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History of Marxism & Socialism History of Marxism & Socialism: A Chart of Key Figures with Comments Dr. Rodney G. Peffer SOCIALIST SOCIALIST ANARCHISM ANARCHISM CLASSICAL UTOPIAN EVOLUTIONARY PROTO-SOCIAL IN EUROPE: IN UK & USA: MARXISM: SOCIALISM: SOCIALISM: DEMOCRACY 19th-Early 20th C. 19th-Early 20th C. 19th Century Late 18th Century- Late 19th Century Late 19th Century Mid 19th Century Pierre Proudhon William Godwin Karl Marx (Later) Fr. Engels Louis Blanc Mikhail Bakunin Johann Most Friedrich Engels Gracchus Babeuf Ferdinand Lassalle Daniel De Leon Louis Blanqui Oscar Wilde Eleanor Marx Saint-Simon William Morris1 William Morris2 Louise Michel James Connolly Wilhelm Liebknecht Auguste Comte Eduard Bernstein1 Eduard Bernstein2 Pietr Kropotkin Big Bill Haywood; August Bebel Charles Fourier Edward Bellamy; Henry George Leo Tolstoy Mother Jones; Joe Hill; Karl Kautsky Robert Owen Charlotte Gilmore Richard Ely Luigi Fabbri John Reed Georgi Plekhanov Perkins Victor Berger "LIBERAL" IMPORTANT NON- SOCIALIST HETERODOX MARXISTS/ CLASSICAL AUSTRO- MARXIST SOCIAL SOCIAL ANARCHISM ECONOMISTS SOCIALISTS i MARXISM: MARXISM SCIENTISTS DEMOCRACY Early-Mid 20th C. Early-Mid 20th C Early-Mid 20th C. Early-Mid 20th C. Early-Mid 20th C. Early-Mid 20th C Early-Mid 20th C. Emma Goldman J.M. Keynes Eugene V. Debs; Helen V.I. Lenin Rudolph Hilferding Emile Durkheim Jean Jaurès; Alexander Berkman; Michael Kalecki Keller; Antonie Panne- Leon Trotsky Otto Bauer Thorsten Veblin Sidney & Beatrice Ricardo Flores Magón; Nicholas Kaldor koek; G.D.H. Cole; Rosa Luxemburg Max Adler Max Weber Webb; G.B. Shaw; Rudolf Rocker; Gunnar Myrdal José Carlos Mariátegui; Karl Liebnecht Victor Adler Joseph Schumpeter Ramsay MacDonald; Buenaventura Duratti Joan Robinson Victor Serge; Andres Franz Mehring Karl Renner Talcott Parsons Leon Blum Lucía Sánchez Saornil Piero Sraffa Nin; George Orwell; Antonio Gramsci Otto Neurath C. Wright Mill Norman Thomas Carlo Rosselli Herbert Read Arthur Pigou Joseph P. Cannon Friedrich Adler Leslie White Clement Attlee MARXIST ARTISTS MARXIST MARXIST MARXIST FRANKFURT & HUMANISTS MARKET ECONOMIC S: POLITICAL SOCIAL HEGELIAN SCHOOL CRITI- Early-Late 20th C. SOCIALIST MONTHLY REVIEW LEADERS: SCIENTISTS MARXIST Ф CAL THEORY ECONOMICS Mid-Late 20th C. Early-Late 20th C. Mid-Late 20th C. 19th-Mid 20th C. Mid-Late 20th C. Diego Rivera 19th-Mid-20th C. Farabundo Martí Frida Kahlo Paul Sweezy Mao Zedong Karl Polanyi Antonio Labriola Max Horkhimer Andre Breton; J.S. Mill (19th C.) Leo Huberman Chou Enlai Maurice Dobb Georg Lukács Theodore Adorno Raya Dunayevskaya; Oscar Lange Paul Baron Ho Chi Minh Eric Hobsbawm Karl Korsch Walter Benjamin2 C.L.R. James; Fred M. Taylor Harry Magdoff Josip Broz Tito E.P. Thompson Galvano Della Volpe Herbert Marcuse Jean-Paul Sartre; H.D. Dickinson Ernest Mandel Fidel Castro Christopher Hill Ernst Bloch Erich Fromm1 Maurice Merleau- Abba Lerner Charles Bettelheim Che Guevara Isaac Deutscher Walter Benjamin1 Jurgen Habermas Ponty; Adam Schaff Janos Kornai John Bellamy Foster1 Camillo Cienfuego Joseph Hanson Alexandre Kojève Axel Honneth SOCIALIST MARXIST ANGLOPHONE THIRD WORLD HEGELIAN SOCIAL- ANARCHISM & HUMANISM/ LEFT-LEANING MARXIST & DEVEOPMENT (& KANTIAN) DEMOCRATIC LIBERTARIAN SELF-MANAGING POLITICAL Ф SOCIALIST ECONOMICS MARXIST Ф LEADERS: SOCIALISM SOCIALISM Late 20th-21st C. LEADERS: Mid-20th-21st C. Mid-Late 20th C. Mid-Late 20th C. Mid-Late 20th C. Mid-Late 20th C. Mid-Late 20th C. Irving Howe John Rawls Patrice Lumumba Hans Singer; Raúl Lucio Colletti Willy Brandt Noam Chomsky1 Milovan Djilas T.M. Scanlon Amilcar Cabral; Prebisch; Theotonio Henri Lefebvre Francois Mitterand Daniel Guerin Erich Fromm2 Norman Daniels Hugo Blanco; Manuel dos Santos; Fernan- Herbert Marcuse Jawaharlal Nehru Murray Bookchin1 Branco Horvat Joshua Cohen1 Marulanda Vélez; do Henrique Cardo- Lucien Goldman Michael Harrington Colin Ward Mihaelo Markovic Martha Nussbaum Thomas Borge so; Armatya Sen;1 István Mészáros; Salvador Allende; Hakim Bey Svetozar Stojanovic Allen E. Buchanan Daniel Ortega Pranab Bardham; Guy Debord; Olaf Palme; Gro Paul Goodman Gajo Petrović Richard Arneson Nelson Mandela Walden Bello; Cornelius Harlem Brundtland; 1 1 Germaine Greer Rudi Supek Thomas Pogge Stephen Biko Ha-Joon Chang Castoriadis Bernie Sanders DEMOCRATIC MARKET ANALYTICAL ANALYTICAL WORLD ANGLOPHONE REFORMIST COMMAND SOCIALISM MARXIST MARXISTS: SEP- SYSTEMS CRITICAL COMMUNIST ECONOMY THEORISTS POLITICAL Ф TEMBER GROUP THEORY THEORY LEADERS: Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th C. Ernest Mandel1 Alec Nove Kai Nielsen G.A. Cohen2 Fernand Braudel Thomas McCarthy Alexander Dubcek Noam Chomsky2 János Kornai Brian Barry Jon Elster Immanuel Waller- Richard Bernstein Noberto Bobbio Bertall Ollman1 Branco Horvat Stephen Lukes John Roemer2 stein; Andre Gun- David Rasmussen Enrico Berlinguer Michael Albert1 & Jaroslav Vanek George Brenkert Pranab Bardham der Frank; Samir Seyla Benhabib1 Santiago Carillo Robin Hahnel1 Thomas Weiskopf Jeffrey Reiman Adam Przeworski Amin; Giovani Iris Marion Young1 Georges Marcrhais G.A. Cohen1 John Roemer1 John McMurtry Erik Olin Wright Arrighi; Christopher Nancy Fraser1 Vaclav Havel Milton Fisk1 David Schweickart1 William H. Shaw Philippe Van Parijs Chase-Dunn; Douglas Kellner Mikhail Gorbachev Al Campbell David Miller Rodney G. Peffer Jan van der Veen Thomas Reifer David Ingram Deng Xiaoping SOCIALIST ANGLOPHONE NEO-MARXIST NEO-MARXIST NEO-MARXIST LATIN AMERI-CAN ANARCHISM & HETERODOX MARXIST POLITICAL SOCIAL CULTURAL SOCIALIST LIBERTARIAN ECONOMISTS PHILOSOPHERS THEORISTS SCIENTISTS THEORISTS POLITICAL SOCIALISM Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. LEADERS Late 20th-21st C. Fredric Jameson Late 20th-21st C. Amartya Sen2 William McBride Roy Medvedev Tom Bottomore Terry Eagleton Hugo Chávez; Michael Albert2 Albert Hirshman Allen W. Wood Ralph Miliband Howard Zinn Raymond Williams Luiz Inácio Lula da David Graeber Herbert Simon Richard Miller Perry Anderson G. William Domhoff Stuart Hall Silva; Néstor Kirc- Andrej Grubačić Hyman Minsky Andrew Levine Alexander Cockburn Robin Blackburn hner; Cristina Fer- Janet Biehl Paul Krugman Norman Geras Antonio Negri1 David Harvey STUCTURALIST nández de Kirchner; Michael Paraskos Joseph Stiglitz Milton Fisk Alex Callinicos Nicos Poulantzas MARXISM Ricardo Lagos; Arundhati Roy; Jeffrey Sachs James Lawson Tariq Ali Robert Brenner; Late 20th-21st C. Michelle Bachelet; Subcomandante Ha-Joon Chang2 Ellen Meiksins Wood Michael Parenti Ernesto Laclau1 & Louis Althusser Jose Mujica; Marcos/FSLN Thomas Piketty Nancy Holmstrom1 Mitchell Cohen2 Chantal Mouffe1 Étienne Balibar Rafael Correa "THIRD COURSE" HEGELIAN SOCIAL OTHER THEORISTS OF NEO-MARXIST MARXIST Ф COSMOPOLITAN ECOLOGY & SOCIALIST EGALITARIAN POLITICAL SOCIALIST Late 20th-21st C. POLITICAL Ф ECOSOCIALISM ECONOMISTS DEMOCRACY THEORISTS FEMINISTS Bertall Ollman2 Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Mid 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Late 20th-21st C. Tony Smith Henry Shue 2 Hal Draper Charles Beitz Murray Bookchin Richard M. Gordon Robert Dahl Andre Buzgalin Alice Walker POST-STRUC- Thomas Pogge2 Rudolph Bahro Robert Heilbroner C.B. Macpherson Andre Kolganov Angela Davis TURALIST David Held2 Barry Commoner Michio Morishima Frank Cunningham Boris Kagerlitzky Barbara Ehrenreich "MARXISM" Darrel Moellendorf James O’Connor Benjamin N. Ward David Crocker; Savas Michael Ann Ferguson Late 20th-21st C. Martin O’Connor Michael Lebowitz; Amy Gutman & Alison Jaggar Jacque Derrida; MULTI- John Bellamy Foster2 Richard D. Wolff & Dennis Thompson; EUROPEAN Carole Pateman2 Gilles Deleuze & CULTURALISM Ramachandra Guha Stephen Resnick; Joshua Cohen2 ANALYTICAL Seyla Benhabib2 Félix Guattari Late 20th-21st C. Vandana Shiva; Herbert Gintis & James Fishkin MARXIST Ф Iris Marion Young2 Cornell West Joel Kovel & Samuel Bowles; Carole Pateman1 Late 20th-21st C. Nancy Fraser2 POST-MARXISM Charles Taylor Michael Lowy; Richard Edwards; David Held1 Rainer Forst Nancy Holmstrom2 Late 20th-21st C. Susan Moeller Okin Derek Wall; Michael Hudson; Chantal Mouffe2 & Lubos Blaha Rosemarie Tong Pierre Bourdieu Will Kymlicka Ariel Salleh Pat Devine Ernesto Laclau2 Nicholas Vrousalis Rita Manning Slavoj Žižek Charles W. Mills Key: Ф = Philosophy or Philosophers Bold Scoring and Progressively Larger Type indicates levels of Importance (in my opinion) Red Type = Marxist/Marxian Political Figures & Social Scientists (13 categories) Pink Type = Analytical Marxist/Marxian Philosophersii (4 categories) Brown Type = Continental-Style Marxist/Marxian Philosophersiii (9 categories) Purple Type = Socialist – but not necessarily Marxist – Figures (4 categories) Green Type = Socialist Anarchist (or Quasi-Anarchist) Figures (6 categories) Blue Type = Social Democratic & Reformist Communist Figures (6 categories) Light Blue Type = Utopian Socialists (1 category) Black Type = Important Non-Marxist Figures (Many of Whom are Quasi-Marxist, and All of Whom are Important to Take into Consideration) (9 categories) Roman numerals such as i, ii, iii indicate endnotes. Arabic numerals such as 1, 2, 3 indicate the number of times a figure is mentioned in the chart. However, this does not necessarily indicate greater importance. Comments on History of Marxism & Socialism: A Chart of Key Figures with Comments 1. This chart is meant to help illustrate the history of Marxism and socialism, primarily in the West (that is, primarily in Europe, the U.S., Canada). It does,
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