizations? The cynic cause, but a basic right for all men owners' plantations were divided among commodities she • received are just about might respond with, "Well, they just re­ Civil rights groups should not overlook thi, increasing numbers of share-croppers. But gone and there is no chance for any more. flect the hypocrisy of the Christian Church I" significant fact. since then the trend has reversed. Negro She says this about the welfare authorities: Such a statement might seem at face value The church has met, and has again said share-croppers and renters have dwindled "No matter how bad you're starving and a true observation, except for the fact racial equality must be the norm for ou: because farm land costs too much for poor your kids are doing without, they don't that the national church has responded. nation. Let's stop being cynical about thes< people today, and very little is for sale. care. They listen to what peoples tells Selma saw the church. The March on Wash­ statements and begin to recognize that thesi For the Negro there is practically none at them, they don't go by how bad is your ington saw the church. The Delta ministry statements are evidence that "we shal all. need. The lady I used to work for would is the church. Bail monies for arrested overcome!" Furthermore, can anyone o Although the share-cropper has never give me dinner, and let me off early. I Southern demonstrators was in large part us imagine where the racial question woulc been able to earn a stable, decent income used to do chopping later in the day and church monies. be if the church had not openly and a in the Delta, in a sense, the land was his. I would make three dollars a day but after - However, this still has not brought the great sacrifice committed itself to this But for the day-laborer this was never James Meredith at Ole Miss, in 1962 she issue down to the local level. What then position? true. For him, the corporation is his boss let me off. The last times I worked for do these statements mean in terms of When you read the next church pronounce­ man and he works for him on a day-to­ her she wouldn't even give me dinner. I our own situation? First, these statements ment, recognize it for its use in th( day basis, without security, without tenure, expect the boss man's going to come round enable civil rights groups to use them. common struggle, and recognize it for wha without rights of any kind. The important here to ask me to leave any time now. Any civil rights group which desires to it can mean to you and to me. change that has come about is that the over­ When he ask me 'will I do come chopping?' have the weight of the Christian Church WILLIAM R. GRAC1 whelming number of Negroes in this part and I tell him 'no, I'm on strike till I in a publicity release can quote from of the state are day laborers, completely get $1.25 an hour, I expects he's going to these pronouncements. And this is not a "proletarianized", without capital, with­ ask me to move on." minimal thing, since all of us are quite DEALER out property, without security beyond conscious of the need for adequate public today's piece of bread and lard. CAN'T WIN WITHOUT relations and press releases. SIGN IN A So f ar day laborers (choppers and pickers) THE HAULERS M ISSISS1PPI make up 90% of the union membership. An important link in the plantation system THE CHURCH WILL RESPOND For years the usual wage was $2.50 or is the hauler. He makes his living by trans­ JUNKYARD $3.00 for ten or more hours work. This porting workers from the towns and neigh­ But these pronouncements also mean WE year, Shaw residents say that white farmers boring areas to the plantations on a so-much that in the churches there are a large are talking about paying only $1.75 per per head basis. Without him the owner number of Christian laity and clergy who BUY day. There is no work at all when it rains, would have to make do with the workers are ready to respond and to initiate con­ BURNT no unemployment compensation, minimum cerns for racial justice. Else, how could WORTH LONG continued on last page BODIES Why Are Farm Workers Poor? The New Politics More than 1,000 laborers in the plantation country of the Mississippi Delta have The question I pose is whether, in the this issue) He would try to build an in­ refused to work any more for the going rate of three dollars a day. Organized into North, a political office with all its am­ dependent political arm to which he would the Mississippi Freedom Labor Union (MFLU), they say they will return to work when biguities and inherent faults can be used relate but not dominate. This arm would cotton growers agree to give them the minimum conditions which millions of American as a tool for organizing people around their include workers, the unemployed, students, workers have enjoyed for decades. own issues rather than exalting and iso­ welfare recipients, and professionals and THEIR ENEMIES ARE STRONG lating (and, I think ultimately corrupting) would center around issues which directly Will the strikers win? They are fighting a powerful combination of enemies — the the office-holder. relate to that community. planter who has conspired for seventy years to prevent a black majority from being Perhaps the question of priorities is the Since one person cannot represent the heard at the polling place, the industrialist whose machines threaten to make the people crux of the idea of politics. In the past people no matter how close he is to them, of the fields unnecessary to the cotton economy, the bankers and their loan sharks the responsibility of a politician was to the assemblyman's responsibility, in­ who milk even ambitious men's money by means of the "poor tax" — high interest maintain the system. I propose that poli­ stead of attempting to articulate the com­ charges, the textile manufacturer and the merchant who want their cotton as cheap ticians build communities outside the sys­ munity's needs all the time, would be to as possible, a long succession of Presidents and Congresses who have engineered tem. channel people from the community to speak multi-billion dollar subsidies for these groups, and the millions of Americans who have The rationale is that we take America on issues in the halls of the Legislature. allowed all this to happen. at its word when it says it is a people's Further, each assembly district has one Negroes in the Delta counties in which farm laborers have gone on strike (Bolivar, democracy made up of free institutions. seat with one vote, but the assembly it­ Issaquena, Panola, Sharkey, Sunflower and Washington) are a solid majority of the To make these words true, it is necessary self has many committees and subcom­ population (61%), and the overwhelming majority are very poor (88% of the families have for all people to participate in deciding mittees. People could come to Sacramento incomes of less than $3,000 a year). Nevertheless, since very few vote, the men who what happens in this free country, to shape to serve on those comittees, perhaps ro­ supposedly represent them in Congress (Senators James Eastland and John Stennis and and use those institutions, change them if tating in small numbers every week or Rep. Jamie Whitten) have over the years generally voted against legislation which would need be. two. have helped the poor and black majority in the Delta. For instance, three or four welfare A PRACTICAL SUGGESTION mothers could participate on the Welfare An assembly district in a Negro commun­ committee. If the bills before the com­ THEY ARE IGNORED ity (representing 100,000 people) in Cal­ mittee were too highly legal in writing Eastland, Stennis and Whitten, however, are not alone, for most of the nation has ifornia might serve as a specific example. for them to understand the bill might have consistently, almost pointedly, deserted the farm workers. The basic legislation af­ The assemblyman of the district, after to be re-written in simpler terms. Then fecting worker-employer relations in the United States has almost always left out the winning the election, could project the basic the women could take the bill back to the farm hand. He is not covered by minimum wage laws or the Taft-Hartley Act, which problems in his community with which he other welfare mothers in the community offers some protection to workers trying to organize themselves. has to deal before going to the Assembly for more discussion and among themselves For decades federal farm policies, thanks to the disproportionate influence of the in Sacramento. He, and his field repre­ work out a decision. Then another group veteran Congressional scions of the Southern one-party system, have drained billions sentatives, could spend those first weeks of welfare mothers could take this revised of dollars of the nation's resources in effect to protect large planters from change which working in his area, calling block meetings, version back to the Assembly committee might threaten their ruling position. neighborhood meetings and community for more debate. As machines, fertilizers and insect poisons have made it possible for planters, es­ meetings, using his position as a trusted pecially the largest ones, to raise more cotton than people can afford to buy, the Another example might be an education representative to get groups of people to­ federal government has brought up the "surplus" at a higher price than the famous bill which comes to the floor of the As­ gether to talk about their problems with "free-enterprise system" would have given them. sembly for debate. The assemblyman would him and among themselves, with the idea Presently the federal government buys cotton for about thirty cents a pound from introduce high school students from the of taking those problems to the Assembly. producers, sells some to merchants, textile manufacturers and exporters for about community who would articulate what they Ed. Note: see Julian Bond Poster, felt about such a bill. Students could sit twenty-four cents a pound (the world mar­ in the galleries and listen to the proced- ket price), and pays private operators to ings. If the bill is for the benefit of store the rest. VOICE OF THE FARM WORKERS students, than students should play a part Although there are conflicting claims in deciding what goes into it. The same about the cost of producing a pound of ideas apply to medical, labor and other cotton, studies referred to by Rep. Welt- 1500 Br bills. ner on the House floor in 1963 conclude that costs range from 16 to 24 cents a TWO RESULTS pound, with the larger and more mechanized Good news for Mr. Owner and for Don Judas Coyote, the contractor. Good news to There are at least two results which plantations producing more cheaply than all of you who are each as evil as the next one. You have been granted 1,500 braceros. might come out of such mass partici­ smaller ones. That is what you were waiting for. Your tears were not in vain. Your wailing was heard pation in governmental processes: 1. the by Saint Washington and it was effective. It seems that the thorns you were given to bear community people will find that the as­ THEY ARE NOT RICH were successful, isn't it so Mr. Owner? sembly district does not have time to deal Weltner also pointed out that the present Now Mr. Boss, you will have the people you wanted for smaller wages. The triumph with their needs; that all their efforts to cotton subsidy greatly favors the largest is yours and now you can continue to steal blatantly. You will have flings which smell participate will be ignored or ruled out producers with more than 1,000 acres in of onion, for all that and more you are taking away from the braceros. of order by parliamentary procedure until cotton, such as Mississippi Senator James We are sorry. Now it is only 1,500 braceros. A little later it will be more, and tomor­ finally they see that they have no alterna­ Eastland. The 322 farmers in his class row your wages will go down. This is the way this group of ranchers wants to make us tive but to go back to their community and received in 1961 an average of $100,000 conform. They dazzle the braceros with the shine of the dollar so that they leave their organize themselves to resolve their own in subsidy, while the small farmers with lands without producing and they come here to suffer. problems; 2. the Assembly will adjust it­ 10 acres or less (some 70% of all cotton They have taken advantage of the need, these owners. But the day will come when self to running differently. farmers) received on the average $63 in there ^n be STRIKE EVERYWHERE. that year. Senator Eastland's plantation, The reality of the American system is which like others in the Delta pays $3.00 Reprinted from EL MALCRIADO, that the people who run the country will a day for cotton pickers and choppers, newspaper of the Farm Workers Association give some things - money, position, status, received crop loans of $140,299.65 in 1961 Trans, by Maria Vargas the vote, but they will not give up control and $393,514.79 in 1962. Figures for 1963 of the power to make basic decisions. If more people participate in government, and 1964 are unavailable. The Andrews the farmer the whipping boy for the present particularly local and state politics, and Brothers plantation in Washington County, cotton program." NEEDED: A MECHANIC I define for themselves the kinds of decisions where the present strike began, received In comparison with their subsidies of The Regional SNCC office has several crop loans of $102,152.90 in 1962, of which cars that have been donated to the office they want to make, being careful to use farmers, the President and members of politics and not let politics use them, the they paid back $54,286.62, and $25,369.44 and are essential to our work. They are Congress have done very little to help decision - making apparatus will become in 1963, of which none was paid back. This also in poor-to-moderate condition. Is there victims of the plantations. The food - more unstable. Then the system will either means that they did not redeem any of the a mechanic in the Bay Area who would stamp plan, for example, allows poor re­ give more in order to gain time in which cotton which they put up as collateral like to contribute his labor to SNCC in sidents of counties which have approved the to steady itself or else destroy that par­ for the loan of that year, and the govern­ program (as of October 1964 none in the form of servicing these cars? ment was stuck with the cotton. Other ticipation. The former brings the optimism Mississippi had done so) to buy stamps, of victory and the need for expanded move­ plantations, some of whose workers have at the rate of seventy cents on the dollar? gone on strike, are Dan Seligman, who ment. The latter brings open rebellion and to be redeemed for food at a local gro­ a drive for alternative solutions. received crop loans of $349,631.44 in 1960 cery store, which then received the full 7'3Dr and $116,887.63 in 1961; and the English- dollar from the federal government. In either case radical actions have brought people together to work on their own prob­ owned Delta Pine & Land Co., which re­ As for the programs operating in Mis­ /MffflNG- lems. That in itself is a direct threat to ceived loans -of $1.2 million in 1960 and sissippi, civil rights workers have, heard ROS_V.LT l-UL An AW office the existing structure of the government. $900,000 in 1961. many complaints from residents that, for Beyond this, mass participation by people The legislation responsible for these example, elderly people who register to % %r in the government would not simply be enormous payments has yet to be renewed vote find their social security checks cut disruptive; it would be an educational de­ for next year, due to bitter disagreement off. among cotton growers, handlers, mer­ JUliAfv Bo\€> f/vtoeRAfic vice both for the community and the gov­ ernmental body. JIMMY GARRETT chants, textile manufacturers, shippers and THEY ARE NOT YET POWERFUL CPIMPICRTF you ft C/J6't) the Johnson Administration. Spokesmen for There is a chance that if Mississippi Pis t, the large growers, who seem to dominate Freedom Labor Union members increase THE MOVEMENT over the more numerous small growers, their numbers and generate enough nation­ T_ KNOUJ u/HftT \inil TH'INK is published monthly by the staff of the are against proposed legislation (sponsored wide support, Congress may be able to Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee by Georgia's Senator Talmadge) which would help them. The labor movement has man­ of California encourage large farmers to reduce the num­ aged to gather support for amendments to Editorial Office: ber of acres they plant to cotton, while the Taft-Hartley Act and the Fair Labor 1316 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco still making correspondingly smaller price Standards Act, including proposals to ex­ California MA 6 - 4577 support payments. But manufacturers, ex­ tend coverage to farm laborers. Public Editorial Group: porters and merchants want prices low pressure on the Senate hearings in late Julian Bond, SNCC Com­ Terence Cannon enough to compete with foreign cotton. Bernice Glenn Bob Niemann June on these amendments could curb munications Secretary, de­ The Administration seems to want to sa­ Senator Eastland and his friends, the plant­ Rod Freeland Karen Paperno tisfy everybody (except the workers, it ers of the Mississippi Delta. And the feated his Republican op­ Jeanette Harris seems), while limiting the cost of the whole Freedom Democratic Party's challenge of ponent by a 6 to 1 vote. Jean Hume program. In 1961 the cotton subsidy pro­ the five Mississippi Congressmen if suc­ Judi Lynch gram alone cost $608 million, and critics cessful in July could loosen the reactionary The poster above helps ex­ Brooks Penny have complained of rising expenses since. log #m which blocks help for the dis­ plain his victory: Bond had Subscriptions: But planter James Eastland has bitterly possessed farm laborer of America - strongly organized com­ $1 per year, individual copies opposed controls on acreage, accusing sup­ the Great Society. $20 per thousand per month, porters of the program of "trying to make SNCC Research munity support. bulk subscriptions. r * THE MFDP CHALLENGE... Jackson Statement by Lawrence Guyot MFDP MARCH LEGAL PHASE ENDING; ACTION BEGINS Today the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party is submitting to the Clerk of the House of Representatives more than 600 depositions of evidence taken in Mississippi FOR FREE ELECTIONS conclusively proving that the five Congressmen from that state were elected by processes violating the Constitution of the United States and the political rights of over 400,000 . . . I asked the policeman Negroes in Mississippi. These depositions of evidence were collected by lawyers acting in behalf of the MFDP in support of the challenges we have instituted to the seating of if I could make a telephone the congressmen from that State under Title 2, Section 201-26 of the United States Code. call -- I explained that I OFFICIAL PARTICIPATION OF STATE AUTHORITIES had a constitutional right IN NEGRO DISENFRANCHISEMENT to make one, and he said, This testimony is not only the statements of hundreds of Negroes in the State des­ cribing shootings, private acts of intimidation sucWas bombings, beatings, evictions, "Hell, no. Not here you and dismissals from jobs which they suffered for attempting to register. It also in­ don't." cludes conclusive evidence of officially perpetrated and inspired harassment, the admission of state officials of their own participation in organized racism, and illus­ "Here" is Jackson, Mississippi, where trates the close ties and over-lapping interests between such organizations as the hundreds of demonstrators have been ar­ White Citizens' Councils and the State Administration in depriving Negroes of the right rested for marching to protest a special to vote. session of the State Legislature. Mr. Earl Johnson, Jr., Director of the tax-supported Mississippi Sovereignty Com­ Mississippi Governor Paul Johnson con­ mission admitted under oath that as of January 1st of this year $193,000 drawn from vened the session to liberalize the state's public funds had been given by that agency to the White Citizens' Council. Richard voting regulations by "taking reasonable Morphew, Public Relations Director for the Citizens' Councils admitted to having re­ steps to delete some laws from (state) ceived the money and testified that, "The first major accomplishment and the first statutes." project undertaken by the Councils on a state level was the passage of the (Mississippi) Two state provisions to be abolished constitutional amendment to raise voter qualifications in Mississippi." Mr. Morphew require that voters be of "good moral testified that "it was not uncommon for a great many people in public life in Mississippi character" and that they write an inter­ to be proud of their membership in the Council," and that Congressmen Whitten, Colmer pretation of any section of the State Con­ and Williams "participated in Citizens' Council Forums," and that to the best of his stitution. recollection Governor Johnson is a member. "Mississippi will continue to set her own Over 400 depositions of local Negroes and voter registration workers document the voting requirements", Governor Johnson patterns of intimidation and terror suffered by Negroes seeking to vote. Mrs. Aylene said, but the proposed deletions will put Quinn of Macomb testified that her house was bombed after she sheltered voter regis­ the state "in a more favorable position to LAWRENCE GUYOT, CHAIRMAN OF THE MISSISSIPPI tration workers and attempted to register. The bombers were released with suspended fight a strong but fair battle when the si­ FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY. continued on last page — supplement tuation demands."

A TACTICAL MOVE Several Mississippi lawyers have re­ portedly been working with the Governor A MOVEMENT SUPPLEMENT to prepare a lawsuit to test the consti­ tutionality of the federal voting rights bill when it becomes law. They hope that volun­ We reprint here one part Q. And what was your husband's attitude Lee's death . . . tary liberalization of Mississippi's voting of the over 15,000 page long toward voter registration? Q. Were you ever present when your hus­ laws now will strengthen their chances of A. Well, he went to the courthouse twice band was arrested by Sheriff Jones ? winning a future lawsuit. depositions taken in Mis­ to vote and they told him the first time A. I was. I was present when Sheriff It is also possible that the Governor has sissippi this Spring to docu­ that he wasn't eligible to vote . , . Jones broke his jawbone, because he broke called for looser voting requirements to Q. Did they give a reason for his in­ it on his place and naturally I was at gain support for the state later in the ment the conditions under eligibility? <^______^Bi^___B home . . . -• - - a-i-Hi . ..ii.,.—^ summer when the seating of its five con­ which Negroes must live in A. They didn't give a reason, because Q. He came out to your house after you gressmen is challenged by the Mississippi that state. they don't allow Negroes to vote in Amite and your husband had gone to see someone Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). County . . . in jail? However, the 'moderate' Tupelo, Missis­ MRS. ELIZABETH ALLEN Q. What types of things, if any, were done A. That's right . . . They said Louis was to discourage Negroes from voting in Amite messing with office affairs, because he sippi Journal viewed the special session OF AMITE COUNTY IS ai as a danger to the state. "Nothing could County? was on the (j l) grounds. be worse", the Journal reported, "than to QUESTIONED BY WARREN A. Well, I guess they didn't want Negroes Q. Was he being arrested at that time turn loud - mouthed, short - sighted South B. WILSON, MFDP LAWYER to have the legal rights or anything, so by Sheriff Jones? Mississippi legislators loose in Jackson they don't allow them to vote. That's A. That's right. That's the time Sheriff while the new voting proposals are being Q. Are you a widow? the way it is. Jones broke his jawbone. considered in Washington." A. A widow? Q. You said your husband went and tried Q. And why did he break his jawbone? A. Because he didn't have his hat and Q. Yes. Who was your husband? to vote a second time. Did he? THE FEAR OF FREE ELECTIONS A. Mr. Louis Allen . . . A. That's right. And the second time he he asked Sheriff Jones could he go in the house and get his hat and he said, Recent events inMississippi have created Q. Where is your husband now? went to vote, it was some shooting going "No, not you, Louis." Well, he turned "tremendous animosity" which now A. He's dead . . . on and he didn't go back to vote any more around and his son was standing in the "makes possible any imaginable action to Q. Can you tell us how he died? after that. . . . put the state 'in its place'." The Journal A. He was killed by a shotgun. felt that unseating the five congressmen was Q. Where did this take place, at the house? one possible action, but another "far more A. It took place right aside of his From The Depositions.... serious" was a proposal "to oust every gap (gate). . . local officer in Mississippi." Q. Did you hear anything unusual that night? Q. Did (your husband) write his own checks door and he asked him, say, "Well, can This proposal, which calls for new local A. I heard three shots. and balance his own checkbooks? I tell my son to bring my hat?" . . . elections throughout the state, was written Q. And when you heard the shots, did you A. That's right. When he turned around to tell his son by MFDP lawyer William Kunstler and do anything about it at the time? Q. Then presumably he could read to bring his hat, the sheriff hit him with introduced as an amendment to the fed­ A. I didn't do anything about it, because and write. a flashlight and broke his jawbone . . . eral voting bill. at that time they was so bad about burning A. He could read and write. Q. Did your husband testify at any hearing The Journal advised against the special crosses up there and his truck lights Q. How much education did he have? or inquest about the death of Herbert session with its possible consequences, was still on and I didn't know whether A. He went to the 7th grade, but after Lee? "for if the MFDP won its fight to oust they were burning crosses out there in he went to the army he took up some A. He testified twice about Mr. Herbert all the officers in our state, it would front of my gap or what. ' more schooling. And that made him be Lee's death ... He testified that Mr. assume such heroic proportions to the Q. You mean the lights of your husband's further up than the 7th grade. Lee did have a piece of iron when Mr. Negro voters of Mississippi that winning truck were burning? Q. Did he do his banking in Amite County, Hurst killed him . . . because he wanted them back to responsible citizenship would A. That's right, the night of my husband's in Liberty? to live for his family. . . be an exceedingly difficult and lengthy death. A. That's right. Q. You mean he was afraid and this is process." Q. When the lights were burning, where Q. And was he able to borrow money there? the reason he testified this way? Governor Johnson ignored the Journal, was the truck? A. Well, for a while he was, but after A. That's right. He was afraid. He was and convened the legislature Monday, June A. The truck was just outside the gap. they started picking on him and he started afraid they would kill him if he didn't 14. He got out to let the gap down and some­ running his own logging business, wouldn't say that Mr. Lee had a piece of iron, one shot him. . . no one lend him any money and they cut because a Negro don't have no say-so. MARCH FOR FREE ELECTIONS Q. Just inside the gate to your house? out his credit also. Q. Did he tell you what actually happened? Members of the MFDP and the striking A. Just inside it. He kept it closed on Q. Was your husband in fear of his life A. He said he was standing next to Mr, Mississippi Freedom Labor Union (MFLU) account he had cattle inside. When he at the time when he was killed? Lee and he had two or three words and began marching on the capitol to protest got out of his truck, someone shot his A. He really was. Mr. Hurst killed him. the session, because the State Legislature, four fingers off, and after they shot his Q. And can you tell me why he was in Q. Did Herbert Lee actually have a piece like the five congressmen, was not elected fingers off, he run under the truck for fear of his life at the time he was killed? of iron in his hand? by a vote of all the people, and to call for protection, and then someone put the gun A. Because the white people was picking A. He didn't. "free and open" elections following the aside of the truck and shot him through at him so. Q. Did your husband tell anyone else that passage of the federal voting bill. the head . . . Q. Had he been a witness to any other Mr. Herbert Lee really didn't have an iron "Governor Johnson is just as illegal in Q. Prior to your husband's death (Jan­ murder? ... in his hand? office as the five congressmen," said Mrs. uary 31, 1964), had he been a member A. He was a witness at Mr. Herbert Lee's A. He told the FBI in Jackson . . . Be­ Fannie Lou Hamer, one of the congress- of the NAACP in a chapter operating death, cause he said he really wanted to live women elected in a freedom vote last in Amite County? Q. And how had Mr. Herbert Lee died? for his family, but the reason he told the November. "We didn'f have a chance to A. He had. . . A. He was killed by Mr. E.H. Hurst from FBI that Mr. Herbert Lee didn't have an vote for him either, and he has no right Q. And as part of the program of the a shotgun blast. iron, if he knew of a live person he told to make laws about voting." NAACP, did they deal with voter regis­ Q. And who is Mr. E.H. Hurst? . . . a story on, he could ask to be forgiven, Each day of the session, hundreds of tration? A. He was a state senator . . . They didn't but if it was a dead person, he couldn't, A. They did. start threatening until after Mr. Herbert continued on last page — supplement continued on last page — supplement TO THE MISSISSIPPI CONGRESSMEN IS "SNCC Front' or Grass-Roots MISSISSIPPI YOUNG DEMOCRATS Club? If you are between the ages of 18 and The board, headed by Spencer Oliver of 40 and are a supporter of the Democratic the Maryland YD, refused to recommend party, you can form a Young Democrats the chartering of the Whitfield group. organization. If you elect officers, ratify Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, in a constitution, support the party platform a column printed in the "S.F.Examiner" and have some reasonable support around on April 18, commended the YD executive the state, then all you need is the cer­ committee's rejection of "SNICK power tification of "senior party officials" to play," as they called it, on the grounds become chartered as a member of the that the Whitfield group is a front'for National Young Democratic Clubs of "an attempt by Militants of the Student America. Certification is usually automatic. Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee. . . But this is not the case in Mississippi. to commandeer the YD state charter for Last August 9, a group of 300 young Mississippi with an all Negro organiza­ Negro Mississippians tried to get such cer­ tion - - thereby increasing racial polari­ tification. They held a state convention, zation in state politics." Evans and Novak elected officers, ratified a constitution, fail to mention who, other than Spencer supported the party ticket and sent dele­ Oliver of the Maryland YD's, and Charles gates to the Young Democrats' convention Evers of the NAACP, are the specific in Atlantic City. They were not recognized foes of giving the charter to the "SNICK by the convention on the grounds that group." they lacked certification by the "senior Oliver and Evers support the position party officials" of Mississippi, eventhough of the Mississippi AFL-CIO and segre­ membership regulations state that such gationist Ole Miss YD officials, who one certification can be waived if the party week before the Kansas City convention officials did not support the presidential attempted to dissuade Whitfield's group ticket of the national party. from seeking a national charter. When Whitfield refused, stating that his group YD's SUPPORTED TICKET had fulfilled the organizational require­ ments, and using the state party officials' The group returned to Mississippi to refusal to support the national Democratic continue organizing and preparing to fight Party as the basis for waiver of the for a charter at the next YD national certification requirement, he was accused convention on April 10. Melvyn Whitfield, by Evers of "moving too fast." the President of the still unofficial Young At the convention, Oliver, Evers, Ole Democratic Clubs of Mississippi, was pre­ Miss YD's, and Claude Ramsey of the pared to show an article from the McComb Mississippi AFL-CIO actively fought "Enterprise Journal" in which Mr. Bid- against chartering the Whitfield group. MRS. FANNIE LOU HAMER, FREEDOM CONGRESSWOMAN FROM MISSISSIPPI well Adams, state Party Chairman, stated These are the opponents referred to by he would not "lift a finger " to support Evans and Novak as the "moderate whites the Johnson-Humphrey ticket and denounced and Negroes from Mississippi" who were DIRKSEN AMENDMENT the Democratic Party convention as a "upbraided as bigots and segregationists" "sad and unholy spectacle." Whitfield also because they "pleaded with YD national had a letter from Mr. Adams refusing leaders not to recognize SNICK." During Disaster for Civil Rights to certify the group. the fight Oliver indicated that the National The right and power to determine the com­ Party. The right to register and vote is At the April 10 convention in Kansas Committee of the Democratic Party also position of the legislature of a State and meaningless if each Negro vote carries less the Adams article was shown to did not want the Whitfield group chartered. the apportionment of the membership there­ power than each white vote. The Voting the membership practices board to demon­ of shall remain in the people of that State. Rights Bill must be passed and the Dirksen strate that one of the three senior party WHO REPRESENTS MISSISSIPPI? Nothing in this Constitution shall prohibit Amendment defeated if the Negro is to ob­ officials failed to support the previous the people from apportioning one house of tain equal representation and an effective presidential ticket, which under the mem­ "The direct action of local people's a bicameral legislature upon the basis of vote as well as the abstract right to vote. bership provisions in the National Young organizations in the state has forced the factors other than population, or from Similarly, the formation of a freedom poli­ Democrats' constitution would automa­ necessity for many accommodations," says giving reasonable weight to factors other tical party and organization for political tically waive the certification requirement. Hunter Morey, executive secretary of the than population in apportioning a unicameral action can only be effective if each Negro Mississippi YD's. "But instead of dealing legislature, if, in either case, such ap­ vote is as strong as each white vote. The Statement by James Farmer with the groups that local people create portionment has been submitted to a vote defeat of the Dirksen Amendment is essen­ and work through, such as SNCC, COFO, of the people in accordance with law and tial if the freedom struggle is to retain and the FDP, the power structure tries with the provisions of this Constitution and vitality and strength. ^ REJECT THE to negotiate through non-representative has been approved by a majority of those If passed, the Dirksen Amendment will groups such as the Mississippi Council voting on that issue. entrench a system of unequal representa­ on Human Relations, the NAACP, AFL-CIO, Senate Joint Resolution § 2 tion and malapportionment, where rural PRETENDERS biracial committees, conservative Negro Dirksen Amendment to the United votes count more than urban votes. Mal­ leaders and white segregationists. . . ." States Constitution. apportionment means that in a country CORE unequivocally supports the historic To charges such as Evans' and Novak's that is 75 per cent urban, state legisla­ challenge of the Mississippi Freedom that the "essentially all-Negro" Whitfield On June 15, 1964, the Supreme Court tures will remain dominated by rural in­ Democratic Party and calls for a great group would increase racial polarization of the United States affirmed the basic terests. It means that in 15 states less coalition of civil rights, political and civic in state politics, and to Evers' charges democratic principle of one man, one vote. than 20% of the population can elect a ma­ organizations and individuals to join this that they are "rushing things," the April The Court declared that "as a basic con­ jority in at least one house of a state struggle. CORE pledges its fullest support publication of the Young Democratic Clubs stitutional standard, the Equal Protection legislature; it means that in 17 states less of MFDP on this 11th Anniversary of the of Mississippi counters: "If white people Clause requires that the seats in both than 40 per cent of the population can Supreme Court decision outlawing segre­ will not join the Young Democrats because houses of a bicameral state legislature elect both houses of a state legislature. gation in the public schools. Negroes have taken, a leading role in must be apportioned on apopulationbasis." In state after state, a minority, in con­ The chronicle of brutality to be pre­ organizing for national politics in Mississ­ The United States Constitution and the trol of one house, can frustrate the will sented today in these petitions has no equal ippi, that just proves the fact that most Supreme Court thus affirm the principle of the majority. It can and does prevent in the parliamentary history of our nation. white people in Mississippi truly do not of equal representation, and the population progressive social legislation such as urban These are real voices of the real Americans believe in national politics, but rather in standard acts as a guarantee of equality renewal, new schools, and new housing. who had been blooded and even murdered racism." of voting power. The Dirksen Amendment, Because minority groups live mainly in in their efforts to exercise the right to quoted above, stands for the direct oppo­ urban areas, the perpetuation of rural con­ vote. REJECT COMPROMISE site; it stands for unequal representation trol of state legislatures means a deval­ As we take these depositions to the Con­ and unequal voting power. uation of the minority vote. As an ACLU gress, I ask of the Congress fast remedial A compromise proposal, later rejected, publication has noted, "It is no political action and the rejection of the regular was put forward by Jack Sexton, also of ONE MAN, NO VOTE accident that in California, the Assembly Mississippi Congressional pretenders who the membership practices board, calling If passed, the Dirksen Amendment would has four Negro members while the Senate have been elected on a platform of blood for the Whitfield group's return to Miss­ enable a state to apportion one house of has none. And it is no political accident and disenfranchisement. issippi and after 30 days notice to all the legislature on any basis a majority that civil rights measures have had their CORE is prepared to take whatever Democrats in the state, the holding of of the people selected. Hence, any southern greatest difficulty in the State Senate." steps may be necessary to support this a statewide convention and after 15 more state with a white majority could appor­ Supporters ot tne Dirksen Amendment challenge. Discussions are underway as to days the granting of a charter. Whitfield tion one house of its legislature on a racial argue that state senates should be elected a schedule of massive demonstrations if rejected the compromise because it made basis. By racial gerrymandering southern on a basis other than population because the Congress fails to act and act quickly. his group an exception to standard YD states could destroy the effectiveness of the representation in the United States Senate These demonstrations will be in large part procedures. "By accepting a compromise," Negro vote. If Negro districts were assigned is not based on population. This argument directed at Congressmen across the nation he states, "we would be selling out the a small and insignificant proportion of the termed the "federal analogy," is a totally who have opposed this challenge. For ex­ Negroes of Mississippi who are members total vote, the white majority would continue erroneous one. The United States govern­ ample, on June 20, a major demonstration of the Young Democratic Clubs." to control state politics and retain the power ment was formed from independent, sov­ is planned for Brooklyn, New York calling About the regular Democratic Party, to legalize discrimination. Hence, the Dirk­ ereign states and represents both states attention to Congressman Emmanuel Cellar . Whitfield states, "We believe it is corrupt. sen Amendment offers the legal power and people. Cities and counties within a and the Brooklyn Congressional delegations It has crippled people into thinking one southern states need to negate the Negro's state were never independent entities vote against the Fairness Resolution on way, into having a one party state. We vote. Under the Dirksen Amendment the capable of coming together to form a January 4, 1965. believe that not only should the Negroes Negro will be denied the right to an ef­ federation. In fact, cities and counties As to the voting rights bill before Con­ be free, but the whites too . . . they are fective vote. are created by the state and remain politi­ gress at this moment, these depositions kept in a prison too, whether they realize cally dependent on the state. Chief Justice bear tragic witness to the need for this The Dirksen Amendment directly threat­ it or not. We will be an independent or­ Warren of the Supreme Court has stated, Mil — and more specifically to the ens two important achievements of the Free­ ganization from the state Democratic "... Political subdivision of states — leed for a bill with real legislative and dom Movement ~ the Voting Rights Bill Party." and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic judicial teeth. continued on last page — supplement THE MOST IMPORTANT POLITICAL EDITORIAL: Open Letter to President Johnso

"I am well aware that a little handful King tried to integrate the University of Then they talked about the people and of my political adversaries have tried Mississippi. I am sure they remember organizations whose cases Coleman will to destroy my place in the affections that when I came face to face with this be adjudicating as 5th Circuit Judge: of my fellow Mississippians by claiming due threat I did not sit scared in the gov­ that I am a "moderate". Apparently, these ernor's office ... I went in person Coleman: In any case, after you had your people cannot tell a moderate from a to Oxford, Mississippi, and everybody knows day in the freedom rider successful segregationist ... I ask you what happened to Clennon King." movement, then you got off to ignore what they say and look at what Everybody knows, and I guess you do into The Student Nonviolent the record says ... I have delivered too, Lyndon. King was held incommunicado Coordinating movement? the goods. I am not entitled to be called by State Highway Patrolmen, forcibly con­ Harris: Student Nonviolent Coordinat­ a moderate, and I notice that none of fined in the Whitfield State Mental Hos­ ing Committee. my friends have called me that." pital, and finally run out of the state. Coleman: I can't remember all these Thus spoke James Plenmore Coleman Recollecting this happy moment 4 years organizations, I get as near of Ackerman, Mississippi, former Gover­ later, Coleman reflected, "When I was to it as I can. nor, former Attorney-General of that state, your governor, Clennon King was escorted nominated last month by Lyndon Baines by officials as he attempted to enroll Then Coleman gave his interpretation of Johnson of Johnson City, Texas for the in school, but it was red-blooded Miss­ the 15th Amendment position of judge of the US 5th Circuit issippi Highway Patrolmen, not a Fed­ Court of Appeals. eral Marshal." Coleman: I am asking if you don't know The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals is This is the man, Lyndon, in whose from your study of history ... responsible for rendering final decisions hands you are placing the lives of Fannie That at the time this amend­ (subject only to limited Supreme Court Lou Hamer, Lawrence Guyot, SNCC and ment was adopted, Negro citi­ review) and for guiding the course of COFO and SCLC workers and volunteers zens outnumbered the white most of the civil rights litigation in the in the South. Do you too support the red- citizens in many states, par­ ing a statute to that effect. United States. blooded State Highway Patrolmen, like the ticularly, I call to mind at But we've come upon more Who is the man Lyndon has placed one who shot Jimmy Lee Jackson? the present, Mississippi and recent times in which people with his hands in this position? The - After four years out of office J.P. Cole­ South Carolina, if not others, want to say this altogether "honorable" J.P. Coleman is a fervent man ran again for Governor of Mississippi. and the legislatures in those for the purpose of qualifying speaker: let him speak for himself. He bought a full page ad in the Jackson states were under command Negroes to vote. "Clarion - Ledger." It was headed: of the Negro citizens; and • •• at the time this amendment Is there some reason we don't know "I do not now favor the Negro voting was adopted had it not been about, Lyndon, that you want this keen, in Mississippi. He is wholly unprepared for the amendment, the Negro objective legal mind to sit in the 5th to assume this responsibility." J.P. COLEMAN'S PLATFORM majority in those states could Circuit Court? Coleman had just been elected Gover­ have prevented any white man When you said "We Shall Overcome" nor. His official platform said, "There t964-196Z from voting by simply enact­ — who did you mean by "we"? will be no mixing of the races in any SUBMITTED TO AND APPROVED BY A.F of the state operated educational insti­ tutions, I already have a record on this SUMMER, STATE CAMPAIGN MANAGER Statement by Dr. Martin Luther King subject." You know that record, Lyndon. The Ne­ FOR: SEGREGATION, ffl groes of Mississippi know that record. A TEST OF MORAL INTEGRITY It is the record of a man who reached PEACE, the top of a political system built on mur­ Today, on the 11th Anniversary of the historic Supreme Court decision outlawing der, terror, and intimidation. It is the &> PROSPERITY segregation in the Public Schools, the MFDP has filed with the Clerk of the House of regular Democratic system in Mississ­ Representatives the more than 600 depositions taken in support of the Challenges to ippi. the seating of the entire congressional delegation from Mississippi. This indeed is a But Mississippi was under -attack by— momentous and historical moment. I wholeheartedly support as I have from the beginning, the Supreme Court, and Coleman rose This is your man, Lyndon. these Challenges. to its defense. "We have already planned Your personal referral. The unseating of the Mississippi congressmen will be the test of the moral integrity our strategy," he announced. "First we Your American judge. of the Congress of the United States. The weakening of the voting bill by the Senate's will stand on the provisions of our state People change. Justice Black changed. shameful action in stripping away the anti-poll tax provision makes it absolutely im­ constitution. When the US Supreme Court Coleman's platform may not expire until perative that the House of Representatives does not waiver in its obligation to unseat strikes that down, then we will start as­ 1968, but perhaps his views have tem­ the congressmen. The unseating will make any voting bill meaningful. signments under the Gore Act . .». should pered since last year. He is presently I, therefore, again pledge myself and the SCLC to the fullest support of the Challenges that fail, we can adopt a school on the the attorney for four Democratic Congress­ of the MFDP and call upon all Americans to join with me in this commitment. local option plan, get it out of the clutches men being challenged by the MFDP. Two of the Federal Courts, and immediately months ago he questioned Jesse Harris Statement by John Lewis re-establish it with a new set of trustees." of SNCC during deposition proceedings. "Where was my distinguished opponent Excerpts from the transcript follow: Fii;st in 1951?" Coleman cried, "When I stood they talked about the U.S. Constitution — Must Have Free Elections alone before a hostile Supreme Court and The issues raised by the MFDP Chal­ goes to the issue of actual participatio; showed those Communist lawyers they could Coleman: Why didn't you move on when lenge to the congressional delegation from in elections and the political processes not fool . . . with the Great State of Miss­ the officer asked you? Mississippi go to the heart of Negro ex­ It is entirely possible that the mere fac issippi!" Harris: Because I have a constitu­ clusion from the political processes in of being registered - - thereby qualifiei This is the man you appointed, Lyndon, tional right to go in any part Mississippi and the South. - - to vote will not enable Negroes ii to uphold the Constitution and enforce of the bus terminal that I The question of the challenge goes Mississippi to actually vote since economic the rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court. please, and to purchase a beyond the processes of registration. It intimidation and violence will still be avail Do you really want those laws enforced? ticket. able to those who are opposed to Negri He was elected Governor. He immediate­ Coleman: In other words, you decided voting. ly met with 3 other Southern governors for yourself what your con­ The challenges are based specifically to "unify and correlate" their efforts stitutional rights are instead VIET NAM: A POEM on the lack of Negro participation in th< to maintain segregation. of allowing the appropriate elections of November 1964. The evidena He declared that if a Negro succeeds courts to do so? covered by the depositions given covei in entering any school in Mississippi, Harris: Well, I had been informed MRS. IDA MAE LAWRENCE, not only obstruction to registration, bu that school would be immediately abolished. by some lawyers that I did ROSEDALE, MISSISSIPPI the acts of economic harassment and vio­ He repealed the compulsory school at­ have a constitutional right to lence that are also used as a matter o: tendance laws. to go into any part of that We say we love our country policy by the State. It is only when the He created the Mississippi State Sov­ particular bus station accord­ We say other people love their country Congress unseats the Mississippians anc ereignty Commission. ing to the Constitution of the We said that all mens are brothers. What calls for and conducts free and open elec­ He signed into effect the new segrega­ United States. Would we call the war in the Vietnam tions in Mississippi for these seats thai tion laws he had written as Attorney Gen­ Coleman: In other words, you take the Would we call that brotherly love the Negroes in the state will be free tc eral. position that people are sup­ Does the word freedom have a meaning participate. It is only when the Congress Lyndon, do you know how many people posed to obey the law ac­ Why do the history books say America is takes these actions that the political forces were beaten and killed, lost their jobs cording to what they person­ the in the South that are opposed to Negro voting and their homes, to overthrow the laws ally think about it instead of Land of Liberty a Free Country, will understand that Congress and the Na­ that Coleman wrote and signed? what has been settled by the Then why do all mens Negro and White tion are serious about guaranteeing the Can it be said that Coleman was an courts ? fight rights of Negroes to fully participate ir armchair segregationist, that he was a Harris: No, I think they should obey the Vietnam and Korea why can't we be the processes of government. moderate unaware of the realities ? the law according to what Americans Recognizing this the Student Nonviolent "I am sure everybody within the sound the Constitution of the United as North and South regardless of color Coordinating Committee stands ready to of my voice remembers when Clennon States said. What does we have again the Vietnams ? commit the major portion of its organiza­ Why are we fighting them? tional resources and energies to the support PLEASE SEND ME THE NEXT 12 ISSUES OF Who are really the enemy ? of this challenge during the next two months. THE MOVEMENT. ENCLOSED IS $1.00. Are Vietnam the enemy or we We plan to use our organizing staff Americans enemies to ourselves, in Mississippi to support the voter regis­ (mail to 1316 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco) If we are the same as Vietnams tration drives, mass rallies and political Why should we fight them ? demonstrations called for by the local They are poor too. leaders of the Mississippi Freedom Demo­ NAME. They wants freedom. cratic Party. They wants to redster to vote. SNCC stands ready to support with all ADDRESS Maybe the people in the Vietnam its organizational resources, both north can't redster to vote and south, any call that comes from the Just Like Us. MFDP and its allies for a national mo­ CITY STATE bilization of people in Washington, BATTLE OF 1965." John Lewis, SNCC chairman GUYOT STATEMENT continued from front page sentences. George Johnson, a law student working on voter registration in Greenwood, testified that police officers threatened him with castration while he was in custody REPORT FROM A LOBBYIST at the jail. In making these depositions, amounting to over 15,000 pages of evidence, the Negro Pat Thalheimer, a San Francisco SNCC him any of his positions on anything. people of Mississippi have again come forward to risk reprisals of violence and terror, volunteer, went to Washington, D.C, June When they saw Roncalio, he immediately -lowever, these depositions, formally signed and witnessed are an incontrovertable 13 to a four-day lobbying session for began talking about Viet Nam, "to show DOdy of evidence proving that the general elections of November 1964 in Mississippi the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party us what a liberal he was," Mrs. Thal­ were unconstitutional. They prove that the conditions described by President Johnson (M FDP) heimer said. He had voted against seat­ m March 15th, "The harsh fact is that in many places in this country men and women The 120 to 200 lobbyists spent two ing the five Mississippi Congressmen and ire kept from voting simply because they are Negroes. Every device of which human days at workshops, where they heard about seemed to favor the Challenge, although ingenuity is capable has been used to deny that right.", applies very specifically to the history of the MFDP and the legal he would not commit himself on the final Vlississippi. basis for the Challenge. Then they divided vote. He indicated that he would work with into teams and spent two days contacting other Representatives to get the MFDP RESPONSIBILITY PLACED WITH HOUSE Representatives. Each evening they met depositions published by the House Clerk. The submission of this evidence and the filing of a final legal brief completes the with MFDP representatives to report what Mrs. Thalheimer said that many Rep­ legal aspects of the challenges. We have made enough evidence available to the Congress they had done that day. resentatives helped the lobbyists by meet­ :o convince any reasonable and unbiased panel. We now call upon the Clerk of the House, Mrs. Thalheimer and her team visited ing with other Congressmen and pressuring the Sub-Committee on Elections of the Committee on House Administration and the three Congressmen, E.S. Walker and the Clerk to print MFDP testimony. Others members of Congress to act swiftly to ensure that the House of Representatives has a Thomas J. Morris from New Mexico and promised to help get the Challenge onto full opportunity to examine the evidence and charges brought in these challenges at any Teno Roncalio from Wyoming. They asked the House floor through the Elections and early date. There are, for example, a number of depositions which are being inexplicably the men three questions: Privilege subcommittee of the Committee held up by white notary publics and hearing officers in Mississippi. In these cases we 1. How do you feel about the Challenge? on Administration. are submitting duplicates of all statements which are still unsigned by the Mississippi 2. How do you feel about the Federal She said there is a House rule that any officials with receipts showing that the hearing officer is in possession of the originals, Voting Rights Bill? contested election should be out of com­ which have not been sent back as the Statute provides. We urge the Clerk to proceed 3. How do you feel about an anti-poll- mittee and onto the floor in the form with all subsequent steps of the challenge. tax amendment to that bill? of a simple resolution six months after it is introduced. Since the Challenge was CHALLENGE ENTERS NEW PHASE — NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAM BEGINS THINKS IT'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL introduced January 4,1965, it should be After today the progress of this challenge will be at the pace imposed by the internal voted on by July 4. However, she said, machinery of the House. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party is presently engaged E.S. Walker had voted for a January "It looks as if the House is going to in taking the issue to the Nation. With the support and assistance of major organizations resolution to seat the five contested Mis­ break its own rules." within the civil rights movement — The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, sissippi Congressmen. When Mrs. Thal­ The Congress of Racial Equality, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and heimer approached him, he said that he SAW MURPHY AND KUCHEL others we are currently engaged in discussion to formulate a program of action in the did not believe it was constitutional for North and the South. Mr. James Farmer of CORE and Mr. John Lewis of SNCC are the House to unseat its own members. They visited California Senators Murphy present to discuss this further. On April 24th a conference was held in Washington to He felt that he as a New Mexican could and Kuchel to ask them to protest the begin the national effort in the north. In addition to the civil rights organizations there say nothing about the internal affairs of brutality and arrests in Jackson and to was representation from 40 civic, religious and labor organizations from 30 states. Mississippi, but he thought all people should stop the proposed appointment of ex-Mis­ Action is now being taken to bring to Washington delegations from these states to bring be able to vote — the way they can in sissippi Governor Coleman as Fifth Cir­ the issue of the challenge to congressmen from the various areas. This effort will New Mexico. He was in favor of the voting cuit Court of Appeals judge. They also culminate in a national convocation in Washington during July, rights bill, because the Administration wanted the Senators to contact the Justice had proposed it, but he said that Attorney Department to ask for protection for Cali­ JACKSON continued from front page General Katzenbach thought an anti-poll- fornia volunteers who might be arrested people from all over the state have met Bernice Crosby, 16, of Hattiesburg, Mis­ tax amendment might be unconsitutional. in the South. to march on the capitol; each day hundreds sissippi, said that when she sat down on Mrs. Thalheimer's team was never able They spent half an hour with Kuchel's are arrested and taken to compounds at the ground, a policeman grabbed her by to see Representative Morris. His morning legislative assistant, who said thajithe Sena­ the state fairgrounds. the neck and began choking her. Then secretary said he was at a meeting. His tor was willing to work with other Congress­ SNCC Chairman John Lewis, who was he grabbed her legs and dragged her to afternoon secretary said he was at another men to block Coleman's appointment. He arrested June ,15, sent a telegram to 19 some grass 20 feet away. meeting and could not make appointments said that Kuchel had already contacted congressmen protesting the treatment of Robert Gahtan, 32, of Boston, Massa­ for the next week, because he was leaving the Justice Department about events in Jack­ the marchers: "Men and children were chusetts, said all the prisoners were packed town. They spoke to his legislative as­ son and that whenever he knew of Cali­ made to run the gauntlet. They were beaten into an auditorium. The adults were not sistant, who said that Morris never told fornia volunteers' being arrested, he called the Justice Department to ask for confirma­ by city policemen and state highway pa­ allowed to move several fainting child­ MFDP DEPOSITIONS tion of the charges against them and re­ trolmen with badge numbers covered with ren to fresh air. continued from front page tape. At least five were hospitalized as "They put us in a paddy wagon. It was duction of their bail. a result of police brutality." so hot in there — there was 20 of us in ask, so his conscience was clipping him ., . Murphy's assistant said he would tell there and we couldn't get no air", Mrs. Q. When was it (Mr. Allen) went to vote the Senator about the brutality in Jackson. Annie Mae King of Sunflower County said. in the company of Leo McKnight? He also said he did not realize the Jus­ DISASTER "They just beat up the children, punching A. Both times he went to vote they was tice Department could be contacted when continued them and hitting them in the head." together. volunteers were arrested. When he was Q. And is Mr. Leo McKnight still living? asked about Coleman's appointment, he re­ counties, cities, or whatever — never were, IN THE CONCENTRATION CAMP A. Mr. Leo McKnight is dead. plied that the Washington "Post" had re­ never have been considered as sovereign Q. What happened to Mr. McKnight? ported favorably about the ex-Governor, entities .... We necessarily hold that "After they registered us, they car­ A. He got burned up. so he didn't understand why people were the equal protection clause requires both ried us into another stock barn", Mrs. Q. Where did he get burned up? protesting. houses of a state legislature to be appor­ King said. "They made us sit down on A. He got burned up in his own house . , , tioned on a population basis." the concrete floor about five to a row. Q. How many people were killed or died THE HONORABLE MEN WHO DON'T SEE The Dirksen Amendment can become They wouldn't let us sit against the wall, in the fire at Leo McKnight's home? IT STRAIGHT law if ratified by three-fourths of the and we had to sit on the floor the whole A. It was four of them . . . states legislatures. This is an extremely time. About 10 that night they gave us Q. Did Sheriff Jones know that your hus­ Mrs. Thalheimer said that the lobbying important point, because it means that the some little thin mattresses. At 5 in the band had talked to the FBI about the experience helped many of the students, very forces in the state legislatures who morning they made us stand up and give death of Herbert Lee? because they saw that "the actual merits seek to perpetuate the status quo have the up the mattresses ... It was two young A. He must have knowed it, because he and legality of the Challenge are irrele­ power to enact the Dirksen Amendment, ladies there pregnant, and they be_t one told my oldest son before they moved vant to some Congressmen." Students also which is designed precisely to maintain the of them so she had a miscarriage . . . ." the body that if Louis hadn't told the FBI saw "the degree to which Congressmen status quo. The amendment already has Mrs. Maggie Gordon from Holmes County that Mr. Herbert Lee didn't have a piece are uninformed — or pretend to be." the support of 25 state legislatures, in­ was arrested Tuesday, June 15. Early the of iron, he wouldn't have been laying Some Representatives said that the Chal­ cluding California. (It should be noted next morning four policement told her to on the ground tonight . . . lenge should have been taken through the that California senators Kuchel and Mur­ move and then decided to drag her. "They Q. Had your husband made plans to leave Courts, not presented to the House, Others phy are co-sponsors of the Dirksen Amend­ grabbed me and just pulled my legs apart Amite County before he died? claimed that the whole idea of a Challenge ment). If the amendment does not pass and they kicked me . . . When I did manage A. Yes, he was going to leave the next to unseat House members was unconstitu­ in Congress, its supporters are prepared to get up they had pulled and stretched day for Milwaukee. He had already packed tional. Others said they knew nothing about to mobilize state legislatures to call for me and tore my clothes off." his suitcase. the Challenge or said that the January a Constitutional Convention in order to pass They put Mrs. Gordon in solitary, "a Q. Had he told anyone about his plan to resolution vote disposed of it or said the amendment by state action alone. dark, small room. On the way, they thro wed leave ? that the Federal voting rights bill eliminated It is important that opponents of the me down, stomped me all in my body and A. Yes, he had told different ones about the need for the Challenge. Several Rep­ Dirksen Amendment make their opposition still were kicking me ... I was in there his plan to leave . . . resentatives said they were against known. Letters to Senators and representa­ for 12 hours without food or water or a Q. And why was he intending to flee from the Challenge, because "if it were suc­ tives, talks with state legislators, mayors, place to go to the bathroom." Amite County? cessful, their own seats might be threat­ city managers, and suburban county Thursday morning Mrs. Gordon gave a A. Because they were threatening him . . . ened." officials, and petitions by groups and in­ statement to the FBI, but "The FBI men dividuals are important in order to mo­ didn't say too much. They took pictures bilize support for fair reapportionment and of my head bruises and I was already opposition to the malapportionment of the naked from tearing my clothes off, and Dirksen Amendment. The Freedom Move­ they took pictures of my back end where ment is a struggle for change in order I had been beaten '. . . The FBI men to create a more free and just society. didn't say anything about what they would The Dirksen Amendment is a direct blow do. There were just two FBI men . . . ." at any effort toward change; it seeks But the people keep marching in spite to perpetuate the status quo ad infinitum. of arrests and beatings. One MFLU mem­ Adoption of the Dirksen Amendment means ber said, "We all know that freedom for legalization of the denial of an equal right Mississippians and other black folk across to vote; opposition to this amendment must the US will not come today or tomorrow, be expressed and mobilized. but when it gets here we'll be ready. We'll also have the satisfaction of knowing that VIVIAN BOZMAN we did more than just sit back and talk about it." BERN ICE GLENN The Literature of Protest ILWU LOCAL GIVES TRUCK TO SNCC TELL IT LIKE IT IS AND IN A BLAZE OF RED I LEAPED tremendous need behind telling it like it is Local 6 of the International Longshore­ TO THE SKY For those struggling to be free, realisn men and Warehousemens' Union has do­ is not a style, it's a life and death matter nated a new pickup truck to aid SNCC's AS PAIN ROSE LIKE Not to see directly into the heart of'their work in the South. WATER, BOILING MY LIMBS pain ( as dangerous as this is ) is tc The pickup truck, costing over $2200, — Richard Wright, "Between the continue to suffer. They must tell the truth was presented in the name of the mem­ World and Me" in order to change the order of things. bership by Charles Duarte, Local 6 presi­ What is more real than agony, and yet Is it any wonder that those who know dent. Duarte commented to the press and more fantastic? Pain sculptures the lang­ the causes of others' pain and who wanl radio, "Our payoff will be the satisfaction uage of protest: textured, realistic in Rich­ to hide the causes must invent a language we receive in seeing this truck used. ard Wright, explosive, grotesque in Ralph that cannot tell it like it is? Languages For each mile this truck travels, we Ellison, molded and formal in Fredrick that give men with guns the name "ad­ hope there'll be one more voter registered." Douglass, pain - and the understanding of visors," or SNCC field secretaries "com­ The truck is essential to voter regis­ it. The force that drives artists of protest munists," or janitors "sanitation eng­ tration work in the South because SNCC carries with it a fundamental risk - the ineers." workers must be able to visit rural, iso­ artist must speak, he must write, or be * * * * SUN REPORTER lated areas. blinded, or die. Words are only ways of thinking, and LET THOSE WHO CAN ENDURE books are also tools. The professional AMERICAN PEOPLE'S MO VEMENTS literature-makers have a word, "propa­ THEIR DOUBTS ganda," for any work of art that leads SPEAK FOR THE COMFORT OF its audience beyond the work itself into The Populist Party (Part 1) THE WEARY unsafe territory. They have a theory that a novel or a poem, like a dead animal In July, 1892, the People's (Populist) were crackpots and opportunists with a WHO WEEP TO KNOW. Party adopted a platform in Omaha, Ne­ conspiracy theory of history. "The over­ in a bottle of formaldehyde, is an end braska. Parts of it read: all consequence of this image (of Hofstad- — Charles Enoch Wheeler, "Adjuration" unto itself, that it is born in a bookstore "... urban workman are denied the right ter's) is that Populism has been denied its Pain without understanding is a rats' and dies on a bookshelf. That it may be of organization for self - protection; traditional place as a democratic social maze. It is a scream of rage in the dark studied for its intrinsic value, its hand­ imported . . . labor beats down their wages; force. Rather, its significance for Amer­ of an isolated room. It carries suffering ful of chemicals, but that it does not a hireling standing army, unrecognized by ican history is altered so greatly that it and hatred with it, and when it dies, it breathe the same air as those who read it. our laws, is established to shoot them down has come to stand as a source for later often dies in a pool of self-pity, in a room Irrelevent is the life of its author - ... we have witnessed ... the struggles proto-fascist groups, McCarthyism, anti- with no doors, listless, and apathetic. so it came from nowhere. The man who of two great political parties for power semitism, xenophobia, and anti-intellectu- Because there are others that could reads it undergoes no change - so it is and plunder, while grievou. wrongs have alism " (Pollack, The Populist Response scream if they only knew they were in read by no one. No wonder authors are been inflicted upon the suffering people, . . to Industrial America). pain (the suburban housewife alcoholic), alcoholic curios, admired and dispossessed; we seek to restore the government of the but do not, that scream becomes the first no wonder books are status symbols, their Republic to the hands of the 'plain people', "TO EMANCIPATE ALL MEN" works in the literature of protest, the value set by the International Critics Bank; with which class it originated." Did Populism face up to the reality of first blues, the sad chants, no wonder those who read feel strangely And later, in the resolutions: industrial America? Norman Pollack, who I don't know why guilty. I've got to cry "Wealth belongs to him who creates has taken it upon himself to refute Mr. LET HAPPY THROATS BE MUTE ', it. . .the interests of rural and civil Hofstadter, tells us some interesting things Sometimes. labor are the same; their enemies are about the People's Party. First, the Pop­ But the oppressed and their partisans have ONLY THE TORTURED REED identical." ulists saw themselves as a class movement got to know why, or they can't get out of IS MADE A FLUTE. "reasoning that farmers and workers were the trap. They cannot accept ignorance of ~ Donald Jeffrey Hayes, "Threnody" PARALLELS DRAWN assuming the same material position in causes as excuse for tyranny. "Who de­ Art comes from living men and women; Recently some of SNCC's friends and society" (as the farmers grew more im­ cides who shall be poor?" is a question it is their voice. And when that voice is foes have spoken of the resurgence of a poverished). They accepted industrialism, raised in Freedom Schools. It demands protest it is dangerous and spreads far. new Populist-type movement. From some but not the form of capitalism which Amer­ answering before things can change. They The very way it speaks of the world this is condemnation; from others, praise. ican industrialism was taking. Part of the have to be able to look straight at Things makes it hard to live with. It cuts away What was the Populist movement? Why is Populist critique of capitalism called for As They Are and say, "It's not me -it's the safe ground from under the audience Populism interpreted by different people a more equitable distribution of the nation's you! You put me in this box and you're and pushes them to the edge of recog­ in strikingly contrasting ways? What the wealth. They saw that the working man was keeping me here for your own profit." nizing the sources of their pain. The Populists really wanted and why their de­ becoming degraded and alienated by the new These are the second words of the "political" sources, that is, those that mands have been so historically misre­ industry, and that "there was an inverse literature of protest. This is what Mark can be changed. presented is a very important question for relation between industrialism and free­ Twain is saying when he exposes the "Propaganda, didacticism, pamphleteer­ those fighting today for a "peoples" gov­ dom" not because of the nature of the profit motive behind racism, or Ralph El­ ing." Those are just words, bought and ernment, a country where human beings machine by itself, but because "the machine lison revealing the sick paternalism behind paid for. Whenever they are used, notice are valued for their human worth. was made to exploit rather than serve man." a white-endowed Negro college, or John who uses them, and why. Maybe they're The Populist movement grew out of the Said one Populist in 1892, "Don't confine Steinbeck unfolding the financial forces the ones who feel threatened. discontent of farmers in the last two de­ the fight to any one thing, money or land. behind the tractors that plow down the homes cades of the 19th century. After the Civil Let's make the fight for human liberty and of the Oklahoma poor. War the American economy began to change for the rights of man." The Populists rea­ When we look at it this way we see the TERENCE CANNON from an agricultural base to industry. With lized that human rights were tied to this rapid industrialization came consoli­ economic rights. Said the Farmers' Alli­ Letters to the Editor For Those Little Stamps -- dation of economic power, the rise of ance,'a populist newspaper in 1891, "The Two Buses! monopoly which today dominates America. people's party has sprung into existence To The Editor: The farmers saw this clearly; the rail­ not to make the black man free, but to After reading the article in the April Two station - wagon - buses will be roads were an ever present reminder of emancipate all men; not to secure poli­ 1965 issue of THE MOVEMENT I decided rolling South this month to join SNCC's the power monopoly could and did exert tical freedom to a class, but to gain for to look up the insurance company men­ Sojourner Motor Fleet. They are the off­ over the unorganized individual. The small all industrial freedom, without which there tioned under WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR spring of a remarkably successful drive farmer had no choice but to ship his goods can be no political freedom; no lasting ALABAMA POLICE BRUTALITY? for trading stamps conducted by Marin by railroad, often being forced to accept people's government...(Populism)demands Sure enough, I found that Liberty Na County Friends of SNCC. prices of transit which completely im­ equal opportunity and exact justice in bus­ tional was in the portfolio of the company Stamps have come from all over the poverished him. Moreover the railroads had iness for each individual and proposes to I have invested in. Accordingly, I sent country. Says one member of Marin political power; they could give rebates to abolish all monopolistic privileges and them the letter, whose copy I am sending FOSNCC, "I only wish I could communicate favored producers, travel passes to poli­ power. . .(Populists) shall make this nation you, for whatever comfort it may bring. how gratifying it is for all of us to open ticians. Yet the railroads were by no means an industrial democracy in which each the stamp mail and realize the resevoir the only cause of distress to the farmer. citizen shall have an equal interest." Insurance Securities Trust Fund of sympathy and good will that exists toward There was a great drop in farm prices Insurance Securities Inc. the work that SNCC is doing." Sirs: The drive continues. Blue Chip and Green from 1870 to the turn of the century; TIME OF POWER I see by the company prospectus Stamps are preferred, as are filled books, cotton, for example, dropped to a third The People's Party presidential candi­ published May 1, 1964 that the ISTF but any contibution is welcome. Chain of its market value in two decades, date in the election of 1892 received 48% holds stock in the Liberty National letters soliciting stamps have not been or more of the vote in five western states. Life Insurance Co. initiated by Marin FOSNCC and they dis­ REFORM OR RADICAL? In Kansas the entire Populist state ticket I hope I am wrong in assuming courage them. Many historians, concentrating on these was elected, plus winning five out of seven that this company is the same one economic grievances, have called the move­ congressional seats. In other states Pop­ For an easy, direct way to contribute mentioned in the following quote under ment one of "stomach complaints," con­ ulists were elected to state legislatures to the movement, send stamps directly to the name Liberty National Insurance tending that when farm prices rose the im­ in great numbers, but they did not cap­ Box 210, Mill Valley, California. Company. petus for reform died. Less narrow ture complete control from the other two It is a quote from the Selma (Ala­ writers, however, saw that there was much parties. In the south the Populists had bama) Times-Journal of 6 Dec 1964 TO OUR TRADE UNION FRIENDS more to the Populist party than price com­ tried to forge a coalition between white and it says: plaints, and the demise of Populism was and black farmers. In the west they had THE UNION BUG WAS INADVERTANTLY "Law enforcement officers from a more complex issue than short lived fought the railroads and the eastern banks. the state, city and county . . . LEFT OFF THE LAST ISSUE OF farm prosperity. Some have stressed the Yet in 1896 the People's Party supported were guests of honor at a bar- THE MOVEMENT, PLEASE ACCEPT "retrogressive" nature of Populism, saying William Jennings Bryan on the Democra­ beque given by the Liberty Na­ it was a western movement of small far­ tic ticket. In a short number of years OUR APOLOGIES. tional Insurance Company." mers who could not adjust to the new in­ the Populists had lost their political power The guests who were honored by dustrialization. Therefore the question and and revolutionary impulse. It was not the insurance company included answers posed by Populism were untenable racism, not irrationality, not an outdated If Liberty National is doing this, "law enforcement officers" from Al because the farmers looked backwards in agrarian mythology that caused the down­ then ISTF and ISI are doing it, and Lingo's State Police, Sheriff Clark's history for their remedies. Another re­ fall of Populism, The Populists had seen if ISTF and ISI are doing it, then deputies and Posse, and the Selma sult of looking at the Populists as simply the future of industrial America and had I am doing it. And I damned well Police Dept. Officials and employees agrarian rebels trying to impose the small tried to change it before monopoly power don't want to contribute anything to of Liberty National . . . stood behind' family farm upon a growing modern econ­ consolidated and gained control of the the health and comfort of Cracker the serving counters and loaded the omy is, as historian Richard Hofstadter country, Cops. plates of the hungry "law officers." I request that our company imme­ states: "This meant that by not compre­ ELLEN ESTRIN hending the basis for its discontent (the I do not care to have any corpor­ diately sell any and all Liberty Na­ rise of modern capitalism), Populism was ation in which I invest my money in-r tional stock in its possession. forced to search for simplistic examples vest its funds in a life insurance or Profits from creeps like this I and ultimately, scapegoats. . .as a protest (Part 11: discussion of the failure of any other company which, by its — and I hope we — don't need. becomes more emotional, it bears less Populism and its fusion with the Demo­ reported acts mentioned in the news­ Sincerely, resemblance to reality," This view of crats will appear in the next issue of paper article, gave free meals to Jack H. Levin Populists leaves the impression that they THE MOVEMENT.) these awful people. Covina, California LIFE WITH L YNDON IN THE GREAT SOCIETY Mime Troupe Minstrel ? Show SOUTH A MINSTREL SHOW, or "CIVIL RIGHTS LAND OF TH IN A CRACKER BARREL" Produced by the S.F. Mime Troupe, dir­ ected by R.G. Davis A few weeks ago Lyndon's Secretary of Agriculture, Orville Freeman, was wringing IT'S GREAT . . . his hands and moaning that he couldn't find any way to get surplus foods into the hands The minstrel show was an indiginous of hungry Negroes in Selma who had been fired from their jobs for civil rights activities. American art form, which intentionally and Freeman just couldn't seem to persuade the county authorities in Dallas County that by acquiescence contributed to the humilia­ they should distribute the food. The entire might of the U.S. Government was hung tion of the American Negro. For Ronnie up by a few courthouse political hacks in Alabama. Davis and the Mime Troupe to take this form and attempt to make it a vehicle But just the other day, Lyndon and his boys in Agriculture pushed through a deal for the pride, anger, and satire of the for trading surplus food to the Tshombe Government in the Congo in return for in­ "new" Negro is a courageous and crea­ dustrial diamonds produced there. Lyndon explained that if the U.S. didn't take these tive act. There is power and irony in the diamonds in return for the food, the Belgian-owned company which mines the diamonds idea; it is a theatrical idea. in the Congo would run into serious financial troubles. The show hustles. The actors move in The Republic of South Africa got in on the same deal. Lyndon said he would trade a flash from rambling, shapeless jokes or surplus food to South Africa in return for $55 million worth of uranium. incidents into a tight frieze or structured As nearly as we can make out, here's the way these two deals will work. The U.S. movement. Transitions are particularly Government (Lyndon) will contract with private business in the U.S. to take the surplus brilliant. The minstrel idea is used well; foods, and sell them in the regular commercial markets in the Congo and South Africa. a dance, a few wisecracks, a dramatic Then the U.S. businessmen will turn the money over to the private businessmen in incident, a speech, evolve into one another. the Congo who sell the diamonds, and to the private businessmen in South Africa who The audience's expectations are reversed. sell the uranium. You're not allowed to react the way you The diamonds and the uranium will then be delivered to the U.S. businessmen, who wanted to; your attention is demanded. . will sell them commercially or to the U.S. Government. Now at every point in this There is one scene where the show is to an exhortation in the show is "Kill series of tansactions - - the food goes from the U.S. Government to the businessmen; at its best: Whites I" - and that's neither radical (I the food goes from the U.S. businessmen to the South African and Congo (Belgian) The minstrels decide to show the audience use the word meaning 'getting to the root') businessmen; the money goes from the South African and Belgian businessmen to something. After some wrangling, all leave nor revolutionary: both self - described the U.S. businessmen;, the U.S. businessmen then buy the diamonds from the Belgian but three. Two are to be teenagers, the ideals of the Troupe. company and the South African company; and the diamonds and uranium are shipped to the U.S. and food is shipped to the Congo and to South Africa — there is a profit third a white cop. The cop - minstrel goes The premise of the Show is bitter, help­ for American business. off. The two kid-minstrels lounge in front less: you can't change the world, though of four chairs that are a hardware store it needs it. The Show's enemies are the That profit for American business, we figure, is the reason why Lyndon and his in Harlem. They're still kidding, but the middle class Negro and the White: straw Agriculture Department were able to arrange for this complicated international deal, kidding is of two kids, not minstrels. Then men. Where it could explode it jibes. Where when they couldn't find any way to get the same surplus food into the hands of hungry the cop enters: he's still in minstrel clothes it could expose it quips. Where it could Negroes in Dallas County, Ala. There just isn't any money to be made out of giving and wears a hat that says WHITE COP. slash it brushes past. food to hungry Americans, so, naturally, Lyndon and his friends find it very difficult You're back in the Show, but the "actors" Why doesn't it attack the Poverty Pro­ to do so. keep merging into the characters. You gram, Urban Renewal, the Coleman ap­ No incentive, you see. begin to feel the fear, of the cop, of the pointment, the Asian war, the buyers of ********** kids. It seems real. The kids are fooling people and the degraders of Negroes, the Chrysler Motor Corporation, whose Chairman, George H. Love, was such a strong around, the cop pushes them, they push ones with power? Where is the humor of supporter of Lyndon (and whose major stockholders, the Mellon family of Pittsburg, back, too much, the cop fires. Freeze. the movement? Where are Fannie Lou were just as strong Goldwater supporters) announced it will build a $28 million plant A boy in Harlem is dead. The other kneels. Hamer and the people who are radically at Silverton, near Pretoria, South Africa. Freeze. It is shocking (the only really changing our way of life? Why, when a real Charles Engelhard's Rand Mines, Inc., will install a $14 million stainless steel plant shocking scene in the show) because it's enemy, or a real ally comes along, does at Middleburg, South Africa. Engelhard, it will be remembered, is the close business honest. Then the other minstrels file back the Minstrelman shuffle away? Why does associate of Treasury Secretary Douglas Dillon, Engelhard has with him on the board on, make a quiet joke, the dead boy stands Content step off the sidewalk when it meets of his holding company, Engelhard Industries, the former Governor of New Jersey, up. The actors are pulled back into the Form coming the other way? Robert Meyner. Meyner is married to the former Helen Stevenson, sister of that great Show. The interlocutor comes on, every­ freedom fighter in the United Nations, Adlai Stevenson, who always finds reasons why one's a minstrel again. ADVICE the United States cannot support an economic boycott of South Africa. Go to see the Minstrel Show. It's still Scripto, Inc., of Atlanta, will open a new plant on May 1, in Capetown, South Africa. . . .BUT the best thing going today. It's at the Gate Scripto, and its head man, James V. Carmichael, were recently involved in a fight with For a show that espouses cutting deep Theater in Sausalito Thursday, Friday and their largely Negro work force in Atlanta, over the substandard wages and working and has the freedom to do so (like Tous- Saturday Nights. July 30 it moves to the conditions there. Carmichael and his associates, among whom are some of Lyndon's saint L'Ouverture or the "Nigger" in Berkeley Little Theater, where it will play staunchest supporters, will doubtless have less trouble with the black workers of South the washroom have the freedom to cut) July 30 and 31, August 6 and 7. It is spon­ Africa. South Africa knows even more about how to handle black workers than does there's little slashing done, and none deep. sored by Marin Friends of SNCC in Sau­ Alabama. They don't just club them — they shoot them dead wholesale. You'd never know from watching the Min­ salito and Berkeley Friends of SNCC in If this is a Great Society, then South Africa's must be even greater. strel Show that there was a civil rights Berkeley. movement in America. The closest thing JACK MINNIS been suggested that small Negro farmers MILITANCY IN THE DELTA continued from front page meetings, says that he thought about forming a union here long ago, be approached for help; "We can't strike that live on or around his farm or else moving families. I'll do just about any "I have people in the north who belong against them. Maybe we could help them arrange for transportation hirnseu. wnuam kind of work that comes around." _o the union," He says, "When we gets feed their hogs and thev could help feed us." Brewer, 63, a short, solidly built man, Union leaders realize that unless more together that's mainly what we talk about ~ On April 28, a two day meeting of the was a sharecropper, but for the past few haulers like Brewer go on strike, the strike the union. So we began talking about it here MFLU began in Shaw. Poor Negroes came years he has worked as a hauler, Mr, is in trouble. Tractor drivers are also that $3 a day from sun-up to dark wasn't from areas all over the state. The Freedom Brewer describes how he earns his living: crucial to the success of the strike. They enough. We couldn't support our families. Democratic party started in somewhat the "I work directly with the landlords, I've are the highest paid ($5 to $8 for ten to We all talked about how much we needed . same way last year. Now Negroes through­ never gone to the (Federal) Employment twelve hours a day) and the most skilled to live and we talked and talked about it out the whole country have come to this Office to get choppers and pickers. The besides mechanics. For weeks now they for a month. We decided on $1,25. That state to study its political ideology and landlord pays me directly 50£ for everyone have been plowing and planting the fields will be good on condition we get the work. tactics. The MFLU may become the econ­ I bring. I work five or six months on the and so far only a handful have gone on But we know that if he has to pay us omic arm of the revolution. But before average. We only work at most five days strike. One driver explains: "I started that much he's likely to give us nothing." that happens, there is much suffering to a week unless it rains. I have hauled working for my boss man two years ago. The union members know they're fight­ be done. twenty-four people on my truck, and I He started me off at $5 a day but within ing against enormous odds, but they are usually have about sixteen. That means about a few weeks he raised me to $6 and now convinced that right is on their side. At one eight dollars a day. The choppers pay I'm getting $7.50. I didn't even have to meeting one man said, " A man shouldn't for their lunches which I buy in town, I ask him for it. He came up to me and said get angry if all we is asking is $1,25 am supposed to be with my group all day he's just going to give me a raise," an hour. That's nothing considering we and service them. Lots don't eat early worked for so long for nothing. Let's love in the morning so right away I go to town OLD IDEA, NEW FORM the white man but let's stand up for what's to get lunch and -ice. I got to be up before right." dawn. Don't go home till dark, A union of agricultural workers has been STRIKERS SHARE "I earned about $700 last year. From that in people's minds for years. Some even I had to pay $85 liability insurance and remember their grandparents talk about the To help those on strike, members voted $170 for an overhaul on my truck. Of Southern Farmer's Alliance which de­ to collect 50£ a month dues. A barber LU course I only pay five dollars rent a month veloped into the Populistpartyinthel890's. and beautician offered their service at cut J but with all the expenses and all, I'm three George Shelton of Shaw said the impetus rates, women promised to sew aprons and < months back due. So far this year I did for beginning a union came out of Freedom bed quilts and some people planned to > construction work in Cleveland for about School meetings conducted by COFO work­ hold fish fries. Everyone agreed to en­ 111 12 hours and I did some moving people ers Mary Sue Gellatly and Bob Weil. But large the size of their garden plots, and around. I charge about $3-50 or $4 for Mr. Larks, who faithfully attended these plant one large plot in common. It has

5AN FRANCISCO REGIONAL OFFICE 13 16 MASONIC AVENUE MA 64577 LOS ANGELES AREA REGIONAL OFFICE 6605 HOLLYWOOD BLVD. ROOM 307 462 6873 MT. DIABLO SAN JOSE STATE EAST BAY COLLEGE OF MARIN 1658 Foothill 603 North 16th St. FRESNO 5929 Grove St. 32 Williams St. BAKERSFIELD 479 North Fresno Lafayette YE 5-3061 293-4684 HARBOR JR. COLLEGE Oakland 655-95.** San Rafael 453-8241 2812 Kaibav 268-7778 SACRAMENTO MID-PENENSULA 750-A Ninth St. S.F. STATE COLLEGE 323-8702 UNIVERSITY OF S.F. 1956 Grand Ave. 180 University Ave. San Pedro 835-0161 1600 Holloway LONG BEACH 58 Clayton, Apt. 2 Sacramento, 922-6003 Palo Alto San Francisco San Francisco 205 E. Broadway STANFORD 322-5521 CLAREMONT SANTA BARBARA JU 4-5215 751-7660 436-4426 Box 2484 STOCKTON McAllister Center 910 Camino Pascadem MARIN SANTA CLARA VALLEY Goleta 968-6558 Stanford 327-8879 Anderson Y Center Claremont College SAN DIEGO Box 210. Mill Valley 246 Eastslde, San Jose Univ. of the Pacific UNIVERSITY OF CAL 626-851i 3622 El Cajon Blvd. 332-1127 292-6161 462-7314 Davis SK 3-3249 448-5273 Summer of Truth (By Staff Correspondent) JACKSON, Miss.—Tension has been building here as Mississippi's The Southern Vol. 22, No. 5 summer of truth approaches. The summer can bring a giant thrust forward for the freedom movement—or tragedy. MAY, 1964 The difference may be made by how much people in the rest of the country care and what they do to insist that the Federal Govern­ ment protect its citizens. PATRIOT The program, called "Mississippi Freedom Summer," is expected to bring 1000 volunteers into the state—students, and also nurses, Published by the Southern Conference Educational Fund, Inc. teachers, doctors, lawyers, and others with special skills—to help the local people. There will be a two- pronged campaign in the Negro Report from Nashville community. 9 One prong is education in the The South s New Generation Acts deepest sense: schools that range from basic literacy pro­ (By Staff Correspondent) risons Cafeteria (one of a major across West End Avenue, a busy Student Nonviolent Coordinat­ grams to advanced political sci­ NASHVILLE, Tenn. — Mass Southwide chain) and several thoroughfare. ing Committee (SNCC) who ence, community centers, cul­ demonstrations against segrega­ smaller eating places which have Police moved in with billy rose to leadership from the tural programs such as theater, tion broke out again here this remained segregated while much clubs to arrest demonstration Nashville student movement music, art, etc. spring, but there were two im­ of downtown Nashville integrated. leaders, and several were in­ and returned to assist the re­ The other prong is political ac­ portant diiferences from previous Long-range goal was a local law jured. One of these, William cent demonstrations, denied that tion. With four Negro candidates years: prohibiting discrimination in pub­ Barbee, said he saw at least these tactics constitute violence. running for Congress in Missis­ lic accommodations. sippi and only 5 per cent of the 1. The demonstrations were four policemen holding Lester "This is aggressive nonvio­ state's Negroes allowed to vote, more radical in method, making Nashville has been following McKinnie while another "beat lence," he declared. He said the deliberate use of civil disobedience. a tortuous road to equality, step him all over his body." McKin­ nonviolent movement is becoming civil rights forces have set up 2. More white people than ever by painful step, ever since non­ nie, a student from Bolivar, more aggressive, North and South, their own registration books to before took open stands for inte­ violent direct action started Tenn., is chairman of the Nash­ because many persons—especially enroll disfranchised persons. gration. here in 1960. Each year demon­ ville student civil rights move­ young people—feel that quieter They are also holding meetings This is a paradox, because it strations have jolted it forward ment. tactics have not brought real starting at the precinct level to had been generally believed that a few paces, and there it stop­ The next day more than 300 change; Lewis believes the non­ elect a Mississippi Freedom Dem­ radical tactics would alienate po­ ped until the next jolt. demonstrators were out, and there violent movement must be aggres­ ocratic Party delegation to attend tential white supporters. Mass demonstrations last year, were more injuries; the next day sive if it is to prevail over vio­ the Democratic National Conven­ The key to this paradox lies in the wake of Birmingham, de­ more than 400 came. Mass demon­ lence. tion in Atlantic City in August. segregated most of the downtown; strations continued each day, and This delegation will seek to have in the fact that a new genera­ The "aggressiveness" shook tion of white people is emerging many people outside Nashville got in a week's time, arrests had the regular Democrats rejected Nashville deeply. The Negro com­ in the South. One senses this the impression that the entire mounted to over 100. Wholesale and their delegation seated. city was "open." Civil rights lead­ injuries stopped after the second munity, aroused by police attacks throughout the region; in Nash­ What this program really rep­ ers here say that's not so, and day, following widespread pro­ on the young people, rallied solid­ ville one can see it plainly. It resents is a tremendous effort at that in addition to such places as tests against brutality. ly behind the demonstrations. was the young people who made grassroots democracy. Morrison's over 90 per cent of Those who disagreed with the difference here this year. Debate will probably long con­ Mississippi political leaders, public accommodations in outly­ civil disobedience found other Here is what happened: tinue as to whether these demon­ however, have been calling it The initial demonstrations were ing areas and the suburbs are strations were "violent." Some methods of support; Fisk Uni­ an "invasion." This cry was re­ organized by a core of Negro col­ still segregated. critics said so, and the Nashville versity students not previously peated over and over on the lege students, led by Lester Mc- On the first day of demonstra­ Banner called them "riotous." Po­ active marched in orderly picket- floor of the state legislature and Kinnie, who have sustained the tions this year, over 200 young lice charged McKinnie with kick­ lines. Several thousand persons in the newspapers this spring. movement here between mass up­ students marched through the ing one of them. turned out to hear Dr. Martin The result, according to the surges. Most of the manpower, downtown, attempted to enter sev- Luther King, Jr., call for con- , Council of Federated Organiza­ h ? ".v v?vi—ff.rar—__**w—!*4g-*—aohoo} xl ,^g^-fc a_..cl plg"»»_>, and when ——-McKimilb, hu.ve.ei-calegoii-— tinue dactTon."^ tion (COFO) which is sponsoring and junior high students. they were turned away at Morri­ cally denied the charge, and the summer program, is that Immediate targets were Mor­ son's locked arms and sat down demonstrators stated that they In the white community, there "near hysteria" has developed in saw none of their group use were initial negative reactions. The president of the Nashville some sections of the white com­ physical violence. munity. (Continued on Page 3) A reporter for The Southern (COFO is the state civil rights Patriot interviewed a number of coordinating group set up after eyewitnesses a few days later. the Student Nonviolent Coordi­ Several expressed the opinion that Student Victory nating Committee (SNCC) began the demonstrations had contained a major organizing effort in this elements of violence, but none AUSTIN, Tex.—The Board state. It coordinates SNCC, could say they saw any demon­ of Regents of the University NAACP, CORE, and the Southern strator strike a policeman or any­ of Texas voted to integrate Christian Leadership Conference.) one else. Pressed for details, they the university dormitories. The spring session of the leg­ cited some instance of noisy or This ended an 18-year fight islature passed a series of bills disorderly conduct. for complete integration of the institution, which began when which COFO says make Missis­ For example, after some dem­ the first Negro applied in 1946. sippi a "totalitarian state." onstrators were put in a police The struggle against dormi­ Even some legislators opposeed wagon, others surrounded it tory segregation has been car­ the legislation and declared that chanting, "Don't let this wagon ried on by students through it "besmacks of Nazi Germany." move." Others grabbed on to legal action and direct action. One bill expands the State High- street posts, as police pulled at continued on Page 4) them to arrest them. All sang and clapped their hands.

Tennessean Photo by J. T. Phillips John Lewis, chairman of the Round-Up of News Mass demonstrations against segregation broke out in St. Augus­ tine, Fla., and Tuscaloosa, Ala., as the summer began. The U.S. Supreme Court ordered the public schools of Prince Ed­ ward County, Va., reopened after the five years they have been closed to avoid integration. The high court also struck down the laws that have prohibited the NAACP from operating in Alabama, thus opening the way for renewed activity in that state. The Saturday Evening Post reported that both the FBI and the local police in Birmingham know who bombed the Negro church there last September but have not made arrests because they do not think they have enough evidence to get a conviction. Also in Alabama, all four Negro candidates seeking county offices in Macon County, where Tuskegee is located, defeated their white opponents in the Democratic primary. One of them, Dr. C. G. Gomillion, who was nominated for the School Board, is one of the state's fore­ most civil rights leaders. Negro voters now outnumber white voters in Macon County, scene of long-sustained voter registration efforts. In Cambridge, Md., there were new outbreaks of violence as Gov­ Tennessean Photo by Jack Corn ernor Wallace of Alabama stirred passions in his presidential campaign BLACK AND WHITE TOGETHER, in the Nash­ Barbee, a Scarritt student and veteran of the 1961 on a states rights platform. ville jail, (below) are four demonstrators: Lester Freedom Rides; and Frederick Leonard, Tennessee And the federal civil rights bill advanced nearer to passage as McKinnie, leader of the Nashville student move­ A&I student. McKinnie's bandages are for injuries supporters converged from many states to lobby in Washington and ment; Allan Wolfe, Vanderbilt student; William T. received in police attack pictured above. clergymen and church laymen gathered for prayer vigils at the Capitol, THE SOUTHERN PATRIOT The Southern Patriot Book Notes The Southern Patriot is published monthly except July and August Handbook on the Human Angle by the Southern Conference Educational Fund, Inc., dedicated to FOR HUMAN BEINGS ONLY, ending segregation and discrimination based on race, creed, color, can has had certain painful or national origin. Editorial offices, 4403 Virginia Ave., Louisville by SARAH PATTON BOYLE, Sea- experiences because of his bury Press, New York, N. Y., race . . ." 11, Ky.; business offices, Suite 408, 822 Perdido St., New Orleans $1.25 12, La.; office of publication, 150 Tenth Ave. North, Nashville, In Part II, Mrs. Boyle turns to In this little book, 127 pages Tenn. Twenty-five cents a copy, $2 a year. Entered as second- the other side of the coin and long, one of the South's most out­ class mail matter, Nashville, Tennessee. attempts to explain to Negroes spoken white advocates of inte­ the fact that "they as well as THE SOUTHERN CONFERENCE EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. gration has written a practical whites can deliver poisoned 822 Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112 guide for those, white and Negro, wounds that work chemical who want to tear down the bar­ changes in the body which re­ President-Emeritus Secretary riers that divide them. The sub­ ceives them . . ." She does not AUBREY W. WILLIAMS JESSIE P. GUZMAN title is: "A Primer of Human agree that Negroes know whites Understanding." President Assistant Secretary any better than whites know Ne­ FRED L. SHUTTLESWORTH CLARICE CAMPBELL In the first part of the book groes and sees the great blocks Mrs. Boyle attempts to tell white to full human relationships as a Vice-Presidents Executive Director people things they need to know web of stereotypes and misinter­ JOHN M. COE JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI if they sincerely want to estab­ pretations on both sides. lish friendships across the color BISHOP CHARLES F. GOLDEN Editor This book is based on the as­ MODJESKA M. SlMKINS line. Here she deals with some of ANNE BRADEN sumptions that true integration the many mistakes white people Sarah Patton Boyle is a desirable goal and that it can­ Field Organizers make—often inadvertently—that Treasurer not come until individuals estab­ CARL BRADEN encourage suspicion among Ne­ white and Negro Americans . . ." BENJAMIN E. SMITH lish real relationships with other JOHN R. SALTER JR. groes. Those who really want to root individuals. Mrs. Boyle states out the old and build the new ". . . we must all," she writes, Special Consultant Eastern Representative frankly that it is written for the will find much help here. Mrs. "live with the paradox of for­ ELLA J. BAKER WM. HOWARD MELISH reader who wants to establish Boyle writes from long experi­ getting race, yet never forget­ these relationships. No attempt, ence as those who have read ting that every colored Ameri- Vol. 22 No. 5 May, 1964 she says, is made "to convince the her autobiography, The Deseg­ reluctant." regated Heart, know. III \r and the Racists: Documented Record This book will embarrass some Perhaps the most useful advice by its frankness and will strike of all comes in her final chapter, (By Special Correspondent) den points out in the 50-page others as encouraging artificiality "For All of Us," in which she LOS ANGELES — The civil- pamphlet, which is entitled in relationships. But, as the au­ notes that the best answer to thor says at the outset, "not until rights movement should put its "HUAC—Bulwark of Segrega­ intergroup tensions are found habitual errors have been rooted when people work together, for tion." full weight behind efforts to abol­ out and sound social attitudes "alienated brothers cannot be re­ ish the House Un-American Ac­ "This has always been true, but firmly planted can we hope for claimed except in the context of tivities Committee (HUAC), a it intensified during the 1950's natural relationships between labor for a common cause . . ." Southern integration leader de­ when Communist-labeling became clares in a pamphlet just issued. a national pastime, and it has con­ tinued to increase in the 1960's. Rishop Golden Elected Mrs. Anne Braden, editor of The evidence is mounting that (By Staff Correspondent) tee (SNCC) and a member of the The Southern Patriot and author there is a direct cause-and-effect HAPEVILLE, Ga. — Methodist executive committee of the South­ of "The Wall Between," charges relationship between this labeling Bishop Charles F. Golden, Nash­ ern Student Organizing Commit­ that HUAC and similar groups process and the shortage of peo­ ville, Tenn., was elected a vice- tee (SSOC). ple ready to act for integration." have frightened many thousands president of the Southern Confer­ The board renewed for the ence Educational Fund at a meet­ of Southerners into silence on the Mrs. Braden says that state fourth year a grant to SNCC to ing of the board of directors here race question. This, she says, has HUAC's all over,,the South, as finance work among white col­ well as the Senate Internal Se­ in May. lege students in the South. It done great harm to the civil- curity Subcommittee (SISS),have "Ask the Un-Americ He will take the place of Dr. also voted to support and coop­ rights movement. taken part in the drive to discredit Herman H. Long, former director erate with SSOC, which is a of the Race Relations Institute at new student group growing out "We know that the advocates civil-rights leaders and organiza­ ute 250,000 copies before the tions by labeling them "subver­ November election. The price is Fisk University, who is now presi­ of work on the campuses. It was of civil rights are persistently sive." 10Red scare. She Rev. G. Murray Branch, and succeeding Mrs. Guzman in that partment of Justice to confess ing guilt by association to its notes their use by the Ku Klux Don West. post. error in these cases and wipe the utmost limits. They can be ob­ charges off the books. This could Klan, the White Citizens Coun­ Walker, Lewis, Vivian, and Carl Elected to the board were Miss tained by writing to the Joint be done before the U.S. Court of cil, the American Nazi Party, Braden are listed as members of Carole Hoover, administrative as­ Legislative Committee on Un- Appeals. and segregationist newspapers the Southern Region Committee sistant to the Rev. Wyatt Tee American Activities, State of The Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth, throughout the South. of the National Committee to Walker of the Southern Christian Louisiana, Old State Capitol, president of SCEF, presided at Abolish HUAC. The National Leadership Conference (SCLC); Baton Rouge, La. They are The pamphlet was published by the board meeting. Committee's address is P. O. Box Mrs. Isobel Cerney, a teacher at free. the National Committee to Abol­ ish HUAC, which plans to distrib- 74757, Los Angeles 4, Calif. Morris Brown College, Atlanta; Chairman of the National Com­ Dr. Harry Steinmetz, professor Subscription Blank mittee is Harvey O'Connor, noted at Morehouse College, Atlanta, The Patriot is sent to all per­ Story of a Witch Hunt writer. Chairman emeritus is Au­ and Ed Hamlett, Jackson, Tenn., sons who give $2 or more brey W. Williams, who is also a field secretary for the Student Edward Lamb, a Toledo lawyer and businessman, has just pub­ annually to the Southern Con­ president emeritus of SCEF. Nonviolent Coordinating Commit­ lished an occasional paper on one of the most carefully planned witch ference Educational Fund. hunts in history. Lamb himself was the victim after he applied to I enclose , of which $2 the Federal Communications Commission for renewal of a license to is for Patriot subscription. operate a television station. Rrave Couple Needs Help The attack began when the late Sen. Joseph McCarthy had one Mr. and Mrs. O. M. Lemmons, pictured here, Name of his professional witnesses to drop Lamb's name at a hearing on are the white couple in West Tennessee who Address so-called subversion. From there the story gets more and more hair- publicly supported Negroes evicted for regis­ tering to vote in 1959. Then prosperous busi­ City raising. ness people, the Lemmons subsequently lost all I If you want to send The Pa­ The paper is entitled "Trial by Battle" and is subtitled "The Case their business, most of their friends, and were triot to friends, enclose their History of a Washington Witch-Hunt." It can be obtained from the continually harassed. But they refused to leave names. Return form to: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Box 4068, Santa the area, and they continued to work for civil rights. A loan from Barbara, Calif., for 25tf. sympathizers enabled them to buy a farm and a chance to survive. SCEF Lamb's story shows, among other things, the futility of trying to Then Mr. Lemmons was hit by a series of heart attacks. Medical costs 822 Perdido St. prove that you are not a Communist—unless you have $900,000 to have been staggering. They urgently need help. Funds earmarked for New Orleans, La. 70112 spend in doing it. Which is what it cost Edward Lamb. them may be sent to SCEF, 822 Perdido, New Orleans, La. THE SOUTHERN PATRIOT South'* New Generation Takes Lead in Nashville (Continued from Page 1) I thought were coming along are though he was not one of the sip- Chamber of Commerce called the now lost forever," lamented one inners, he supported the goals actions "irresponsible" and said white liberal. they were working for. they would "obstruct progress to­ But then something hap­ "We had the real student lead­ ward the very goals that the dem­ pened. Students from three pre­ ers with us," said one sip-in or­ onstrators are seeking." dominantly white colleges (Van- ganizer. "This was no far-out Many while "liberals" deplored derbilt, Peabody and Scarritt) bunch. For example, one partici­ the demonstrations, saying that began to be heard from. Not pant was the only Rhodes Scholar "unruly tactics" had alienated just the militant few who had that Vanderbilt University has "moderate" whites. "Some people already taken part in demon­ turned out in recent years." strations, but a sizeable move­ Some of the sip-in leaders got ment. together with sit-in leaders and SSOC Organizes White students, joined by some organized a joint march of Negro faculty and other professional and white students to the down­ ATLANTA, Ga.—Gene Guer­ people, staged a series of "sip- town area. About 500 took part, rero, a student at Emory Uni­ ins" at Morrison's. This meant half of them white—and most of versity, was elected chairman they went in around suppertime them were people who had never of the Southern Student Organ­ on a busy afternoon, ordered cof­ done anything like this before. izing Committee (SSOC) at a fee—and sat for several hours. Meantime, religious leaders meeting here in May. Miss As they left, they handed manage­ spoke up. Four of them, three Sue Thrasher, Nashville, was ment representatives cards saying white, issued a joint call for named executive secretary and Sunday visits between Negro that they disapproved of segrega­ —Tennessean Photo by Frank Empson Ron Parker, also of Nashville, tion. and white churches. They de­ was elected treasurer. Other REFUSING TO COOPERATE with arrest, William Barbee holds on About 150 persons took part plored racial conflict and said to pole. This was one of tactics that provoked controversy in Nash­ members of the Executive that a major reason for it was Committee are Roy Money, Ben in the first sip-in. On the second ville, but many who did not join demonstrations decided that the real one, there were close to 300. "the complacency and passivity issue was elimination of segregation, not the tactics of those who Spaulding, Cathy Cade, Jim of most of the citizens of our Williams, Charles Smith, Sam "They didn't know who to worked for this goal. keep out," said one participant. city in the face of inequities." Shirah, and Ed Hamlett. Head­ The next week white and Negro quarters will be at 1400 17th "They couldn't tell who was a centrating on that they dwell on to more active demonstrations." sip-inner and who was a real ministers staged a joint march for the cause of it all, segregation. Parker also admitted that many Ave. South, Nashville, and civil rights in the downtown area. SSOC will publish a newsletter customer or a prominent Nash­ There is a willingness to face the white moderates had been "alien­ ville citizen." One Nashville resident who kept truth that we haven't felt before ated" by the militant demonstra­ called The New Rebel. SSOC tab on readers' letters to the news­ At one point a cafeteria em­ in Nashville." tions. was recently formed to bring paper said they were running ployee tried to bar the local presi­ What had happened was that "But unfortunately, the move­ more white students into the strong in favor of integration. war on poverty and racism in dent of the Kappa Alpha, a fra­ the leadership of the young peo­ ment cannot wait on those who the South (See April Patriot ternity often identified with the "Obviously, many of the writers ple had shifted a significant sec­ aren't willing to do anything to for background). Old Confederacy. The fraternity disapprove of the civil disobedi­ tion of white public opinion from move things forward," he said. man then told reporters that, al­ ence," he said, "but instead of con- a condemnation of protesters to These moderates will be back a condemnation of segregation. around when we win; they'll sup­ "It was the students who took port integration then." Black Nationalism in the South the lead," said a young college Thus, the militant young stu­ instructor. "They got the older dents who sat in the Nashville (By the Patriot Editor) States is controlled by a small minority, an people to join the sip-in. Divin­ streets have not changed the NASHVILLE, Tenn.—Ironically, just as white oligarchy, but that the entire white race in this ity students urged the ministers city yet, but they have awak­ support for integration was snowballing in Nash­ country is perpetuating racism. to march. Many of the older ened many who were previously ville (see article this page), a group of Negro That the idea advocated by many persons of people were glad; they had been complacent. students met here and formed a new nationalist uniting white and black people to work for the waiting for this kind of leader­ As the school year ended, Mor­ organization, the Afro-American Student Move­ common welfare is a "myth of the 1930's," that ship." risons was still segregated, but the matter of a public accommo­ ment. there was a time white workers "articulated a These are young white people dations law had become a live -They—said _ unity" with black workers hut now that, t.hey (the who have gruum tu maturity-since political issue; negotiations by from both North and South. Civil rights activists white workers) are doing better and have their the freedom movement hurled the white students were opening more. from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and other slice of pie they don't "need this unity anymore . . ." integration question on to the eating places in the campus area; Southern states came. That the black man was once useful to white front pages and into the streets. all civil rights groups were unit­ The meeting was significant because it indi­ society as slave labor, but now that machines are They have been thinking about ing in a joint city council (headed cates that black nationalism is beginning to find doing more work he is no longer needed. . . . this issue a long time; they are by the Rev. Lawrence Jones, dean organizational form in the South and because Asked whether the replacement of white men quite different from the white stu­ of the chapel at Fisk University); the unspoken support for its philosophy is, in by machines might not create common problems dents who grew up in the silent and the Negro community was my opinion, greater than its organizational that white and black would have to solve together, 1950's. strength. Stanford said no, that it was more likely that as mapping a broad program for job One reason they were able to Organizers of the meeting would not admit me automation created economic crisis the "capitalist opportunities, a year-round voter respond quickly in Nashville was or any other white person, so I could not report it oligarchy" in the U.S. would blame this on move­ registration, political action, and that they already had an organi­ first-hand. However, I interviewed some of the lead­ ments of black people around the world and become neighborhood improvement. zation, the Joint University Coun­ ers later and report that interview here. a fascist state. Negroes would then be used as The Rev. C. T. Vivian, formerly cil on Human Relations (JUC), an The meeting chose as its spokeman, perhaps scapegoats as the Jews were in Germany, he pre­ of Nashville who was sent back affiliate of the Tennessee Council significantly, a Northerner, Max Stanford, who dicted, and white people generally would go along to the city by the Southern Chris­ on Human Relations. Much credit heads RAM, a militant civil rights group in Phila­ and assist with this. tian Leadership Conference dur­ is due a small group of students delphia. Asked about the white people who join Ne­ ing the demonstrations, outlined and young faculty members who groes in the freedom struggle, Stanford said all this expanded program and told Stanford said the students had agreed to give worked patiently to organize this white people are racist whether they realize it a mass meeting: the press only three statements. These were: last fall. 1. That they resolved to unite with current or not. He said that ultimately a "world race "Freedom is more than just African, Asian, and Latin American revolutions. war" is inevitable. Special mention is due to Ron breaking down barriers. It's cre­ 2. That they adopted Robert Williams as their * * * * Parker and John Donnelly, ating new values in people and leader (Williams is the former Monroe, N.C., I wanted to say that the real question for each graduate students at Vander­ in the community." leader, framed there on a kidnap charge and now individual is whether he works for such a war or bilt; Sue Thrasher, recent grad­ in Cuba. Stanford did not say whether Williams against it, whether the force of his being is turned uate from Scarritt; Archie Al­ had accepted the position.) toward destruction or creation. But I knew that to len, another Scarritt student, 3. That they repudiated nonviolence as a phi­ him this would have only been an expression of Dave Kotelchuck, young Van­ Louisville Again derbilt faculty member; and losophy. "racism." There is no real answer in words to the David James of Peabody. LOUISVILLE, Ky.—Demon­ The group as such would not expand on these theories he propounded. The first JUC project was to strations started again here in statements but Stanford agreed to answer ques­ Later I asked some young freedom workers from break down racial barriers at an protest against several estab­ tions on his own views as an individual. A group Mississippi how much these theories spoke the eating place near their campuses lishments which remain segre­ of Nashville students active in the integration feelings, even the silent ones, of the average Negro (see February Patriot). When the gated despite a city law movement, both white and Negro, were with me in the civil rights movement in that state. demonstrations erupted down­ against it. Main issue is a while I interviewed him. This is what he told us: "When he says he has no faith in the Federal town, this group provided a nat­ swimming pool which now That he see black nationlism as "revolutionary Government, many people would agree with ural rallying point to which newly claims to be a "private club." black internationalism . . . the cooperation of peo­ that," answered one young man. "But as for all White and Negro demonstra­ aroused students could turn. ple of African descent attempt to liberate them­ whites being against us, they can't believe that, tors charged that this is a selves from colonial oppression . . ." not now, because they see the people SNCC and This doesn't mean that all those hoax. They said that opera­ That he has no confidence whatsoever in the the other groups have sent in, the people who who sipped in would demonstrate tion of the pool as a private Federal Government and does not believe it will risk their lives with us." in the streets. In fact most of facility violates a new city protect black people. . . . John Lewis, chairman of SNCC, said that na­ them wouldn't, the students say. ordinance against discrimi­ That he thinks integration is impossible in this tionlism was growing in the Negro student move­ "But they decided to sip in nation in places of public country and in the world and that black people ment in the sense of a rising interest in and identi­ because they were sick with accommodation. Renewed dem­ have nothing to gain by it and much to lose. . . . fication with Africa. "But that's not necessarily segregation," said Parker "and onstrations also occurred at That he sees a certain educational value in cam­ anti-white, and as long as there are whites on the that's a big step emotionally. restaurants which have not paigns to elect Negroes to office in the Deep South front lines with us, it won't be," he said. It's that first step to action complied with the law. Com­ (such as SNCC is carrying on) but does not con­ That's why, of course, that the only real answer that's the big one for the South­ plaints were filed with the City sider this any ultimate answer because "no matter to Stanford is action, not words. And it may be ern white student. The jump Human Relations Commission, how many black people get in Congress, this coun­ that the only action that matters is that of people from just sitting on your cam­ charged with enforcing the try will still be controlled by white people . . ." to whom the ideal of a united human race is more pus to sipping-in is much bigger law. That economically and politically the United important than their own lives. than the jump from the sip-in THE SOUTHERN PATRIOT Profile of a Freedom Family Ten Years: So Far to Go (Despite police harassment, indictment by the strongly in their participation in the movement. federal government and other persecution, the free­ When I spent two weeks in jail, the sound dom, movement in Albany, Ga., continues. The rea­ of Mama Christian's voice raised in prayer and son for its survival is the unbelievable courage of song was a continual source of comfort, coming the people there. Typical of them is the Christian from the "Negro" side of the jail. family, which some, people have described as a Joe Ann, who is in high school, worked tirelessly "freedom family." This sketch of them is written on voter registration with us. In school, she went by one of the Northern students who worked for through all kinds of teasing from teachers and SNCC in Albany last year.) students alike. A few teachers openly oppose the BY FAITH HOLSAERT movement and would call SNCC "nothing but an­ The Christian family consists of the father, other gang" in front of Joe Ann. James Christian, a bricklayer; the mother, Mrs. Every Saturday morning, we used to be on Dessie M. Christian; Joe Ann, who is 15, LaVette the streets by 8:30. Joe Ann and I would do "foot Maria, 12; James Zenna, 9; and Deloris, 7. soldiery" together, which consisted of walking The first and last daughters are brown. The around the downtown area and button-holing middle two are red, with brown eyes. They have people to register to vote. a puppy named Freedom. I think Joe's humor and conviction were respon­ When I was in Albany, the sible for the surprising number who registered. —Map by Southern Education Reporting Service mother had been to jail twice, 1 LaVette, known to friends and family as "Dear", HOW LITTLE school integration has actually reached into the South serving a total of 35 days; little went to jail for the first time soon after she turned is illustrated by this map, recording the situation on the 10th anniver­ Deloris had been to jail once, La­ 12. She was arrested for sitting in a drugstore. sary of the May 17, 1954, Supreme Court decision against school seg­ Vette seven times tor a total of Police took her to an office for vigorous, ques­ 47 days, and Joe Ann had been regation. The shaded areas are the counties that have at least one tioning, during which they appeared to be trying public school district with desegragation in fact or in principle. jailed 13 times, serving a total of to pin a charge of contributing to delinquency 60 days. on Charles Sherrod, who was then head of SNCC In an affidavit at that time, in Southwest Georgia. Here is LaVette's story of Mrs. Christian described how Faith Holsaert this questioning: once the police dragged Joe Ann when they ar­ News Notes ". . . He kept asking me 'Well, what did Sherrod rested her, dropping her four times, then stepped In Alabama, the State Court of In Louisiana, the State Supreme tell you before you went downtown?' I kept saying on her legs and kicked her, dragged her by the Appeals reversed the convictions Court reversed the conviction of Sherrod didn't tell me nothing. He asked "Well, hair to the back of the jail and threatened to kill of three Negro students who the Rev. B. Elton Cox, CORE why did you go down there?' her. LaVette was also later dragged through the tried to attend Easter services field secretary, who had been streets. "And I told him because I want my freedom. I at an all-white church in Talla­ sentenced to a year in jail for started talking about the schools and said the rea­ During one of Joe Ann's stays in jail, they dega, Ala., in 1962. They had "defaming" a judge and district son my daddy had to be a bricklayer was because brought a police dog into her cell and threatened been charged with trespass. attorney. The charge grew out he went to a bad school where he had to use old her with him, her mother said in the affidavit. Then $ 41 * of a speech he made at a mass torn-up books that white children couldn't use any­ they took the lightbulb out of her cell so she had In Oklahoma City, Okla., a meeting in 1962. more. no light. But she said the only light she needed study by two psychiatrists re­ * * * was Jesus. "Then he said 'If you tell just one thing that vealed that of 300 young people Sherrod told you, I'll put you back in the cell with In Memphis, an official of the The Christian family has most of its roots in who took part in sit-ins there the other girls'. I just looked at him and said T Southern Regional Council declar­ the rural area surrounding Albany, and return to starting in 1958, none became de­ ed that negotiations should re­ only know one thing. I want my freedom, and I linquent or manifested anti-social the country each Sunday to attend church. They place demonstrations as the means want it now.'" behavior. "This is a remarkable are very religious people and religion figures of winning civil rights. Vernon E. record for any group of teen-age The next day, Dear was released. The police Jordan, assistant to the executive children of any color in any com­ told Mrs. Christian that the girl was not quite director of SRC, made the state­ right in her mind and ought to be "chastised." munity," the report noted, con­ cluding that participation in civil ment at a meeting sponsored by I spent many nights at the Christian house when the Memphis NAACP. SRC is an one or both of the older girls was in jail. Mama rights demonstrations has a wholesome effect on young peo­ interracial group based in At­ Christian has never lost her fear that they will be lanta. badly hurt, but she will not stop them. Joe says, ple. "Mama, if it takes someone's dying to get our * * * freedom, it might as well be me." And we shudder In Maryland, the Baltimore In Whitesburg, Ky., Berman because we know she means every word of it. Afro-American's analysis of the Gibson and six others were freed I took over the Christian household for a while presidential primary vote declar­ of state charges that they beat when Mrs. Christian went to jail for praying in ed that it was the Negro votes and robbed nonunion men travel­ which provided the margin of de­ front of City Hall. As she left the church with nine ing from Harlan County to work others, the baby, Deloris, wrapped herself around feat for Gov. Wallace of Ala­ bama. He lost the election by in nonunion mines in Letcher my legs and said "Mama going to jail? I want to County, Kentucky. Gibson is a go." 51,710 votes. leader in the movement to organ­ The youngest girls missed their mother very * * * ize white and Negro unemployed much the 18 days she was in, but they were ex­ In Oklahoma City, the General tremely proud that she had gone. Assembly of the United Presby­ in the Appalachian area and other parts of the South. (See April —Photo by Len Holt The Christians were "my family" while I was terian Church, U.S.A., adopted a THE CHRISTIAN FAMILY (from back): Jo Ann, in Albany. They are very poor, but even if dinner schedule for dissolving its last Patriot.) He and eight others face Mrs. Christian, LaVette, James Zenna, Deloris, and was only fried ash (white) potatoes, I was always all-Negro presbytery in the Deep trial on federal charges in Lex­ the puppy Freedom. welcomed to their table. South by the beginning of 1967. ington, Ky., on July 14. This Will Be a Summer of Truth in Mississippi (Continued from Page 1) "mild." A new organization of The fears being generated by nounced in April that it was form­ using troops if it becomes neces­ way Patrol into a police force with white students has been formed Mississippi Freedom Summer ex­ ing a lawyers' peace-corps-type sary. extensive powers. Another pre­ to oppose civil rights workers. tend far beyond this state. This operation to send volunteer at­ Lives are always at stake in vents leafleting, another picketing There is already terror. In May, was indicated when Berea College torneys to Mississippi this sum­ the struggle in this state. This of public buildings, another au­ Bob Moses, SNCC director in in the border state of Kentucky mer to provide free service to the is especially so this summer. If thorizes use of state prisons for Mississippi told the State Advi­ cancelled plans to furnish space freedom movement. Over 60 law­ you are one who cannot go and arrested civil rights workers when sory Committee to the U.S. Civil for a training program in late yers had soon volunteered to participate, you can help in jails overflow, another provides Rights Commission that five Ne­ June for the volunteers going to spend a period of time on the these ways: for strict curfew regulations. groes have been killed in south­ Mississippi. The National Council project. An especially dangerous meas­ east Mississippi in recent months. of Churches Commission on Reli­ Later a similar effort was 1. Keep informed. Atrocities ure allows non-uniformed police He said no one had been arrested gion and Race is sponsoring the launched by attorneys for sev­ from the Deep South often fail in unmarked cars to make arrests. for any of the mysterious slay- training program; it was moved eral civil rights groups, and 60 to get reported in most of the An NAACP newsletter from ings. to Ohio. more volunteers pledged time nation's press. If there is no news Clarksdale, Miss., says: A car carrying faculty and stu­ The president of Berea, when in Mississippi. from Mississippi in your local paper, ask its editors why. There ". . . .any white man can 'arrest' dents from Tougaloo College in questioned about the cancellation, Various legal moves were in will be news going on; ask your any Negro and instead of the Ne­ Jackson was stopped by white said: "I heard from other parts preparation. Attorney Len Holt paper to get it from the news gro ending up in jail he most men near Canton, and one man of the country." of the SCEF Legal Committee services and put it in the paper. probably will end up in a river. was beaten with billy clubs. The On the other hand, concerned filed a petition on behalf of Law­ We are instructing all Negroes beating stopped and the car was groups and individuals are mo­ rence Guyot, a civil rights worker 2. Write SNCC, 8% Raymond not to submit to arrest to anyone allowed to leave only after other bilizing too in an effort to stop in Mississippi, asking assignment St., Atlanta 14, Ga., for more in­ not in officers uniform . . ." occupants shouted to the attack­ the terror and make the Miss­ of extra Federal judges to Miss­ formation on the summer project The hysteria created by polit­ ers that the man being beaten issippi summer program a suc­ issippi for the summer—on the and how you can assist. ical leaders has encouraged an was a "foreigner." He was Hamid cess. theory that freedom workers 3. Most important, make your upsurge of private vigilante Kizilbash, of Pakistan, tutor at A hearing was scheduled by would need quick recourse to the voice heard. Write President John­ groups. The Ku Klux Klan is Tougaloo. civil rights forces for early June courts. son and demand that Federal pro­ reporting a resurgence. New SNCC reported numerous in Washington at which time test­ SCEF's board of directors, at tection be provided for those who racist groups are springing up, other incidents of civil rights imony on Mississippi was to be their spring meeting, called on are risking their lives to make and observers report that many workers being arrested on aired and federal protection President Johnson to act to pro­ democracy work in Mississippi segregationists now consider phoney charges, held in jail sought. tect those working for freedom this summer. Also get your local the White Citizens Council too overnight for investigation, etc. The National Lawyers Guild an­ in Mississippi—to the extent of political organization to act. San Francisco: Los Angeles:

HOUSING TENANT UNION WE NEED FREEDOM SCHOOLS CHALLENGES AUTHORITY IN THE NORTH

"There's a terrific fear in the peo­ The history of the American school ple. It's not lack of intelligence, but system is one of molding young people it's fear of the Public Housing Authority. to fit in the society, to advance the MOVEMENT The tenants don't know their rights, system. The idea of challenge to the Published by and the Housing hasn't been courteous existing structure is thwarted early. If The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee of California enough to inform them", said Mrs. there is little academic freedom in Audrey Smith, chairman of the Yerba colleges, there is none in high schools. Buena Plaza and Annex Tenant Union. Students are directed to look at things She and other tenants in the San Fran­ 'objectively' and 'practically' rather than cisco Yerba Buena housing project have as things really affecting their lives. formed the Union to protect the rights In the end, there is perhaps little dif­ and interests of tenants, improve their ference between the high schools in AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MRS. JOHNNIE MAE WALKER living conditions and provide them with Mississippi and those in Los Angeles. There is a thread between those students My name is Johnnie Mae Walker and I live in Hattiesburg Mississippi. I have recreational facilities. who have been intimidated in Mississippi lived here all my life. I was born in Forrest County on May 31, 1934. The Union is growing stronger, but for raising questions with teachers about I've been a rebel all my days. It started when I first realized that the white man only slowly, Mrs. Smith said. "People their ability to vote or about segrega­ was doing me wrong. It was picking cotton that did it to me -- all day in the sun, show up for two meetings, then when tion, and those who are intimidated and getting up at 3:30 in the morning and going until 8:30 at night — and all for two nothing drastic is accomplished, they isolated in Los Angeles for raising dollars a day. That was when I began to hate the white man. Maybe I don't really get discouraged ... Most of them have questions about loyalty oaths for teach­ hate him but I can't think of another word. never fought for anything in their lives. ers, the students' role in choosing a Then when I was eighteen I thought I was really getting up in the world. The When I want something from the Hous­ curriculum, what student government big day came when I went out on a maid's job. I worked at that job harder than I ing, I call up and demand it. Not every­ really is, or who determines policy for ever worked at anything in my life trying to keep it. And then the big pay day came one can do that. A lot of people are school newspapers. And there is a final and I got twelve dollars. (I had one child, Carolyn, so three dollars went to the afraid they'll get thrown out of the thread perhaps, between those students baby sitter.) I quit because I wasn't satisfied. That twelve dollars disgusted me. I projects if they stand up for themselves.'' and others whose only protest is to wished I hadn't worked a day in my life. drop out of these schools because they I followed this routine of getting a job and quitting, getting a job and quitting, Network of Building Captains can't fit into the mold. until 1963 when the movement came to Hattiesburg. This is the time that I fully realized that what I had felt all along was right. We are being treated unjustly; To counteract some of the fear and The Mississippi highschool students working hard and not getting paid hardly enough even to survive. This is wrong. doubt, she said, "We're going to have were not as caught up in abstractions, I knew it but I did not know how it could be better, how it could be changed. And I one tenant in each building be a Captain. so they not only raised their own ques­ did not know what I, personally, could do about it. Building Captains will know all of their tions, .they taught the teachers how to neighbors and help them deal with the I still don't know exactly what to do, but I do know how to begin. We have to relate,. Many students had no education Housing Authority, the Welfare Depart­ stop hating. The reason I hated the white man was because he was on top of the in the proper sense so what they gave ment or any other problems." system. It was the system that 1 hated. The system kept us from going to school to the white students from the North and getting a good education; kept us from eating well; and having clothes which is "We've also had some of the project was themselves. They did not need important for our children. managers come to Tenant Union meet­ college degrees to do that. People are 1 stopped hating and started understanding. That was my first step toward free­ ings, and some of the tenants will go called 'ignorant' if they know about dom. in a delegation to the City Housing Com­ nothing except their own lives. Are peo­ mission. When the tenants get to talk One Monday night I went to a mass meeting. While I was sitting there Bob Moses ple 'educated' if they know about every­ to managers and commissioners, they began to talk and he asked a simple question: " What have you to fear? Death? thing except their own lives? That was won't be so afraid." They've been killing you all along. Job? What job? You don't have a job. You don't the question which related the young make enough to even feed your families well." That is when I began thinking: "He's "Some of the project managers think Mississippi Negro to their northern right. If I'm going to die, I'm going to die for something. The Negro has never the Tenant Union is a marvelous idea," teachers. been free." she said. "Some of the higher-ups don't The possibility of interschool con­ The COFO called a Freedom Day on January 22, 1964 and I was one of the first like what we're doing, but they haven't ferences may be good to draw closer to join the picket line around the county courthouse. On that picket line I thought got any choice. Just the name of our ties between young people. This might I was doing something to help myself and even doing something that might someday Union has some of the important people be particularly good if the school^ were help everybody. in San Francisco shaken up." held in different areas within Southern Since that time t*ve'-tried 10 register thifteerTtimes. The registrar failed me The Union was started last February, California (Watts, East LA, San Fernando every time but I know I'm qualified. I quit school when I was twelve at the end of when Mike Sharon and Judi Lynch, two Valley, Long Beach, West LA). There the fifth grade because I hated that rotten school. It was a cold crummy joint -- workers from Freedom House -- a Fill­ may be several conferences where peo­ nothing but a run down wooden shack. And the teachers were brutal; they called more organizing center -- began to ple may check their own growth in the you stupid and beat you if you didn't understand. But my education didn't stop. I meet with some of the Yerba Buena schools. The largest reason for the read and studied on my own and took correspondence courses. tenants. conferences may be to break the con­ I realized that working for the movement would cause sacrifice. But I am the At the first small meetings, tenants trolled conferences held in regular sole supporter of my two children so I tried to keep my job as a presser in a dry talked about their immediate problems. schools. cleaning store. But the day came when I had to make a decision: Would I "uncle CONTINUED ON PAGF 4 Can students feel free to talk about torn" to keep that job, that survival ticket, or should I stand up for freedom? What themselves in high schools - their fears, did I really owe to my children? I made up my mind. I went with the Mississippi shames, guilts, God, happiness, joys? Freedom Democratic Party to Washington, D.C. When my employer found out, I don't think so. Most schools seem to I had no job. Today is February 4, 1965. The lights were turned off two days ago, try to make people ashamed of what the heat goes off tomorrow and the phone gets cut off in a week but-the hell with they are so they'll want to be something it. Somehow we'll make out. We borrowed an extension cord and ran it over to else (more pliable to the system). That's the house next door. They can't keep us down anymore. what my school tried to do to me. It Now I work full time for the movement and I'll be with the movement until the got so bad, the only reasons I went to day I die. This is one job I don't intend to quit. My goal is not freedom for the school were because of the dances and Negro but freedom for air men. sports, and because there was no place else to go. I couldn't talk about my Mrs. JOHNNIE MAE WALKER IS A FIELD SECRETARY FOR THE MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY life because it had little to do with my teacher's life. It certainly had nothing to do with what my country wanted me to be. MFDP RUNS CANDIDATES IN LOCAL ELECTIONS I think people can talk about them­ SUMMER REPORT FROM THE SNCC McCOMB PROJECT selves in Freedom Schools, but only There was a special election for At the nominating convention, L. J. if the atmosphere is right, only if they VOLUNTEERS town selectmen in McComb, Missis­ Martin, a registered voter, was nomi­ feel that they can do that freely. The sippi, this spring to fill two vacancies nated for the office of selectman-at- leader must continually ask questions - NEEDED in the city council. After lengthy con­ large. The convention also chose a not only of the people, but about them­ sideration the local Freedom Demo­ non-registered voter, Willmer Dodds, selves, the deepest questions, ultimately what am I and why? Can leaders (mostly to join in a massive student lobby in cratic Party decided to run candidates. to run on the Freedom Ballot for the Once the decision was made, discussion office of selectman from Ward 3. Mr. college students who grew up in this Washington, D.C. in behalf of the centered on "what does it mean to be Martin is a machine operator in a box society) trust themselves enough to pose 'qualified.' " plant and Mr. Dodds is a tin machine these questions? Are they that free? It Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. is not accidental that the leaders of the When we first started discussing this, operator. Fifty registered voters had Free Speech Movement at Berkeley came Student lobbyists will join in seminars, the McComb FDP office reported, names to sign a petition to qualify Mr. Martin out of the Freedom School experience mentioned as possible candidates were for the regular ballot. Sixty-four names workshops, and Freedom Schools with last summer. Students who had gone those of ministers and prominent busi­ were on his petition when the city start­ South to help free other people saw, SNCC staff and FDP leadership. nessmen. Then people started saying ed disqualifying some of them. A couple when returning to their universities, "but those people don't come to meet­ of days before the filing deadline, the that they were as deeply slaves as The purpose of the lobby is to unseat ings - they don't represent us." The campaigners scurried around for more the people in Mississippi. the racist Mississippi Congressional whole bit about education was raised - signatures to make sure Mr. Martin it was decided that education was ir­ would be declared qualified by the Mc­ The purpose of a Freedom School i. delegation relevant. A lot of time was spent dis­ Comb Election Commission. Los Angeles is to create, by raising cussing if the candidates need be reg­ basic questions, an educational expe­ For applications contact your nearest istered voters or not - what if the best rience for young people which would CAMPAIGNING SNCC office (see back page) or the potential candidate had failed the test? make it possible for them to challenge There was strong feeling on both sides, Small neighborhood meetings talked the authority of a system which stifles SNCC Regional Offices but it was generally agreed there would the issues that became the platform and destroys, and to seek new direc­ be great value in having a candidate on for Martin and Dodds. One of the main tions for action. the legal ballot. CONTINUED ON PAGE 4 CONTINUED ON PAGE 4 THE MISSISSIPPI FREEDO OCRATIC PARTY * . RACE HAS KEPT US BOTH IN POVERTY"

Only one year old, the Mississippi guns and driven away from the polling Dbmocratic Party in the past ...; (3) Smith notes that FDP delegates learned Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) is places. Despite the fact that no votes the intransigent and fanatical determina­ a great deal at the Convention. It was one of the most exciting political phe­ counted, the confrontation was an im­ tion of the State's political power struc­ clear, he said, that at the Convention nomena of the country. Born of the portant one. State officials became ap­ ture to maintain the status-quo..." At "the delegates did not vote on any­ voter registration drive initiated in Mis­ prehensive over the national publicity its founding meeting, the MFDP stated, thing ... It seems, however, that the sissippi by the Student Nonviolent Co­ around the voting and in some cases "We are not allowed to function ef­ delegates were satisfied to have their ordinating Committee (SNCC), the MFDP Negroes had their first polite treatment fectively in Mississippi's traditional right to vote us urged, and the decision now is an independent organization, by a white official. Democratic Party; therefore, we must handed down to them." He points to the claiming before the nation its right to Equally important, the prim'ary elec­ find another way to align ourselves contradiction between this and the FDP be recognized by the national Demo­ tion Negro turnout demonstrated to civil with the National Democratic Party." position. "The FDP philosophy was one- cratic Party as the Democratic Party rights workers in the State that their So that such an alignment could be es­ man, one-vote, a philosophy b.orn of the of Mississippi. The MFDP first came painstaking door-to-door, church to tablished, the MFDP began organizing democratic process, and fostered in to the attention of the nation when it church, bar to bar work was paying meetings throughout the State to send the faith that if the people are allowed challenged the seating of the so-called off. Morale was bolstered, both among delegates to the Atlantic City Democratic to decide they will make the right and "regular" Democrats at last summer's the full-time SNCC workers and among Convention. just decisions." Atlantic City Democratic Convention. the Negroes in the communities where Again the country was aroused by the election challenges took place. NO TO THE COMPROMISE Mississippians when, on opening day of THE PEOPLE.COME TO ATLANTIC CITY Congress, they challenged the right of 83,000 FOR FREEDOM The credentials committee, reflecting Mississippi's five Congressmen-elect Beginning at the precinct level, mov­ the Johnson Administration, offered a to sit as the Representatives of the Ou. of the summer election came new ing .then to county meetings and Con­ series of compromises. The "best" State of Mississippi. Behind these na­ discussions about politics in Mississip­ gressional District caucuses, and end­ compromise they offered was to give tional confrontations is a quiet, but pi -- and a new concept, the "freedom ing with a State Convention on August Aaron Henry and Rev. Ed King votes even more dramatic, story of people vote". Excluded from the official elec­ 9, 1964 in Jackson, Mississippi, the as Delegates-at-Large, to require the in Mississippi creating their own state­ tions in the state, Negroes in Missis­ Freedom Democrats went to work. The Regular Democratic Party of Missis­ wide political organization, an organiza­ sippi decided to hold their own elec­ meetings were conducted under the sippi to pledge support for the national tion growing up from the grass-roots, tion. The Council of Federated Organi­ leadership of a temporary State MFDP Democratic ticket and to establish a expressing the demands of the move­ zations (COFO) met on Oct. 6, 1963 Executive Committee which had been committee to work on requirements ment in Mississippi and reflecting the and named Aaron Henry and Rev. Ed chosen on April 26th. Out of the meet­ for ending racial discrimination in the problems of poverty and deprivation A. King as freedom candidates for Gov­ ings came a full delegation, ready to Party by the 1968 Convention. Liberal faced by the vast majority of Missss- ernor and Lt. Governor of the State. go to Atlantic City claiming the right spokesmen across the country could sippians, both black and white. (COFO , probably the most mis-inter­ to sit as the Democrats of Mississippi. not understand why the FDP refused to preted civil rights organization in the accept the compromise. Among other TO RALLY AGAINST FEAR country, is a loose coalition of local NATION-WIDE SUPPORT: BUT NOT things, they called the decision "apol­ movements in the State of Mississippi, FROM THE WHITE H0USF itical". The FDP answered its critics / Beginning in 1961, Negro citizens including some branches of the NAACP, -- though the press never saw fit to increasingly sought to register _o vote. and of full-time staff workers from At the same time as work was being carry the answer. In its reply to critics, For SNCC, two basic problems had to SNCC, CORE and SCLC). A freedom done in the State, representatives of the FDP said, be faced. First, the overwhelming fear ballot, naming the "regular" candidates the MFDP were traveling across the ... In analyzing why the FDP did not based on the experience of, beatings, -- Democrat Paul Johnson and Repub­ country seeking support from Demo­ accept this compromise, it is im­ killings, home bombings, evictions and lican Rubel Phillips -- and the freedom cratic Party delegations for the Chal­ portant to understand first what the firings that confront Negroes who seek candidates, was printed. Freedom reg­ lenge. As Convention opening drew near, FDP delegation represented and their constitutional rights in the State; istration forms were used to enroll the following States were among those what it accomplished at the con­ second, more subtle, and more difficult voters. The first experiment with whose State Democratic Executive Com - vention. The FDP delegation was to work with, was the feeling shared. Northern college students coming into • mittees or State Conventions had passed not simply an "alternative" del­ by many Negroes in the State that pol­ the State as volunteers was initiated as resolutions (some of them not binding) egation chosen by Negro instead itics wasn't their business. The phrase some 30 students from Stanford and supporting the MFDP's Challei ippians. The FDP commonly used was, "politics is white Yale joined regular staff and local com­ York, Massachusetts, District of Co­ is not a Negro party, but an inte­ folks business". The oppression of the munity activists in the circulation of lumbia, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, grated party, open to all whites. It caste system leaves its mark on the the freedom registration forms and the Oregon, California, and Colorado. A grows directly out of the civil rights consciousness of those who must live election day collection and tabulation SNCC worker who travelled across the movement in Mississippi. It came under it. Behind that phrase was a of ballots. When all the ballots were Country seeking support for the MFDP to Atlantic City demanding, not sim­ sense of inferiority, a sense of being turned in, 83,000 Negroes had cast later described the Convention expe­ ply that Negroes be represented, but "unqualified", that was shared by many freedom votes, with the overwhelming rience. Writing in the October, 1964 that racism be ended - in Missis­ of the Negroes in Mississippi. majority cast for Aaron Henry and Liberator (an independent Negro month­ sippi and in the Democratic Party. For two years, first one at a time, Ed King. ly), Frank Smith said, Moreover, the conditions under then in tens, then in hundreds, Negroes "... by the time the Convention start­ which the FDP delegation was chosen went to the country courthouses seeking A PARALLEL POLITICAL FORCE ed, there were eight state delegations were certainly unique. Though the to register to vote. In some cases, they which had passed resolutions support­ ?DP delegation was chosen accord­ were not even allowed to fill out the The Mississippi Freedom Democratic ing the seating of the Mississippi ing to the laws of Mississippi, its application form that preceeds regis­ Party was a logical extension of the Freedom Democratic Party, but word role, was only partially political. tration. In most cases, they were told concept of freedom votes and freedom had come down from Washington that This is so because simply to take they failed to successfully complete the candidates. That the new Party be a President Johnson wanted the Reg­ part in political processes of the application. Two questions were gen­ Democratic Party was a matter of some ulars seated and the FDP ousted. The state makes the Negro in Missis­ erally used to flunk the applicant: (1) discussion in the State. Following the word from the President came as an sippi automatically a rebel against interpret the following section (chosen November, 1963 freedom election suc­ unexpected shock to the FDP, because the segregated society. This means from 383 sections of the Mississippi cess, another state-wide meeting of their basic strategy had been built that he is in immediate and grave State Constitution) of the Constitution; civil rights activists in Mississippi, around the idea that the President danger of losing his job, his home, (2) interpret the duties and obligations held April 26, 1964, discussed the fu­ would either be on their side or be and possibly his life. Many of those of citizenship under a constitutional ture. Their decision was to create a neutral. There were, however, po­ who represented the FDP at At­ form of government. Whether the ap­ parallel Democratic Party -- one that litical considerations involved, and lantic City have suffered the most plicant passed or failed was determined would, in every respect, comply with there is an old political adage that brutal and continual reprisals ever by the registrar of voters, usually a the rules and regulations set down by says 'whenever there is cake to be since they began working for their member of the White Citizens Council. the Mississippi State Constitution for cut, never fail to get your two cents' the conduct of political parties, and worth.' With this in mind, it now CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE THE FIRST BALLOTS CAST that would be Democratic because it seems foolish that the FDP could was in the Democratic Party that sig­ have ever expected the President to Early in the summer of 1963, a Yale nificant decisions about the lives of the be either on their side or neutral." THE MOVEMENT law student who had come to Mississippi people in the State were made. How­ is published monthly by the to work with SNCC, discovered a statute ever, the MFDP was independent in the "The hearing at the Credentials Com­ Student Nonviolent Coordinating which allowed any person who believes sense that it owed no patronage or ap­ mittee added more brush to the fire. Committee of California. he is being illegally denied the right to pointments to the National or State The FDP had developed a strategy vote to cast a ballot along with an af­ Party. This double character of the of getting the required 12 signatures Editorial office: fidavit stating that he is an elector in Freedom Democratic Party, at once out of the Credentials Committee to 584 Page Street, San Francisco, the State. In a state-wide meeting with inside and outside the system, is a file a minority report, and thus get California local movement leadership, the statute major source of its national strength their fight to the floor of the Con­ was described and discussed. It was and the fear that it later caused the vention, and to get the required eight Editorial Group: decided that a concerted effort would "pros" „ of the National Democratic state caucuses to sign a petition to Terence Cannon be made across the State to get Negro Party./ get a roll-call vote on the floor. So Bernice Glenn voters to the polls with affidavits and Underlying the Atlantic City Conven­ that when Washington decided to bring Jeannette Harris that they would seek to vote. In the first tion challenge were three basic con­ pressure, it first started on the Cre­ Jean Hume state primary election, thousands of siderations. A special MFDP report dentials people from the states that Judi Lynch Negroes in Mississippi went to the named them as "(1) the long history had already passed resolutions in Subscriptions: polls for the first time. The response of systematic and studied exclusion of support of the FDP. By Sunday, the $1 per year, individual copies. across the State varied. In some places, Negro citizens from equal participa­ second day of the Credentials Com­ $20 per thousand per month, like Greenwood, ballots and affidavits tion in the political processes of the mittee hearings, there were reports bulk subscriptions. were accepted and later disqualified by state ...; (2) the conclusive demonstra­ of threats of bank charters and judge­ local officials. In other places, like tion by the Mississippi Democratic Party ships being denied and various kinds Drawings by Bernice Glenn Ruleville, Negro voters were met with of its lack of loyalty to the National of appointments being in jeopardy." political rights. This lends a pe­ within the State of this position. De­ William S. Mailliard (R) (6th) over FDP. Just as the FDP raises culiar and unique air to their ef­ spite Evers' position, branches of the Jeffery Cohelan (D) (7th) fundamental questions and issues, so forts to attend the Convention, and NAACP in Mississippi remained active George P. Miller (D) (8th) does it also function in a way that is means that they were literally in the FDP, some of them providing Don Edwards (D) (9th) frightening to the manners of polite gambling their lives against the the Party with active members. In other John F. Baldwin, Jr. (R) (14th) society. The FDP is genuinely a party right of being seated in Atlantic places, local people had their first real Chet Holifield (D) (19th) of the grass-roots people inMississippi. City. internal political fights. It is interesting Augustus F. Hawkins (D) (21st) They participate in and run the Party, The third thing that must be un­ to note that recently national colum­ James C. Corman (D) (22nd) sharecroppers and domestics, laborers derstood is that the FDP had the nists, like Evans and Novak, have sought Ronald Brooks Cameron (D) (25th) and unemployed, they make up and con­ support it needed to win the fight to use these internal debates as a lever James Roosevelt (D) (26th) trol the destiny of their Party. Because at Atlantic City. Within the Cre­ to split the FDP and to weaken its Alphonzo Bell (R) (28th) this kind of participation has become dentials committee there was suf­ Northern support. Ln their nationally George E. Brown, Jr. (D) (29th) so alien to American political thinking ficient support to get the FDP's syndicated column, Evans and Novak Edward Roybal (D) (30th) (the Town Meeting was alright then, demands on the floor, there was spoke of three known Communists in Ken W. Dyal (D) (33rd) but after all ...), many Doubting sufficient support to force a roll the FDP delegation. Mrs. Fanny Lou Lionel Van Deerlin (D) (37th) Thomases have questioned its existence. call vote. Once a roll call was Hamer, former sharecropper and now Generally, they advance a conspiracy allowed, most observers agreed that a major spokesman for the FDP, whose For seating the Mississippians; oppos­ :heory regarding the FDP. It is, they the FDP would have been seated. testimony before the Atlantic City Cre­ ing the MFDP: say, manipulated from someplace else What prevented this was the mas­ dentials Committee stirred the Nation, Don H. Clausen (R) (1st) -- most frequently it is alleged that sive pressure from the White House, was recently called "demagogic". More Harold T. Johnson (D) (2nd) SNCC manipulates the FDP. And the through the mediation of Hubert interesting and important than.the at­ John E. Moss (D) (3rd) more SNCC staff pulls out of Mississip­ Humphrey. The FDP delegation was tacks has been their apparent lack' of Charles S. Gubser (R) (10th) pi to begin work in other places where aware of all of this, and it there­ success in changing the minds of either J. Arthur Younger (R) (11th) the movement has not yet begun to take fore know that the leadership of the Negroes in Mississippi or people across Burt L. Talcott (R) (12th) hold, the more sinister is SNCC's con­ Party and the Convention was deny­ the country who are tired of the East- Charles M. Teague (R) (13th) trol over the MFDP. ing it what if fact it had the popular lands, and Whittens who have for so long John J. McFall (D) (15th) The two qualities of MFDP -- its support to win. This kind of dicta­ represented the Magnolia State in Con­ B. F. Sisk (D) (16th) rank and file participation and its ability tion is what Negroes in Mississippi gress. Cecil R. King (D) (17th) and desire to raise basic issues and face and have always faced, and it With Atlantic City behind them, the Harlan Hagen (D) (18th) questions -- are related. It is, after is precisely this that they are learn­ Freedom Democrats went back to Mis­ H. Allen Smith (R) (20th) all, those who are hungry, ill housed ing to stand up against. sissippi to begin work on two new en­ Del Clawson (R) (23rd) and ill-clothed, those who are denied deavors. First, and by this time almost Genard P. Lipscomb (R) (24th) the right to vote and who are beaten THE FREEDOM PRIMERS a routine, was a freedom election, with Ed Reinecke (R) (27th) and abused by local police who are freedom candidates from the FDP run­ Charles H. Wilson (D) (31st) most likely to raise questions of poverty The FDP has launched a major ning for office and supporting the na­ Craig Hosmer (R) (32nd) and civil rights. And because they have new educational program in the tional Democratic ticket. Second, and Richard T. Hanna (D) (34th) nothing to lose, having nothing to begin state through the use of Freedom now the major national effort of the James B. Utt (R) (36th) with, they are also least likely to "sell Primers. The Freedom Primers FDP, was the Congressional Challenge. John V. Tunney (D) (38th) out". Thus their participation in and are short, simple booklets on dif­ control of the MFDP is intrinsic to ferent phases of politics, economics, ROCKING THE BOAT FROM THE BOTTOM The Statutory Challenge to the seating its ability to remain a voice of honesty, and civil rights as they effect Mis­ of the five Mississippi Congressmen dealing with central issues, refusing sissippians. The first primer con­ The Congressional Challenge is based now is supported by the American Civil to substitute rhetorical gains for sub­ cerned The Convention Challenge simply on the idea that the Congress­ Liberties Union (ACLU), the Southern stantive victories. And it is here, in and The Freedom Vote. men of Mississippi have been illegally Christian Leadership Conference this area, that the day to day politics The primers will be distributed elected and should, therefore, not sit (SCLC), the Congress on Racial Equality of the MFDP is fought out. to MFDP activists and to students in the House of Representatives. (CORE), the Students for a Democratic For some time, it was argued that in the Mississippi Project's Free­ On the opening day of Congress, act­ Society (SDS), the Student Nonviolent the Mississippi movement ought to be dom Schools. As much as possible, ing in close contact with the MFDP, Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the guided by a national Board of Directors MFDP distribution will be made but using a different legal base for the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), that would include representatives of the through local officers of the party. Challenge, Congressman William Fitz the National Council of Churches (NCC), major liberal and civil rights organiza­ In this way they will serve an or­ Ryan of New York introduced a "Fair­ and the Louisiana Committee of Con­ tions in the Country. It was always ganizational as well as an educa­ ness Resolution" which stated that in cerned Citizens. In addition, numerous SNCC's position -- and others came tional function. all due fairness to the challenging MFDP organizations at the state and local to share it -- that such an idea was a The primers will be used as the candidates and in recognition of the level have given support to the Chal­ direct violation of the spirit of one- basis of discussion at precinct and discriminatory practices of the Mis- lenge, as well as many less known na­ man, one-vote. SNCC workers took the county meetinge--aftd at voter i?cg— siaaippi -Democr_tTesr—rtre ^Mississippi' tional organizations. position that people who lived and work­ istration meetings. It is hoped that Congressional delegation should not be ed in the State of Mississippi would the primers can be published once seated and the contestants, Mrs. Fanny THE MFDP:. CANNOT BE BOUGHT have to be the ones who made the deci­ every 10 days for a full year, each Lou Hamer, Mrs. Victoria Gray, and AND SOLD sions. This did not mean that everyone issue on a different topic. It is Mrs. Annie Devine, should be given had to automatically accept these deci­ hoped the primers will provide a floor privileges through the session of Within this national coalition and with­ sions; it did, however, mean that con­ breadth of facts and concepts more the House so that, should their chal­ in the State of Mississippi a quiet strug­ trol of decision making would have to vital to the growth of political un­ lenge be successful, and should they gle goes on over the Freedom Dem­ be in the hands of the people of the derstanding than a more rigid ed­ later be named Congresswomen, they ocratic Party. Two central issues are State. ucational program. would have the opportunity of knowing involved. One has to do with the militant This decision has now been accepted the history of the session of Congress. stance of the FDP, especially in regard -- in part because it is a reality, and, DECISIONS RISE TO THE TOP Again the Freedom Democrats stirred to the national Democratic Administra­ in part because some have come to the nation -- and rocked the political tion. No State Democratic Party is as see the merit of the view. The basic tool of political education boat. Working through ad hoc committees There tends to be a corre­ and decision-making in the FDP at the in many Congressional districts, through lation between social status in the Negro local level is the workshop. Workshops Friends of SNCC groups, CORE chap­ community and the militancy advocated are designed to do two things: (1) to ters, some NAACP branches, ACLUs, for the mov.ement and the issues to be share information; (2) to open discus­ ADA chapters and other organizations, raised. The moderates tend to be the sion and begin to break through the the FDP was able to build a movement people with more status in the com­ feeling of being unqualified that still that led, finally, to 150 votes in support munity -- whether this be the status exists among many Negroes in the State. of the Challenge. While the final result of money or education or position. The In most places, workshops are now is impressive, it was not enough to moderates also tend to be the tradi­ led by members of the MFDP. Only in win. Equally impressive was the way tional leaders (or non-leaders) of the new, unorganized areas do staff mem­ in which the coalition backing the chal­ J • !;.! UX.R. community, and this relates to the whole bers organize initial workshops and lenge was built. Many of the national independent as .the MFDP would be it question of qualifications and who can these are soon led by people from the organizations that were to finally back it were to become the Democratic Party participate in politics. There is now local community. Workshops deal with the FDP's challenge only did so after of Mississippi. Despite the fact that a new leadership in the State, built real problems confronting the FDP, they began to receive pressure from our civics books tell us that the na­ around people like Mrs. Hamer. Some like organizing in the next community their own members at home. The final tional parties are weak, there is a web of the people of status in the Negro or county, or developing a program for January 4th grouping that was around of Presidential power that keeps most community have joined with this new coming county elections, or circulating FDP was built from the bottom up, State Democratic Parties in line. The leadership in raising basic questions. Freedom Registration forms, or select­ beginning first with maverick chapters, web is held together by powers of pat­ Most have not. ing local Freedom candidates to run for branches and locals of national organ­ ronage and appointment by the discre­ council, sheriff and other local posts. The issue is particularly painful as izations that only after questions from tionary powers involved in the awarding the voting bill nears passage. Even on below began to move. of contracts and the selection of sites its face, the bill has serious inadequa­ THE MODERATE OPPOSITION The California vote for the January for public spending. The tools of na­ cies. In particular, it offers no protec­ 4th Fairness Resolution is a clear in­ tional power that can be mobilized tion against economic harassment Atlantic City represented a major dicator of how Congressmen may be against recalcitrant Congressmen and against Negroes who seek to vote, nor new stage in the development of the expected to vote on the Statutory Chal­ maverick State parties are many, and is it clear why this bill will be any FDP. Conservative civil rights spokes­ lenge when it comes to the floor of the they are manipulated by a master in more forcefully executed than the many men joined with conservative -- and House again. It should not be taken for the arts of politics. Lyndon Johnson's good laws already on the books. It is some liberal -- Democrats in question­ granted that Congressmen who voted Great Society does not seem to include clear, however, that some Negroes are ing this new maverick party. Since for the opening day Fairness Resolution room for the MFDP; nor does his style going to register to vote -- and that Atlantic City, FDP leaders have been will also vote for the Challenge. The of consensus politics allow the sharp this number may, in some cases, be a warned against starting a Third Party. voting record of the California Con­ raising of fundamental questions that key bloc vote able to carry primary They are told to be "realistic". They gressmen follows: •has been so characteristic of the MFDP elections or even general elections one are urged not to move too fast. These (R) Republican; (D) Democrat; in its short history. way or the other. So basic questions warnings are reflected by the behavior (Number of Congressional District) are raised. Will Negroes continue to of the NAACP National Staff person THE MFDP: BELONGS TO ITSELF support the MFDP and its present posi­ in Mississippi, Charles E vers.'The Against seating the Mississippians; sup­ tions? Will Negroes support white NAACP said it was pulling out of COFO porting the MFDP: This quiet struggle goes on, perhaps "moderates" when they run against (though the National was never really Robert L. Legett (D) (4th) even more intensely in Mississippi. blatant racists? in) and Evers became the spokesman Phillip Burton (D) (5th) Here is the second aspect of the fight CONTINUED ON PA' ' MFDP - CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 lems. A Mississippi Freedom Labor The McComb FDP spent about $100 Many of the Yerba Buena families THE "REGULARS" FEUD: Union is being organized specifically for newspaper ads and another $50 for are on welfare or Aid to Dependent to raise issues of wages, hours and stamps, paper and office supplies in Children. They are concerned because Within the State's Democratic Party, conditions. Farmers' Leagues are grow­ the whole campaign. they are charged higher rents than a split appears to exist just below the ing in the State and making demands people not on welfare, who have the

surface of racist unity. One wing of the for just treatment for the small farmer. THE RESULTS AND WHAT THEY MEAN same incomes. Often money from their Party seems to be ready to concede Small co-ops are being talked about welfare food allotment is used to pay that the days of Southern, style racism and, in Ruleville, the first start to The campaigners sum up the election rent and extra electricity charges. The are done. They are the realists who building them is underway. Federal pro­ results as follows: There are 3,410 reg­ Tenant Union is starting a Welfare recognize that de facto segregation will grams, such as those under the Depart­ istered voters in McComb; about 200 of Rights Committee to work towards either have to be tried now, and who are learn­ ment, of Agriculture, the Housing and these are Negro. Mr. Martin received higher rent allotments or lower rents ing how to do that from the North. The Home Finance Administration, the De­ 62 votes in the regular election. Many for people receiving aid. white patriots who defend "the Southern partment of Health, Education and Wel­ Negro voters did not vote for Mr. Martin way of life" to the end are now on the fare, the Office of Economic Opportunity, because they feel he isn't "qualified." THEY WANT FUNDAMENTAL defensive. With the voting bill, the na­ are being investigated. Still a weak There are 7 precincts in McComb - CHANGES tional Party will be able to align itself point in the COFO program is its white only 3 of them include Negroes - yet with the realists in the State. This means community project. Mr. Martin received votes from every Beyond these immediate goals, Mrs. that tremendous resources will suddenly precinct. 2,262 people voted in the reg­ Smith said the Union is trying to bring become available to those who will THE CHALLENGE ular election; the winner received 1,517. together tenant groups from each of the make some concessions toward joining Freedom Vote polling places were set ten projects in San Francisco. Such an the rest of the country in its more For MFDP, the problems of the im­ up - 9 in all, covering the 4 Negro sec­ alliance would be politically forceful subtle forms of discrimination and prej­ mediate now take priority. Calls to the tions within the city limits. Five hundred enough to demand fundamental changes udice. The realists are joined by a country for support of the Challenge sixty (560) votes were cast in the Free­ in the administration of existing proj­ tiny number of white Mississippians are now out. SNCC Chairman John Lewis dom election - Mr. Martin received 558 ects and in the design and location of who are committed to racial justice recently called the Challenge the most and Mr. Dodds received 547. We esti­ future public housing. but who have been, silent. Generally important political event of 1965. To mate that there are about 1,000-1,500 The Union think, tenants should be these are churchmen professionals and support the Challenge and to raise the Negroes of voting age in McComb. able to choose managers and other others in the middleclass. issue of home rule in Washington, D.C, This campaign has been very signifi­ administrative personnel for their proj­ SNCC is calling for students from across cant for McComb. Mr. Martin is the ects. Tenants should also be able to THE NEGROES MAY SPLIT the country to come to the Capital from first Negro to be on a local ballot in elect from among project residents at June 13 to July 4. During that time Mississippi since Reconstruction, and least three of the five Housing Com­ The Negro moderates see in the de­ there will be a student lobby for the the first Negro candidate ever in Mc­ missioners, presently appointed by the velopment of the white realists an ally. MFDP. Subsequent to the lobby, some Comb. We've all - staff and community Mayor. Then public housing tenants would Since their major concerns have to do students will be asked to return home - learned more about local government, have a voice in important decisions with civil rights and not poverty, they to engage in lobbying activities in their taxes, etc. than we ever dreamed pos­ which affect their lives. do not demand a program of social home districts; others will go South to sible. This election really shook the Judi Lynch reform along with a promise of legal join in summer projects. white people uptown - they kept inviting reform. To the extent that their voices Whatever the future for MFDP, it Mr. Martin to meetings and to their LA FREEDOM SCHOOLS are still respected in the broad Negro constitutes, in the eyes of many, the homes trying to get him to compromise CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE community, their advocacy of modera­ most exciting political event of post- on his platform. He didn't. Can young people, who've been told tion may well be extremely powerful. World War II era. Whether, the MFDP A great many people became deeply that they're too young, not qualified, They .might even take the position that will be able to maintain itself as a involved in this campaign and worked not fully educated, that they have to be the MFDP ought to be allowed to die movement of the poor or whether it is very hard on it. The small turnout in molded and developed and have to be and that Negroes ought to join in the only the first in the development of the Freedom Vote was disappointing - administered, make decisions about their formation of a new Democratic Party new movements at the grass roots level it also shows us the necessity of organ­ own lives just as they are? Can they which would force the rabid racists into that are soon to join in the development izing people around issues other than run their own school newspaper, student the State's Goldwater Republican Party. of a program that addresses itself to the vote. All in all, though, this cam­ government, Board of Education? Maybe the basic problems of the society can paign was very good, because a great by the end of the Freedom School ses­ NEEDED: A WIDER INSURGENT only, at this point, be a question. many people were involved in making sion some of these questions will have Mike Miller decisions that affected their lives. been dealt with. MOVEMENT Jirnmy Garrett The moderates position is strengthen­ CANDIDATES - CONTINUED, FROM FRONT PAGE SF HOUSING - ed by two other facts. First, the MFDP, issues was the proposed bond election CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE REGIONAL STAFF CHANGES: Danny Benson is leaving Bay Area SNCC for field work in the South. His as it is now constituted, has no counter­ to allocate $1 million for the repair of The Housing Authority had suddenly parting words are "I shall return.'' Norma Whittaker parts anywhere in the country. Lhere ...str.sp.ts. i_.,._wIdl£.J-£ig]jt!QriK'ods, wj.h begun to charge tenants fp.r the extra is also leaving regional staff. Coming on staff full- are local movements, such as the county only one streei in any Negro area in­ electricity they used. Many bills were time: Ron Bridgeforth, |USt returned tiom 10 months in Mississippi, and Terence Cannon. Cliff Vaughs is movements in Louisiana, Virginia, volved. Out of these meetings came high — up to $34 -- and the three-day joining Jimmy Garrett and Ed Wilson in the L.A. Alabama and other places in the South; the campaign to start legal action con­ deadline forced many tenants to use Regional Office as special fundraiser. there are small pockets of insurgency testing this bond issue if it passed -- food money to pay the charges. Bay Area Events: THE SAN FRANCISCO MIME in poverty areas, such as Appalachia, on the grounds of Negroes' tax money Tenants were also angry because TROUPE presents a double feature: Bertold Brecht's the California farm valley, and the being used without their having a voice, Housing managers would not provide a The Exception and The Rule and Robert Scheer urban ghettos. But nowhere is there a perforce of their being denied the bal­ room for their meetings, even though relating Brecht to Vietnam. 8:30 p.m. May 14, 15 - at Garfield Junior High in Berkeley. May 21, 22 at full fledged insurgent Democratic Party. lot. (The goal now is to stop construc­ several rooms were made available for Marines Memorial in San Francisco. May 29, 30 at The reform Democratic movements in tion until federal registrars start func­ Boy Scout troops and election polling Palo Alto Senior High in Palo Alto. Tickets $2.50 the North tend to be led by professionals tioning.) places. at Downtown Center Box Office - PR 5-2021, and -- lawyers, businessmen and professors. Both candidates conducted a hea'vy The tenants at the small meetings at the Mime Troupe - AT 2-7462. Thus poor Negroes in Mississippi who campaign. During the last two weeks formed a Union for all 819 families in now lead a political party must feel before election, Mr. Martin and Mr. the Yerba Buena project. They decided themselves quite alone and must, in­ Dodds spoke at 17 meetings in homes to solve some immediate problems to deed, wonder at times whether they all around town. Mass canvassing was give their fearful or disinterested neigh­ really can do what they are doing. Sec­ done with brochures and ads in the bors confidence in the Union. Mrs. Smith w»S ond, within the State, there is no move­ local newspaper. Mailings went out to was elected chairman, and Mrs. Ethel ment among poor whites which could northern contacts: press, ex-staff mem­ Mosley was elected secretary-treasur­ be a counter-part to the realists who bers and ministers who had worked in er. Lib o have emerged within the Democratic McComb. Letters giving Martin's plat­ Party. form were sent to 650 white residents THE COMMISSION BACKS DOWN The white community project, initi­ who had signed a "Citizens for Prog­ ated well over a year ago by COFO ress" statement of principles before Mrs. Smith and tenants from another under the slogan, "Race has kept us last November's elections. San Francisco project, North Beach both in poverty", remains more an Place, met with the Housing Commis­ organizing goal and political strategy sion to discuss the extra electricity than a reality. Efforts to bring whites FINANCES charges. The Commission admitted the together to discuss their problems of "All the money for this campaign extra fees had been badly handled. They poverty have invariably failed because was raised locally," the campaigners agreed not to penalize tenants who were of the identification of the white COFO report. Students put on a play "Mc-. unable to pay the bills within the time- workers who were in the project with Comb, U.S.A." and raised over $125. limit and are considering refunding the the Negro based movement. People pledged $1 and more a week. money already received. Q. Other fund-raising events were a piano The Union is fighting to have apart­ < concert, wig show, pancake sale and ments repainted more often than every CL FREEDOM LABOR UNIONS, CO-OPS dinners. The office rented for the cam­ seven years. They also want pest ex­ paign is continuing as the FDP county termination services, bulletin boards COFO staff in Mississippi is begin­ headquarters, manned by a local woman, for meeting notices and night-watchmen ning to deal with some of these prob­ who's being paid a salary of $21 a week. for each building cluster.

San Francisco Bay Area Regional Office 584 Page MA 6—4577 Los Angeles Area Office 8501 South San Pedro 750-1549 or 753-1549 EAST BAY MARIN STOCKTON SACRAMENTO 5929 Grove St. Box 210, Mill Valley Anderson Y Center 1956 Grand Ave BAKERSFIELD SANTA BARBARA LONG BEACH Oakland, 655-9545 332-1127 Univ. of the Pacific Sacramento 922- 6003 2812 Kaibav 910 Camino Pascadero 205 East Broadway 323-8702 Go I eta 968-6558 434-1536 UNIVERSITY OF S.F. 462-7314 COLLEGE OF MARIN SAN JOSE STATE 58 Clayton, Apt. 2 32 Williams St MID-PENINSULA CLAREMONT TORRANCE OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE 603 North'16th St San Francisco San Rafael 453-8241 180 University Ave McAllister Center 1411 Acacia Ave. Los Angeles 255-5151 293-4684 751-7660 Palo Alto Claremont College Torrance, SANTA CLARA VALLEY SAN FRANCISCO SAN DIEGO S.F. STATE COLLEGE 322-5521 626-8511 246 Eastside, San Jose 584 Page Street UNIVERSITY OF 3622 El Cajon Blvd 1600 Holloway UNIVERSITY OF CAL HARBOR JR. COLLEGE 292-6161 626-4577 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 448-5273 San Francisco 1136 Euclid 750-A Ninth Street 1061 Pine Bluff STANFORD SAN FERNANDO VALLEY JU 4-5215 Ext. 6 Berkeley 527-1295 San Pedro 835-0161 Pasadena 355-3723 Box 2484 STATE COLLEGE RICHMOND Stanford 327-8879 MT. DIABLO FRESNO 9156 Kewen UNIVERSITY OF CAL 608 Civic Center 1658 Foothill 479 North Fresno Sun Valley 349-1200 Lafayette YE 5- Richmond BE 4-1015 Davis SK 3-3249 3061 268-7778 188 THE CANADIAN FAR EASTERN NEWSLETTER 188

VOL. 18, NO. 188 TORONTO, ONTARIO $2.00 per year MARCH-APRIL, 1966

Dear Friends: limit to the means we use to achieve victory. A victory Since we sent you a double amount for February, this that would require the wholesale devastation of a country letter is called March-April. We hope you have found the by nuclear arms because it would not yield to conven­ documentary useful because it contains the essence of our tional force would be the ultimate in immorality." struggle both in Canada and in North America generally. The American Army and its "brains" in South Vietnam The demonstrations throughout the world on March 25-26 are stalemated. They are, accordingly, resorting to the were the greatest peace effort that the people have ever ultimate in immorality, not with nuclear arms but with made, and they will continue. The Easter Marches in poison chemicals, gas, napalm and the mass extermination Europe this year had as their main theme the stopping of a people who will not surrender. We must make it clear of the war in Vietnam. The demonstrations of the to all men and women in North America that the Ameri­ Buddhists, Christians and humanists in the cities of South can government and its army in South Vietnam have Vietnam give further evidence of the falseness of started on a mass murder campaign. They cold-bloodedly the official Washington-Pentagon position. Washington re­ contemplate a mass extermination larger than that con­ lies on an unpopular military dictatorship. The revolt of ducted by Hitler in Poland. There is trustworthy evidence the people of South Vietnam is an additional proof of the that such a plan is now being systematically carried out. truth of the hard-hitting article in Ramparts (February) by Donald Duncan, entitled "THE WHOLE THING WAS Protests Against the U.S. Gas and Chemical Warfare A LIE." There have been many protests in the United States about the use of gas and poisonous chemicals in Vietnam. Expose the Lies and Fight For Peace Jan. 17, 1966, 27 U.S. scientists score use of chemicals on It is still urgently necessary that accurate information Vietcong crops.—N.Y. Times. Prof. John Edsall of Harvard about Vietnam be continuously put before the public. One University spoke of the "shocking deterioration in our of the latest and best efforts is a little pamphlet published moral standards and some scientists warned that poison­ by "Canadian Dimension" (P.O. Box 1413, Winnipeg 1, ous compounds of arsenic and cyanide might be in use. Manitoba). It is a reprint of material from the magazine (They probably know that they are but dare not say so— and called "What Every Canadian Should Know About "classified materials"). N.Y. Times Feb. 16, 1966 R. W. Vietnam." Everyone who is concerned about stopping the Appel from Saigon spoke of 20 specially equipped C123 war in Vietnam should be able to explain to people the transports for defoliation, "the task is comparable to an nature of the struggle against French colonialism by the attempt to lay waste to all the vegetation between N.Y. Vietnamese people, the essential facts of the Geneva Ac­ and Washington." N.Y. Times Feb. 22, 1966, Neil Sheehan, cords of 1954 and the nature of the American aggression Saigon, "helicopters dropped hundreds of tons of tear against the Vietnamese people since 1954. gas grenades to douse a small patch of jungle, then B52's There is now enough documented material to prove con­ bombed the jungle in two waves . . ." Who knows clusively to any fair-minded person that the Geneva Ac­ whether such concentrations do not amount to using gas cords of 1954 were the authentic and legal documents on to asphyxiate people? which a solution for the problem of Vietnam must be Let us drive this horrible fact into the consciousness and based. It is equally clear that the United States has torn conscience of every person, let there be none who can say up these agreements and acted unilaterally under a thin "We didn't know." When the people of Weimar told Eisen­ disguise of invitations by a government which they them­ hower they "didn't know" about the horrors of Buchen- selves set up. It was a government which had no legal wald extermination camp, it is reported that an angry right to do other than arrange a general election in 1956. Eisenhower ordered them all to be marched out to see it. Instead, it refused the election and opened the door for Let us do our best to force everyone in the United States an American military aggression. and Canada to "see" the reality of the mass murder by It is also clear that the National Liberation Front is the bomb, napalm, gas, toxic chemical and the indiscriminate de facto government of a majority of the people and the shooting of prisoners and suspects. In Vietnam the Ameri­ territory in South Vietnam. It was able to defeat the can defenders of "freedom" have sunk as low as the Nazis. armies of Ngo Dingh Diem and his successors and their In one part of South Vietnam they have destroyed by 23,000 American advisors and was on the point of military poison about one million acres, hoping to face the people victory at the end of 1964 when the U.S. decided to send in with the choice of surrender or starvation. This is going a huge American army and try to reverse the tide. on now, day by day, while Billy Graham prays for Presi­ In 1963 and 1964 the American stories about "aggression dent Johnson to the peculiar deity in which he evidently from the North" were unfounded and false, an excuse for believes. their military intervention which they foresaw was going Jessica Smith in the January "New World Review" has to be needed. No North Vietnam forces moved south issued a call to the American people: until after the United States began the bombing war on "Vietnam is farther away from our country than were North Vietnam. Even now nearly all the fighting is being the gas ovens from the people of Nazi Germany who done by South Vietnamese. averted their faces and hearts. There is no excuse for any It is also quite clear now that the Canadian Govern­ one of us to turn away and say it is not our responsibility ment has played rather a shameful role in Vietnam. In­ to stop the war. . . . The anguished mothers cradling in stead of using the Canadian membership on the Interna­ their arms their blood-covered babies killed by U.S. tional Control Commission to demand the full carrying bombs. The children and old people horribly burned by out of the Geneva Accords, the Canadian Government has U.S. napalm. Young Americans using their cigarette light­ used its place on that Commission to issue biased and mis­ ers to fire the thatched roofs of simple village folk. 'Sus­ leading minority reports which were used for justifying pected' guerilla prisoners being tortured by their South the American aggression. Canadians should study this as­ Vietnamese captors while Americans look on. Systematic pect of the situation carefully and demand of our govern­ defoliation, deliberate destruction of crops, the flaming ment that it reverse its not very honorable present role. inferno of forests and villages under the B-52 bombings, The Canadian Co-ordinating Committee for Peace in which kill many civilians. The 700,000 refugees from these Vietnam is now publishing the text of the careful study bombings, ill, starved and homeless . . . Instead of the of this question by Professor James Steele. It will be joyous thoughts appropriate to the holiday season, we ready about the end of April. must keep these things constantly before us." "Victory Through Total Devastation of a Country Is Immoral" International Red Cross Notified Writing in LOOK MAGAZINE of April 5, 1966, General Hanoi and the NLF have regularly notified the Inter­ Mathew Ridgway, former commander in Korea, warned national Red Cross of the nature of the U.S. war of against any move "down the road of international moral­ extermination. They give dates and places, for example, ity past the point of no return. It is my firm belief," he Bin Tre Province during December 1965 one hundred ended, "that there is nothing in the present situation or in spreadings of chemicals on 50 villages, more than 46,000 our code that requires us to bomb a small Asian nation people poisoned, more than 10,000 acres of rice planta­ 'back into the Stone Age.' . . . "there must be some moral tions and fields under cultivation destroyed. Page 2

Accordingly, we urge all our readers to influence any Declare: organization that they may be able to, to write to Presi­ That the High Contracting Parties, so far as they dent Johnson, to the International Red Cross, General Sec­ are not already Parties to Treaties prohibiting retary Henri Beer, Geneva, Switzerland, and to their own such use, accept this prohibition, agree to extend Red Cross national committee to urge that the Geneva this prohibition to the use of bacteriological Conventions of warfare be observed and that we declare methods of warfare and agree to be bound as be­ our conviction that it is against all human decency that tween themselves according to the terms of this a big power is able to use with impunity such methods declaration. against a small country engaged in a struggle for its inde­ pendence. No Wonder the Buddhists Revolt It is quite amazing that the American psychological war­ fare "experts" should presume that they can persuade For your information we reprint part of Resolution 28 ordinary decent Vietnamese to accept the mass extermi­ of the Twentieth International Conference of the Red Cross, nation of their own people just because American capital­ Vienna, October 1965. ism and Cardinal Spellman do not like communism. "The secret of being free, is not a Yankee monopoly" as the Legal Protection Against the song says. Consequently, Pentagon war planners would do Dangers of Indiscriminate Warfare well to weigh the implications of some of the Buddhist In its endeavours for the protection of the civilian popu­ statements in Saigon: lation, the XXth International Conference of the Red "The U.S. Government goes against the Vietnamese Cross reaffirms Resolution No. 18 of the XVIIIth Inter­ people by giving direct aid to Thieu and Ky and providing national Red Cross Conference of Toronto which, in con­ them with physical and strategic facilities to oppress and sideration of Resolution 24 of the XVIIth International annihilate the Vietnamese people." Red Cross Conference of Stockholm, requested Govern­ The Americans speak often of the need to protect "their ments to agree, within the framework of general dis­ friends." Well, when your friends are a bunch of crooks, armament, to a plan for the international control of grafters, mountebanks and mass murderers you can well atomic energy which would ensure the prohibition of expect that the Vietnamese will give them short shrift atomic weapons and the use of atomic energy solely for when the day of reckoning comes. peaceful purposes, No Wonder the Yankee Warmakers Have Nightmares thanks the International Committee of the Red Cross The Toronto Globe and Mail of April 12, 1966, reports for the initiative taken and the comprehensive work done that the Buddhist declaration in Saigon had these interest­ by it in defining and further developing humanitarian ing words: "The U.S. Government goes against the Viet­ international law in this sphere, namese people by giving direct aid to Thieu and Ky and states that indiscriminate warfare constitutes a danger providing them with the physical and strategic facilities to the civilian population and the future of civilization, to oppress and annihilate the Vietnamese people." The solemnly declares that it is the duty of all governments great nightmare, says the Globe and Mail, is that a and other authorities responsible for action in armed con­ Buddhist government might emerge and call for an end flicts to conform at least to the following principles: to the war. One of the Buddhist leaders, Thieh Thien Minh —that the right of the parties to a conflict to adopt at a press conference refused to rule out the possibility means of injuring the enemy is not unlimited; that if the Buddhists came to power they might ask for —attacks on civilian population as such are prohibited; the withdrawal of U.S. troops. —distinction must be made at all times between per­ sons taking part in the hostilities and members of the A Curse In Their Hearts civilian population to the effect that the latter be Professor Kenneth E. *Boulding of the University of spared as much as possible; Michigan (and a member of the Canadian Peace Research —that the general principles of the Law of War apply Institute) wrote a stern warning to the people of the to nuclear and similar weapons; United States recently in the Washington Post, reprinted the XXth International Conference of the Red Cross ex­ in the Gazette and Daily, York, Pa., Dec. 13, 1965: pressly invites all Governments who have not signed the "In the international arena, then, the United States has Geneva Protocol of 1925 to do so. It prohibits the use of delusions of grandeur. We spend $50 billion a year to asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, all analogous impose our will on the world and we find that we are liquids, materials or devices, and bacteriological methods impotent in Vietnam because we have no legitimacy. . . . of warfare; Even if our napalm and airborne terror produce 'victory' urges the International Committee of the Red Cross to the damage done to our moral image is enormous, for we pursue the development of International Humanitarian have become a monster. Our wealth and military power Law in accordance with Resolution No. 13 of the XlXth produce affability on the world's face and curses in its International Conference of the Red Cross, with particular heart. . . . we are destroying ourself. . . . The military- reference to the need for protecting the civilian population industrial complex is eating the heart out of American life against the sufferings caused by indiscriminate warfare, and seriously reducing—perhaps in the long run fatally— requests National Red Cross Societies to intervene with its potential for economic success. ... I believe the United their Governments in order to obtain their collaboration States is frighteningly close to ... a boundary, a Rubicon for an early solution of this question and urges all govern­ that Caesar crossed, Napoleon crossed, Hitler crossed and ments to support the efforts of the International Red from which there is no return save" through disaster." Cross in this respect, requests all National Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red They Refuse to Pay for an Illegal Disaster Lion and Sun Societies to do all in their power to per­ From the office of Rev. A. J. Muste, 5 Beekman St., N.Y., suade their Governments to reach fruitful agreements in has come an extraordinarily interesting document. Some the field of general disarmament. 360 persons, including a number of prominent professors, scientists, writers, doctors, clergymen and entertainers Why Won't the U.S. Ratify This Protocol? made public today their refusal to pay part or all of their The Geneva Protocol of 1925 was signed by the two 1965 Federal Income Taxes because the United States American representatives but the Congress refused to Forces are "clearly being used in violation of the U.S. Con­ ratify it. Here is part of the PROTOCOL: stitution, International Law and the United Nations Char­ The undersigned Plenipotentiaries, in the name of their ter." Their statement, THE TIME HAS COME, might well respective Governments: become an historic document in American history. After WHEREAS the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous calling attention to "the spectacle of the United States— or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or with its jet bombers, helicopters, fragmentation and na­ devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion palm bombs and disabling gas—carrying on an endless of the civilized world and war against the hungry, scantily armed Vietnamese gueril­ WHEREAS the prohibition of such use has been declar­ las and civilians" the message states: ed in Treaties to which the majority of Powers of the THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT has not reacted world are Parties; and constructively to legitimate criticisms, protests and ap­ TO THE END that this prohibition shall be universally peals: accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the by world leaders including the Pope, U Thant and conscience and the practice of nations; President De Gaulle— Page 3

by United States leaders including Senators Morse, prove to be the commune's historic contribution—a signi­ Gruening, Church, Fulbright, Robert Kennedy, ficant step towards bridging the gap between worker and Eugene McCarthy and Stephen Young— farmer, town and country, mental and manual labour, by hundreds of thousands of citizens including 2500 towards the era when the government of men gives way clergymen and countless professors who placed to the management of things. protest advertisements in leading newspapers— The "Ten Mile Inn" village is a part of the Yangyi com­ by innumerable students, many tens of thousands of mune which has 58 villages and is about 33 miles by 10. whom have taken their protest to Washington on It is stretched along a river (Min) which is usually dry. several occasions— There are some useful reference tables, for example Page by celebrated individuals such as the Rev. Martin Luther 4 gives the definition of rural classes, namely landlords, King, Robert Lowell, Arthur Miller and Dr. Benjamin rich peasants, middle peasants, (upper middle and lower Spock— middle), poor peasants and ordinary labourers. and by leading newspapers, including The New York "For untold generations famine has been a regular fea­ Times. ture of Chinese rural life. It brought death and disease We believe that the ordinary channels of protest have to millions and forced millions more into beggary." This been exhausted and that the time has come for Americans no longer happens and even strict rationing is disappear­ of conscience to take more radical action in the hope of ing. Generally speaking China has become a battlefield for averting nuclear war. a revolution in farming technique. The communes are Therefore, the undersigned hereby declare that at least moving steadily towards mechanization, chemicalization as long as U.S. Forces are clearly being used in violation (fertilizers and pest control) and electrification. There is of the U.S. Constitution, International Law and the United also an interesting account of how they are experimenting Nations Charter . . . with anti-hail rockets. WE WILL REFUSE TO PAY OUR FEDERAL The advance in social services has been remarkable, con­ INCOME TAXES VOLUNTARILY. sidering the poverty that prevailed in the beginning. In Some of us will leave the money we owe the govern­ the commune there are 37 sewing centers (with machines), ment in our bank accounts, where the Internal Revenue 136 nurseries, 37 kindergartens, 4 old folks' homes and Service may seize it if they wish. Others will contribute 7 maternity homes. the money to CARE, UNICEF or similar organizations. Advance in education has likewise been remarkable. Some of us will continue to pay that percentage of our Before land reform the average enrollment in Ten Mile taxes which is not used for military purposes. Inn school was 20 to 30; We recognize the gravity of this step. However, we pre­ From land reform to co-operatives (1948 to 1954) 70; fer to risk violating the Internal Revenue Code, rather During the semi-socialist period 1954 to 1958, 150 pupils; than to participate, by voluntarily paying our taxes, in the After the consolidation of the commune 330 (all children serious crimes against humanity being committed by our of school age). government. There has recently been much publicity in the West about the huge militia force in China. This is largely a Socialist Agriculture in China force for local self-defence and is in no way a danger to David and Isobel Crook have just written a new book any bordering country. One reason for the militia is the about the development of the communes in China. It is a fact that Chiang Kai-shek left behind about 2,000,000 dis­ sequel to their first detailed study of the agricultural revo­ banded but armed men. There were 600,000 key members lution, "The Revolution Comes to Ten Mile Inn," later of reactionary parties and a secret underground armed published as "Revolution in a Chinese Village," (Routledge force of about 200,000. In fact the Kuomintang hierarchy and Kegan Paul, 21 shillings). Now a sequel has been writ­ expected to overthrow the socialist regime from within. ten, "The First Years of Yangyi Commune," Humanities For anyone to pretend that the huge Chinese militia is a Press, 303 Park Ave., South New York 10, N.Y. $6.75. danger, either to her neighbours or to world peace is The authors make out a fair and well-documented case either superficial ignorance or deliberate hypocrisy. for their conclusion that "What we saw in Yangyi's No far-reaching reforms can be carried out unless there People's Communes flew in the face of much that was is vigorous propaganda and a certain amount of social being written about communes in the West." It could be pressure. What the West calls "brain-washing" is often argued that the authors skipped rather lightly over some just a case of persuading people by "stating facts, making of the most serious criticisms of the mistakes of the comparisons and reasoning things out." The peasants on communes and did not attempt to discuss seriously the the communes know what their past life was like. We in relation of some of the more painful and harmful mis­ the West do not. Therefore we hardly realize the revolu­ takes to the general line of speeding up world revolution tionary significance of the "Five Guarantees," food, cloth­ which is presumed to be without flaw and above criticism ing, fuel, education for the young and care and proper in China today. However, that is really a separate subject. burial for the old. Since what the Crooks have described in detail in this The authors do not examine some of the serious particular commune seems to be quite similar to the mistakes of the communes and the "Great Leap Forward," general impressions which my wife and I obtained by such as the too early start on free food. But they do de­ visiting several communes in different parts of China in scribe the many rectifications and corrections. One impor­ 1959 (the date of the studies in this book is 1958 to 1960). tant correction was reducing the size of the original com­ Especially in Szechuan Province where we were well ac­ munes for better management. The original size proved in quainted with the former state of affairs, we feel like experience rather unwieldy. The original number of com­ hazarding a guess that China will be the first socialist munes was 26,000; it is now about 74,000. nation to make an outstanding success of socialist agri­ There will be remarkable progress in China, such as culture, that the food problem will be solved within the those who were there from the breakup of the Manchu time of 20 years and that the key to the success will be Empire in 1910 to the end of the Japanese War of Aggres­ the political and social education which is conducted so sion could never have imagined. But for a long time to intensely in the ordinary hamlet and town of the com­ come the chief source of power is still human muscle mune. and farm work is still done largely by the hands of large Two quotations from the Epilogue of the book serve to numbers of people with hoes and sickles. summarize the result of the long study: "The commune, embracing as it does farming, industry, India and China trade, education and military matters, has at all times had When Mrs. Indira Ghandi spoke before the National a far broader scope than the co-operative. The gradual Press Club in Washington on March 29 she stressed the working out of the relations of these five aspects to each need to oppose "China's ideology" and suggested that other, and placing them at the service of agriculture has India could offer an attractive and "viable alternative for not only produced a leap forward in the corhmune itself. China's neighbours" and be a "model for economic and It has improved national economic planning and speeded social change, a democratic socialist model." Only time China's general economic advance." . . . "The commune is can answer this question but an educated guess can be thus a vehicle for carrying China's five hundred million made. Long after China has solved her food problem satis­ farming people to communism. Its unique integration of factorily, India will still be struggling with the problem of social and economic with political functions may well famine and imports of massive quantities of food. This is mm HOUSE

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Edward 3_r.-a.nk.a Henry H.!__fi Leonard _*#«_• J. Bscket "[ Lser. A. Henkin Dsvis MeEnf.ra SUckwttU ** Emrly Hunrinqicn J toy N*ym6 E. Lshm&r R. MR Robinson 'S-isr-ge 1.. Turin David (-rsedman Lewrer.ce W. Levina Itoyce It, f.onniri^s John V. We_.a..-r.3i_ Michel Lceve Samual A, $€$**! A'vin Wigq.'.'.*

PLEASE CUT OUT AND POST the deputy's car Negro Taken Dead The other Negroes were re­ leased. Those interviewed, today DEATH OF NEGRO said that they had known Mr. From Alabama Jail;Conno r before the incident. William Varner, the dead IN JAIL IS STUDIED 3 Report Beating man's stepfather, told today how he and the man's mother, Mrs. Daisy Varner, had re­ Alabama Coroner Holds an By KOY REED ceived the news of the son's Inquiry—Press Barred Special to The New York Times death. Mr. Varner said one of WETUMPKA, Ala., Nov. 21— Mr. Motley's friends had come A 27-year-old Negro who, ac­ directly to his house after the Special to The New York Times quaintances said, had talked incident with the deputy. WETUMPKA, Ala., Nov. 23 "It was 2 o'clock in the morn­ An Alabama county coroner back to a white deputy sheriff ing," Mr. Varner said. "He held a day-long closed-door in­ and had refused to submit to knocked on the door and . I quiry today into the death of arrest for drunkenness was went to the door and he said, a Negro man whose companions taken dead from a jail cell here 'James Earl is in jail.'" say he was beaten by three law early yesterday. "I said, 'for what?' He said enforcement officers during an T don't know what they got arrest early Sunday morning. Three young Negroes who were him for, but they beat him Coroner's subpoenas were with the man said the deputy something awful.' He said, 'I served around 10 P.M. yesterday had beaten the man severely be­ wish you all could go over there on five Negroes who were travel­ fore taking him to Jail. The and get him out now,' I said, ing in a car With James Earl 'they won't issue no bonds until Motley, 26-year-old Negro la- undertaker Who took the body 8:30 Sunday morning.'" from the jail said it had been borer from Montgomery, when "I waited for day to break. he was arrested in rural Elmore covered with blood and that the About 8 o'clock, Mrs. Geeter County Sunday night. skull had been fractured. (owner of the Negro funtral The subpoenas ordered the The dead man was James Earl home here) came-' to my house witnesses to report to the office Mejtley, an unmarried laborer and said James Earl is dead of Dr. Joseph R. Benson, El and is at the funeral home now, for a construction firm, who was more County Coroner at "I left immediately and went 8 o'clock this morning. known to his friends as Bronco. over there. When I got there, When reporters sought admis He had no known connection they had performed an autopsy sion to the proceeding, Dr. Ben­ with the civil rights movement. and everything. They had his son told them the hearing was The Elmore County deputy, body wide open when I got not public, but rather a "pre Harvey Connor, had no com­ there." litninary inquiry" to gather in­ ment. F.B.I. Begins Inquiry formation that he would turn Mr. Varner said he had noti over to the county prosecuting The Justice Department Is in­ attorney. vestigating. All law enforce­ tied the Federal Bureau of In vestigation office at Mobile of Before the hearing Mr. Mot­ ment officials involved- his son's death at 3 P.M. Sun­ ley's companions told newsmen Federal, state and county—had day. He said no agents had that Mr. Motley had been held little to say today. appeared to talk with any of by two Alabama state troopers the witnesses or members of while a deputy sheriff beat him Mr. Motley was said to have with a stick or blackjack. Sev encountered six acquaintances the family by noon today. The three young women said eral hours after the arrest, a from Wetumpka in Montgomery they had not been contacted by Negro funeral home in Saturday night and to have de­ the FJ3X or by any other law Wetumpka was called to pick cided to ride back to Wetumpka up Mr. Motley's body at the enforcement officers. county jail. An autopsy was with them. A spokesman for the F.B.I. performed but the results have Three of the other occupants in Washington said the agency not been disclosed. of the car were interviewed to­ had begun investigating tod? after being ordered to dft seen killed, hut whites have been trying to break the uneven pattern sentenced to jail in only four of of justice In the South by fighting these cases. The 108th killing in the courts from nondiscrimina­ came last week. A conviction of tory methods of Jury selection. a white man came as well, though They have met with some success, this time not for a killing but for and in a few "Black. Belt" coun­ the wounding of a Negro. ties, such as Macon County, Ala., In Alabama, James Bar! Motley, Negroes now outnumber whites on a 27-year-old Negro laborer, was most Jury panels. riding home to Wetuntka from a But earlier this month, Macon night out in Montgomery last Sun­ County Negroes discovered that day morning with six friends. As even this is not a perfect remedy. Mr. Motley's friends told the story, They had expected to make up the a deputy sheriff stopped their car bulk of the Jury in the trial of for a license check, and then at­ Marvin L. Scgrest, a white service tempted to arrest Mr. Motley for station attendant, who is accused drunkenness. of killing a Negro civil rights acti­ vist during an argument In Mr. Motley protested, they said, January. and this seemed to anger the dep­ uty. Before dawn that morning Two weeks ago, hoWever, Judge Mr. Motley's badly beaten body L. J. Tyner ordered the trial moved was taken from the Wetuntka to Lee County, where whites out­ County Jail and delivered to a numbered Negroes on Jury panels. funeral home. The judge noted that Negroes had demonstrated in the streets of Tus- Later last week in a Mississippi kegee, the Macon County seat, after courtroom, James Norvell, a one­ the shooting and he added that he time hardware salesman from had "no way of knowing that Memphis, Tenn., pleaded guilty to members of organizations pro­ the ambush shooting of James moting the demonstrations . . . Meredith, the Negro civil rights would not be on the panel of jurors advocate, on a Mississippi roadside called for the trial of this case..." last June. Judge Curtis M. Swango

REPRINTED BY PER M 1 SS I ON, NE W YORK TIMES NOVEMBER 27, 1966

THE SPECIAL. CONTRIBUTION FUND IS THE ONLY TAX - DEDUCTIB LE CHANNEl FOR AIDING THE WORK OF THE N A A C P . A NATION-WIDE MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATION WHOSE CITZENSHIP, YOUTH, AND LEGAL PROGRAMS ARE BASED ON THE ACTIVITY OF ITS BRANCHES IN ALL FIFTY STATES.

N. A. A. C. P. SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION FUND 20 WEST 40TH STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. I00I8 ^DC7 CONCERNED BLACK >STODEMTS CALLS FOR UisllTED PROTt6f /.G-AJ/vJST MISSISSIPPI RK-HTS KILLING-

The Civil Rights Committee of Concerned Black Students calls for a united protest by all campus groups against the killing of a civil rights worker in Natchez, Mississippi. We invite Governor Knowles, the state Legislature, and the University administration to show their concern with us. We feel that there are more important problems facing the people of the United States and Wisconsin than four-letter words or the persecution of protestors against napalm, .Among these problems; the total lack of progress in the in­ tegration of Milwaukee's public schools, the progressive segrega­ tion of Madison Afro-Americans into two areas, the very low enroll­ ment of Afro-Americans at the University of Wisconsin in Madison and Milwaukee, the forcing of Afro-Americans to fight in dispro­ portionate numbers in Vietnam, and the continued violations of the rights of Afro-Americans in the South, PROTEST KILLING OF CIVIL RIGHTS WORKER IN NATCHEZ, MISS. COME TO BALLY FRIDAY NOON ON THE LIBRARY MALL Concerned Black Students March 196? MURDER IN MISSISSIPPI

work with Mr. Jackson. Mr. Chief Robinson said the Negro Leader Killed Metcalfe's shift changed last wreckage of Mr. Jackson's truck Friday, however, and today was had been impounded as evid­ the first day they had not rid­ ence and that the Federal Bu­ By Blast in Natchez den together. , reau of Investigation had been The death of Mr. Jackson to­ notfied. Local N.A.A.C.P. offi­ night brought Charles Evers, cials demanded that the bureau Special to The New York Times immediately begin an investiga­ NATCHEZ, Miss., Feb. 27— Mississippi field secretary for the N.A.A.C.P., to Natchez. tion. The treasurer of the Natchez "Something has got to be The killing of Mr. Jackson branch of the National Associ­ done about this," Mr. Evers was the first major incident of ation for the Advancement of said. "This can't go on. I'd racial violence in Mississippi this year. Colored People was killed to­ hoped we had gotten past this sort of thing." Natchez has a long history of night when an explosion ripped racial turbulence, and in 1965 through his truck and sent it Mr. Evers is the brother of was the center of a Negro civil the late Medgar Evers, field di­ crashing into a utility pole. rights boycott in which Charles rector of the state N.A.A.C.P., Evers led daily marches demand­ The police said that Whar- who was killed by an assassin ing concessions from city offi­ lest Jackson, 37 years old, had in Jackson, the state capital, in cials on jobs and police rela­ 1963. Medgar Evers was shot tions. City officials finally been killed instantly. The from ambush outside his home. blast was believed to have been agreed to hire Negroes as Byron de la Beckwith, the white policemen and city clerks. set off by a delayed-action man charged with killing him, During hearings in Natchez bomb as Mr. Jackson drove was tried twice for murder but a mistrial was declared each held in February, 1965, by the down Minor Street. time. United States Civil Rights Com­ The Wast occurred at 8:10 mission, testimony showed that in a recent six-month period at P.M., nine minutes after Mr. 10 Blocks from Plant least 25 incidents of racial vio­ Jackson checked out from his Last night's explosion oc­ lence had occurred. Most of the job in the cement room of the curred about 10 blocks from the incidents were linked to Klan local Armstrong Tire and Rub­ Armstrong plant on a rain- activity. ber Company plant. drenched street in the heart of Natchez had been relatively Natchez, a Mississippi River quiet recently, although last fall Only last week, Mr. Jackson, city that prides itself on its Mr. Evers led a boycott of a leading figure in the civil antebellum homes- school cafeterias that had no apparent results. rights movement in Natchez— Police Chief J. T. Robinson The killing of Mr. Jackson a stronghold of the Ku Klux said the bomb, apparently placed was only the latest in a series Klan—was upgraded in his job, under the hood of the truck, of attacks on N.A.A.C.P. lead­ had blown out the top of the ers in Mississippi. First there over a white man, informed truck cab and had wrecked the sources said. was the killing of Medgar Ev­ steering mechanisim. It did not ers, then the blast that injured The bombing that killed Mr. reach the truck's gasoline tank. Mr. Metcalfe. Jackson resembled one in Aug­ The body of Mr. Jackson, who Another leader, Vernon Dah- ust, 1965, when George Met­ had worked at the Armstrong mer of Hattiesburg, died in Jan­ calfe, president of the Natchez plant for 11 years, was taken uary, 1966, after a fire-bomb­ N.A.A.C.P. branch, was criti­ to a Negro-owned funeral home. ing of his home. In Jackson cally injured by an explosion Mr. Jackson is survived by his today, a Federal grand jury re­ from under the hood of his auto­ wife and four children. turned indictments in the Dah- mobile. That explosion occurred Chief Robinson said he had mer case. in the parking lot of the Arm­ strong plant, where Mr. Met­ put his entire force on the case. calfe was also employed. "It's a nasty night and rain­ ing," he said. "We're conduct­ 3Eepr.ntc& from Since the 1965 explosion and ing an investigation but we ®fje Meto gorfe WimeS Mr. Metcalfe's recovery, Mr. probably won't have anything Metcalfe had been riding to until morning." Jfebruarp 28, 1967

Natchez police and Federal Bureau of Investigation agents inspect a truck which exploded from a bomb blast and killed Wharlest Jackson, treasurer of the local NAACP.

N.A.A.C.P. SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION FUND 20 WEST 40TH STREET • NEW YORK, N.Y. 10018 Information on the Metcalf-Baker Bill (no. 804) (for the elimination of discrimination in housing) At present, the New York state laws covering housing dis­ crimination are rather weak. The only effective law, outside of New York City, Is the multiple dwelling housing act. This law prohibits discrimination in any public housing that receives state or federal aid and contains more than ten units. This covers only a small part of the housing in the state and pre­ cludes any legal action by SCAD against small residents and apartment owners who would be the most probable type to discrim­ inate against Negro and foreign students. To remedy this defect it is hope that the Metcalf-Baker anti-discrimination bill (no. 804) will be passed bv the New York legislature. The bill is an amendment to the executive law concerning housing discrimination which was last amended in 1956. The most important part of the executive law that would be changed is subdivision three of section two hundred ninety-six which pro­ hibits discrimination in only publicly-assisted housing. The Metcalf bill would prohibit discrimination in all housing ex­ cept in cases where there were only two apartments in a building and the owner of the building occupied one of them. The bill was passed by the Assembly during the last session by a large majority, but it was then killed in the Senate committee which prevented the bill from coming to a vote there. From indications the bill seems to have a fair chance of being passed during this session, if effective pressure can bring the necessary impetus to assure passage. The students of New York have a great opportunity this year to provide this pressure. The bill will be of enormous help in fighting housing discrimination. One of the specific steps a student can take is to contact all churches, labor unions civic groups, real estate groups, professional groups, high schools, and other organizations in their vicinity who might support the bill. These groups should be encouraged to write letters to the legislature in support of the bill. Although a form letter might be furnished ( so that it would only be nece­ ssary for each group to sign the letter and send it in), each group should be encouraged to write individual letters. The Cornell Committee will handle most of the communication with state-wide organizations. In addition to the letter writing campaign, a student dem­ onstration is being organized, which will picket the legislature and the Governor in Albany on a specific date that is still to be determined. This picketing will be aimed at specific legis­ lators who are known to be opposing tha bill, as well as the entire legislature. Each student group should begin to organize groups and individuals who would like to join the demonstration. Student leaders should be certain that individuals joining in the effort are responsible and will do nothing which might jeo­ pardize the peaceful and orderly nature of the demonstration. Each group should use its own discretion as to the type of pla­ cards and posters to be used, although the Cornell Committee will probably furnish suggestions as to what legislators might be singled out. It is hoped that this information will be available when notification of the date of the demonstration is sent out. We urge your active supoort of this important legislation. SUMMER TEACHING JOBS IN THE SOUTH

The Southern Teaching Program, Inc. was organized last year at Yale University to place graduate and professional students in summer teaching positions at predominantly Negro colleges. Fifty-three students taught at thirteen colleges, in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas. Some students worked as replace­ ments for regular faculty members who were studying during the summer. Others helped to staff special programs for entering freshmen and high school students.

The program is being expanded this year. Additional colleges, in all southern states, have expressed interest in hiring qualified graduate students during the summer of 19&5-

Prerequisites: at least one year of graduate study. Preference given to those with master's degrees.

Fields: all academic fields. Special demand for applicants in mathematics, the sciences, and English. Reading specialists are needed.

Pay; $50 per week of teaching (six to ten weeks), plus transportation, and room and board at the colleges.

For application forms, contact:

California Southern Teaching Program 207-G South Hall Extension U010 (afternoons) 848-6516 - evenings

8U9-3375 - evenings

Full-Year Positions:

There is also a need for qualified graduate students to teach for a full year. The Southern Teaching Program, Inc. cannot place people in full-time positions; but we can refer interested students to colleges which have indicated vacancies for next September. If you are interested, contact the STP at the above address and fill out a brief Information Sheet.

11 January 1965 THE REAL WORLD is to serve the academic community as a journal of opinion, reflecting a belief that the existent campus publications, by their nature and organization, cannot or will hot meet this responsibility. No academic community can hope to achieve its stated goal of a broad and comprehensive education unless it allows and encourages a lively discussion and criticism of the relevant issues that concern students and scholars—issues that pertain both to the university and to the larger, more complicated world. Thus our title, THE REAL WORLD, reflects our purpose to create on our campus a forum for discussion, to fill the void created by the inability of the other publications to act and con­ cern themselves to serve this much-needed function. We are open to publish any coherent opinion, essay, or criticism—of the University's increasing responsibility in a growing and changing society, of new art forms, of national political and social affairs. In other words, to relate our small and isolated world with the world of reality. Bob Berson th e won A MODEST PROPOSAL ever come to the Benevolent Society' re­ by Ed Rickards quest, embodied in its petition of last February 15, that jobs be posted. The Duke Employees Benevolent Society Further, while maids and janitors have and its successor—Local 11—were born now been subjected to a classification at the same time that Duke University system—Maid I now receives 85 cents an launched a $187 million, ten-year devel­ hour, Maid II 90 cents and Maid in 95 opment program and a $102.,8 million, cents—no attempt has been made to ex­ three-year fund raising drive. plain these ratings to the employees or to In the parlance of Allen Building, these allow and encourage them to aspire to earn millions are part of an INSTITUTIONAL ad­ another nickel an hour. vancement effort, designed to enhance Despite these non-academic issues, wage Duke's image in the eyes of its peers and rates remain aprincipalconcern.lt is not to ultimately place her on a more select anomalous for President Knight and Trus­ rung of the academic ladder. tee Chairman Tisdale to applaud Vice- While lurching full-speed into this INS­ President Humphrey when he speaks in the TITUTIONAL effort, Duke has shown a ret­ Indoor Stadium of the goals for the Great icence to commit itself on a PERSONAL Society, and then continue to pay 287 em­ level—to work with its own non-academ­ ployees less than 85 cents an hour, and ic employees toward the amelioration and 1,53,5 employees less than $1.25 anhour. solution of the plight they are in. Such wages have an unconscionable ef­ It is inexcusable and disgraceful that fect upon the human spirit; they have a Duke University has chosen to ignore many devastating effect upon the vitality of the of the proposals submitted by these em­ city.".. ployees in good faith. In this fifth decade of Duke's beiijg, the One such proposal would be for the Uni­ University must work toward not only a versity to make its low-level employees good library, a good history department, aware of more preferable jobs when they and a good chemistry building, but toward become available--jobs to which the cur­ a good conscience as well. rent employees might aspire—jobs that * * * * ************ otherwise would be filled with new em­ ployees from the "outside". No reply has SHARJ YOUR COPY! HAVENT WE FORGOTTEN SOMETHING? Even if Duke should become a great uni­ By Cliff Johnson versity by ignoring the Durham community, the price would be too high. Better that The students of Duke University have we should remain in the academic bush been the objects (I hesitate to say "vic­ leagues, if that were the price of making tims") ox a protracted and thorough sales significant contributions to the lives of campaign. the citizens of Durham and of North Car­ As scon as he arrives on campus, the olina, as well as to the lives of the stu­ freshman learns that he is privileged to dents and faculty. _.tuJy at a great national university, one But is it necessary to remain in the aca­ which is destined to become greater. demic bush leagues? By no means, Duke Scarcely a semester passes but the Chron- is already eminent in the South and in the .RRAfl announces an expensive new build­ nation. "For unto whomsoever much is ing project., accompanied with the appro­ given, of him shall much be required" priate sales pitch from the President. In (Luke 12:48). By making an all-out push the years to come, we fully expect the for national prominence and forgetting all words. "To hell with Carolina," in the else along the way, Duke may fail to ob­ fight song to be replaced by, "To hell tain that which it seeks. But by discharg­ with Harvard." The students have swal­ ing r-.^rrasi-cRfiRlIRRr ; to cits qwn. people lowed this sales pitch hook, line, and and to the community in which it finds it­ sinker. self, Duke may well achieve national prom­ The traditional job of officials in any bu­ inence as an end-product, reaucracy, including that of education,, is It is not the end-product that should be to point with pride and to view with alarm. uppermost in our minds, but rather the There has been much pointing with pride? proper discharge of responsibility. ("He the time has come to view with alarm. who seeks to save his life shall lose it.") The UniverrR _y was founded on the ideal Duke should behave as the early Christ­ of service. It exists,, not to goad the test ians were enjoined to behave; "„„.but scores higher and higher., nor to secure rather seek ye the kingdom of God; and more and more government money, but to all these things shall be added unto you" serve its students , to serve its community, (Luke 12:31). and by dclth so to serve the nation. There is a second value which we are Duke is presently doing a very poor job sacrificing in our guest for greatness; we of serving its community. Harvard was have failed to include the students as a founded to educate the Massachusetts part of the university. The administration boys for th© ministry, and Dartmouth to seems to have the attitude that the well- educrte the Indians 0 Duke was founded being of the University itself is the Uni­ to produce good citizens for the growth of versity's reason for being, and that the the South, but .apparently we have become students must advance that well-being in too sophisticated for this task, Duke order to be _r r.rbers of the university com­ seems to think that being a national uni­ munity. In other words, they are present versity means ceasing to exist in a par­ to serve the University. ticular slate end in a particular city. In reality, administration, faculty, and Do we think that we can exist as an is­ students are parts of one great whole, land , entire of ourselves . and cease to be each there for the purpose cf serving the a piece of. the c.;. Lnent, a part of the main ? others. It is in interaction with each other If we try to exist as an island . we shall that values are created. Here again, the end up by existing nowhere. We shall purpose of the University is service, ser­ find that we have no grass roots support, vice to its own members, no friends at home, and this will be dis­ aster. because Duke's best students come from the South, believes "that the union's not strong By Dave Birkhead enough to take care of us if we strike. " A cafeteria worker predicted that "they're Note: This article was written following sure going to layoff somebody" and added many random interviews with University that "some people would come here to work employees last week. for fifty cents just to get a job. " A.janitor expressed his uncertainty by Among the University's non-academic warning that "a union is good only if the employees there is an air of optimism and people handling it are handling it right- a feeling of the Tightness of their cause Often unions get in with the management, in the continuing confrontation with the particularly in the South." A white carpen­ University over demands for improved wag­ ter disclosed another fear when he said es, benefits, and working conditions. A that "the union is good for colored people cafeteria worker spoke for almost every­ but I don't think it should include whites . " one when she stated that "things are go­ The uncertainty is most obvious in the ing to be better." cautious attitude that most employees have . This attitude has been engendered in toward becoming involved in the union. large part by the attempts being made by Some have been to the organizational meet­ Local 77 of the American Federation of ings , most have plans to go "to find out State, County and Municipal Employees what they're saying and what's going on." to organize the University's labor force. "A lot are afraid, "according to one janitor Many employees see unionization as the and more are waiting to see what will hap­ answer to their problems and have high pen. hopes for the upcoming negotiations be­ Two relatively minor explanations can be tween representatives of the union and the discovered for some of the optimism in the University administration. One maid feels present situation. The recent limited pay that "unions canreally get things over" raise and the minor concessions in the area and a janitor, who had just recently been of working conditions may be one reason. to his first union meeting, said that "every­ But a maid explained these improvements thing they talked about would have helped as "no more than the University should have me." done already." But the optimism is most often seemingly The other explanation may lie in the over­ unjustified. The smiles on the faces of riding conviction that the students are both these people are false fronts belying the concerned about the plight of the employ­ fears they have of an uncertain future. ees and sympathetic to theit aims. Most Despite the faith in the power of the union workers can cite numerous instances where to help them, many employees havereser- students have demonstrated an interest in * * * their problems. One janitor insisted that ".. .much has been given us, and much "students are behind us 100%." will be expected. We dare not be satis­ As far as the majority of the employees fied, as a result, until we are a national can tell, the men who control the purse force in every field which legitimately strings and make the decisions do not share concerns us. We have the skill for it; to­ this concern. The workers see the improve­ gether we can find the means for it; and ments that have been made as long overdue we must live up to the obligation of them and feel that the University Officials are both." doing no more than they have to do. —Douglas M. Knight When the employees view the tangible evi­ * * * dences of the expansion program, such as vations about the ability of the union to the dormitory construction, they cannot protect their jobs in case of a strike or understand the University's professed ina­ reprisals by the University. One maid bility to afford salary increases. The in- creased tuition fee also seems inconsistent a month is allowed and there is less va­ with their continued low wages. cation leave for most .A janitor explained The prevailing attitude was voiced by a that "when you use up your sick days, maid in her assertion that "Duke canafford you have to drag yourself to work if you it, they say they don't have any money, get sick becuase you can't afford to stay yet we know different, just look around." away." A maid who is retiring after twen­ Others wonder why "they spend money on ty-three years of service scoffed at the buildings, but no money on people," and pension she could anticipate. Janitors why "they go up on tuition, but don't con­ regularly work overtime without time- sider us."A maid noted that her counter­ and-a-half pay. Any others who occa­ part at North Carolina College, .which has sionally work extra hours do not get over­ nowhere near the financial resources of the time compensation, either. University, receives a higher wage. , The abstractions in this article can in The positive aspects of the situation are far now way convey the feeling that ore gets outweighed by the negative ,and the griev­ talking with these people about their ances are many ."Wages are the main prob­ personal feelings and problems. Very lem," and everyone agrees that "we don't brief resumes of some individual cases make what we should. "The argument for may more faithfully demonstrate the ur­ decent wages is stated simply. "We're not gency of the situation. Most of these satisfied the way they work us for what we are far from unique. '...:• get. "Others agree that "there's not enough A yardman, who is crippled and " shouldn't pay considering what we have to do*" be working," is making less than his eldest Some are very pragmatic, explaining that * * * * * * * * * "you've go to eat to be healthy and to do the real world, an independent publica­ your work," or noting that the prices of tion, distributed twice monthly on the Duke "other things are up "withbut corresponding University campus and environs. pay increases. A carpenter stated that the pay was "not good compared with the out­ editors: bob berson,Joan buffington, phil side," and that "we've got a good ways crump. •<•:.- R"R- to go. * R . - ; contributors: cliff johnson, davebirkhead, In the Maintenance Department the sit­ ed rickards, carolyn darden, afbb. uation is particularly bad .The recent small comments, contributions and coin may be wage increases were accompanied by an sent to bob berson, 603 watts, apt. 6, employee evaluation, the first ever, and durham, n.c. 27701. adjustments in work schedules. However, * * * * * * * * * the changes were disillusioning and the son. and must support three children, one "working conditions are not any better." of whom is in school. An unmarried janitor Only about thirty employees were rated stated that aftertwelve years with the Uni­ at the third or highest paying level. There versity "it takes all.I make just to support seemed to be no consistency in the ratings my mother and the house. "A woman work­ and several'maids with more than twenty ing in the cafeteria finds that "everything years --perience could -not understand why falls on me during the winter" because her they had been passed over. There were husband is a construction worker and can numerous complaints that work had been find only seasonal employment. A maid is unevenly distributed and that some did ', supporting two childrenby herself and finds not have time to finish .Many maids still 'it "ail I can dp" to afford the food, cloth- feel "they work us too hard" and resent Ring.,.and rent. A young man in the cafeteria having to do "janitor work" or other heavy, says that "my wife has to work or else we difficult jobs. couldn't make it." An operations employee The benefit program shave remained un­ whose new wife is finishing high school changed and inadequate. One sick day has'to work at night "just to get by," and seldom gets to see her during the week. FILM IS A WHORE the camera is our inquiring eye. The art of the- moving camera is that it is a se­ Film is a whore, an image of reality that lective eye, that it forces us to see what is almost completely deceptive. Film is it sees, to know only what it shows us. only patches of light and shadow flicker­ Yet the work of the camera finally is only ing.; on a screen, a projection of actual to produce strips of exposed motion pic­ things flattened, distorted, drained of ture film. The chief art of film appears color (or prettied up), sold for ready cash when the film editor begins to splice these as an evening's; entertainment. Yet film is strips together. His choices—of which the most popular, the most successful, picture-strip shall go next to which other the most important art form of the twenti­ picture-strip—determine largely how the eth century. audience will respond to his film. If a.per son calls a film good or bad, if It is strange to suggest that the editor he says that a film is both good and bad manipulates the audience. Yet that is ex­ then he is talking about the art of film. actly what happens in a well-edited fiim. Looked at most simply, films are either The editor places a sad face right after a good or bad because they are made that sad scene, and the audience assumes that way—that is, somebody made the films,, the face is reacting to the scene. It may and that somebody did his job unevenly, not be so—the face may have been photo­ using more care, more art in one part of graphed many miles from the scene, and the film than in another. What then is the the two strips of film may have no connec­ art in a film? tion at all save what the editor imagines It is difficult enough to talk about any and gives to them. Again, two bits of film art. Film is especially complicated be­ may be photographed days apart, yet if an cause it throws et the audience such an editor places the two bits together, his enormous collection of details— pictures, audience will believe that one followed sounds, and meanings. Yet maybe it is the other immediately in time. possible in this column to point at two of Many times in a good film the editor can the most important aspects of film art— trick and manipulate his audience into be­ the moving camera arid the editing process. lieving and feeling what he wants them to. Perhaps many people imagine that a film An editor's skill can persuade a man so is made, by setting, up a camera somewhere powerfully of the reality in the illusion and then getting actors to move around in he is watching that he will respond with front of it. That is .the way the earliest laughter and joy, or with horror and tears. films were made, but now it is a severe The still camera freezes one moment in criticism to complain that a film looks as time. The motion picture camera is a liv­ if the director just photographed a play. ing eye, anReye that moves through space We complain because we have become and time. It is an eye that guides other used to films photographed with.a camera eyes and shows them what it wishes them that moves almost constantly, Any good to see. It can make a still picture alive modern chase film will prove the ability and moving. It can make far and separated of the moving camera to gaze with pene­ places seem near and neighborly. It can trating eye on the actors' every motion of make small men seem giants, and giants , face and body. When the camera moves dwarfs. This eye seizes men's eyes, and rapidly back from a woman whose lover shows them realities they never dreamed has left her, we realize that she is sad existed. It can break apart time. Time dees and lonely, that she feels emotionally not limit the camera eye.. as it limits a small at the same time that her image on piece of fiction. A novel may leap over the screen grows actually smaller. When twenty years, but often our belief ti~ns 5n the camera pans across a room, we know the author's word. In film, our eyes see that we are meant to examine the room— change, and we believe what we see. The film is a whore mind and memory. Participating, we ex­ (continued) perience, with the camera eye, another life, and thus extend imaginatively our own camera makes the past exist alongside the humanity. present, or it can push aside the present The camera creates immediate experience; and move forward in time. The camera can this se se of immediacy, this annihilation enteraman's mind and memory; it-can be­ of all barriers of time and distance, this come a man's mind and memory, and guid­ bringing of face to face, is the most im­ ing our eyes, manipulating our emotions, portant contribution that film art can make it can cause us to participate within that to man's knowledge of himself. —FABB

AN INTERVIEW WITH OLIVER HARVEY for salary on a yearly scale at $2800 per year and by January lst$3000 per year. (Joan Bufi'ington, Dave BiiR.head end Bob Question: And what were the demands in Berson conducted an interview with Mr. July? Oliver Harvey, President of Local 77 of Mr, Harvey: In July we asked for another the American Federation of State, County raise of 7? to 159. We demanded a con­ and Municipal Employees, The Union is tract to give status in order to process seeking recognition by the University as grievances. The University had fired quite the bargaining agent for the non-academic a few people and intimidated others. We employees in this week;s negotiations. asked for revision of the Personnel Policy The following is a transcript of that inter­ Handbook. We told them how little the view.) Handbook meant to us. They must have been embarassed because they gave us Question: How long have you been an the Handbook and told us to revise it ,- and employee at Duke? include the things that we thought ought Mr, Harvey: I've been et Duke for fifteen to be included»That is what we have been years. working on since July. Question: When was the Benevolent So­ Question: When did you associate your­ ciety formed ? self with AFSCME? Mr. Harvey: On February 12, 1965, the Mr. Harvey: We associated ourselves Benevolent Society was formed end wrote with AFSCME August 11. a letter giving the University two weeks Question: How many employees were to respond. The University assumed that there in the Benevolent Society at the time the Benevolent Society was interested in you affiliated with AFSCME? looking for a national union, to join. The Mr, Harvey: At this time there were 972 University said it would accept, the Be­ members. nevolent Society for negotiations ,but not Question: How many are there now in as a bargaining agent. Later the Univer­ the local ? sity said that they would accept the Soci­ Mt. Harvey: 1200 ety as a bargaining agent. The Society Question: What percent of the non-aca­ asked for further negotiations in three demic employees are in the union? weeks. There was no reply £ m the Uni­ Mr. Harvey: About a third of the 3600- versity, We sent three more letters but 3700 non-academic employees. did not get a reply until July 8th, Question: Does the national have any Question: What were the d '"ds ::". the control over your relations with the Uni­ Benevolent Society in February-? versity? Mr, Harvey: In February we asked for Mr, Harvey:No. They help us to organize promotion of Negroes, job seniority for all ourselves so that we can deal better with jobs and safety insurance. We also asked the University, but they have no control on the demands we make. They,have lawyers thing because they know they could get by that will help us in case we need them, and that we didn't have fchx? ability to make but they can't tell us to strike or tell us our demands stick. They were aware that what to demand. they didn't have anything to worry about Question: If the local is recognized by before we formed the Benevolent Society. the University, will the benefits also apply But now we have a position and power to to non-union employees? bargain from. Mr, Harvey: Yes, it will. We're hoping Question: What would the unions reaction that no employee will decide to "take a be if the University stated that, if they free-ride" but will realize the good that were to increase wages, it would be at the union is going and join to help us. the expense of a number of jobs? Question: Can you speculate on what the Mr. Harvey: We havediscussed this pos­ union will do if their demands are not met? sibility ., but haven't yet reached a conclu­ Mr .Harvey: I won't say now. We do have sion. It may be that we'll have to compro­ some things in mind. We will take some mise. It all will have to wait until after action if the University fails to come to the negotiations. a satisfactory agreement. Question: Has the University ever stated Question: Is there sentiment for a strike to you or to other service employees why if the demands are not met? they have not promoted some to better po­ Mr. Harvey: There is. We hope that a sitions ? strike will not be necessary. Mr. Harvey: They say they are consider­ Question: Doyou think that people in the ing it. They say they have had this in view community would respect the picket line? ever since 1959. Do you think that they would accept jobs Question: What do you see as1 the future at the. University? role of the Union? Mr, Harvey:I don't believe that 100 peo­ Mr. Harvey: It will be more than to get ple in Durham would want to work for Duke better salaries and jobs. One certain thing because they know of the bad conditions. that we have in mind is'setting up a credit They can't get enough maids and janitors union so that the people won't have to go in the Operations Department now. to these finance places in town and lose . Question: Why do you think recognition their shirts. of the union as the bargaining agent is so Question: Are there any employee bene­ important ? fits in particular that the union might seek Mr, Harvey: I think it is important be­ in the future? cause employees at Duke have no secur­ Mr. Harvey: There are so many changes ity. We will probably get all the wages that we plan to work onto get ready for our we want. They will do that to discourage next contract. We don't think that we are people from joining the union. asking for anything unreasonable now. Question: If the negotiations are success­ There are even more improvements that ful do you feel that those employees who can be made after this contract. are not members will join? Question: Are there any jobs still closed Mr. Harvey: I think that they will join to Negroes? even if we are not successful and I am Mr. Harvey: Most jobs, except for jani­ quite certain they will if we are. tor, maid, cook and orderly, jare closed to Question: What have been the Univer­ Negroes. sity's reasons for turning down your de­ Question: Do you feel that the University, mands in the past? with the union's urging, can open up more Mr. Harvey: They said that they did not jobs for Negroes, as well as upper-level have the money. They said it would cost jobs for more white employees ? them too much to raise wages. The biggest Mr. Harvey: It can and will. reason why they didn't come up with any­ Question: Is Local 77 a union for Negro employees? Mr. Harvey: Mot at all. The union is working for better conditions for all workers and already has many white members. the demands we make. They,have lawyers thing because they know they could get by that will help us in case we need them, and that we didn't have tha? ability to make but they can't tell us to strike or tell us our demands stick. They were aware that what to demand. they didn't have anything to worry about Question: If the local is recognized by before we formed the Benevolent Society. the University, will the benefits also apply But now we have a position and power to to non-union employees? bargain from. Mr, Harvey: Yes, it will. We're hoping Question: What would the unions reaction that no employee will decide to "take a be if the University stated that, if they free-ride" but will realize the good that were to increase wages, it would be at the union is going and join to help us. the expense of a number of jobs? Question: Can you speculate on what the Mr. Harvey: We have discussed this pos­ union will do if their demands arenotmet? sibility, but haven't yet reached a conclu­ Mr .Harvey: I won't say now. We do have sion. It may be that we'll have to compro­ some things in mind. We will take some mise. It all will have to wait until after action if the University fails to come to the negotiations. a satisfactory agreement. Question: Has the University ever stated Question: Is there sentiment for a strike to you or to other service employees why if the demands are not met? they have not promoted some to better po­ Mr. Harvey: There is. We hope that a sitions? strike will not be necessary. Mr. Harvey: They say they are consider­ Question: Do you think that people in the ing it. They say they have had this in view community would respect the picket line? ever since 1959. Do you think that they would accept jobs Question: What do you see as1 the future at the. University? role of the Union? Mr, Harvey:I don't believe that 100 peo­ Mr. Harvey: It will be more than to get ple in Durham would want to work for Duke better salaries and jobs. One certain thing because they know of the bad conditions. that we have in mind is'setting up a credit They can't get enough maids and janitors union so that the people won't have to go in the Operations Department now. to these finance places in town and lose . Question: Why do you think recognition their shirts. of the union as the bargaining agent is so Question: Are there any employee bene­ important ? fits in particular that the union might seek Mr, Harvey: I think it is important be­ in the future? cause employees at Duke have no secur­ Mr. Harvey: There are so many changes ity. We will probably get all the wages that we plan to work onto get ready for our we want. They will do that to discourage next contract. We don't think that we are people from joining the union. asking for anything unreasonable now. Question: If the negotiations are success­ There are even more improvements that ful do you feel that those employees who can be made after this contract. are not members will join? Question: Are there any jobs still closed Mr. Harvey: I think that they will join to Negroes? even if we are not successful and I am Mr. Harvey: Most jobs, except for jani­ quite certain they will if we are. tor, maid, cook and orderly, jare closed to Question: What have been the Univer­ Negroes. sity's reasons for turning down your de­ Question: Do you feel that the University, mands in the past? with the union's urging, can open up more Mr. Harvey: They said that they did not jobs for Negroes, as well as upper-level have the money. They said it would cost jobs for more white employees ? them too much to raise wages. The biggest Mr. Harvey: It can and will. reason why they didn't come up with any­ Question: Is Local 77 a union for Negro employees? Mr. Harvey: Mot at all. The union is working for better conditions for all workers and already has many white members. SOURCE MATERIAL FOR PRACTICAL METHODS ilSaiNST 'SEGREGATION IN THE SOUTH I. Groups and Persons in Need of Assistance Name Addres s Assistance A. Highlander Folk Monteagle, Tenn. Financial; part- School cipation in year­ long program B. CORE 38 Park Row NyY. 38,RNYY. Financial; join local CORE action programs

C. National Comm­ Il?.EJt19tH.St. Financial; relief ittee for Rural N.Y. 3, N.Y. for Negroes in Tenn. Schools (League subjected to economic for Industrial ruin as a consequ­ Democracy) ence of their having registered to vote D. Student Coor­ 208 Auburn Ave. Coordination; moral dinating Comm­ Atlanta, Georgia financial (for stu­ ittee dent purposes only, l .e education in non-violence, dir­ ection of conferences bail - not legal defense) Episcopal Socie­ 50 ./hite Hall St Coordination; finan­ ty for Cultural Atlanta.3, Geor. cial? and Racial Unity Southern Confer­ 822 Perdido St. Organizes protests ence Educational New Orleans 12, educates and coor­ Fund (SCEF) Louisiana dinates Progressive South; publishes "Southern Patriot" §2 yearly sub.; Rev. A. Jones G. Southern Chris- 208 Auburn Ave. Financial; moral; ian Leadership Atlanta, Georgia coordinating Committee H. N.i__CP Park Avenue Legal assistance N..-Y. , N.Y. I. National Service 6 E. 82nd St. Scholarship and re­ and Scholarship N.Y., N.Y. lief funds to Negro Fund for Negro students Students (NSSFNS) -2- J. Send financial and moral support to presently active sit- ins - to CORE in New Orleans, Atlanta, Orangeburg, S.C. Richmond, Nashville, Jacksonville; Kneel-ins; Negroes appealing and protesting court action, non-integration of schools; Wade-ins; test case against economic pressure in Tennessee; demonstrations and actions reported in daily newspapers.

II• Cogent Literature __. Group Publications (newsletters) (1) Southern Patriot (SCEF) 822 Perdido Street New Orleans 12, La. (2) Student Voice (SNCC) 208 Auburn ..venue, N.E. Atlanta 3» Georgia (3) CORElator (CORE) 38 Park Row New York 38, New York (4) Cracking the Color Line (5) Sit-ins - The Students Reoort (CORE]- B. Studies on Segregation and Desegregation of Recent Vintage (1) Blaustein and Ferguson, Desegregation_^and2._?he:RL,awn:- (Rutgers)

(2) McGill, Ralph, A Church, ,_ School (3) Suchman, Dean, Williams, Desegregation, Propositions and Research Suggestions, [Bnai BrithT (4) Tumin, Desegregation, Research and Readiness (Princeton) C. Recent Articles (1) American Federalist, E.P. Morgan,"Ghandi in Greens- boron7~June, 196(TT_"_FL-CI0) (2) Dissent, "Negroes __ct", Summer, I960

(3) Liberation, "Fundamentals of Strategy for Integra­ tion Struggle", May, I960 (4) Progressive, (#24) M.L. King, Jr., "The Burning Truth in the South", May, I960 (5) U.S. News and World Report, "Voting Rights Protec­ tion", November 30, 1959, February 15, I960 (6) ibid.,"Will Negroes Win in the South?", March 14,1960

(7) ibid, "Interview with M.L. King, Jr., March 21, I960 III. Fund Raising; Techniques _.. Rallies, drives with civil rights leaders as speakers (check section I for places to get speakers) B. Book sales with books donated by the University, pro­ fessors and private persons. C. Freedom Walk or some other monument to gain participation of both municipal and college community in a fund drive. D. Have proceeds of campus events, such as dances, variety shows, folk-sings, plays pledged by the group. E. Run events of your own - charge admission (dramatic) F. Have Committee and townspeople make or contribute mer­ chandise or handmade goods to an Integration Fair - the proceeds to be sent to Negro gooups. H. Have a Fund for an Integrated South included in your community and campus United Fund Drive or Charities Program. I. Have inter-collcge (perhaps with a Brother college in the South) dances and sports events for the benefit of Negro students. J. Benefit performances by celebrities

IV. Moral Support Programs A. Picket relevant chain stores continuously B. Write groups presently sitting, kneeling or wadeing-in and express supoort and ask what they would like you to do. C. Write letters to governors, state sena.tors, judges, etc. directly Involved with litigation against NAACP personnel, CORE, sit-in demonstrators, integrationists in education, etc. D. Letter to Kennedy urging him to revedl plainly what stand he will take and suggest cogent measures E. Letter to President Eisenhower asking him to go to New Orleans and make a plea for peaceful integration; send support letters to J. Skelley Wright (judge up­ holding integration of New Orleans schools); sent pro­ tect letters to Mayor of New Orleans. F. ,rpply pressure through national North£nn church groups to get Southern local white affiliates to integrate and aid sit-ins. G. Join Highlander-type projects H. Brother institution plan - establish communication with and plan to assist either a Negro school or a.vtowntiir.tio,. severe integration difficulty in order to provide direct participation of Northern students. 1. Book donations for libraries, colleges, grade schools ("books for freedom" - donations of paperbacks) __. Fund raising activities as in Section III 3. Get your university or college to give scholar­ ships to ousted Negroes of your affiliated insti­ tution. . 4. Send work groups down over holidays and summer as participants in sit-ins and other activities 5. Have corresponding church groups of the two institutions or towns exchange ideas, recommend­ ations, policies. 6. Have varsity etc., competitions arranged between you and your brother institution. 7. Exchange for as long as feasible, representatives of school newspapers. 8. Present combined art exhibits, glee club fests, and other cultural events, (photography exhibits) 9. Coordinate communication and mutual activities between school children of each area (Little League, Scouts, Church groups etc.) Wbt Pnto to ma 1 <> urnal WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1965

A Special Stake in Tougaloo College There is a deceptive serenity pians—depending on their point of Here young Negroes and a sprin­ about the campus of Tougaloo Col­ view in the struggle for racial kling of whites—mostly faculty lege, the church-sponsored Negro equality. members—are demonstrating what institution near Jackson, . Miss., Segregationists in the state capi­ which has recently become a spe­ tal at Jackson call Tougaloo "Can­ many Mississippians refuse to be­ cial concern of two old Rhode Is­ cer College" because some of its lieve, that Negroes and whites can land institutions. students and faculty have been in. live and work together as equals in A stately, ante-bellum mansion the forefront of the Negro drive mutual respect and dignity. serves as the administration head­ for equal citizenship. A few years Here young Mississippi Negroes quarters of Tougaloo, dominating ago, a group of Negro students from the miserable Negro slums of with dignity the cluster of nonde­ launched the sit-in drive in down­ the towns and the shacks of the im­ script classroom and dormitory town Jackson which pioneered poverished countryside are learn­ buildings, old and new, that make widespread integration in Jackson ing to think and act for themselves. up the present campus. Neatly- eating establishments. Students and They are acquiring self-respect and dressed young men and women faculty, Negro and white, still sally knowledge that is bound to turn stroll beneath moss-hung old oaks forth from Tougaloo regularly to Mississippi society upside down and pecan trees with the same test the civil rights law in holdout eventually as they fan out through blend of youthful gaiety and schol­ segregationist restaurants. Stu­ the state as teachers and in other arly seriousness that anyone might dents and faculty from Tougaloo occupations of increasing respon­ expect to find on the campus of any are continuously active in surround­ sibility. other small liberal arts college. ing towns and rural areas, urging This is why Tougaloo is impor­ But Tougaloo isn't just another Negroes to register and vote. The tant, perhaps the most important struggling small college. Tougaloo white, Mississippi-born chaplain single educational institution in is a center—perhaps the center of and dean of students at Tougaloo the United States today. what miraculously has remained a was spokesman for the Mississippi Rhode Islanders are privileged to peaceful Negro revolution in Mis­ Freedom Party at the Democratic have a special stake in Tougaloo's sissippi. It is a bastion of freedom convention last summer. mission and the college's growth. in America's most "closed society," In retaliation, white racists have Since last year, Brown University the hope and despair of Mississip- burned a cross at the Tougaloo has joined with Tougaloo in a gate, fired shots into the campus, "partnership for progress" which and have beaten some student dem­ is designed to draw on the re­ onstrators. One white faculty mem­ sources of the larger and older ber narrowly escaped an ominous university here to help Tougaloo highway ambush after he had tried become Mississippi's first, first-rate to take a Negro student with him liberal arts college. Last Sunday, into a white church in Jackson. the Beneficent Congregational Segregationists have tried to have Church voted to undertake another the college charter revoked by the program of aid to Tougaloo, a pro­ state legislature. gram that will provide remedial In terms of the old segregated summer courses for Tougaloo's en­ order for which white Mississip­ tering freshmen, students educa­ pians are still fighting, even kill­ tionally handicapped because of ing, this hostility to Tougaloo is the separate but unequal schools not misdirected. Even if not one which are still largely the rule in student or faculty member left the the "sovereign state" of Mississip­ campus during the school year to pi. These programs deserve the challenge directly segregation in generous support not only of those Mississippi, the college itself directly involved in the university would remain a tremendous threat and the church but of all Rhode The Entrance Gate to the Mississippi way of life. Islanders who cherish freedom. NEW YORK POST, THURSDAY, JULY f, IfM \/\Q source ci***] .he Long Hours

IMiS ik. WE6HSIEB

Nov.- It is two m& a half weeks since a phone call from civil tits headquarters in Atlanta awakened Robert and Carolyn Til adman shortly after 2 a.m. to tell them that their 20-yoar-old G. was missing on ti . front, .oacious, tasteful- of their comfortable K:i i$e of unreality about W. imably it waa in this all >odman sweat decision with hte par- 3 if other, Then, one day, n , and headed' for the Andrew GoodmSTL. lining program at Oxfo.« te next word was that was In the "first wave" 1 r h.v Mississippi; almost imme- ltely thereafter came the .... he was one ol the first ree easealtk i kid Hopes, but perhaps brutally tin soon after ; ie" from & Mississippi jail e, hope dwindles but it does not perfsn. of the I tnted parents joi is cojiscier.uous, cone, > taterr; :;o significant cl

The Goodmans were in 'President Johnson's office w! i. ttfgar Hoover telephoned the news that the burned-out car night In controlled, fte three volunteers had been found. When they flew back ast aireac'r Kew York, a call from the President awaited them; lie wanted n their r the slender reassurance that nothing found tn the ited that fatal violence had been committed. They itive of the continuing concern manifested by the Wl they have found the doors at the Justice Dept. wide op "AH that matters now, the only thing we care about, is ti .en: pm the search go on until we find him," says Carolyn Goodman. * * # is I fine leaves their apartment—this quiet refuge of mid' '• • 3 V- clasa (terenity—with mingled sadness and anger. How many mi

to enlist i • homes must be subjected to comparable tragedy before VM. government fully confronts the reality of Mississippi- state vvllere the rule of lawlessness prevails and where hundr: cf other dedicated, decent young men and women are riski onvineed that : their lives? How long can the sheriff of Nebosha County wi hold the knowledge he must possess about the events precedi nay h i.ey the disappearance of the three? How long will the federal gove ho was _< ment appear impotent in the face of this clear and press challenge? W1H Andy Goodman and his missing mates be f wcis some QueSti sororities occur? Why is J. Edgar Hoover wrlti • the Hearst papers on the*"peri_s" of co-existence wh w should be preoccupied with the confrontation with Mississipj inted to be a ere are a thousand unanswered questions; there are f i ! talk about i - .era We knew it would be a long, rough summer. I how many more young men must walk unprotected into t! police state before there is a massive assertion of federal povvc he had heard ; • •• nd hH home for a lor s we have believed In for a ton. NoSse Around Us Ml Language," Max Pieard (Gateway, $1.45). the -' ' I switches on the radio to make certain that he is stiil son. THE EVENTFUL PAST For 29 years, as so many of you know, Highlander Folk School at Monteagle, Ten­ nessee was an adult education center to which people from across the South went to share experiences and learn from each other. Its founder and director, Myles Horton, often called it a "school for problems;" it worked to provide constructive approaches to the var­ ious problems that beset the South: first the depression and deep poverty, then the need for union organization, and always the task Myles Horton, the school director, stands among of finding ways to end racial segregation The main educational building at the old High­ the ruins of the building, which was burned by throughout the South. Hundreds of persons lander Folk School, Monteagle, Tenn. with group unknown persons at night. went to the school each year. Thousands more discussion on the front lawn. were influenced in their local communities by lively discussion groups once centered, where leaders trained at Highlander. However, Highlander's politically power­ ful opponents did succeed in closing the school lasting friendships were formed, where free­ Long before the 1954 Supreme Court de­ at Monteagle. Not on the basis of the real dom songs once rang out into the night. cision, Highlander workshops were discussing issues of integration vs. segregation, but on THAT IS THE PAST. But an idea cannot means toward desegregated schools and full charges of selling beer without a license and be destroyed with the destruction of physical citizenship for all people of the South. In fact, operating the school for private profit. property. HIGHLANDER TODAY is very many of today's remarkable adult and student much alive. leaders of the great civil rights movement got A local jury convicted, the U. S. Supreme their first impetus from Highlander work­ Court would not review the verdict because no Federal question was involved, and the shops. "I have long admired the noble purpose and State of Tennessee confiscated the property creative work of this institution. For 25 years that had been built with the labor, devotion you have given the South some of its most responsible leaders in this great period of Attacked by Segregationists and money given over the years by people transition." who believed in the Highlander idea. Dr. Martin Luther King, speaking at the Because of its effective leadership and its 25th anniversary of Highlander, in 1957. actual physical presence as an example of "This seems to me just another attempt, fail­ integregated democracy, the school has al­ ing the Communist charge, to close up a school ways been hounded and attacked by segrega­ . . . which has been proving day by day that Burned to the Ground colored people and white people can live, tionists. They instigated official investigations work and play together and grow in a Chris­ —which produced no evidence of "subver­ Then, as if to erase the very thought of tian spirit of understanding and charity." sion." They resorted to smears and name- Highlander, some unknown persons burned Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt (Quotation from her newspaper column during the calling—which failed to silence Highlander or to the ground the main educational building 1959 trial which closed the school at Monteagle.) frighten its friends. on the mountain-top; burned the place where ^ c?\ THE ENTFULI^RESENT Under its new name and at a new address of-fact reports sent in by Miss Bernice . . . THE HIGHLANDER RESEARCH AND Robinson, Highlander Extension Di­ SPONSORS-Fall 1963 EDUCATION CENTER, 1625 Riverside rector. (Shown on picture) Organizations are listed for identification Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee . . . the school purposes only.

continues to practice its ideals of brotherhood Professor James L. Adams Prof. Dan W. Dodson and democracy—ideals for which its predeces­ Chairman, Dept. of Christian Research Center for Human Ethics Relations sor, the Highlander Folk School, was loved Harvard Divinity School New York University Cambridge, Massachusetts New York, New York and hated and finally closed after 29 years as Mr. Saul D. Alinsky, Ex. Dir. Mr. W. H. Ferry an integrated school in the South. Industrial Areas Foundation Center for the Study of Chicago, Illinois Democratic Institutions > Santa Barbara, California The new Charter, granted by the State of Asha Devi Aryanayakan Tennessee in 1961, states that Highlander Sevagram P. G. Mrs. Thomas Fleming 3D Dist. Warhs Pasadena, California Maharashhra State, India Center will work "to help adults assume re­ Mr. Lloyd K. Garrison, Attorney sponsibility and leadership and make the full­ Mr. Roger Baldwin New York, New York New York, New York Mr. Maxwell Geismar, Writer est use of opportunities in the democratic Mr. William H. Baldwin Harrison, New York Public Relations Counsel society" and that education "shall be avail­ "I returned to Mississippi on April 3, 1963. -V New York, New York Mrs. Harry M. Gershon Atlanta, Georgia able without discrimination as to race, color Eight of the leaders in the voter-registration Q\ Dr. Stringfellow Barr Princeton, New Jersey Prof. Charles 0. Gregory or creed." movement in Greenwood were still in jail and ' Law School Dr. A. D. Beittel, Pres. University of Virginia For Highlander, of course, these are not 19 others jailed for marching to the Court Southern Christian College Charlottsville, Virginia Tougaloo, Mississippi just fancy words on an official document. House to register ... A training session was Prof. Oscar Guermonprez, Rev. John C. Bennett, Dean Director Translating words into programs, Highlander started on techniques of canvassing and every Union Theo. Seminary Volkogeschool 't Oude Hof New York, New York Bergen N. H. has been concentrating on an immense need day thereafter I met with canvassers to dis­ The Netherlands Dr. Viola Bernard in the South: Voter Education Workshops cuss their rights and responsibilities, to check New York, New York George M. Guest, M.D. Cincinnati, Ohio and Citizenship Schools. reports, to study areas to be canvassed, etc.^ Mr. Algernon D. Black, Director Mr. Kwa 0. Hagan, . . . Each night a Citizenship class is held in Q^J Encampment for Citizenship National Secretary New York, New York The Peoples Educational Shaw, Mississippi, where the enrollment isM ck Association Dr. Herbert Blumer, Director Sekondi, Ghana, West Africa now up to 41. v. rj } Institute of Social Sciences University of California Mr. John H. Hammond, Jr. "In Ruleville we met at the home of Mrfft Berkeley, California New York, New York and Mrs. McDonald (this is the couple who' ^ Kay Boyle, Writer Mr. Philip M. Hauser, Prof. k APO 205, New York University of Chicago last October sat in the bathtub when shots— W Chicago, Illinois Dr. Theodore Brameld were fired into their home). There we held a ^ JA Department of Education Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Hayakawa, Boston University Professor training session on the questions on the regis-g Boston, Massachusetts San Jose, California tration form, and reviewed fundamental parts Mr. Chester F. Carlson Mr. Ralph Helstein, Pittsford, New York President of Mississippi laws they needed to answer United Packinghouse, Food Mrs. St. Julien R. Childs and Allied Workers, questions that might be asked ... I note with Charleston, South Carolina AFL-CIO Chicago, Illinois pride how former students of Highlander f Mrs. Gordon Clapp New York, New York Mrs. Lindsay Hoben workshops are heading up committees and Milwaukee, Wisconsin Mrs. Ethel Clyde Charleston, S. C. Registration Center started by taking over sessions." New York, New York Mr. Sidney Hollander Baltimore, Maryland Esau Jenkins. L to R: Esau Jenkins, Aimee Horton, Miss Alice Cobb Guy Carawan. <._ Boston University Dr. Wesley A. Hotchkiss, Cruelly Beaten' ^M $J Boston, Massachusetts General Secretary Division of Higher Education Rev. & Mrs. Gardiner M. Day STheAmerican Missionary "Forty-five persons from 12 communities in r Association Minister, Christ's Church Voter Education Workshops Mississippi and Tennessee participated in the Cambridge, Massachusetts New York, New York Miss Bab_tte Deutsch, Writer Mrs. Sophia Yarnall Jacobs From September 1962 to August 1963, for second Mississippi Workshop, June 17-22. Six New York, New York New York, New York example, nearly 5,000 people participated in people who were returning from the Sea Dr. Katharine Dodd Mr. Frank W. Jessup School of Medicine University of Oxford the classes, group meetings, and workshops Island Workshop were cruelly beaten after Atlanta, Georgia Great Britain they were arrested for seeking service in a held at the Center in Knoxville and in local Continued on next fold communities in Mississippi, Louisiana, South Mississippi Trailways lunchroom. As soon as Carolina and Tennessee. they were released, they came to take part A significant step forward was a recently in the Mississippi Workshops. The camp was raided without search war­ held Southwide Voter Education Internship "The workshop closed with participants rants, the camp directors and young work- Program at the Sea Island Center of Johns stating their plans of action upon return to campers were arrested and later convicted of Island, South Carolina. The students—all local their own communities. They felt that lack disorderly conduct, contributing to the delin­ community leaders — met with experienced of informed people was the cause of most fear. quency of minors, and such unwarranted civil rights leaders and observed the voter They also felt that these workshops should charges. Highlander Center appealed the registration, political education, and com­ continue . . . that there was much they could convictions and, with the help of a courageous munity improvement activities which are do now that they had not known how to do Maryville attorney, is preparing to fight in successfully under way in Charleston County. before attending this workshop." the higher courts. Mr. Esau Jenkins, a member of the High­ The half-constructed buildings at the camp lander Board, directed the program with the More "Highlanders" Needed site were burned to the ground—again "by help of Highlander staff. From such week-long Rev. and Mrs. James Bevel of Cleveland, persons unknown." sessions, the "interns" learn how to set up Mississippi say that their experience in voter Cruel as they are, these recurrent attacks similar projects in their own communities. registration and non-violent demonstrations are themselves witness to Highlander's unique A truly constructive chain-reaction. -as staff members of SCLC and SNCC-has significance in the South. For Highlander is convinced them that a residential school like integrated in a way quite different from inter­ Singing and Strength Highlander is needed in the Delta. racial "committees," fine though these are. At Highlander, integration is a living thing. And always—at every Highlander workshop "We base our conclusion in part on what Straight down the line: Board of Directors, —there is singing and the learning how to lead was accomplished by the Highlander Folk staff, and students. Highlander Center is a singing. For 31 years, songs for freedom have School at Monteagle. The State of Tennessee day-by-day demonstration of the democratic been a vital part of Highlander's "curricu­ closed this school; and they closed it because way of life for which it goes on educating lum." It is no accident that the "Marseillaise" it was effective. Many of the people working community leaders. of the integration movement, WE SHALL throughout the South for integration today If you really believe in this ideal, and in OVERCOME, was first taught to students at are products of this school. These people went putting ideals into practice, then HIGH­ the Highlander Folk School. there, lived in a new setting, came in contact LANDER CENTER deserves (and certainly Through shared experience, as Highlander with new ideas, caught a glimpse of the be­ needs) your help—financially and morally. Director Myles Horton observes, "men and loved community. And they went back home In March, 1963, the Internal Revenue women who take part in Highlander work­ feeling like human beings, and they did Service of the U. S. Treasury Depart­ shops discover that they have within them­ things. ment granted tax-exemption to the selves the power and ability to cope effective­ "A residential setting like Highlander pro­ Highlander Center and made all con­ vides an opportunity for the individual to ly with life's toughest problems. They become tributions retroactively deductible break loose from his deprived background more fully aware of their potential as leaders. from date of Highlander Center's in­ and see new visions." And their determination not to compromise is corporation, August, 1961. strengthened by the kind of educational proc­ ess which takes place at Highlander." THE NEW ATTACK HIGHLANDER RESEARCH & EDUCATION In the summer of 1963, hate-inspired forces CENTER, INC. ON THE FIRING LINE again tried to destroy Highlander and all it 1625 Riverside Drive At a safe distance, it's hard to realize the stands for. This time the attack was directed Knoxville, Tennessee I contribute $ to Highlander's work against an incompleted new conference cen­ danger and difficulty faced by those he­ for living democracy. ter in the Smoky Mountains near Maryville, roic people who are working to extend Check enclosed: or Payable on: Tennessee. Highlander had sponsored this Negro registration and voting in diehard Your Name project for youth—to build a camp site for use areas of the South. Some sense of the Address by integrated educational, church and civic hazards may be gleaned by reading the City -Zone State_ following excerpts taken from matter- groups. BOARD OF DIRECTORS SPONSORS -Fall 1963 Organizations are listed for identification Fall 1963 purposes only. Chairman: Dr. B. R. Brazeal, Dean Dr. Walter Johnson Mr. Clifford Phillips Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia University of Chicago Los Angeles, California Vice-Chairman: Dr. Scott Bates Chicago, Illinois Mr. Clarence Pickett The University of the South, Dr. Abbott Kaplan American Friends Service Beverly Hills, California Committee Sewanee, Tennessee Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Sect'y-Treas.: Lewis Sinclair, Economist Dr. Eugene M. Kayden, Writer Sewanee,Tennessee Dr. Royce S. Pitkin, Pres. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. Goddard College Dr. Robert Blakely, Dean Mrs. Helen Hall Kellogg, Plainfield, Vermont Director University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Henry Street Settlement Hon. Justine Wise Polier Mrs. Evelyn Brown New York, New York New York, New York Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Dr. J. R. Kldd, Mr. George D. Pratt, Jr. Executive Secretary Bridgewater, Connecticut Adults, Chicago, Illinois Overseas Institute of Can. Mrs. Septima Clark Ottawa, Canada Mr. A. Philip Randolph International President Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Brotherhood of Sleeping Atlanta, Georgia Pres. Southern Christian Car Porters Leadership Conference New York, New York Dr. Wilfred Cross Atlanta, Georgia Nashotah House, Nashotah, Wisconsin Mr. Robert Rau Miss Freda Kirchway New York, New York Mr. Howard Frazier New York, New York Mr. Jackie Robinson Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Mr. Carl Koch, Architect New York, New York Dr. Charles Gomillion, Dean Concord, Massachusetts Rev. James H. Robinson Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama Mrs. Margaret Lamont Operation Crossroads Africa New York, New York New York, New York Mr. Myles Horton Highlander Center, Knoxville, Tennessee Prof. Robert E. Lane Rev. Roger L. Shinn Yale University Union Theological Seminary Mr. Esau Jenkins, Director Dept. of Political Science New York, New York Sea Island Center, Johns Island, South Carolina New Haven, Connecticut Miss Hilda Smith Mrs. Walter Johnson Rev. James Lawson, Jr. Washington, D. C. Centenary Methodist Church Chicago, Illinois Memphis, Tennessee Mr. William Stix, Attorney Dr. Lewis Jones, Co-ordinator St. Louis, Missouri Race Relations Institute, Fisk University, Dr. Max Lerner Dr. Harold Taylor New York Post Bronxville, New York Nashville, Tennessee New York, New York Dr. Everett Tilson Miss May Justus Dr. Herman Long, Director The Methodist Theological Tracy City, Tennessee Race Relationship Dept. School WE SHALL OVERCOME Fisk University Delaware, Ohio Dr. A. A. Liveright, Director Nashville, Tennessee Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Mr. John R. Tunis, Writer Adults, Chicago, Illinois Mr. Kirtley F. Mather Essex, Connecticut Symbolic of Highlander's breadth of in­ Geological Museum Mrs. Inza McAdoo Mr. Ralph W. Tyler, Director fluence is the song, "We Shall Overcome," Cambridge, Massachusetts Center for Advanced Study Knoxville, Tennessee in the Behavioral Sciences now the theme song of the freedom move­ Mr. Albert Mayer Stanford, California Mr. Stewart Meacham New York, New York ment throughout the nation. Originally a Mr. Gerhard Van Arkel, American Friends Service Committee, Dr. & Mrs. A. Meiklejohn Attorney Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Negro spiritual, then a Baptist hymn, it Berkeley, California Washington, D. C. Reverend Mr. Robert C. Palmer, Minister was used by tobacco workers on strike in Mrs. Hugh J. Morgan Miss Olive 0. Van Horn Unitarian Church, Nashville, Tennessee the 40's. Highlander's leaders learned it Nashville, Tennessee New York, New York Reverend Dr. S. S. Seay from the strikers, composed new words Rev. Walter G. Muelder, Dean Dr. William Van Til, and music arrangement, taught it to High­ Boston University School Professor Montgomery Improvement Association, of Theology New York University Montgomery, Alabama lander students, and finally to the young Boston, Massachusetts New York, New York Mrs. Paul Sheats people who led the 1960 sit-ins, from Mrs. Lewis Mumford Miss Mary Heaton Vorse, Los Angeles, California which it spread over the nation. Amenia, New York Writer Provincetown, Mass. Mr. Jordan Stokes, III, Attorney at Law Highlander's greatest memorial, how­ Dr. Gardner Murphy Dr. Colston E. Warne, Nashville, Tennessee ever is not a song; it's the fact that The Menninger Foundation Professor Topeka, Kansas Amherst College Dr. John B. Thompson, Pastor there are today all across the South peo­ Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr Amherst, Massachusetts Community Congregational Church, ple who tell you that a weekend visit to Union Theological Seminary Dr. Goodwin Watson Berkeley, California this school changed their lives and set New York, New York Prof, of Social Psychology Mrs. George Wolfe & Education them to working more effectively to Mr. Seniel Ostrow Columbia University Takoma Park, Maryland Los Angeles, California New York, New York change their world. Organizations are listed for identification Mrs. Rosa Parks Rabbi Jacob J. Weinstein Detroit, Michigan K. A. M. Temple purposes only. Chicago, Illinois Dr. Fred Patterson, Pres. Myles Horton, Director Phelps-Stokes Fund Mrs. Louis S. Weiss HIGHLANDER CENTER New York, New York New York, New York Rev. C. Conrad Browne 1625 Riverside Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee Associate Director • tyayette County, ^etm., ' '*lodouf . . .

..• if044 Ga*t Ga+thibute

Bailey Hall Rally, March 2, 8 p.m. 7Ae Candidate*,

"I think there is an inward eagerness for this change. Some of the peoples would shout for joy." The Rev. June Dowdy, candidate for tax assessor of Fay­ ette County.

His platform:

• A complete review of the county's tax rolls.

• Correction of the injustices apparent in many as­ sessments.

• Fair evaluation of all property regardless of race.

REV. DOWDY, 49, is pastor of three rural churches. The father of seven children, he was evicted for his part in the voter registration drive. He now lives as a tenant on a Negro's farm. He is president of the Negro high school PTA and is vice president of the Fayette County Civic and Welfare League, the civil rights group. He attended Owen College in Memphis. L. T. REDFEARN, 46, was born in a neighboring county and has lived in Fayette County since he was a year old. He is a graduate of Somerville High School. A merchant for 20 years, he now farms 420 acres near Somerville, the county seat. The Redfearns have three children, a boy, 12, and girls 10 and 16 years of age. Redfearn ran for sheriff in 1959 and 1962, the latter time with Negro backing. He feels the 1962 election was irregular on the basis of information supplied by a limited number of poll watchers.

His platform:

• An end to police brutality, false arrest and lawless­ ness. • Impartial enforcement without regard to color. • Action on all complaints, including those of a Negro against a white man. • Hiring of deputies with consideration only for their qualifications. ••••••Hi

.•*—«>.

"Complexion has nothing to do with it. I only know one way to do business and that is fair and honest." L. T. Redfearn, candidate for sheriff of Fay­ ette County.

Meet the candidates and others from Fayette County March 2, Cornell's Bailey Hall, 8 p.m. *7ke fyayette, St&iy

For the first time in this century a Negro will seek public office in Fayette County, Tenn. In that same general election Aug. 6 a white man who feels Negroes should be treated fairly will be a candidate for sheriff. Both men have an excellent chance with outside help. Although Fayette County is entirely segregated, one important change has taken place: Through continual efforts since 1959 Negroes have been registering to vote. Today there are more Negroes registered than whites. A Negro victory in Fayette County, bordering as it does on Mississippi, would be an inspiration to that hard-core area of the South. Fayette County historically is the center of the plan­ tation area of Western Tennessee where even today the mule is holding its own with the tractor. Of the population of 25,000 nearly 70 per cent are Negroes, mostly tenant farmers or farm hands. Large families live in shacks; they would be fortunate to see $300 in cash in any year. In 1959 when Negroes began their voter registration campaign, the county Democratic committee declared an "all white" primary. A Justice Department suit put a stop to that technique in 1960. Later that year, how­ ever, white merchants and farmers banded together in a reverse boycott. Several hundred Negro tenant farmers and farm hands were served eviction notices. White landowners mechanized to eliminate jobs. Through White Citizens Council meetings blacklists were drawn of Negroes involved in voter registration and of white sympathizers. A white woman who at­ tended a Citizens Council meeting in a neighboring county quoted one farmer as saying the Negro "will be replaced with white-faced cattle." Black-listed persons could not buy food, clothing or gasoline. Credit stopped, loans were called in, insur­ ance policies canceled. Negroes put off the land lived in notorious Tent City pitched on the land of a Negro farmer. The Justice Department in the face of national publicity gained an injunction against the evictions and two years later enjoined 74 merchants and farm­ ers from further economic intimidation, both actions being more successful on paper than in fact. While the powers of Fayette County have worked to block the Negro, dedicated "outsiders" have sub- jected themselves to threats, beatings and imprison­ ment to improve the Negroes' lot. The Fayette County Fund, whose chairman is Cornell University Professor of Economics Douglas Dowd, proposes to send about 30 volunteers to Fayette County this summer. This group will train poll watchers, encourage Negroes to vote and transport them to the county's 19 widespread polling places on Aug. 6. Funds collected at the Bailey Hall rally for the candidates at 8 p.m. March 2 will be used to support volunteers, help with election expenses and pay legal fees which may arise. Charles Haynie, a Cornellian and now a mathematics teacher at Frank­ lin & Marshall College, will be field director. He and his wife spent the summer of 1963 in Fayette County. Volunteers will be college students and townspeople. Cornell will be a center of recruiting but other colleges, notably Columbia and Franklin & Marshall, are ex­ pected to take part. Sponsors of the Fayette County project feel that this is an unusual chance to take an active part in one of the many skirmishes which make up the civil rights struggle in the South. On a county-to-county basis Tomp­ kins' residents who have a great deal can reach out to residents of Fayette who have almost nothing—ex­ cept the courage to risk everything in their belief in a better future.

Please address inquiries and checks to The Fayette County Fund, P. O. Box 259, Ithaca, N. Y.

SPONSORS

Prof. Frederick W. Bent Prof. R. M. Smock Janer Eldridge Prof. Emeritus Walter F. Prof. John Gunning Willcox Edward E. Hart, M.D. Prof- Robin Williams Don Martin Rev. Ernest. Werner Benjamin Nichols Prof- Martie Wing Youn» Rev. William W. Rogers ~~$JL4^U j&fy^t _

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CD CO CO CO co CO £ Dollars For Freedom This Certifies that __ _196_ PLEASE PRINT AMT. $_ Mr. and Mrs. WILL Mr. Mrs. has invested $_ in the Freedom Struggle in the South. HELP? Miss CO

Dollars For Freedom Address-

SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN o- President^ LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE Include Zone Number 208 Auburn Avenue SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE Atlanta 3, Georgia (Contributions of $2.00 or more includes subscription to 208 Auburn Avenue, N.E. ". . . Redeeming the soul of America" SCLC Newsletter) Atlanta 3, Georgia 3014 FULTON ST. 12 NATIONAL GUARDIAN BEKKr_13=y 5, *"Atff. ______?_ _ Reprinted from National Guardian 8€5-B421 Major and minor harassments are part of Mrs. Hamer's daily • life. She told how, one night just before Christmas when her hus­ band got up to go to the bathroom, there was a knock at the door. 70 "My husband said, 'Come in,' and in walked S. W. Milam,- the night police, and Dink Flemings, the Sundown Kid. a deputy. They asked him: 'What are you doing up this time of night?' You know S. W. Milam is the brother of J. W. Milam, the man who killed Emmet SPECTATORS ^ Till, and he's our night police." —K N JUNE 3 when Mrs. Hamer and other registration workers were 5 returning from a voter registration workshop in Charleston, S.C., o • O Way of life in Mississippi •z. they got off a bus at a rest stop in Winona, Miss. They were all o arrested. At the jail Mrs. Hamer said, "They gave a Negro prisoner RS. FANNIE LOU HAMER of Ruleville, Miss., seems to have t33 a club and made me lie face down on a bunk. He beat me until he M vowed to follow the policy of the song with which she moves was exhausted. They gave the club to another prisoner and told the audiences to foot-stamping, clapping and fervor—"Go tell it on the first to sit on my feet while the other beat me some more. They beat mountain, over the hills and everywhere. Go tell it on the mountain, me until I was hard as metal." (At this point, Mrs. Hamer inter­ to let my people go." rupted her tale to ask: "How long do they think we can take these At conferences and meetings and in press interviews she tells her things nonviolently?"). story. Will she suffer reprisals for telling the story of the Negro's life "I could hear the screams of Miss Annelle Ponder, i another in the Delta of Mississippi? "I've been in hell for 46 years; it doesn't registration worker arrested]; they beat us all. The next day when make any difference," Mrs. Hamer says in reply. Lawrence Guyot [another SNCC worker] came to get us out they Then she recounts the troubles she has met since Aug. 13, 1962, arrested him and beat him. His shirt was all bloody. When the FBI when she traveled from Ruleville to the county seat at Indianola to finally came to take pictures, they had me hold my hands up; they register to vote as one step toward changing the hell she lives In. took pictures of the front, but didn't take any of my back where I That night when she returned to the plantation where she had 00 was beaten." worked for 18 years as a sharecropper and timekeeper she was met fc 5 i" CO (Last December a federal jury found the law enforcement by the plantation owner. "He told me I would have to go back to Hi -- officers not guilty in a U.S. Justice Department suit charging use of Indianola and withdraw my registration or leave the plantation," she i • O law enforcement power to deprive a citizen of constitutional rights.) says. "I told him I wasn't trying to register for him; I was register­ -- n "You see," Mrs. Hamer said of segregationists, "they are afraid. ing for myself. I left the place that night." They're afraid that why we want our rights is so we can be and act As life in Mississippi goes, the plantation owner informed Mrs. just as they do. But I couldn't act like that. I don't want to lie and Hamer's husband, Perry, that if he would remain on the plantation ,• J. V-. cheat; I just want to vote and live decent." to harvest the bean crop, he would be allowed to take their personal RS. HAMMER'S family has lived in Sunflower County 'the possessions with him when he left. Hamer acciuiesced. M home of Sen. James Eastland) for three generations. She does RS. HAMER went to the home of friends in Ruleville. On Sept. not intend to leave; she is not afraid to stay. "I tell them the truth," M 10, 16 bullets were fired at the home where she was staying. That she said. "I told the policeman who had arrested me: 'And hath was the night that two girls were injured by shots fired into the made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of home of another Negro voter registration worker. the earth . . . Acts 17-26.' He was mad; he just shook. I don't have Mrs. Hamer began to work for the Council of Federated Organ­ to raise my hand to hit back; I him them with the truth, and it izations, coordinating body of civil rights groups working on voter hurts them." registration in the state. She is a field secretary of the Student Non­ Mrs. Hamer often intersperses her speech with Biblical quota­ violent Coordinating Committee. Her husband works in a cotton O «" < tions. As often as the opportunity arises she reminds powers-that-be gin during the cotton season. at ?u , in Ruleville that Jesus once said: "The Spirit of the Lord is upon The Hamers' living conditions are typical of those of the Delta z or me, because He hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; r(-) 'if) --si- Negro. They rent a small house which has no running water; they CO __—X. He hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to 0.i0 supplement their food supply by growing peanuts, beans and okra. _3 •>- the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty U- UJ They supplement their clothing through the donations from the at. them that are bruised." civil rights organizations' food and clothing drive. Mrs. Hamer says: Ilil ^r cs She is courageous and frank. She speaks of freedom and struggle CO "The first long coat I ever had in my life came from the clothing o at mass meetings when the Ruleville mayor and/or police are present drive. It's rather hard to find clothes for me because I wear co __: with the same vigor as in their absence. She once remarked to an 1 o _JS_ a size 22 /2" "But," she quickly added, "the clothing drive is most FBI agent: "If I get to Heaven and I see you, there I will tell St. important for the children. There are children out of school because XX. Peter to send me on back to Mississippi." —Joanne Grant they have no clothes." (Mrs. Hamer has urged that food and clothing be sent to her c/o I. Johnson, 820 Quiver St., Ruleville, Miss.) HEAR BILL EPTON WANTED FOR MURDER

GILLIGAN, THE COP

Controversial poster distributed by Harlem Defense Council.

On July 16, 1964 in Harlem, Lt. Gilligan of the New industrial cities also took to the streets against a build­ York City Police killed James Powell, a 15 year-old up of police brutality, maimings and killings. The power summer school student. Although witnesses agree that structure of the nation was shocked. The Democratic Gilligan had not been attacked with a knife, that he fired city officials alerted their police chiefs and consulted without warning and shot twice more as the boy lay on with the FBI. Congressmen warned of "red agitators the ground, Gilligan was cleared by a lily-white Grand stirring up the people." Johnson called for "responsi­ Jury. A Police Review Board also cleared Gilligan- - bility" and warned that damage to private property could after the November elections--and he is now back on not go unpunished. Not one of the respected liberal duty. The liberal Johnson-machine politicians who run spokesmen was heard to denounce the wholesale attack New York would not dare have a panal of black workers on the Negro people by the cops and their masters in judge Gilligan. government and industry. The respectable Civil Rights But the black people of Harlem did judge Gilligan. leaders told the people to "cool it, baby, or Goldwater They rebelled against the reign of police terror. The will get you." King, Farmer, Rustin and the rest were people of the black ghettos of a number of other northern booed off their platforms. HARLEM GHETTO 1964

The vacuum in black leadership created by the hasty All demonstrations were banned. Epton, Harlem retreat of the regular Negro spokesmen from the masses PLM and the Harlem Defense Council were forbidden they supposedly led made the political bosses and bankers "assembling, gathering together, convening, parading, fear that more militant and radical leaders, would emerge marching, demonstrating or acting in concert, in the in Harlem. This fear on the part of the ruling class was public streets, squares, sidewalks and other public well-grounded. Like, they should know. areas" of Harlem. The ban on demonstrations was supported by the regular Civil Rights "leaders"--just The long history of job scarcity, rotten housing, as they later called for a halt to all Civil Rights dem­ rotten educational opportunity and all the other worst onstrations until after Johnson was safely back in the aspects of ghettoized life formed a well of frustration Big House in Washington. and hatred which overflowed at gunpoint on the streets in July. The bestial killing of James Powell was only On July 25 the Harlem Defense Council together the most recent and notorious of a long series of police with Harlem PLM called a march and demonstration of maimings and killings- The "liberal" politicians and protest against police terror. The people of Harlem their betters in the business world panicked because turned out. The men in City Hall and those who wait on they knew the depths of Harlem suppression. They them wrung their hands. Epton and attorney Conrad knew because they kept it going. Lynn of the Freedom Now Party were arrested at the start of the march. Subsequently Epton was also charged with "criminal anarchy," "seeking to overthrow the government of the State of New York" and "advocating the assassination of public officials." Detectives test­ ified and a tape of a street meeting was played which even the New York Times described as "unintelligible." "What I said was that we must fight back when the cops attack us," said Epton. "I said that the police have declared war on Harlem and Harlem must declare war back on them. They--the judges, the cops, the slum­ lords, the bosses--are the ones who institute violence and murder against the people. I called--openly and publicly --for revolutionary struggle by the people to defeat that reign of terror." WARSAW GHETTO 1944 Gilligan is free. Bill Epton now faces up to twenty years in prison. If you organize to fight back in this And the ruling class fears the people, fears that the society they are going to try and clobber you but good. people might get organized. But if you dont organize and fight back, they are going to keep on beating you down. Because Bill Epton and the Harlem Progressive Labor Movement had called for community defense, Epton, PLM and the people of Harlem know that it they were liable to special harassment and got it. As will not be easy to check the tide of oppression. The the police war on Harlem mounted, the Harlem Defense will to resist is here. A new strategy and a new lead­ Council was formed to organize community defense ership is emerging. New voices speak now: Fight back-- units block by block. and win" and win. liii.fi. Fight Back

& WIN!

The Progressive Labor Move­ ment advocates revoltuion of the people to establish social­ ism--all power in the hands of the working people--as the only solution to Jim Crow, un­ employment, poor housing, poor education, war. The threat of police terror will only end when the working people of Harlem, San Francisco, Oakland and every other community in this country run the government for their own benefit. Harassment of freedom fighters by the courts, cops and committees of "investigation" must be met with organized resistance.

Organize to defend indicted freedom fighters! Organize to defend the community from the cops, bosses and bankers! Organize for socialism!

For information or literature of the Bay Area Progressive Labor Movement write: GPO Box 843 in S.F. PO Box 73, Station A in Berkeley.

2Q» HEAR BILL EPTON WANTED FOR MURDER

GJULIGAN, THE COP

Controversial poster distributed by Harlem Defense Council.

On July 16, 1964 in Harlem, Lt. Gilligan of the New industrial cities also took to the streets against a build­ York City Police killed James Powell, a 15 year-old up of police brutality, maimings and killings. The power summer school student. Although witnesses agree that structure of the nation was shocked. The Democratic Gilligan had not been attacked with a knife, that he fired city officials alerted their police chiefs and consulted without warning and shot twice more as the boy lay on with the FBI. Congressmen warned of "red agitators the ground, Gilligan was cleared by a lily-white Grand stirring up the people." Johnson called for "responsi­ Jury. A Police Review Board also cleared Gilligan-- bility" and warned that damage to private property could after the November elections--and he is now back on not go unpunished. Not one of the respected liberal duty. The liberal Johnson-machine politicians who run spokesmen was heard to denounce the wholesale attack New York would not dare have a panal of black workers on the Negro people by the cops and their masters in judge Gilligan. government and industry. The respectable Civil Rights But the black people of Harlem did judge Gilligan. leaders told the people to "cool it, baby, or Goldwater They rebelled against the reign of police terror. The will get you." King, Farmer, Rustin and the rest were people of the black ghettos of a number of other northern booed off their platforms.