Dictionary of Leisure, Travel and Tourism
third edition Specialist dictionaries Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Agriculture 0 7136 7778 3 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7136 7739 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7136 7918 2 Dictionary of Computing 0 7475 6622 4 Dictionary of Economics 0 7136 8203 5 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Food Science and Nutrition 0 7136 7784 8 Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7136 8142 X Dictionary of Information and Library Management 0 7136 7591 8 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Media Studies 0 7136 7593 4 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7136 7603 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Politics and Government 0 7475 7220 8 Dictionary of Publishing and Printing 0 7136 7589 6 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Dictionary of Sports Science 0 7136 7785 6
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third edition
A & C Black ț London Originally published by Peter Collin Publishing as Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management First published 1994, reprinted 1999 Second edition published 2001 Third edition published 2005, reprinted 2006 This electronic edition published 2011
Bloomsbury Publishers Plc, 36 Soho Square, London W1D 3QY www.bloomsbury.com www.acblack.com
Copyright © P. H. Collin 1994, 2003 Copyright © A & C Black Publishers Ltd 2006 Copyright © Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2011
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means electronic, digital, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher.
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A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Print ISBN: 978 0 7136 8545 9 Electronic ISBN: 978 1 4081 0212 1 Preface
This dictionary aims to provide the basic vocabulary of terms used in the leisure, travel and tourism industries; the fields covered include catering (restaurants and kitchens), hotels and guesthouses, travel, insurance and health and safety, together with terms relating to general business, such as accounts, personnel etc.
For this new edition of the dictionary we have expanded and edited the text to keep pace with changes in the industries. For example, readers will find terms related to food and drink (including different diets and types of coffee), ecotourism, extreme sports etc. At the same time, to make the dictionary more useful to students, we give phonetic transcriptions for all the headwords.
The main words and phrases are defined in simple English and in some cases the definitions have been expanded by explanatory comments. We also give quotations from specialist magazines and other publications relating to the subjects. The supplements at the back give additional information.
We are grateful to many people who have contributed to the work, in particular Joseph Armstrong and Hazel and David Curties who read the text and provided many valuable comments for the first edition. Also, many thanks to Marzena Przeczek for her invaluable contributions to the text. Pronunciation Guide The following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary.
Stress is indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ). Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its position in the sentence.
Vowels Consonants back b buck ɑ harm d dead ɒ stop ðother ai type d jump aυ how f fare aiə hire gold aυə hour h head ɔ course j yellow ɔi annoy k cab ehead l leave eə fair m mix ei make n nil eυ go ŋ sing word p print i keep r rest i happy s save ə about ʃ shop i fit t take iə near tʃ change u annual θ theft u pool v value υ book w work υə tour x loch shut measure z zone A
AA absenteeism bs ə n tiiz ə m AA / db(ə)l ei/ abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL absenteeism / ( ) | ( ) / noun Automobile Association BUSINESS the act of staying away from work AAA for no good reason AAA / trip(ə)l ei/ abbreviation ROAD ‘…absenteeism has since reduced and now TRAVEL American Automobile Association stands at 1.8%’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] AA rosette ei ei rəυ zet ABTA AA rosette / | / noun CATER- ABTA / btə/ abbreviation Association of ING an award given by the AA to hotels and British Travel Agents abv restaurants serving high-quality food. Abbr abv abbreviation BEVERAGES alcohol by AAR (NOTE: The AA awards an establish- volume ment between one and five rosettes, Academy of Culinary Arts ə k dəmi Academy of Culinary Arts / | depending on the quality of its food and əv klin(ə)ri ɑts/ noun CATERING an service.) association of chefs, restaurant managers abattoir abattoir / bətwɑ/ noun a place where and their suppliers, whose aim is to raise animals are slaughtered for their meat standards in food, cooking and service. Abbr abbey bi ACA abbey / / noun a Christian religious accelerated freeze-drying ək accelerated freeze-drying /| establishment for monks or nuns, consisting seləreitid friz draiiŋ of living quarters and other buildings / noun CATERING a method of preserving food by heating it for a grouped round a church short time, then freezing it rapidly and dry- COMMENT: In Great Britain, abbeys were ing it in a vacuum. Abbr AFD abolished in the 16th century at the Refor- accept ək sept mation, but some abbey churches remain accept / | / verb to take something in use (such as Westminster Abbey); oth- which is being offered ć ‘All major credit ers became ruins (such as Fountains cards accepted.’ ć Do you accept payment by Abbey); others were converted into private cheque? houses (such as Lacock Abbey). access / kses/ noun a way of getting to a aboard ə bɔd ć ć aboard / | / adverb on a ship The place The concert hall has access for passengers went aboard at 10 p.m. ć When wheelchairs. accessibility ək sesi biliti the ship docked, customs officers came accessibility / | | / noun the aboard to inspect the cargo. ˽ all aboard! condition of a place or a facility, judged by everyone come onto the ship, please! whether it is easy for people, especially dis- above the line ə bv ðə lain abled people, to reach it or use it above the line / | / adjective accessible ək sesib ə l 1. BUSINESS referring to income and expend- accessible / | ( ) / adjective 1. iture before tax 2. MARKETING advertising easy to enter or to reach 2. suitable or spe- that has to be paid for and the cost of which cially adapted for disabled people accessible room ək sesib ə l rum includes a commission paid to an advertising accessible room / | ( ) / agency. Compare below-the-line advertis- noun a room with special facilities for disa- ing bled people accident aboyeur ksid ə nt bɔi accident / ( ) / noun an unpleas- aboyeur / | / noun CATERING the ant event which happens suddenly and harms person in the kitchen at a restaurant who someone’s health ć Accidents usually hap- shouts the order from the waiter to the chefs, pen when people are tired or not concentrat- and pins the waiter’s written order on a hook ing on what they are doing. ˽ the airline has relating to a particular table. Also called a good accident record the airline has had announcer few accidents, compared with other airlines abroad ə brɔd abroad / | / adverb in or to another ˽ to have an accident to crash, to hit some- country ć The chairman is abroad on busi- thing ć He had an accident as he was driving ness. ć We are going abroad on holiday. to the hotel. accident insurance 2 accident insurance ksid ə nt in accident insurance / ( ) | breakages and deposited the balance in your ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE insurance that will current account. ć I am submitting the claim pay if an accident takes place for damages in accordance with the advice accolade / kəleid/ noun an award given of our solicitors. accordingly ə kɔdiŋli to someone as a sign of praise ć She received accordingly / | / adverb in agree- the highest accolade the association could ment with what has been decided ć We have give. ı Little Gem, ribbon received your letter and have altered the res- ‘…there are 76 Blue Ribbon winners and 40 win- ervations accordingly. according to ə kɔdiŋ tu ners of the Little Gem – the highest accolade for according to / | / preposition guest accommodation’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] as somebody says or writes ć According to accommodate ə kɒmədeit accommodate / | / verb to pro- the leaflet, the tour should leave the central vide lodging for someone ć The hostel can station at 10.30. ć The air conditioning sys- accommodate groups of up to fifty hikers. tem was installed according to the manufac- ‘…the hall of residence accommodates 198 turer’s instructions. throughout the year with holiday visitors staying account ə kaυnt / | / noun 1. FINANCE during vacation periods’ [Caterer & Hotel- account a keeper] record of financial transactions over a period accommodation ə kɒmə deiʃ ə n of time, such as money paid, received, bor- accommodation /| | ( ) / ć noun a place to live ć Visitors have difficulty rowed or owed Please send me your in finding hotel accommodation during the account or a detailed or an itemised account. summer. ć They are living in furnished 2. BUSINESS (in a shop) an arrangement that accommodation. ć The hotel has accommo- a customer has to buy goods and pay for them at a later date, often the end of the dation for fifty guests. (NOTE: There is no plural form in British English, but US Eng- month ć to have an account or a charge lish also uses accommodations.) account or a credit account with Harrods ć Put it on my account or Charge it to my ‘…an airline ruling requires airlines to provide a ˽ free night’s hotel accommodation for full fare account. to open an account (of a passengers in transit’ [Business Traveller] customer) to ask a shop to supply goods that ‘…the airline providing roomy accommodations you will pay for at a later date ˽ to open an at below-average fares’ [Dun’s Business Month] account, to close an account (of a shop) to accommodation provider ə kɒmə accommodation provider /| | start or to stop supplying a customer on deiʃ ə n prə vaidə ˽ ( ) | / noun a place that credit to stop an account to stop supplying offers rooms that can be used by tourists or a customer until he or she has paid what is other visitors, e.g. a hotel, guesthouse, B & B owed 3. ˽ on account as part of the money or hostel owed ć He deposited £300 on account with accompanied ə kmp ə nid the hotel. 4. BUSINESS a customer who does accompanied / | ( ) / adjective TRAVEL travelling with an adult passenger a large amount of business with a firm and accompanied baggage ə kmp ə nid has an account ć He is one of our largest accompanied baggage / | ( ) b id accounts. ć Our sales force call on their best / noun AIR TRAVEL baggage belong- ˽ ing to a passenger who is travelling in the accounts twice a month. 5. the accounts of same plane a business, a company’s accounts a accompanied child ə kmp ə nid detailed record of a company’s financial accompanied child /| ( ) ˽ tʃaild affairs to keep the accounts to write each / noun TRAVEL a child passenger trav- sum of money spent or received in the elling with an adult ˽ accompaniment annual accounts ə kmp ə nimənt account book accounts accompaniment /| ( ) / prepared at the end of a financial year ˽ noun CATERING a small helping of food accounts payable money owed by a com- which is served with a dish, e.g. croutons pany ˽ accounts receivable money owed to served with fish soup or grated Parmesan a company 6. ˽ to take account of sb or sth, cheese served with minestrone to take sb or sth into account to consider accompany ə kmp ə ni accompany / | ( ) / verb to go somebody or something when making a with somebody or something ć They trav- decision or calculation ć You have to take elled to Italy accompanied by their children. account of the traffic when working out how ć They sent a formal letter of complaint, long it will take you to get to the airport. ć accompanied by an invoice for damage. ć A We took into account the fact that you might white sauce is served to accompany the fish. want to stay an extra night. í verb ˽ to accordance ə kɔd ə ns ˽ accordance /| ( ) / noun in account for to be responsible for something accordance with in agreement with or and able to explain what has happened to it according to ć In accordance with your or why it was done ć The cleaners have to instructions we have deducted 10% to cover account for all linen in guests’ bedrooms. ć 3 adaptor plug acidity ə siditi Reps have to account for all their expenses to acidity / | / noun the level of acid in a the sales manager. solution ć The alkaline solution may help to accountable ə kaυntəb ə l accountable / | ( ) / adjective reduce acidity. responsible for explaining to somebody what COMMENT: Acidity and alkalinity are meas- has happened to something or why it was ured according to the pH scale. pH7 is done ć The bar steward is accountable to the neutral; numbers above show alkalinity, while pH6 and below is acid. beverage manager. (NOTE: You are account- acknowledge ək nɒlid able to someone for something.) acknowledge / | / verb to tell a accountancy ə kaυntənsi sender that a letter, package or shipment has accountancy /| / noun arrived ć He has still not acknowledged my FINANCE the work of an accountant ć He is ć studying accountancy or He is an account- letter of the 24th. We acknowledge receipt of your booking form and deposit. ancy student. (NOTE: US English uses acknowledgment ək nɒlid mənt accounting in this meaning.) acknowledgment /| /, accountant ə kaυntənt acknowledgement noun the act of accountant / | / noun 1. BUSI- acknowledging, or something, such as a let- NESS somebody who keeps a company’s ter, that tells the sender that something has accounts ć The books are kept by a freelance been received ć She sent an acknowledgment accountant. 2. BUSINESS somebody who of receipt. ć They sent a letter of acknowl- advises a company on its finances ć We send edgment. all our tax queries to our accountant. 3. action kʃən FINANCE somebody who examines accounts action / / noun 1. the fact of doing account book ə kaυnt bυk something 2. ˽ out of action out of order, account book / | / noun BUSI- not working ć The extractor fan is out of NESS a book which records sales and pur- action. chases Action on Smoking and Health accounting ə kaυntiŋ Action on Smoking and Health accounting / | / noun FINANCE kʃən ɒn sməυkiŋ ənd helθ the work of recording money paid, received, / / noun an borrowed or owed international organisation which promotes the rights of non-smokers. Abbr ASH ‘…applicants will be professionally qualified and action-packed holiday have a degree in Commerce or Accounting’ action-packed holiday / kʃən p kt [Australian Financial Review] hɒlidei/ noun TOURISM a holiday where accounting period ə kaυntiŋ piəriəd accounting period / | / you do a lot of exciting things activity k tiviti noun BUSINESS the period usually covered activity / | / noun something that by a company’s accounts someone does to pass time pleasantly accounts department ə kaυnts di activity holiday | | k tiviti hɒlidei accounts department / activity holiday / | / pɑtmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of a noun TOURISM a planned holiday during company which deals with money paid, which you do interesting or exciting things received, borrowed or owed such as painting, canoeing or rock-climbing accounts management ə kaυnts actual flying time accounts management /| actual flying time / ktʃuəl flaiiŋ m nid mənt/ noun BUSINESS the manage- taim/ noun the total time that an aircraft ment of a series of customers spends in the air during a flight, as opposed accreditation ə kredi teiʃ ə n accreditation /| | ( ) / noun to its scheduled flight time or time spent BUSINESS appointment as an agent by a com- waiting on the ground acute ə kjut pany acute / | / adjective MEDICAL referring accredited ə kreditid ć accredited / | / adjective TOUR- to pain which is sharp and intense She had ISM appointed by a company such as a hotel an acute attack of shingles. ad chain or a tour operator to act on its behalf ad / d/ noun MARKETING same as adver- acetic acid ə sitik sid ć acetic acid / | / noun CATER- tisement (informal) We put an ad in the ING an acid that turns wine into vinegar shop window. ć She found her job through an (NOTE: Acetic acid is also used as a pre- ad in the paper. adaptor ə d ptə servative in food such as pickles.) adaptor / | / noun something which achieved ə tʃivd achieved / | / adjective done suc- holds a piece of equipment in a different way adaptor plug ə d ptə pl cessfully adaptor plug / | / noun TOUR- ‘…achieved room rates are in excess of $200 ISM a plug which allows a piece of equipment (£137) off a rack rate of $239–$339’ [Caterer & to be plugged into a different-sized socket ć Hotelkeeper] acid My hair-drier won’t work here in France, acid / sid/ noun a chemical substance that because I haven’t brought my adaptor plug. ć is able to dissolve metals Hydrochloric COMMENT: Adaptor plugs are necessary if acid is secreted in the stomach and forms you need to use electrical equipment in part of the gastric juices. countries with different electrical systems add 4 (British hair-driers in France; American sauces, for example, and stabilisers, computers in Germany, etc.) because the which can keep a sauce semi-liquid and type of plug is different. Where Britain prevent it from separating into solids and uses mainly three-pin plugs, in Europe liquids. The European Union allows cer- most plugs have two round pins. In the tain additives to be added to food and USA, plugs have two flat pins. To change these are given E numbers. add-on voltage (as in the USA, where the voltage add-on / d ɒn/ noun TOURISM an extra is 110V), a transformer will also be neces- sary. optional item, which is listed in the pro- add d gramme details of a conference or package add / / verb 1. to put figures together to tour, but for which an additional charge has ć make a total The waiter forgot to add the to be paid wine when he made up our bill. 2. to put address ə dres address / | / noun the details giving things together to make a large group ć We the number, street and town where an office are adding to the restaurant staff. ć By build- ˽ ing the annexe, they have added thirty rooms is or where a person lives address list a list í to the hotel. ˽ this all adds to the com- of addresses verb to write the details of an ć pany’s costs this makes the company’s costs address on an envelope, etc. a letter higher addressed to the tourist information bureau ć added value She addressed the letter or the parcel to the added value / did v lju/ noun BUSI- hotel manager. ć Please address your NESS an amount added to the value of a prod- enquiries to the information officer. uct or service, which is equal to the differ- add up d p ence between its cost and the amount add up / / verb to put several figures ć received when it is sold. Also called value together to make a total to add up a column of figures ć She made a mistake when adding added ˽ addition ə diʃ ə n up the bill. the figures do not add up the addition / | ( ) / noun 1. a person or total given is not correct ć thing which is added The management has add up to / d p tυ/ verb stopped all additions to the hotel staff. ć The add up to to make a total Spanish-speaking receptionist is the latest of ć The total expenditure adds up to more ˽ than £1,000. addition to the personnel. 2. in addition to adjoining ə d ɔiniŋ added to, as well as ć There are twelve regis- adjoining / | / adjective next to tered letters to be sent in addition to this something, or touching something ć There is ˽ packet. 3. the act of adding figures to make a an adjoining bathroom. adjoining rooms total ć You don’t need a calculator to do sim- rooms which are next to each other ć They ple addition. asked to be put in adjoining rooms. Compare additional ə diʃ ə nəl connecting rooms | additional / ( ) / adjective administration əd mini streiʃ ə n included as well as what there is already ć administration /| | ( ) / Additional charges can include telephone noun BUSINESS the organisation, control or calls, room service, laundry, etc. ć Apart management of a company administration costs əd mini from the tours listed in the brochure, we have administration costs /| | arranged two additional visits to local vine- streiʃ(ə)n kɒsts/, administration əd mini streiʃ ə n ik spensiz yards. ć Additional duty will have to be paid. expenses / | | ( ) | / additional premium ə diʃ ə nəl plural noun BUSINESS the costs of manage- additional premium /| ( ) primiəm/ noun FINANCE a payment made ment, not including production, marketing or to cover extra items in an existing insurance distribution costs administrative əd ministrətiv policy administrative / | / adjec- additive ć additive / ditiv/ noun CATERING a chem- tive referring to administration administra- ical substance which is added to food to tive details ć administrative expenses ć improve its appearance, smell or taste, or to administrative staff admission əd miʃ ə n prevent it from going bad ć The orange juice admission / | ( ) / noun 1. TOURISM contains a number of additives. ć Allergic same as admittance ć free admission on reactions to additives are frequently found in Sundays ć There is a £1 admission charge. ć employees in food processing factories. Admission is free on presentation of this COMMENT: Colour additives are added to card. 2. ENTERTAINMENT somebody who has food to improve its appearance. Some are visited a museum ć We had 250 admissions natural organic substances such as saf- last weekend. 3. the act of saying that some- fron, carrot juice or caramel, but other col- thing is correct or that something bad really our additives are synthetic. Other sub- happened ć The tour company refunded his stances are added to food to prevent decay or to keep the food in the right form: deposit, with an admission that the brochure these can be emulsifiers, which bind dif- was incorrect. 4. the act of being registered ferent foods together as mixtures in as a hospital patient 5 aerosol admission charge əd miʃ ə n tʃɑd admission charge / | ( ) / TRAVEL a specially cheap air fare that you noun ENTERTAINMENT the price to be paid must book a particular length of time before before going into a place, e.g. to see an exhi- the flight and that you can only change or bition or a sports event. Also called entry cancel by paying an extra charge. Abbr charge APEX advance reservation admission fee əd miʃ ə n fi əd| vɑns rezə| admission fee / | ( ) / noun advance reservation / ENTERTAINMENT same as entrance fee veiʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELS a booking of a hotel admission ticket əd miʃ ə n tikit room made in advance of the guest’s arrival admission ticket / | ( ) / adventure əd ventʃə noun ENTERTAINMENT same as entrance adventure / | / noun a new, excit- ticket ing and dangerous experience adventure holiday admit əd ventʃə hɒlidei əd mit adventure holiday / | / admit / | / verb 1. to allow someone to go in ć Children are not admitted to the noun TOURISM a holiday where you do bank. ć Old age pensioners are admitted at something exciting or dangerous adventure tourism əd ventʃə half price. 2. to say that something is correct adventure tourism /| 3. to say that something bad really happened tυəriz(ə)m/ noun tourism or travel to ć The tour operator admitted that the cou- places where you can have adventure holi- rier had made a mistake. (NOTE: admitting days adventure travel əd ventʃə tr v ə l – admitted) adventure travel / | ( ) / admittance əd mit ə ns admittance / | ( ) / noun the act of noun a holiday that involves strenuous and allowing someone to go in ć No admittance often risky outdoor activities in remote areas advert except on business. ć Admittance restricted advert / dvt/ noun MARKETING same as to ticket holders only. Also called admis- advertisement (informal) ć classified sion 1 adverts adulterated ə dltəreitid advertise dvətaiz adulterated /| / adjective advertise / / verb MARKETING to CATERING having had something added to it announce that something is for sale, that a to increase its weight job is vacant or that a service is offered ć to ad valorem d və lɔrəm advertise for a secretary ć to advertise a new ad valorem / | / phrase Latin BUSINESS showing that a tax is calculated product according to the value of the goods taxed advertised tour tour, advertised hotel noun (meaning ‘according to value’) ć ad valorem TOURISM a tour or hotel which is detailed in duty ć ad valorem tax a travel company’s brochure advertisement əd vtismənt COMMENT: Most taxes are ‘ad valorem’; advertisement / | / noun VAT is calculated as a percentage of the MARKETING a notice which shows that some- charge made, income tax is a percentage thing is offered or wanted, especially that of income earned, etc. ć advance something is for sale or that a job is vacant əd vɑns advance / | / noun 1. FINANCE a to put an advertisement in the paper ć to sum of money paid as part of a payment to be answer an advertisement in the paper Also made later ć Can I have an advance of $50 called ad against next month’s salary? 2. ˽ in advertiser advertiser / dvətaizə/ noun MARKETING ć advance early, before something happens a person or company that advertises ć The To benefit from the low fare price you have to catalogue gives a list of advertisers. pay in advance. ć Our prices are fixed in advertising advertising / dvətaiziŋ/ noun BUSI- advance. ć If you want to be sure of a seat, you need to book in advance. í adjective NESS the business of using advertisements to try to persuade customers to buy a product or done before something happens ć Advance ć service bookings are 50% higher this year. Most advisory əd vaiz ə ri tour companies insist on advance payment advisory / | ( ) / adjective that when a booking is made. ć You must give gives advice ć a hotel advisory service ć He seven days’ advance notice of changes in the is acting in an advisory capacity. aerogramme eərəυ r m itinerary. í verb 1. to arrange for something aerogramme / | / noun same to happen earlier ć The flight departure has as air letter aeroplane been advanced to 9.30 a.m. 2. to move a aeroplane / eərəplein/ noun AIR TRAVEL a clock or watch to a later time ć When you machine that flies in the air carrying passen- cross from England to France, you should gers or cargo. Also called plane advance your watch by one hour. ı put for- aerosol / eərəsɒl/ noun 1. tiny particles of ward liquid that stay suspended in the atmosphere Advance Purchase Excursion əd ˽ Advance Purchase Excursion / | like a mist aerosol dispenser a container vɑns ptʃis ik skʃ ə n | ( ) / noun AIR or device from which liquid can be sprayed AFD 6 in tiny particles 2. a can that sprays out a liq- office or business which arranges things for uid in the form of tiny drops other companies (NOTE: The plural form is COMMENT: Commercial aerosols (that is, agencies.) agency fare the metal containers) formerly used CFCs agency fare / eid ənsi feə/ noun TRAVEL as propellants, but these are believed to be responsible for the destruction of a special fare offered by a travel agency to its ozone in the upper atmosphere and have customers ć American Express’s agency been replaced by less destructive agents. fares, available to all customers, offer sav- AFD AFD abbreviation CATERING accelerated ings of 60 per cent plus. agency staff freeze-drying agency staff / eid ənsi stɑf/ noun staff affiliated ə filieitid who are supplied by an agency and who are affiliated / | / adjective BUSINESS connected with or owned by another com- not members of the full-time staff agent pany ć one of our affiliated hotels agent / eid ənt/ noun 1. BUSINESS a per- affinity charter ə finiti tʃɑtə affinity charter / | / noun a son or company representing another person charter of an aircraft, ship or other means of or another company in an area ć She is the transport arranged for an affinity group local agent for the tour operator. ˽ agent’s affinity group ə finiti rup commission money, often a percentage of affinity group / | / noun a group of people who have something in sales, paid to an agent 2. somebody in charge common, e.g. a special interest, or member- of an agency AGM ship of an organisation or an ethnic commu- AGM / ei d i em/ abbreviation annual nity general meeting aft ɑft agreed price ə rid prais aft / / adjective, adverb TRAVEL towards agreed price / | / noun BUSI- the back part of a ship or plane ć The game NESS a price which has been accepted by will be held on the aft recreation deck. ć The both the buyer and seller dining saloon is aft of the passenger lounge. agreement ə rimənt agreement / | / noun 1. the state afternoon ɑftə nun afternoon / | / noun the part of of having the same opinion as somebody else the day between midday and evening ˽ they are in agreement with our plan they afternoon tea tea / ɑftənun ti/ noun agree with it 2. a contract CATERING a meal taken in the afternoon, usu- agree with ə ri wið agree with / | / verb 1. to say that ally between 4 and 5 o’clock. ı cream tea, you think the same way as somebody else or high tea, tea that what that person is saying is right ć I COMMENT: Afternoon tea is usually served agree with James, we should take the earlier in the hotel lounge (if open to non-resi- flight. 2. ˽ not to agree with someone to dents), or in the residents’ lounge if it is ˽ served only to residents. It will normally make someone ill rich food does not consist of sandwiches (traditionally with agree with me rich food makes me feel ill the crusts removed), small cakes or slices agri-food / ri fud/ adjective referring of cake, pastries and various types of tea. to industries that are involved in the mass- It can also include the cream, scones and jam associated with cream teas. production, processing and inspection of afters ɑftəz food made from agricultural products afters / / noun CATERING the dessert AI course (informal) ć What do you want for AI abbreviation HOTELS all-inclusive aid afters? ć What’s on the menu for afters? aid /eid/ noun 1. help 2. a machine, tool or Compare starter (NOTE: Very informal, drug which helps someone do something ć used often by children, but also humorously Food processors are useful aids in preparing by adults.) food. AIDS aftertaste / ɑftəteist/ noun a taste left in AIDS /eidz/ noun a disease of the immune the mouth by food or drink after it has been system, caused by the HIV virus, which is swallowed transmitted through blood or bodily secre- age age /eid / verb FOOD to store food or a wine tions, destroys the body’s ability to fight for a period of time to enable it to develop a infections and is usually fatal. Full form desired flavour or become more tender Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ailment aged aged / eid id/ adjective stored for a period ailment / eilmənt/ noun MEDICAL an ill- of time in order to develop a desired flavour ness, though not generally a very serious one or become more tender ć Many people with skin ailments come to agency agency / eid ənsi/ noun BUSINESS 1. an the spa. aioli ei əυli office or job of representing another com- aioli / | / noun FOOD mayonnaise fla- pany in an area ć They signed an agency voured with garlic, used especially to gar- agreement or an agency contract. 2. an nish fish and vegetables 7 air miles
air aircrew air /eə/ noun a method of travelling or send- aircrew / eəkru/ noun AIR TRAVEL all the ing goods using aircraft ć We went by air, people who help to fly an aircraft, e.g. the rather than by boat. ć Over long distances, captain, copilot and navigator, considered as air travel is quicker than taking the train. a group air ambulance air-dry air ambulance / eə mbjυləns/ noun air-dry / eə drai/ verb CATERING to remove MEDICAL a plane or helicopter which acts as moisture from something by placing it in a an ambulance current of air air fares ‘…unless you are really in the backwoods and air fares / eə feəz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL there is no modern equipment locally, the much- the amount of money charged for travel on vaunted air-ambulance rescue is unlikely to aircraft materialise. You will only get flown home when airfield eəfild the assistance company rules local care ‘inade- airfield / / noun AIR TRAVEL a field quate’’ [Wanderlust] where small planes can land airbridge air freight airbridge / eəbrid / noun AIR TRAVEL a air freight / eə freit/ noun BUSINESS the covered walkway which connects an aircraft shipping of goods in an aircraft ć to send a with the terminal building, so that passen- shipment by air freight air hostess gers can walk onto or off the aircraft easily. air hostess / eə həυstis/ noun AIR Also called finger 3, jetway, jetbridge TRAVEL same as flight attendant Airbus Airbus / eəbs/ tdmk a trademark for a air letter letter / eə letə/ noun a special sheet of large passenger jet aircraft manufactured by thin blue paper, which when folded can be aerospace companies from different Euro- sent by air without an envelope. Also called pean countries working together aerogramme air carrier airlift air carrier / eə k riə/ noun AIR TRAVEL a airlift / eəlift/ verb AIR TRAVEL to carry company which sends cargo or passengers something or someone by air ć The climbers by air were airlifted to safety. airline air-conditioned eə kən diʃ ə nd airline / eəlain/ noun AIR TRAVEL a com- air-conditioned / | ( ) / adjective in which the temperature is con- pany which carries passengers or cargo by trolled by an air-conditioner ć an air-condi- air ć Profits of major airlines have been tioned restaurant affected by the rise in fuel prices. airline identification code air-conditioner eəlain ai eə kən diʃ ə nə airline identification code / | air-conditioner / | ( ) / noun dentifi keiʃ ə n kəυd a machine which controls the temperature in | ( ) / noun AIR TRAVEL a a room ć How can we turn the air-condi- set of letters which are given to all flights tioner off? operated by an airline, e.g. BA for British air-conditioning eə kən diʃ ə niŋ Airways, LH for Lufthansa, AF for Air air-conditioning / | ( ) / France noun a system of controlling the temperature airline train eəlain trein in a room, an office or a vehicle and stopping airline train / / noun RAIL TRAVEL a train which takes passengers to and it becoming too hot ć If you hire a car in ˽ from an airport Texas, make sure it has air-conditioning. to airlink turn the air-conditioning on to start the airlink / eəliŋk/ noun AIR TRAVEL a link cooling ˽ to turn the air-conditioning off to between two places, using planes or helicop- stop the cooling ˽ to turn the air-condition- ters ing down to make a room warmer ˽ to turn air mail mail / eə meil/ noun a way of sending the air-conditioning up to make a room letters or parcels by air ć to send a package cooler by air mail ć Air-mail charges have risen by air congestion eə kən d estʃ ə n 15%. ˽ air-mail envelope a very light enve- air congestion / | ( ) / ˽ noun AIR TRAVEL a situation where too many lope for sending air-mail letters air-mail aircraft are using the air routes, leading to sticker a blue sticker with the words ‘by air delays in flight times mail’, which can be stuck to an envelope or aircraft packet to show it is being sent by air eəkrɑft airmail aircraft / / noun AIR TRAVEL a eəmeil machine which flies in the air, carrying pas- airmail / / verb to send letters or parcels by air ć We airmailed the tickets to sengers or cargo ć The airline has a fleet of New York. ten commercial aircraft. ć The company is air marshal one of the most important American aircraft air marshal / eə mɑʃ(ə)l/ noun AIR manufacturers. (NOTE: There is no plural TRAVEL same as sky marshal air miles form: one aircraft, two aircraft.) ˽ to charter air miles / eə mailz/ plural noun AIR an aircraft to hire an aircraft for a special TRAVEL a trademark for a system that gives purpose people points when they purchase goods or air miss 8 services, which they can later use to get free the latest business news on TV screens’ air travel [Airliner World] airstrip air miss / eəstrip/ noun AIR TRAVEL air miss / eə mis/ noun AIR TRAVEL an inci- airstrip a small dent where two aircraft come very close to rough landing place for aircraft ć The plane each other when in the air, but without caus- landed on a jungle airstrip. air taxi ing an accident air taxi / eə t ksi/ noun a small commer- airpass cial aircraft used for short flights between airpass / eəpɑs/ noun AIR TRAVEL a spe- places not on a regular airline route cial ticket, paid for in advance, which allows air terminal eə tmin ə l unlimited travel by air in a country over a air terminal / ( ) / noun AIR limited period of time TRAVEL a building in a town where passen- air passenger eə p sind ə gers meet to be taken by bus or train to an air- air passenger / / noun AIR port outside the town TRAVEL a passenger travelling in an aircraft air ticket eə tikit airport eəpɔt air ticket / / noun AIR TRAVEL a airport / / noun AIR TRAVEL a place ticket to allow a passenger to travel by air where planes land and take off ć We leave airtight airtight / eətait/ adjective not allowing air from London Airport at 10.00. ć O’Hare Air- ć port is the main airport for Chicago. ˽ air- to get in or out The goods are packed in airtight containers. port hotel a hotel which is very near to an air-traffic control eə tr fik kən airport, and so is convenient for passengers air-traffic control / | trəυl who need to leave early in the morning, who / noun AIR TRAVEL the organisation of arrive late at night, or who are in transit ć the movement of aircraft in the air, especially Stranded passengers were put up at the air- when landing or taking off air-traffic controller eə tr fik kən port hotel at the airline’s expense. air-traffic controller / | airport bus trəυlə airport bus / eəpɔt bs/ noun ROAD / noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who TRAVEL a bus which takes passengers to and organises the movement of aircraft in the air Air Travel Organisers’ Licence from an airport Air Travel Organisers’ Licence / eə airport code tr v(ə)l ɔ ənaizəz lais(ə)ns/ noun AIR airport code / eəpɔt kəυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL a licence that has to be held by any TRAVEL a set of letters which are used to identify a particular airport, e.g. LHR for company or person offering package holi- London Heathrow or CDG for Charles de days or charter flights and includes a bond to Gaulle protect travellers if the company goes into airport tax liquidation. Abbr ATOL eəpɔt t ks airworthiness airport tax / / noun AIR eə wðinəs airworthiness / | / noun AIR TRAVEL a tax added to the price of an air TRAVEL the state of being able and safe to fly ticket to cover the cost of running an airport aisle airport terminal ail eəpɔt tmin ə l aisle / / noun TRAVEL (in a train, aircraft, airport terminal / ( ) / cinema, etc.) a gap between rows of seats, noun AIR TRAVEL the main building at an air- where people may walk ć You’re blocking port where passengers arrive and depart. the aisle and the stewardess can’t get past Also called terminal building with the drinks trolley. airport transfer eəpɔt tr nsf aisle seat airport transfer / / aisle seat / ail sit/ noun TRAVEL a seat in noun a transport service to take passengers a train, plane, etc., next to an aisle from an airport to a hotel, conference centre à la à la / l / phrase CATERING a French or other point, or from there back to the air- phrase meaning ‘in the style of’ ˽ à la russe port airsick in the Russian style airsick / eəsik/ adjective MEDICAL feeling à la carte à la carte / l kɑt/ adjective CATERING sick because of the movement of an aircraft made of several dishes ordered separately airsickness airsickness / eəsiknəs/ noun MEDICAL from a menu sickness caused by the movement of an air- à la cartela menu carte menu / l kɑt menju/ craft noun CATERING a menu with many different airside airside / eəsaid/ adjective, adverb AIR dishes at different prices, from which a guest TRAVEL next to the part of an airport where can choose what to eat ć They chose from the aircraft stand ˽ airside lounge a departure à la carte menu. à la mode lounge near the boarding gate à la mode / l mɒd/ adverb US CATER- ‘Business class passengers have the use of a ING served with ice cream ć apple pie à la small and quiet airside lounge. There’s an ade- mode quate supply of orange juice, coffee and newspa- alarm ə lɑm pers’ [Business Traveller] alarm / | / noun a device which gives a ‘…airside, there is an Internet café, where pas- loud warning í verb to frighten somebody ć sengers can make use of the Internet and/or see We don’t want to alarm the guests. 9all-in alarm clock ə lɑm klɒk alimentation limen teiʃ ə n alarm clock / | / noun a clock alimentation / | ( ) / noun which rings a bell to wake you up the act of taking in food alcohol alkali alcohol / lkəhɒl/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a alkali / lkəlai/ noun a substance that neu- pure colourless liquid which is formed by the tralises acids and forms salts (NOTE: The action of yeast on sugar solutions and forms British English plural is alkalis, but the US part of drinks such as wine and whisky. Sym- spelling is alkalies.) alkaline bol C2H5OH 2. a drink made from fermented alkaline / lkəlain/ adjective containing or distilled liquid ć The restaurant will not more alkali than acid serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. alkalinity lkə liniti alkalinity / | / noun the amount alcohol by volume alcohol by volume / lkəhɒl bai of alkali in something such as soil or water vɒljum / noun BEVERAGES the amount of COMMENT: Alkalinity and acidity are meas- alcohol in a drink, shown on the label. Abbr ured according to the pH scale. pH7 is abv neutral, and pH8 and upwards are alka- alcohol-free / lkəhɒl fri/ adjective line. One of the commonest alkalis is alcohol-free caustic soda, used to clear blocked drains. ć BEVERAGES containing no alcohol alcohol- all ɔl free lager all / / adjective, pronoun everything or alcoholic lkə hɒlik everyone ć All (of) the managers attended / | / adjective BEVER- alcoholic the meeting. ć All the guests asked to go on AGES ć Alcoholic drinks containing alcohol the tour. ć All the rooms are booked for the are not allowed into some countries. Christmas period. ć The customs officials alcoholism alcoholism / lkəhɒliz(ə)m/ noun the asked him to open all his cases. ć All trains excessive drinking of alcohol, which stop at Clapham Junction. becomes addictive allergen / ləd ən/ noun a substance alcopop alcopop / lkəυpɒp/ noun a drink, manu- which produces hypersensitivity factured and sold commercially, that is a COMMENT: Allergens are usually proteins, mixture of a soft drink, e.g. lemonade, and and include foods, dust, animal hair, as alcohol well as pollen from flowers. Treatment of al dente dente / l dentei/ adjective referring allergies depends on correctly identifying the allergen to which the patient is sensi- especially to pasta that is cooked just long tive. This is done by patch tests, in which enough to be still firm and not too soft drops of different allergens are placed on ale ale /eil/ noun BEVERAGES British-type beer, scratches in the skin. Food allergens dis- especially bitter beer, but not lager covered in this way can be avoided, but it alfresco l freskəυ is hard to avoid other common allergens alfresco / | / adjective, adverb in such as dust and pollen, and these have to the open air ć We had an alfresco meal on the be treated by a course of desensitising terrace overlooking the sea. injections. algae allergenic lə d enik algae / ld i/ plural noun tiny plants liv- allergenic / | / adjective pro- ing in water or in moist conditions, which ducing or triggering an allergy ć the aller- contain chlorophyll and have no stems or genic properties of fungal spores ˽ allergic ə ld ik roots or leaves blue-green algae algae allergic /| / adjective suffering found mainly in fresh water ˽ brown algae from an allergy ć She is allergic to pollen. ˽ brown seaweed allergic agent a substance that produces an algaecide / ld isaid/ noun a substance allergic reaction allergic reaction ə ld ik ri kʃən used to kill algae allergic reaction / | | / alien / eiliən/ noun a person who is not a noun an effect produced by a substance to citizen of the country which a person has an allergy, such as sneez- alight ə lait ing or a skin rash ć He showed an allergic alight / | / verb to get off a vehicle (formal) ć Alight here for the Post Office. reaction to strawberries. allergy alimentary canal li ment ə ri kə allergy / ləd i/ noun a sensitivity to par- alimentary canal / | ( ) | n l/ noun a tube in the body going from the ticular substances such as pollen or dust, mouth to the anus and including the throat, which cause a physical reaction ć She has an stomach and intestines, through which food allergy to household dust. passes and is digested ‘…the parents of a boy with a life-threatening alimentary system li ment ə ri peanut allergy are moving to France to open hol- alimentary system / | ( ) iday accommodation for people whose lives are sistəm/ noun the arrangement of tubes and affected by potentially fatal nut allergies’ organs, including the alimentary canal, sali- [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] vary glands, liver, etc., through which food all-in / ɔl in/ adjective including every- passes and is digested thing all-inclusive 10 all-inclusive ɔl in klusiv ˽ all-inclusive / | / adjective gratuities are not allowed for gratuities where the price paid includes everything and are not included 2. to take something into no further payments will be required ć tai- account when calculating ˽ allow 14 days lor-made all-inclusive 16-day trips from for delivery of the visa calculate that deliv- £1,600 per person ery of the visa will take at least 14 days all-in price ɔl in prais ɔl all-terrain boarding ɔl tə rein all-in price / /, all-in rate / all-terrain boarding / | in reit/ noun BUSINESS a price which covers bɔdiŋ/ noun a form of skateboarding in all the items in a purchase, i.e. the goods, which the rider travels over all types of ter- plus delivery, tax, insurance, etc., or all items rain, especially down mountain slopes almond in a tour such as travel, hotel accommodation almond / ɑmənd/ noun NUTS a sweet nut and meals ć The hotel offers an all-in tariff from the almond tree ć trout with almonds ć of £550 a week. an almond cake allocate ləkeit almond paste allocate / / verb 1. to share out almond paste / ɑmənd peist/ noun ć things among various people The party FOOD same as marzipan were allocated rooms in the hotel annexe. 2. alongside ə lɒŋ said alongside / | | / adverb, preposi- to divide something such as a sum of money tion ć The ship berthed alongside the ć beside in various ways, and share it out We allo- quay came alongside the quay. ć or cate 10% of revenue to publicity. $2,500 alpine lpain was allocated to furnishing the guests’ alpine / / adjective referring to the lounge. Alps ć an alpine holiday resort allot ə lɒt ‘…it appears that rugby and soccer are far, far allot / | / verb TOURISM to allocate hotel more dangerous than Alpine downhill skiing’ rooms to a tour operator ć The group has [Sunday Times] been allotted 50 rooms in the hotel. (NOTE: Alps Alps / lps/ plural noun TOURISM a moun- allotting – allotted) allotment ə lɒtmənt tainous area of Switzerland and North Italy, allotment / | / noun TOURISM the including parts of Austria, Slovenia and act of allocating hotel rooms to tour opera- France ć The number of visitors to the Alps tors is increasing each year. ć Climbers in the allow ə laυ allow / | / verb 1. to let someone do Alps are warned of the danger of ava- something ć Children are not allowed into lanches. the restaurant. ć You are allowed six litres of alternative ɔl tnətiv alternative / | / noun something ć duty-free wine. The company allows all which you do instead of something else ć members of staff to take six days’ holiday at What is the alternative to calling the trip off? Christmas. 2. to give someone something ć ˽ we have no alternative there is nothing ć We will allow you a student discount. The else we can do í adjective able to take the store allows a 5% discount to members of place of something ć They were offered the staff. 3. to accept something legally ć to choice of two alternative flights. ˽ to find allow a claim or an appeal someone alternative accommodation to allowable ə laυəb ə l allowable / | ( ) / adjective legally find someone another hotel room accepted altitude ltitjud allowable expenses altitude / / noun height measured ə laυəb ə l ik allowable expenses /| ( ) | above the level of the sea spensiz/ plural noun BUSINESS business altitude sickness altitude sickness / ltitjud siknəs/ expenses that can be claimed against tax allowance ə laυəns noun MEDICAL a condition caused by reduced allowance / | / noun 1. money oxygen in the air above altitudes of 7,000 to which is given for a special reason ć travel 8,000 feet (3,600 metres). Symptoms allowance or travelling allowance ć foreign include headaches, breathlessness, fatigue, currency allowance 2. money removed in nausea and swelling of the face, hands and the form of a discount ć allowance for feet. Also called mountain sickness exchange loss a.m. a.m. / ei em/, A.M. US abbreviation refer- ‘…most airlines give business class the same baggage allowance as first class’ [Business Trav- ring to the morning period between midnight eller] and midday ć The flight leaves at 9.20 a.m. allowed time ə laυd taim ć We will arrive at 10 a.m. local time. ć If allowed time / | / noun BUSI- NESS paid time that the management agrees you phone before 8 a.m., calls are charged at an employee can spend on rest, cleaning or a cheaper rate. amaretto mə retəυ meals, but not working amaretto / | / noun an almond- allow for ə laυ fɔ flavoured liqueur from Italy allow for / | / verb 1. to give a dis- ambassador ć m b sədə count for something to allow for money ambassador / | /, ambas- ć m b sədres paid in advance to allow 10% for packing sadress / | / noun somebody 11 amp who represents his or her country in another meals as well as the room charge. Compare country. ı consul, embassy European plan ambience mbiəns American service ə merikən svis ambience / / noun the character American service / | / and atmosphere surrounding a place ć The noun CATERING 1. a style of laying a table, in new landlord has given the pub a friendly which each guest is given cutlery, a side ambience. plate, a napkin, glasses, and sometimes a ‘…come and enjoy the ambience of a 16th Cen- coffee cup and saucer 2. a way of serving tury Elizabethan Manor House’ [Sunday Times] food to guests, where the portions of food are ambient / mbiənt/ adjective surround- placed on plates in the kitchen ready for ing a person or an object service at table. Compare French service ambient noise Amex ambient noise / mbiənt nɔiz/ noun Amex / meks/ abbreviation American general noise which surrounds you, e.g. traf- Express (informal) ć She paid by Amex or fic noise, waterfalls, etc. with his Amex card. ambient quality standards ambient quality standards / mbiənt amino acid ə minəυ sid amino acid / | / noun a kwɒliti st ndədz/ plural noun levels of chemical compound which is broken down acceptable clean air which a national body from proteins in the digestive system and tries to enforce then used by the body to form its own protein ambient temperature ambient temperature / mbiənt ć Proteins are first broken down into amino tempritʃə/ noun the temperature of the air acids. in which you live or work COMMENT: Amino acids all contain car- amenity ə miniti bon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, as amenity / | / noun a facility for sports or entertainment ć The town offers well as other elements. Some amino acids are produced in the body itself, but others amenities for children. (NOTE: The plural have to be absorbed from food. The eight form is amenities.) essential amino acids are: isoleucine, leu- ‘…rooms are stylish and uncluttered with every cine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, amenity, and service is generally good. Singles threonine, tryptophan and valine. from DM310, doubles DM390’ [Business Trav- ammonia ə məυniə eller] ammonia / | / noun a gas with a amenity centre ə miniti sentə strong smell, which is a compound of nitro- amenity centre / | / noun gen and hydrogen and is used to make artifi- ENTERTAINMENT a building housing various cial fertilisers, or in liquid form as a refriger- entertainment facilities, such as a cinema, ant. Symbol NH sports hall, gymnasium, auditorium and 3 swimming pool COMMENT: Ammonia is released into the American atmosphere from animal dung. It has the ə merikən American / | / adjective relating effect of neutralising acid rain but in com- to America or to the United States bination with sulphur dioxide it forms American Automobile Association Automobile Association ammonium sulphate which damages the ə merikən ɔtəməbil ə səυsieiʃ ə n green leaves of plants. | | / ( ) / amoeba ə mibə noun ROAD TRAVEL a major motoring organ- amoeba / | / noun a form of animal isation in the USA. Abbr AAA life, made up of a single cell (NOTE: The plu- American breakfast ə merikən ral form is amoebae.The US spelling of American breakfast /| amoeba is ameba.) brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfast amoebic ə mibik including coffee or tea, cereal, bacon or ham, amoebic / | / adjective referring to and toast or waffles an amoeba American Express ə merikən ik amoebic dysentery ə mibik American Express /| | amoebic dysentery /| spres/ noun TRAVEL a company offering a dis(ə)ntri/ noun MEDICAL a mainly tropical travel service, traveller’s cheques, charge form of dysentery that is caused by microbes cards, and many other services worldwide ć that enter the body through contaminated Her American Express traveller’s cheques water or unwashed food were stolen. Abbr Amex amount ə maυnt amount / | / noun a quantity of americano ə meri kɑnəυ americano /| | / noun an something, especially money ć amount paid espresso coffee diluted with hot water and ć amount deducted ć a small amount of containing no milk sugar ć The amount owing is not enough to Americanos ə meri kɑnəυz í ˽ Americanos /| | / noun cover our costs. verb to amount to to BEVERAGES a cocktail of campari and ver- make a total of ć Their debts amount to over mouth £1m. American plan ə merikən pl n amp mp American plan / | / noun amp / / noun the quantity of electricity US HOTELS a hotel charge that includes all flowing in a current ć a 3-amp plug amplifier 12 amplifier / mplifaiə/ noun a machine chapel is an ancient monument and is pro- which makes a sound louder tected. Amtrak ancient site Amtrak / mtr k/ noun RAIL TRAVEL the ancient site / einʃənt sait/ noun TOUR- national system of railways in the US, which ISM a place where a town or buildings used to operates passenger services between main be, and where there are now only ruins or cities empty land ancillary amuse ə mjuz n| siləri amuse / | / verb 1. to make someone ancillary / / adjective secondary ˽ ancillary services n siləri svisiz laugh to amuse yourself to spend time ancillary services / | / happily ć On the final day of the tour there plural noun HOTELS services such as clean- will be no organised visits, and members of ing and porterage in a hotel the party will be left to amuse themselves in angel hair hair / eind əl heə/ noun pasta in the town. 2. to make the time pass pleasantly the form of long, very fine strands for someone Angostura bitters bitters / ŋ əstjυərə amuse-bouche ə mjuz buʃ amuse-bouche / | /, amuse- bitəz/ trademark BEVERAGES a trademark ə mjuz l gueule / | / noun CATERING a for a sharp-tasting liquid, added to gin and small appetiser served before a meal or while other drinks to make them bitter. Also called the customer is looking at the menu bitters amusement ə mjuzmənt animator amusement / | / noun a feel- animator / nimeitə/ noun ENTERTAIN- ing of pleasure caused by something that is MENT somebody employed to organise enter- funny or enjoyable tainments or other activities for guests in a amusement arcade ə mjuzmənt ɑ amusement arcade / | | hotel or holiday resort or for passengers on a keid/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a hall with slot ship anise nis machines for playing games, etc. anise / | / noun SAUCES, ETC. a herb amusement park ə mjuzmənt pɑk amusement park / | / that produces a small aromatic fruit called noun ENTERTAINMENT an open-air park with aniseed, which is used for flavouring aniseed various types of entertainment such as aniseed / nisid/ noun FOOD the seed of roundabouts and shooting galleries the anise plant analyse / nəlaiz/, analyze verb to COMMENT: Aniseed is much used in con- examine in detail ć to analyse the accounts fectionery, especially in sweets. It is also the basis of several alcoholic drinks made of a restaurant ć to analyse the market in the Mediterranean area, such as pastis potential for golfing holidays ć When the in France, ouzo in Greece, or raki in Tur- food was analysed it was found to contain key. traces of bacteria. annexe / neks/ noun a less important analysis ə n ləsis analysis /| / noun a detailed building attached to a main building ć The examination and report ć job analysis ć mar- party was put into the hotel annexe. ket analysis ć sales analysis ć to carry out announce ə naυns announce / | / verb to say some- an analysis of the market potential thing officially or in public ć The compere analyst analyst / nəlist/ noun somebody who announced the results of the competition. ć analyses ć market analyst ć systems analyst The pilot announced that there was some anchor anchor / ŋkə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a turbulence ahead. announcement ə naυnsmənt heavy metal hook dropped to the bottom of announcement / | / noun the the sea to hold a ship in one place ć The ship act of making something known in public ć was at anchor. ˽ to drop anchor to let an the announcement of the appointment of a anchor fall to the bottom of the sea to hold a new hotel manager ship steady í verb SHIPS AND BOATS 1. (of a announcer ə naυnsə announcer / | / noun CATERING ship) to drop anchor 2. to hold with an same as aboyeur anchor annual general meeting general meeting / njuəl anchorage ŋkərid anchorage / / noun SHIPS AND d en(ə)rəl mitiŋ/ noun BUSINESS an BOATS a place where ships can anchor safely annual meeting of all the shareholders of a anchovy ntʃəvi, n tʃəυvi anchovy / | / noun company, when the company’s financial sit- SEAFOOD a small fish with a strong, salty uation is presented and discussed. Abbr taste, used in dishes such as pizza and salade AGM (NOTE: The US English is annual niçoise meeting or annual stockholders’ meet- ancient monument monument / einʃənt ing.) annual pass mɒnjυmənt/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a very annual pass / njuəl pɑs/ noun a pass old building, especially one which belongs that entitles a person to use facilities for a to the state and is open to visitors ć The whole year 13 appetite Annual Percentage Rate njuəl pə AONB Annual Percentage Rate / | AONB abbreviation TOURISM Area of Out- sentid reit/ noun BUSINESS the rate of standing Natural Beauty aparthotel interest shown on an annual compound aparthotel, apart’hotel noun HOTELS basis, including fees and charges. Abbr APR same as apartment hotel ć Amsterdam has answer answer / ɑnsə/ noun something that you a wide range of apartments and aparthotels. apartment ə pɑtmənt say or write when someone has asked you a apartment / | / noun a set of question ć I am writing in answer to your let- rooms in a large building, used as a separate ter of October 6th. ć My letter got no answer living unit. Also called flat ˽ apartment or There was no answer to my letter. ć I tried block a block of flats to phone his office but there was no answer. apartment hotel ə pɑtmənt həυtel apartment hotel / | / í verb to speak or write words to someone noun HOTELS a hotel which is formed of a who has spoken to you or asked you a ques- ˽ series of furnished rooms or suites and where tion to answer a letter to write a letter in all normal hotel services are provided, reply to a letter which you have received although each suite will have its own kitch- anteroom anteroom / ntirum/ noun a room next enette ć The disco aperitif to and adjoining a larger room aperitif, apéritif noun BEVERAGES an alco- was held in the anteroom next to the bar. holic drink taken before a meal antibiotic ntibai ɒtik antibiotic / | / MEDICAL adjec- COMMENT: The commonest apéritifs tive stopping the spread of bacteria í noun a served in Britain are sherry, gin and tonic, drug, e.g. penicillin, that is developed from whisky, or various martinis; outside Brit- living substances and stops the spread of ain, port is drunk as an apéritif. APEX microorganisms ć He was given a course of APEX / eipeks/ abbreviation Advance Pur- antibiotics. ć Antibiotics have no use against chase Excursion APEX fare virus diseases. APEX fare / eipeks feə/ noun AIR TRAVEL COMMENT: Penicillin is one of the com- a specially cheap air fare that you must book monest antibiotics, together with strepto- a particular length of time before the flight mycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and many others. Although antibiotics are and that you can only change or cancel by widely and successfully used, new forms paying an extra charge of bacteria have developed which are ‘…a cheap APEX fare has been introduced for a resistant to them. car and up to five passengers who book 28 days anticaking additive nti keikiŋ in advance and return within five days’ anticaking additive / | [Business Traveller] ditiv apologise / noun CATERING an additive added ə pɒləd aiz apologise / | / verb to say you to food to prevent it becoming solid ć antimalarial are sorry We apologise for the delay in ntimə leəriəl antimalarial / | / noun, unloading baggage. ć She apologised for adjective MEDICAL treating or preventing being late. malaria (NOTE: Antimalarial drugs have apology ə pɒləd i apology / | / noun a statement in names ending in -oquine: chloroquine.) ć to write a let- antioxidant which you say you are sorry nti ɒksid ə nt antioxidant / | ( ) / noun ter of apology ć I enclose a cheque for £10 CATERING a substance which makes oxygen with apologies for the delay in answering less damaging, e.g. in the body or in foods or your letter. ć She was very annoyed and plastics asked for an apology from the coach driver. antipasto antipasto / ntip stəυ/ noun a food (NOTE: The plural form is apologies.) appellation d’origine contrôlée pə served at the beginning of an Italian meal or appellation d’origine contrôlée / | l siɒn dɒrid in kɒn trəυlei as a snack | / noun BEV- antiseptic nti septik ERAGES antiseptic / | / MEDICAL adjec- a French wine classification, indi- tive preventing harmful microorganisms cating that the wine comes from a particular from spreading ć She gargled with an anti- area and is of a particular quality. Compare septic mouthwash. í noun a substance which VDQS prevents germs growing or spreading ć The appetiser / pitaizə/, appetizer noun nurse painted the wound with antiseptic. CATERING a snack taken with drinks before a antivenene ntivə nin meal antivenene / | /, antivenom appetising serum noun MEDICAL serum which is used appetising / pitaiziŋ/ adjective look- to counteract the poison from snake or insect ing, smelling or tasting good bites appetite / pitait/ noun a need or wish to AOC AOC abbreviation BEVERAGES appellation eat ˽ good appetite interest in eating food ˽ d’origine contrôlée poor appetite lack of interest in eating food apple 14
apple apple / p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT the common as juicy ć You have a choice of marmalade hard, edible fruit of the apple tree Malus or apricot jam for breakfast. domestica ˽ cider apple an apple used for apron / eiprən/ noun 1. a piece of cloth making cider worn over clothes to protect them when COMMENT: 6,000 apple varieties once working ć The chef in the carvery wears a grew in Britain, and all of them are long white apron. 2. AIR TRAVEL (in an air- recorded in the UK’s National Apple Reg- port) a piece of tarmac on which planes can ister. Recognised apple varieties include Cox’s Orange Pippin, Granny Smith and be parked for unloading, waiting, cleaning, Golden Delicious (dessert varieties) and etc. Bramley’s Seedling (cooking apple). ‘…the chances are you’ll be decanted from the apple charlotte charlotte / p(ə)l ʃɑlət/ noun plane onto a hot and sticky apron for the further stifling bus ride to the cramped terminal’ DESSERTS a hot dessert made of stewed [Business Traveller] apples cooked in a case of soft sponge cake ‘…much of the apron outside the hangars seems apple crumble apple crumble / p(ə)l krmb(ə)l/ to be overflow parking area for aircraft awaiting noun DESSERTS a dessert made of cooked departure slots’ [Airliner World] apron congestion eiprən kən apples covered with a crumble top apron congestion / | apple dumplings dumplings / p(ə)l dmpliŋz/ d estʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a situation plural noun DESSERTS pieces of apple where too many planes try to use the apron at cooked in dough an airport, resulting in slower turnround apple sauce sauce / p(ə)l sɔs/ noun times aquatic ə kw tik SAUCES, ETC. sauce made from cooked aquatic / | / adjective in water aquatic sports ə kw tik spɔts apples, served with meat, especially pork aquatic sports / | / plural (NOTE: In US English, apple sauce can be noun SPORT activities which take place on or eaten as a dessert, which in British English in water, e.g. swimming, water polo or scuba is called stewed apples.) diving applicant plikənt arborio ɑ bɔriəυ applicant / / noun somebody arborio / | / noun a short-grained who applies for something ć Visa applicants rice used to make risotto and other Italian will have to wait at least two weeks. dishes application pli keiʃ ə n Arbroath smokie application / | ( ) / noun an act ɑ brəυθ sməυki Arbroath smokie / | / of asking for something, usually in writing ć noun SEAFOOD a small whole haddock an application for a visa or a visa applica- smoked to a brown colour (NOTE: Arbroath tion ć an application for a job or a job appli- smokies are named after the town of cation Arbroath in Scotland.) application form pli keiʃ ə n fɔm arctic application form / | ( ) / arctic / ɑktik/ adjective referring to the noun a form which has to be filled in to area round the North Pole ć Polar bears apply for something ć to fill in an applica- hibernate during the long arctic winters. ć tion (form) for a new passport or a passport Two arctic explorers have reached the North application (form) Pole. í noun ˽ the Arctic the area round the apply ə plai apply / | / verb 1. to ask for something, North Pole ć The Arctic is home to polar usually in writing ć to apply for a visa or for bears. ˽ the High Arctic the most northerly a passport ć to apply in writing ć to apply in part of the Arctic person ˽ to apply for a job to write offering ‘…a whole range of pollutants are collected by your services to an employer ć Sixty people the atmosphere over central Europe, and then car- applied for jobs in the new restaurant. 2. to ried by air currents to the High Arctic, where they affect or be relevant to someone or some- fall back to earth in the weather’ [TGO – ć The Great Outdoors] thing This clause applies only to travel in area eəriə Africa. (NOTE: applying – applied) area / / noun 1. a measurement of the approved ə pruvd space taken up by something, calculated by approved / | / adjective TOURISM multiplying the length by the width ć The formerly, the lowest grade in the English area of this restaurant is 3,400 square feet. ć Tourist Board grading system APR We are looking for a shop with a sales area APR abbreviation BUSINESS Annual Per- of about 100 square metres. 2. a region of the centage Rate world ć The tour will visit one of the most après-ski après-ski / prei ski/ adjective taking inaccessible desert areas in the world. 3. a place in the evening after a day’s skiing district or part of a town ć The office is in the apricot apricot / eiprikɒt/ noun FRUIT the small commercial area of the town. ć Their factory yellow fruit from the deciduous tree Prunus is in a very good area for getting to the armeniaca, similar to a small peach, but not motorways and airports. 4. part of a country, 15 artichoke a division for commercial purposes ć Her car to meet him at the airport. ć The courier sales area is the North-West. ć He finds it will arrange transportation to the airport. difficult to cover all his area in a week. (NOTE: You arrange for someone to do area code code / eəriə kəυd/ noun a special something; you arrange for something to telephone number which is given to a partic- be done; or you arrange to do something.) arrangement ə reind mənt ular area ć The area code for central London arrangement / | / noun the is 020 7. way in which something is organised ć She area manager manager / eəriə m nid ə/ noun a is making all the arrangements for her boss’s manager who is responsible for a part of the visit to Spain. ć The group complained that country the arrangements for the trip to the ruins Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty were not clear. Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty arrival ə raiv ə l eəriə əv aυt st ndiŋ n tʃ ə rəl bjuti arrival / | ( ) / noun 1. the act of com- / | ( ) / ć noun TOURISM a region in England and ing to a place We announce the arrival of Wales which is not a National Park but which flight AB 987 from Tangiers. Abbr arr. 2. a is considered sufficiently attractive to be pre- person who arrives at a place ć The new served from overdevelopment. Abbr AONB arrivals were shown to the first-floor lounge. arrival date arm ə raiv ə l deit arm /ɑm/ noun 1. the part of the body arrival date / | ( ) / noun TRAVEL which goes from the shoulder to the hand ˽ the day on which a traveller or tour group arm in arm with their arms linked 2. some- arrives at a destination. Also called date of thing shaped like an arm, or a piece at the arrival arrivals ə raiv ə lz side of a chair to rest your arms on ć The but- arrivals / | ( ) / noun AIR TRAVEL a tons for the music channels are in the arm of section of an airport where the passengers your seat. í verb to equip with weapons arrive arrivals hall armband / ɑmb nd/ noun a piece of arrivals hall, arrivals lounge noun AIR cloth worn round your arm ć The tour leader TRAVEL a hall or lounge where passengers will be wearing a red armband. can be met or can sit and wait arrival without notice armchair ə raiv ə l ɑmtʃeə arrival without notice /| ( ) armchair / / noun a chair with wið υt nəυtis arms ć Each bedroom is furnished with two / noun HOTELS arrival at a armchairs and a TV. hotel without having made an advance book- armed ɑmd ing armed / / adjective equipped with arrive ə raiv ć weapons ć Because of the dangerous situa- arrive / | / verb to reach a place The tion, the party will travel with armed guards. plane is due to arrive at 12.15. ć They armrest arrived at the hotel in the middle of the night. armrest / ɑmrest/ noun a part of a seat arrowroot arrowroot / rəυrut/ noun CATERING a that you put your arm on ć The ashtray and thickening agent in the form of a white pow- sound buttons are in the armrest. ć Please der made from the root of a West Indian plant put your armrests into the horizontal posi- art ɑt tion for landing. art / / noun 1. an activity in which people aroma ə rəυmə create beautiful or interesting objects or aroma / | / noun a pleasant smell of experiences, e.g. painting, drawing, sculp- something you can eat or drink (formal) ć ture, music, literature or dance 2. beautiful or the aroma of freshly ground coffee aromatic interesting objects, created e.g. by painting, rə m tik aromatic / | / adjective having a drawing or sculpture ć When in Washington, ˽ strong pleasant smell aromatic herbs you must not miss the Museum of Modern herbs with a strong scent which are used to Art. give a particular taste to food, e.g. rosemary art gallery art gallery / ɑt ləri/ noun ENTERTAIN- or thyme ARR MENT a museum of paintings, drawings or ARR abbreviation HOTELS average room sculptures artichoke rate artichoke / ɑtitʃəυk/ noun VEGETABLES arr. arr. abbreviation TRAVEL 1. arrival 2. arrived 1. ˽ (globe) artichoke a green vegetable like 3. arrives the flower of a thistle 2. ˽ (Jerusalem) arti- arrange ə reind arrange / | / verb 1. to put in order choke a root vegetable like a bumpy potato ć The hotel is arranged as a series of small COMMENT: Globe artichokes are in fact a bungalows with a central restaurant and type of thistle; the flower heads are cut swimming pool. ć In the guide, the restau- before the flowers open and are boiled; the soft bottom parts of the outer leaves rants are arranged in alphabetical order. ć are eaten, often with vinaigrette, and then Arrange the invoices in order of their dates. the prickly ‘choke’ in the centre has to be 2. to organise ć We arranged to have the removed, and the base of the flower meeting in their offices. ć She arranged for a (called the ‘heart’) is cut up and eaten with artificial sweetener 16 vinaigrette. The ‘heart’ can also be served work ć She was assigned the job of checking by itself as a salad. In a restaurant, the the bathrooms. artichoke will be prepared in the kitchen assist ə sist ć before serving, so that the customer can assist / | / verb to help somebody eat it without too much difficulty. Jerusa- The courier assisted the tourists at the cus- lem artichokes are quite different plants, toms checkpoint. (NOTE: You assist some- but have a similar taste to globe arti- one in doing something or to do something chokes. The roots are thick and oddly- or with something.) shaped; they are peeled and boiled like assistance ə sist ə ns ć potatoes, and eaten with butter or other assistance / | ( ) / noun help sauces, or made into soup. Handicapped travellers may need assistance artificial sweetener sweetener / ɑtifiʃ(ə)l with their baggage. swit(ə)nə/ noun a synthetic substance ‘…all travel insurers have an international emer- gency helpline and in serious situations you will used in place of sugar to sweeten food be put through to an assistance company which arts festival arts festival / ɑtz festiv(ə)l/ noun will have a doctor on duty at the end of the line, ENTERTAINMENT a large-scale event in which and normally a local agent to arrange the neces- performances, exhibitions and competitions sary medical treatment’ [Wanderlust] assistant ə sist ə nt in music, drama, painting and handicrafts assistant / | ( ) / noun a person who take place helps someone, usually as a job assistant manager asap ə sist ə nt asap / ei es ei pi, eis p/, ASAP abbre- assistant manager /| ( ) viation as soon as possible (informal) ć I m nid ə/ noun somebody who helps a want it done asap. manager assistant waiter ascorbic acid ə sist ə nt weitə ə skɔbik sid assistant waiter / | ( ) / ascorbic acid / | / noun CATERING Vitamin C, found in fresh fruit noun CATERING same as commis waiter assisted passage ASH ə sistid p sid ASH / ʃ/ abbreviation Action on Smoking assisted passage / | / and Health noun a journey for an immigrant to a foreign ashore ə ʃɔ country which is partly paid for by the gov- ashore / | / adverb SHIPS AND BOATS on ernment of that country to encourage immi- land, or onto the land from a ship ć Passen- gration gers can go ashore for a couple of hours to assurance visit the town. assurance, assure, assurer insure ATB ashtray / ʃtrei/ noun a container for ATB abbreviation AIR TRAVEL automatic putting ash and unsmoked parts of cigarettes ticket and boarding pass Atkins diet and cigars ć The table was covered with dirty Atkins diet / tkinz daiət/ noun a plan plates and the ashtray was full. ć In the to help people lose weight that suggests that smoking compartments, ashtrays are pro- they should eat a lot of protein and fat but lit- vided in the armrests of the seats. tle carbohydrate ATM asparagus ə sp rə əs ei ti em FINANCE asparagus / | / noun VEGETA- ATM / / abbreviation BLES a cultivated plant the new shoots of automatic teller machine which you eat as a vegetable atmosphere / tməsfiə/ noun the gen- COMMENT: Asparagus is a type of fern; the eral feeling at a party or in a place, etc. ć The new shoots appear above the ground in hotel has a very romantic atmosphere, set on late spring, and are cut off at ground level. the banks of a beautiful mountain lake. They should be boiled, and then can be ATOL eaten hot with melted butter, or cold or ATOL / tɒl/ abbreviation Air Travel warm with a vinaigrette dressing. Aspara- Organisers’ Licence gus can also be made into soup. In Eng- attach ə t tʃ attach / | / verb to fasten or link some- land, asparagus can be eaten with the fin- thing to something else ć I am attaching a gers, dipping the tip of the spear into the dressing, and nibbling them down to the copy of my previous letter. ć Please find point where they stop being tender. In attached a copy of my letter of June 24th. ć other countries, asparagus is eaten with a The tables are attached to the floor so they knife and fork. cannot move, even if the sea is rough. ć The aspic aspic / spik/ noun FOOD 1. jelly made bank attaches great importance to the deal. attaché ə t ʃei from the cooked juices of meat, poultry or attaché / | / noun a junior diplomat fish 2. a form of salad, with small pieces of who does special work in an embassy ˽ cold meat, poultry, eggs or vegetables set in attaché case a small case for carrying papers firm aspic jelly in a mould and documents assign ə sain attend ə tend assign / | / verb 1. to give a place to attend / | / verb to be present at an someone ć He was assigned a room on the event ć They organised the protest meeting ground floor. 2. to give someone a job of in the kitchen, but only a few of the kitchen 17 Automobile Association staff attended. ć The chairman has asked all accounts of the company, certifying that, in managers to attend the meeting. the opinion of the auditors, the accounts give attendant ə tendənt attendant / | / noun 1. somebody a ‘true and fair’ view of the company’s finan- who is on duty in a public place such as a cial position au gratin museum 2. somebody who is on duty to help au gratin / əυ r t n/ CATERING gratin customers au jus jus / əυ ju/ adjective referring to meat attend to ə tend tu attend to / | / verb to give careful that is served in its own cooking juices thought to something and deal with it ć The au naturel əυ n trjυ rel au naturel / | / adv, adj managing director will attend to your com- served simply and plainly, e.g. uncooked or plaint personally. ć We have brought in without seasoning or salt experts to attend to the problem of installing auto auto / ɔtəυ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as the new computer. attention car ə tenʃən autobahn attention / | / noun the act of giving autobahn / ɔtəυbɑn/ noun a motorway careful thought to something or dealing with in Germany, Austria and other German- it ć Your orders will have our best attention. attractive speaking countries ə tr ktiv auto insurance attractive / | / adjective interest- ɔtəυ in ʃυərəns auto insurance / | / ing and able to stimulate the senses or the noun FINANCE insurance covering a car, its mind ć There are some attractive bargains in ć driver and others weekend breaks. The attractive scenery automatic ɔtə m tik round the lake makes the hotel very popular automatic / | / adjective work- with older guests. ing or taking place without any person mak- aubergine ing it happen aubergine / əυbə in/ noun VEGETABLES ‘…using the new automatic ticket and boarding the shiny purple-black fruit of the eggplant pass, travellers carrying hand baggage only will Solanum melongena, used as a vegetable. be allowed to check themselves in for a flight Also called eggplant simply by swiping the card against a magnetic COMMENT: A native of tropical Asia, it is reader before boarding. Trials in Switzerland sometimes called by its Indian name ‘brin- suggest the entire checking process for hand bag- jal’. Aubergines are used in Mediterranean gage carriers can be reduced to around 20 sec- cooking, especially stuffed with meat, or onds’ [Business Travel] cooked with tomatoes in ratatouille and in ‘…airlines and airports have been working moussaka. towards automated ticket and boarding passes – audit called ATB2s – for several years, to avoid the audit / ɔdit/ BUSINESS noun an examina- problem of airport overcrowding which could tion of the books and accounts of a company become worse as European deregulation stimu- ć to carry out the annual audit í verb to lates more air travel. As a result, airlines are examine the books and accounts of a com- accelerating the installation of ATB2 technol- pany ć to audit the accounts ć The books ogy’ [Times] have not yet been audited. automatic landing equipment landing equipment auditing ɔtəm tik landiŋ i kwipmənt auditing / ɔditiŋ/ noun BUSINESS the act / | / noun AIR of examining the books and accounts of a TRAVEL computerised equipment in an air- company craft, which allows it to land in bad weather auditor / ɔditə/ noun somebody who or when visibility is bad automatic pilot audits ć The AGM appoints the company’s automatic pilot / ɔtəm tik pailət/ auditors. noun AIR TRAVEL computerised equipment in COMMENT: Auditors are appointed by the an aircraft which allows it to fly without company’s directors and voted by the intervention from the captain AGM. In the USA, audited accounts are automatic teller machine teller machine / ɔtəm tik only required by corporations which are telə mə ʃin | / noun FINANCE cash registered with the Stock Exchange Com- same as mission, but in the UK all limited compa- dispenser nies must provide audited annual automatic ticket and boarding pass ticket and boarding pass accounts. / ɔtəm tik tikit ənd bɔdiŋ pɑs/ noun auditorium ɔdi tɔriəm auditorium / | / noun a large AIR TRAVEL an electronic ticket, which con- hall in which people can watch or listen to tains information about the passenger and something, e.g. a show, concert or lecture the reservation on a magnetic strip. Abbr (NOTE: The plural form is auditoriums or ATB auditoria.) Automobile Association Association / ɔtəməbil auditors’ report ɔditəz ri pɔt ə səυsieiʃ ə n auditors’ report / | / noun | ( ) / noun ROAD TRAVEL a major BUSINESS a report written by a company’s motoring association in the United King- auditors after they have examined the dom. ı RAC autopilot 18
autopilot autopilot / ɔtəυpailət/ noun TRAVEL sales in a hotel, calculated by dividing the same as automatic pilot total amount charged for all rooms, each autumn / ɔtəm/ noun the season of the night, by the number of rooms occupied avocado ć və kɑdəυ year between summer and winter The air- avocado / | / noun VEGETA- line is offering autumn breaks of two- or BLES the pear-shaped green fruit of a tree three-night stays in the capital. ć Fares tend originally growing in South and Central to go down in the autumn and rise again at America, but now cultivated in Israel, Spain, Christmas. (NOTE: US English uses fall in the United States and elsewhere this meaning.) COMMENT: The fruit has a high protein and availability ə veilə biliti availability / | | / noun 1. the fat content, making it very nutritious. It is fact of being easy to obtain ˽ offer subject normally served as an hors d’oeuvre. The to availability the offer is valid only if the fruit is cut in half and the stone removed. The hollow left by the stone can be filled goods or services are available 2. AIR TRAVEL with shrimps, etc., or the fruit can be the number of tickets available for a flight at served with vinaigrette which is poured a certain price into the hollow (‘avocado vinaigrette’). available ə veiləb ə l Avocado made into a puree is called available / | ( ) / adjective possible to obtain or buy ć available in all branches ‘guacamole’. avoid ə vɔid ć item no longer available ć items available avoid / | / verb to try not to do some- to order only ć funds which are made avail- thing, or not to collide with or meet some- able for investment in small businesses ˽ body or something ć You must avoid travel- available capital capital which is ready to ling on Friday evenings. ć If you leave before be used 3 p.m. you will avoid the rush hour traffic. ć avalanche / vəlɑntʃ/ noun a heavy He should try to avoid fatty food. (NOTE: You mass of snow sliding down a mountainside avoid something or avoid doing some- avalanche season season / vəlɑntʃ thing.) award ə wɔd siz(ə)n/ noun late spring, when increasing award / | / noun a prize, medal, docu- temperatures make the snow melt on high ment or money that is given to somebody to mountains, and cause avalanches show recognition of something good that he average / v(ə)rid / noun a number cal- or she has done ˽ award-winning having culated by adding together several figures won a prize ć an award-winning restaurant away ə wei and dividing by the number of figures added away / | / adverb not here, somewhere ć the average for the last three months or the else ć The managing director is away on last three months’ average í adjective in the business. ć My assistant is away sick. ć ć azo dye middle average sales per restaurant the azo dye / eizəυ dai/ noun CATERING a sub- average occupancy rates for the last three stance extracted from coal tar and added to months ć the average increase in prices food to give it colour average achieved room rate achieved room rate v ə rid ə tʃivd rum reit COMMENT: Many of the azo dyes (such as / ( ) | / noun tartrazine) provoke allergic reactions; HOTELS the average price received for room some are believed to be carcinogenic. B baby / beibi/ noun a very young child who snowboard riding that is done away from is not yet old enough to talk or walk resorts or in specially marked areas baby-listening service backdate b k deit baby-listening service / beibi backdate / | / verb BUSINESS to put lis(ə)niŋ svis/ noun HOTELS a service an earlier date on a cheque or invoice ć Back- provided by a hotel, with a small microphone date your invoice to April 1st. ć The pay to put over a baby’s cot, so that the parents increase is backdated to January 1st. can hear if the baby cries when they are not back door door / b k dɔ/ noun a door at the in the room rear of a building baby-sit baby-sit / beibi sit/ verb to look after chil- background / b k raυnd/ noun 1. the dren while their parents are out experiences, including education and family baby-sitter baby-sitter / beibi sitə/ noun somebody life, which someone has had ć What is his who baby-sits background or Do you know anything about baby-sitting service service / beibi sitiŋ his background? ć His background is in the svis/ noun HOTELS a service provided by fast-food business. ć The company is looking a hotel, where a baby-sitter comes to the for someone with a background of success in hotel room to look after a baby when the par- the international hotel field. 2. information ents are out of the room about a situation ć She explained the back- bacillary bə siləri ground of the claim for compensation. ć I bacillary / | / adjective MEDICAL referring to bacilli ˽ bacillary dysentery know the contractual situation as it stands dysentery caused by the bacillus Shigella in now, but can you fill in the background contaminated food details? backhander bacillus b k h ndə bə siləs backhander / | / noun a sum bacillus / | / noun MEDICAL a bacte- rium shaped like a rod (NOTE: The plural of money given secretly and illegally to form is bacilli.) ˽ Bacillus cereus a micro- somebody to persuade him or her to help you organism found in cereals such as rice (informal) backlog back /b k/ noun 1. the opposite side to the backlog / b klɒ / noun work which has front ć Write your address on the back of the piled up waiting to be done ć The airport is envelope. ć The conditions of sale are trying to cope with a backlog of flights held printed on the back of the invoice. 2. the up by fog. ć My assistant can’t cope with the opposite part to the front ć We want two seats backlog of paperwork. back-of-house services at the back of the plane. ć If you sit at the back-of-house services / b k əv back of the bus, you may feel travel sick. ć haυs svisiz/ plural noun HOTELS serv- They complained that they couldn’t see the ices that are based in the back part of a hotel, stage from the back of the stalls. í adjective e.g. cleaning and providing supplies for the referring to the past ˽ back rent rent owed ć restaurant and bar. Also called back-of-the- The company owes £100,000 in back rent. í house services verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to drive a car back- back-of-the-house staff staff / b k əv wards ć He backed into the parking space. ć haυs stɑf/ noun HOTELS staff who work in She backed into the car behind. 2. ˽ to back the back of a hotel, e.g. kitchen staff and a bill to sign a bill promising to pay it if the cleaners person it is addressed to is not able to do so back out out / b k aυt/ verb 1. to stop being back cabin back cabin / b k k bin/ noun AIR part of a deal or agreement ć The bank TRAVEL a section of seating in the back part backed out of the contract. ć We had to can- of a plane, usually reserved for economy cel the project when our German partners class backed out. 2. ROAD TRAVEL to drive a car backcountry snowboarding backcountry snowboarding backwards out of a place ć He backed out of / b kkntri snəυbɔdiŋ/ noun SPORT the garage. backpack 20 backpack / b kp k/ noun a large bag plural form: some bacon; a pound of bacon; carried on the back when walking ć I’ll have for a single piece say a rasher.) ˽ bacon to take something out of my backpack – it’s and eggs fried bacon and fried eggs, usually much too heavy. Also called rucksack í served at breakfast verb to go walking, carrying your gear in a COMMENT: There are various types of backpack ć If you backpack, you will become bacon: back bacon (which has more meat) aware of how difficult the terrain is. and streaky bacon (which has more fat); backpacker b kp kə bacon can be smoked (i.e. cured in backpacker / / noun somebody smoke) or unsmoked (also called ‘green’ who travels, or goes walking, carrying a in British English). In the United States, backpack ć We picked up two backpackers bacon is sliced more thinly and cooked who were hitching a lift into the Rockies. more than in the United Kingdom and is backpacking called ‘crispy bacon’. Bacon is mainly backpacking / b kp kiŋ/ noun TOUR- eaten at breakfast, but it is often used in ISM the activity of going on long-distance sandwiches (such as bacon, lettuce and trips or walks, carrying your clothes and tomato or BLT). equipment in a backpack ć We went back- bacteria b k tiəriə bacteria / | / plural noun MEDICAL packing round Greece. back pay submicroscopic organisms which help in the back pay / b k pei/ noun salary which decomposition of organic matter, some of has not been paid ć I am owed £500 in back which are permanently present in the intes- pay. tines of animals and can break down food tis- back payment back payment / b k peimənt/ noun a sue, and some of which cause disease (NOTE: payment that is due The singular form is bacterium.) back pocket back pocket / b k pɒkit/ noun a pocket COMMENT: Bacteria can be shaped like in the back of a pair of trousers ć His wallet rods (bacilli), like balls (cocci) or have a was stolen from his back pocket. spiral form (such as spirochaetes). Bacte- back tax b k t ks ria, especially bacilli and spirochaetes, back tax / / noun BUSINESS a tax can move and reproduce very rapidly. which is owed bacterial b k tiəriəl back-to-back arrangement bacterial / | / adjective MEDICAL back-to-back arrangement / b k tə ˽ b k ə reind mənt relating to bacteria or caused by bacteria | / noun HOTELS an bacterial growth the growth of bacteria in arrangement covering travel and hotel food accommodation, organised so that when one ‘…short-life products which support bacterial group arrives they occupy the same rooms as growth, such as meat, fish, poultry and egg the previous group, who leave by the same dishes, rice, pasta, mousses and fresh cream plane products’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] back up b k p bacterial contamination b k tiəriəl back up / / verb 1. to help or sup- bacterial contamination / | ć kən t mi neiʃ ə n port someone or something He brought | | ( ) / noun CATERING the along a file of documents to back up his state of something such as water or food that claim. ć The waiter said the manager had has been contaminated by bacteria refused to back him up in his argument with bactericidal b k tiəri saidəl bactericidal / | | / adjective the customer. 2. to become jammed, because MEDICAL referring to a substance that of not being able to go forwards ć Following destroys bacteria the accident, traffic backed up along the bactericide b k tiərisaid bactericide / | / noun MEDI- motorway for several miles. 3. US ROAD CAL ć a substance that destroys bacteria TRAVEL Can Baedeker to make a car go backwards bai dekə you back up, please? I want to get out of the Baedeker / | / noun a guidebook parking lot. (NOTE: The British English for for travellers bag this is simply to back.) bag /b / noun 1. a soft container made of backup / b kp/ adjective supporting or plastic, cloth or paper, and used for carrying helping ć We offer a free backup service to things ć She brought her lunch in a Harrods customers. ć After a series of sales tours by bag. ć We gave away 5,000 plastic bags at representatives, the sales director sends the exhibition. 2. a soft case for carrying backup letters to all the contacts. ˽ backup clothes when travelling ć He left his bag in copy a copy of a computer disk to be kept in the cabin. ć The porter will carry your bags case the original disk is damaged or lost í to the room. bagel noun US AIR TRAVEL a delay in a flight bagel / bei (ə)l/ noun BREAD, ETC. a ring- caused by too much air traffic shaped bread roll with a slightly chewy tex- bacon bacon / beikən/ noun MEAT salt meat from ture baggage a pig, which is sliced into thin strips and baggage / b id / noun TRAVEL suitcases cooked before serving (NOTE: There is no or bags for carrying clothes when travelling 21 baker
baggage ticket (NOTE: There is no plural form: to show one baggage ticket / b id tikit/ noun a suitcase, etc., you can say a piece of bag- piece of paper showing that you have left a gage. Note also that British English uses piece of baggage with someone luggage more often than baggage.) baggage trolley trolley / b id trɒli/ noun COMMENT: Certain items are not allowed same as luggage trolley onto aircraft, and should not be packed in bagna cauda b njə kaυdə baggage. These include ammunition, bagna cauda / / noun explosives, radioactive substances, flam- SAUCES, ETC. a warm sauce of olive oil, gar- mable liquids, and compressed gases. lic and anchovies, served as a dip for raw Battery-driven appliances such as clocks vegetables should be declared when checking in. baguette b et baguette / | / noun BREAD, ETC. a baggage allowance b id ə laυəns baggage allowance / | / long loaf of French bread AIR TRAVEL bain-marie b n mə ri noun the weight of baggage bain-marie / | / noun CATERING which an air passenger is allowed to take free a pan holding hot water into which another when travelling. Also called free baggage vessel containing food to be cooked or allowance (NOTE: The baggage allowance heated is placed (NOTE: The plural form is is usually 30kg for first-class or business bains-marie.) class passengers and 20kg for tourist class COMMENT: In a large kitchen, bains-marie passengers.) are used to keep food hot: items of cooked baggage cart baggage cart / b id kɑt/ noun US food are placed in trays over hot water. baize same as luggage trolley baize /beiz/ noun a soft felt cloth, usually baggage check green baggage check / b id tʃek/ noun AIR COMMENT: Baize is used to cover restau- TRAVEL 1. an examination of passengers’ rant tables to prevent the tablecloth from baggage to make sure it contains nothing slipping off, to cover card tables or billiard dangerous or illegal 2. a receipt given to a tables, and to cover the door leading from passenger for baggage which has been a kitchen into a dining room to prevent the checked in, and which is usually stapled to door from banging. bake the passenger’s ticket counterfoil bake /beik/ verb CATERING to cook in an baggage check-in baggage check-in / b id tʃek in/ oven ć To cook the dish, bake in a hot oven for 30 minutes. ć Pizzas are baked in a pizza noun AIR TRAVEL a place where air passen- ˽ gers have their bags and suitcases weighed oven. to bake blind to cook a pastry case and hand them over to be put on the aircraft without a filling by covering it with paper baggage handler and weighting it down with dried peas baggage handler / b id h ndlə/ baked baked /beikt/ adjective CATERING cooked noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who works at an in an oven airport, taking baggage off or putting it on baked Alaska beikt ə l skə planes baked Alaska / | / noun baggage label DESSERTS a dessert made of ice cream cov- b id leib ə l baggage label / ( ) / noun ered with meringue, baked in an oven for a TRAVEL a label attached to a piece of bag- short time to cook the meringue, eaten gage, with the owner’s name and address on before the ice cream melts it baked apple / beikt p ə l/ noun DES- baggage lift baked apple ( ) baggage lift / b id lift/ noun HOTELS SERTS an apple which has been cored and same as luggage lift filled with raisins and brown sugar, then baggage lockers baggage lockers / b id lɒkəz/ plu- baked in an oven baked beans ral noun TRAVEL a set of small cupboards, baked beans / beikt binz/ plural noun e.g. in an airport or railway station, where FOOD haricot beans, cooked in a tomato passengers can leave baggage locked away sauce, traditionally baked in the oven with safely pieces of pork and molasses, and called baggage rack baggage rack / b id r k/ noun ‘Boston baked beans’, but now more gener- HOTELS same as luggage rack ally available in cans baked potato baggage reclaim beikt pə teitəυ baked potato / | / noun baggage reclaim / b id rikleim/ FOOD a potato cooked ‘in its jacket’, that is, noun TRAVEL same as luggage claim baggage room baked in an oven without being peeled, then baggage room / b id rum/ noun US served cut open, with butter or various fill- same as left luggage office (NOTE: The ings such as cheese, chopped ham, baked British English is left luggage office.) beans, chilli, etc. Also called jacket potato baggage stand baggage stand / b id st nd/ noun baker / beikə/ noun a person whose job is HOTELS same as luggage stand to make bread and cakes bakery 22 bakery / beikəri/, baker’s shop noun a drawn up either in the horizontal form, with shop where bread is baked and sold liabilities and capital on the left-hand side Bakewell tart beikwel tɑt of the page (in the United States, it is the Bakewell tart / / noun DES- reverse) or in the vertical form, with assets SERTS a tart that has a pastry base covered at the top of the page, followed by liabili- with jam and topped with almond-flavoured ties, and capital at the bottom. Most are sponge usually drawn up in the vertical format, as baking beikiŋ opposed to the more old-fashioned hori- baking / / noun a method of cook- zontal style. ing by placing something such as a bread or balcony b lkəni cake mixture in an oven balcony / / noun 1. a small terrace baking apple jutting out from the upper level of a building baking apple / beikiŋ p(ə)l/ noun ć Each room has a balcony overlooking the FRUIT cooking apple same as ć baking dish beikiŋ diʃ sea. Breakfast is served on the balcony. 2. baking dish / / noun CATERING ENTERTAINMENT an upstairs section of the a fireproof dish which can be put in the oven auditorium of a theatre or cinema, above the baking powder beikiŋ paυdə baking powder / / noun a stalls (NOTE: The plural form is balconies.) mixture containing sodium bicarbonate, ball ball /bɔl/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a formal starch and acids that is used to make cakes dance rise when they are cooked balloon baking sheet bə lun baking sheet / beikiŋ ʃit/, baking tray balloon / | / noun 1. a large round / beikiŋ trei/ noun a flat sheet of metal for object which is inflated 2. CATERING a baking e.g. biscuits on brandy glass with a wide body tapering to a baking soda beikiŋ səυdə narrower mouth baking soda / / noun ballooning bə luniŋ sodium bicarbonate, especially when used as ballooning / | / noun the sport of a raising agent in cookery racing large passenger-carrying balloons ballroom baklava b k lɑvə ballroom / bɔlrum/ noun a large room baklava / | / noun DESSERTS a Turkish or Greek dessert made of thin pastry for formal dances ball supper filled with chopped nuts and covered with ball supper / bɔl spə/ noun CATERING honey a supper consisting of many light dishes, balance brought forward brought forward, balance served as a continuous buffet during a ball balsamic vinegar bɒl s mik vini ə carried forward noun FINANCE a balance balsamic vinegar / | / which is entered in an account at the end of a noun SAUCES, ETC. thick rich Italian vinegar period and is then taken to be the starting from unfermented grape juice, stored for point of the next period years in wooden barrels balanced diet balti balanced diet / b lənst daiət/ noun a balti / b lti/ noun a spicy dish originally diet which contains the right quantities of from Pakistan that is traditionally served in basic nutrients the bowl-shaped pan it is cooked in balance in hand balance in hand / b ləns in h nd/ bamboo shoots b m bu ʃut bamboo shoots / | / plural noun BUSINESS cash held to pay small debts noun VEGETABLES young shoots from the and running costs. Also called cash in hand bamboo plant, used in Chinese and Malay- balance sheet balance sheet / b ləns ʃit/ noun BUSI- sian cooking NESS a statement of the financial position of banana bə nɑnə banana / | / noun FRUIT the long a company at a particular time, such as the yellow curved fruit of a large tropical plant end of the financial year or the end of a quar- banana split bə nɑnə split ter, showing the company’s assets and liabil- banana split / | / noun a ities ć The company balance sheet for 2001 dessert made of a banana cut lengthwise and shows a substantial loss. ć The accountant filled with ice cream, cream and chocolate has prepared the balance sheet for the first sauce band half-year. band /b nd/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a group COMMENT: The balance sheet shows the of people who play music together bandage state of a company’s finances at a certain bandage / b ndid / MEDICAL noun a date; the profit and loss account shows the movements which have taken place piece of cloth which is wrapped around a since the end of the previous accounting wound or an injured limb ć The waitress had period. A balance sheet must balance, a bandage round her hand. í verb to wrap a with the basic equation that assets (i.e. piece of cloth around a wound or an injured what the company owns, including money limb ć She bandaged his leg ć His arm is owed to the company) must equal liabili- bandaged up. ties (i.e. what the company owes to its bandana b n d nə creditors) plus capital (i.e. what it owes to bandana / | / noun a long scarf its shareholders). A balance sheet can be worn tied around your head to stop your hair 23 banqueting suite from falling over your eyes or into food. ı nationally, although there are other local toque holidays. banking b. & b. b. & b., B & B abbreviation HOTELS bed and banking / b ŋkiŋ/ noun BUSINESS the breakfast business done by banks banking account banger b ŋkiŋ ə kaυnt banger / b ŋə/ noun MEAT a sausage banking account / | / (informal) noun FINANCE same as bank account banking hours bangers and mash and mash / b ŋəz ənd m ʃ/ banking hours / b ŋkiŋ aυəz/ plural noun FOOD grilled sausages and mashed noun FINANCE the time when a bank is open potatoes for its customers ć You cannot get money out bank /b ŋk/ noun 1. the edge of a river, of a bank outside banking hours. banking services canal or lake 2. FINANCE a business which banking services / b ŋkiŋ svisiz/ holds money for its clients, which lends plural noun FINANCE the services provided money at interest, and trades generally in by a bank, e.g. withdrawal of money, cashing money ć He put all his earnings into his cheques and foreign currency exchange ć bank. ć I have had a letter from my bank tell- Banking services are available in the depar- ing me my account is overdrawn. ć Payment ture lounge on the second floor. was made by a cheque drawn on a Swiss bank manager manager / b ŋk m nid ə/ noun bank. 3. ENTERTAINMENT the money held by FINANCE somebody in charge of a branch of the organiser in a gambling game í verb a bank ć She asked her bank manager for a FINANCE to deposit money into a bank or to loan. have an account with a bank ć He banked the bank note bank note / b ŋknəυt/, banknote noun cheque as soon as he received it. ˽ where do FINANCE a piece of printed paper money ć He you bank? where do you have a bank pulled out a pile of used bank notes. (NOTE: account? ć I bank at or with Barclays. bank account The US English is bill.) b ŋk ə kaυnt bank on bank account / | / noun bank on / b ŋk ɒn/ verb to be sure that FINANCE an account which a customer has something will happen ć He is banking on with a bank, where the customer can deposit getting a loan from his father to set up his and withdraw money ć to open a bank restaurant. ć Do not bank on having fine account ć to close a bank account ć How weather in November. much money do you have in your bank bank statement b ŋk steitmənt account? ć If you let the balance in your bank statement / / bank account fall below £100, you have to noun FINANCE a written statement from a pay bank charges. bank showing how much money is in an banker’s order order / b ŋkəz ɔdə/ noun account and what transactions have been made FINANCE same as standing order ć He pays banoffee b nɒfi his subscription by banker’s order. banoffee / | / noun a creamy filling bank holiday holiday / b ŋk hɒlidei/ noun a made from bananas and soft toffee, in a pas- public holiday when most people do not go try or biscuit base banquet to work and the banks are closed banquet / b ŋkwit/ noun CATERING a COMMENT: Bank holidays in England and large formal dinner for many people banqueting Wales are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday, banqueting / b ŋkwitiŋ/ noun CATER- Easter Monday, the first Monday in May ING the work of arranging or giving large for- (May Day), the last Monday in May (Spring Bank Holiday), the last Monday in mal dinners banqueting chef August (Summer Bank Holiday), Christ- banqueting chef / b ŋkwitiŋ ʃef/ noun mas Day and Boxing Day (December CATERING a chef who specialises in cooking 26th). In Scotland, the first Monday in for formal dinners ć He worked as a ban- August and January 2nd are also Bank queting chef in a large London hotel. Holidays, but Easter Monday and the last banqueting manager Monday in August are not. In the United banqueting manager, banquets man- States, New Year’s Day, 21st January ager noun HOTELS somebody in a hotel who (Martin Luther King Day), February 12th is responsible for organising formal func- (Lincoln’s birthday), the third Monday in tions February (Washington’s birthday), the last banqueting room Monday in May (Memorial Day), July 4th banqueting room / b ŋkwitiŋ rum/ (Independence Day), the first Monday in noun HOTELS a room in a hotel where ban- September (Labor Day), the second Mon- quets are organised day in October (Columbus Day), 11th banqueting suite b ŋkwitiŋ swit November (Veterans’ Day), the fourth banqueting suite / / Thursday in November (Thanksgiving) noun a series of rooms where banquets are and Christmas Day are public holidays organised banquette 24
banquette banquette / bɒnket/ noun CATERING a over meat to prevent it from drying out when seat along a wall in a restaurant ć Shall we sit cooking bareboat charter on the banquette? bareboat charter / beəbəυt tʃɑtə/ ‘…banquette seating secures privacy’ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a system of charter- [Evening Standard, Business Travel section] bap ing a ship where the owner provides only the bap /b p/ noun BREAD, ETC. a small round ship, but not the crew, fuel or insurance loaf of white bread bargain bɑ in bar bɑ bargain / / noun 1. an agreement on bar / / noun 1. BARS a place where you the price of something ˽ to drive a hard can buy and drink alcohol ć The group met in bargain to be a difficult negotiator ˽ to the bar of the hotel. 2. BARS a long counter in strike a hard bargain to agree a deal which a pub from which drinks are served ć The is favourable to you ˽ it is a bad bargain it ć bar only opens at 6 p.m. He was sitting at is not worth the price 2. something bought the bar. 3. CATERING a small shop, serving more cheaply than usual ć That car is a one special type of food í barback (real) bargain at £500. verb to discuss the bɑb k barback / / noun a person whose terms of an agreement or sale ć You will have job is to ensure that a bar is kept clean and to bargain with the shopkeeper if you want a supplied with drinks discount. ć They spent two hours bargaining barbecue barbecue / bɑbikju/ CATERING noun 1. about or over the price. (NOTE: You bargain food cooked in the open air, over a charcoal with someone over or about or for some- fire ć Here is a recipe for chicken barbecue. thing.) 2. a meal or party, where the food is cooked bargain sale bargain sale / bɑ in seil/ noun MAR- on a barbecue ć We held a barbecue for KETING the sale of all goods in a store at twenty guests. ć They were invited to a bar- cheap prices becue. 3. a metal holder for charcoal over barley bɑli which food is cooked in the open air ć Light barley / / noun FOOD a common cereal the barbecue at least half an hour before you crop Hordeum sativum, grown in temperate start cooking. í verb to cook food over a bar- areas becue ć She was barbecuing sausages for COMMENT: Barley is grown in colder coun- lunch when it started to rain. ć Barbecued tries; it is used in the production of beer spare ribs are on the menu. and whisky; it is also used to make Scotch barbecue sauce bɑbikju sɔs broth. barbecue sauce / / noun barley sugar bɑli ʃυ ə a spicy sauce containing tomato, chilli and barley sugar / / noun FOOD a garlic, used on barbecued meat sweet made of boiled sugar, originally fla- barber bɑbə voured with barley barber / / noun somebody who cuts barley wine men’s hair barley wine / bɑli wain/ noun BEVER- COMMENT: Traditionally, a barber’s shop AGES a very strong beer barmaid has a red and white pole outside, as an barmaid / bɑmeid/ noun BARS a woman advertisement. who serves in a bar ć She works as a bar- barber’s shop barber’s shop / bɑbəz ʃɒp/, barber maid in the local pub. shop / bɑbə ʃɒp/ noun a shop where men barman barman / bɑmən/ noun BARS a man who have their hair cut ć bar chart bɑ tʃɑt serves in a bar The barman didn’t know bar chart / / noun a diagram how to make cocktails. (NOTE: The plural where quantities and values are shown as form is barmen.) thick columns of different heights or lengths bar code COMMENT: In the UK the terms ‘barman’ bar code / bɑ kəυd/ noun BUSINESS a and ‘barmaid’ are not used in job adver- system of lines printed on a product which tisements to avoid sex discrimination; can be read by a computer to give a reference ‘barperson’ is used instead. number or price. Also called Universal barometer bə rɒmitə barometer / | / noun an instru- Product Code ment for measuring atmospheric pressure, COMMENT: Bar codes are found on most and therefore for forecasting the weather goods and their packages; the width and barometric b rə metrik position of the stripes can be recognised barometric / | / adjective by a bar-code reader and give information referring to a barometer
barometric pressure about the goods, such as price, stock barometric pressure / b rəmetrik quantities, etc. Many packaged foods, preʃə even fresh foods, are bar-coded to allow / noun atmospheric pressure indicated quicker data capture in the supermarket. by a barometer bard bɑd barperson bɑ ps ə n bard / / verb CATERING to put a strip of barperson / | ( ) / noun BARS a fat or fatty meat, such as a rasher of bacon, man or woman who serves in a bar 25 bathroom linen barrel / b rəl/ noun a large round con- bass /beis/ noun a type of fish that is found tainer for liquids ć beer served from the bar- in rivers, lakes and seas and is caught for rel ć to sell wine by the barrel food barrier cream baste barrier cream / b riə krim/ noun a baste /beist/ verb CATERING to pour melted cream used to prevent damage to the skin fat and juices over meat as it is cooking ć from the sun Don’t forget to baste the chicken two or three bar service service / bɑ svis/ noun 1. service times while it is roasting. in a bar 2. a system where the customer bath /bɑθ/ noun 1. the process of washing orders, pays for and collects a drink or food your whole body ć He has a cold bath every from a bar evening. ć Baths are 200 francs extra. ı bub- bar snacks snacks / bɑ sn ks/ plural noun ble bath, jacuzzi, Turkish bath ˽ to have CATERING small items of food available in a a bath, to take a bath to wash the whole bar, e.g. pies or sandwiches body in a bath 2. same as bathtub ć The bar staff chambermaid has not cleaned the bath. bar staff / bɑ stɑf/ noun BARS people who work in a bar in a hotel or behind a bar (NOTE: The US English is bathtub or tub.) in a pub í verb to wash yourself or someone else in a ć bar stool bɑ stul bath She baths twice a day in hot weather. bar stool / / noun BARS a high bathe beið seat used for sitting at a bar or counter bathe / / noun a swim, especially in the ć bartender sea or in a river We went for a bathe before bartender / bɑtendə/ noun BARS some- breakfast. í verb 1. to swim 2. MEDICAL to body who serves in a bar wash something such as a wound carefully 3. bar trolley bar trolley / bɑ trɒli/ noun AIR TRAVEL US to have a bath same as drinks trolley bather / beiðə/ noun somebody who is base jumping base jumping / beis d mpiŋ/ noun the swimming ć The beach was crowded with extreme sport of parachuting from the tops bathers when the shark was sighted. of very tall natural objects or buildings bathing / beiðiŋ/ noun the activity of basement basement / beismənt/ noun an under- swimming in the sea, river or a pool ć The ground section of a building ć The central bathing is very safe here because the water is heating boiler is in the basement. shallow. basic discount basic discount / beisik diskaυnt/ noun bathing cap cap / beiðiŋ k p/ noun a rub- a normal discount without extra percentages ber hat worn when swimming to prevent ć We give 25% as a basic discount, but can your hair getting wet add 5% for cash payment. bathing costume costume / beiðiŋ kɒstjum/ basic pay basic pay / beisik pei/, basic salary noun SPORT same as swimming costume beisik s ləri bath mat / / noun BUSINESS a normal bath mat / bɑθ m t/ noun a small mat to salary without extra payments step on as you get out of the bath basic tax beisik t ks bath oil basic tax / / noun BUSINESS bath oil / bɑθ ɔil/ noun scented oil to put tax paid at the usual rate in a bath basic wage beisik weid Bath Oliver basic wage / / noun BUSI- Bath Oliver / bɑθ ɒlivə/ noun BREAD, NESS normal pay without any extra pay- ETC. a kind of round unsweetened biscuit, ments ć The basic wage is £110 a week, but served with cheese you can expect to earn more than that with bathrobe / bɑθrəυb/ noun 1. a loose coat overtime. basil of towelling worn before or after a bath 2. basil / b z(ə)l/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a herb US a man’s dressing gown Ocimum basilicum with strongly scented bathroom / bɑθrum/ noun 1. a room in leaves, used especially in Italian cuisine a house or hotel with a bath, a washbasin and basin basin / beis(ə)n/ noun a large bowl usually a toilet ˽ room with private bath- basket / bɑskit/ noun a container made room or with its own bathroom hotel room of thin pieces of wood, wire or fibre woven with its own bathroom attached 2. a room together ć a basket of apples containing a toilet (said instead of) ć basket meal basket meal / bɑskit mil/ noun CATER- Where’s the bathroom? ć My daughter ING a simple meal, usually of fried chicken, wants to go to the bathroom. sausage or scampi, served in a basket with bathroom fittings fittings / bɑθrum fitiŋz/ chips plural noun fittings in a bathroom, such as a basmati b z mɑti basmati / | / noun FOOD a type of shower, wash basin, bidet, etc. long-grained rice with a special smell and bathroom linen linen / bɑθrum linən/ noun flavour towels and other cloth articles that are pro- bath salts 26
beach towel vided in a bathroom ć Guests complained beach towel / bitʃ taυəl/ noun a large that there was no fresh bathroom linen. towel usually used on the beach bath salts bath salts / bɑθ sɔlts/ plural noun beach umbrella bitʃ m brelə beach umbrella / | / noun a scented crystals to put in a bath large coloured umbrella to use on a beach bathtowel / bɑθtaυəl/ noun bean bathtowel a very large bean /bin/ noun VEGETABLES 1. a seed or towel for drying yourself after a bath ć the long thin pod of various different plants, Remind me to give you a clean bathtowel. cooked and eaten ć runner beans ć butter bathtub bathtub / bɑθtb/ noun especially US a beans 2. a dried seed that is ground and is large container filled with water to wash the used in cooking or to make drinks ć coffee whole body in. Also called bath noun 2, tub beans (NOTE: The British English term is bath.) COMMENT: Kidney beans must be cooked batter batter / b tə/ noun FOOD a thin liquid mix- thoroughly, as undercooked beans can ture of flour, eggs and milk, used e.g. for contain a toxin which causes nausea. bean curd making pancakes or toad-in-the-hole, or for bean curd / bin kd/ noun same as tofu coating fish before frying bean sprouts bin spraυts battered bean sprouts / / plural noun b təd battered / / adjective CATERING VEGETABLES shoots of beans, eaten espe- covered with batter and cooked ć battered cially in Chinese cooking prawns bear battery bear /beə/ noun a large wild animal cov- battery / b t(ə)ri/ noun 1. an object that ered with fur ć There are bears near the fits into a piece of electrical equipment to campsite in the mountains. provide it with electric energy ć My calcula- ć ‘…the danger Arctic explorers fear most is the tor needs a new battery. The battery has polar bear’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors] given out so I can’t use my radio. ć My béarnaise sauce beəneiz sɔs mobile phone has a rechargeable battery. 2. béarnaise sauce / / noun a series of small cages in which thousands of a savoury sauce for meat, thickened with egg chickens are kept yolk and flavoured with tarragon beat battery farming bit battery farming / b t(ə)ri fɑmiŋ/ beat / / verb 1. to win a game against noun a system of keeping thousands of another player or team ć They have beaten chickens in a series of small cages their rivals into second place in the package ˽ COMMENT: Battery farming is a method of holiday market. 2. to beat a ban to do egg production which is very energy-effi- something which is forbidden by doing it cient. It is criticised, however, because of rapidly before the ban is enforced 3. to mix the quality of the eggs, the possibility of fast ć Beat the egg whites in a bowl. (NOTE: disease and the polluting substances pro- beating – beat – has beaten) duced, and also on grounds of cruelty Beaufort scale because of the stress caused to the birds. Beaufort scale / bəυfət skeil/ noun a battery hen hen / b t(ə)ri hen/ noun a scale from 0 to 12 used to refer to the chicken which spends its life confined in a strength of wind small cage COMMENT: The Beaufort scale was battle site b t ə l sait devised in the 18th century by a British battle site / ( ) / noun a place admiral. The descriptions of the winds and where a battle was fought their speeds in knots are: 0: calm (0 bay bay /bei/ noun 1. SAUCES, ETC. a fragrant knots); 1: light air (2 knots); 2: light breeze shrub whose leaves are used in cooking 2. a (5 knots); 3: gentle breeze (9 knots); 4: moderate breeze (13 knots); 5: fresh large rounded inlet in a coast ć the Bay of breeze (19 knots); 6: strong breeze (24 Biscay ı Dublin Bay prawn knots); 7: near gale (30 knots); 8: gale (37 BBQ BBQ abbreviation CATERING barbecue knots); 9: strong gale (44 knots); 10: storm beach /bitʃ/ noun an area of sand or small (52 knots); 11: violent storm (60 knots); stones by the edge of the sea ć They spent the 12: hurricane (above 60 knots). Beaujolais afternoon on the beach. ć You can hire par- Beaujolais / bəυ əlei/ noun BEVERAGES a asols on the beach. ć There are lifeguards on light French red wine from Burgundy which duty at the beach. can be drunk cool beach chalet bitʃ ʃ lei Beaujolais Nouveau bəυ əlei nu beach chalet / / noun a small Beaujolais Nouveau / | wooden holiday home, near or on a beach vəυ/ noun BEVERAGES Beaujolais wine beach hotel bitʃ həυ tel beach hotel / | / noun a hotel which has just been made, sold from Novem- that is on or near a beach ber onwards of the year in which the grapes beach hut hut / bitʃ ht/ noun a small are picked wooden building on a beach, where you can beauty / bjuti/ noun the quality of being change, keep deckchairs, etc. beautiful 27 beer beauty parlour parlour / bjuti pɑlə/ noun a bedside panel panel / bedsaid p n(ə)l/ noun shop specialising in women’s appearance. HOTELS an electronic device placed on a Also called beauty salon, beauty shop guest’s beside table, with controls for heat- beauty spot spot / bjuti spɒt/ noun a famous ing, lighting, air-conditioning, automatic beautiful place ć The Lake District has some curtain pulling, messaging, etc. of the most famous beauty spots in England. ‘…hanging the ‘Do Not Disturb’ sign on your béchamel sauce beʃəmel sɔs door is so 20th century. Now bedside panels béchamel sauce / / noun which allow you to adjust the room environment a rich sauce made from milk thickened with from the comfort of your bed may eradicate such butter and flour and served hot hotel inconveniences. At home you have a bed- bed bed time routine, but in a strange hotel room you’re bed / / noun a piece of furniture on constantly jumping out of bed to draw curtains or which you sleep turn off lights. Now it’s all in one place’ bed, breakfast and eveningbreakfast meal and evening meal [National Geographic Traveler] bed brekfəst ənd ev ə niŋ mil bed-sitting room bed sitiŋ rum / ( ) / noun bed-sitting room / | /, bed- HOTELS a tariff in a hotel or guesthouse, cov- sitter / bedsitə/, bed-sit / bedsit/ noun a ering a night’s accommodation, breakfast bedroom and living room combined and a meal taken in the evening bedspread / bedspred/ noun a decorative bed and board and board / bed ən bɔd/ noun a cloth to put over a bed hotel charge that includes all meals as well as bedstead / bedsted/ noun the solid frame the room charge of a bed bed and breakfast and breakfast / bed ən brekfəst/ bed tax tax / bed t ks/ noun a tax charged per noun HOTELS 1. a tariff in a hotel or guest- occupant of a room in a hotel or other tourist house, covering a night’s lodging and break- accommodation beef fast ć bed and breakfast: £32.00 ć I only beef /bif/ noun MEAT meat from a cow or a want to have bed and breakfast. 2. a guest- bull beefburger house or private house, offering accommo- beefburger / bifb ə/ noun MEAT a dation and breakfast ć We got a list of bed round, flat cake of minced beef, grilled or and breakfasts or B&Bs from the tourist fried and usually served in a toasted bread office. ̈ abbr B & B roll. Also called burger, hamburger bedclothes bedclothes / bedkləυðz/ plural noun the beef olives olives / bif ɒlivz/ plural noun coverings, e.g. sheets and blankets, on a bed FOOD a dish made from thin slices of beef, bedcover / bedkvə/ noun a cloth which stuffed and rolled beefsteak covers a bed during the daytime beefsteak / bifsteik/ noun MEAT same as bedding / bediŋ/ noun the items, e.g. a steak beefsteak tomato bifsteik tə mattress, sheets and pillows, that are put on beefsteak tomato / | a bed so that somebody can sleep in it ć Bed- mɑtəυ/ noun VEGETABLES a large fleshy ding is provided at extra cost. ć Visitors are variety of tomato suitable for stuffing beef stir-fry requested to bring their own bedding. beef stir-fry / bif st frai/ noun FOOD bed linen linen / bed linin/ noun sheets, pil- thin strips of beef cooked quickly with vege- lowcases or duvet covers tables in hot oil beef stroganoff bednight bif strɒ ənɒf bednight / bednait/ noun HOTELS one beef stroganoff / / noun night’s stay in a hotel, as considered for a dish consisting of thin strips of beef cooked administrative purposes with onions and mushrooms in a sour cream ‘…the group is offering regional corporate deals, sauce beef suet based on a minimum number of bednights: for beef suet / bif suit/ noun FOOD suet example, 100 bednights would trigger a discount from cattle of a minimum of 10%, while over 1,000 bed- beef Wellington bif weliŋtən nights could mean up to a 45% discount’ beef Wellington / / noun a [Business Traveller] dish consisting of a fillet of beef covered in bedroom / bedrum/ noun a room with a pâté de foie gras, wrapped in pastry, and ć baked bed, in which someone sleeps a 42-bed- beer room hotel beer /biə/ noun BEVERAGES 1. an alcoholic bedroomed drink made from grain and water ć She asked bedroomed / bedrumd/ adjective with a room service for a bottle of beer. ć He drank particular number of bedrooms ć a 42-bed- a glass of beer. 2. a glass of beer ć Two beers, roomed hotel ı bedside please. draught, real ale bedsaid bedside / / noun a space at the COMMENT: In Great Britain, the most pop- side of a bed ˽ bedside lamp a lamp next to ular beers are ‘bitter’ and ‘lager’. ‘Lager’ is a bed ˽ bedside table a table next to a bed sold cold, but ‘bitter’ is served slightly beer cellar 28 cooler than room temperature. In Australia bellpush / belpυʃ/ noun a button which and the USA, all beers are served cold. rings a bell when pushed Beer is either served from a bottle (or a below-the-line advertising bi ləυ ðə can if you are buying it to drink away from below-the-line advertising / | the place where you bought it), but in lain dvətaiziŋ/ noun MARKETING adver- pubs, can be served direct from the barrel. tising that is not paid for, such as work by This is called ‘draught beer’. In Great Brit- staff manning an exhibition, and for which ain, draught beer is sold in a glass mug (with a handle) or in a tall straight glass. no commission is paid to the advertising Bottled beer is usually served in a goblet agency (i.e. a glass with a stem). benchmarking / bentʃmɑkiŋ/ noun the beer cellar beer cellar / biə selə/ noun BARS a cellar process of comparing the performance of where beer is kept or served firms within an industry against a set of beer festival festival / biə festiv(ə)l/ noun 1. a standards Bermuda plan ć bə mjudə pl n festival to celebrate the making of beer the Bermuda plan / | / noun a Munich Beer Festival 2. an exhibition for hotel tariff including accommodation and a advertising, sampling and selling different full English or an American breakfast berry types of beer berry / beri/ noun FRUIT a small fleshy beer garden beer garden / biə ɑd(ə)n/ noun BARS seed-bearing fruit of a bush, usually with a garden attached to a pub, in which people many seeds in the same fruit, and the seeds can sit to have their drinks enclosed in a pulp. ı blackberry, blueberry, beermat beermat / biəm t/ noun a small card- raspberry, strawberry (NOTE: The plural board mat, usually with an advertisement for form is berries.) a brewery on it, placed under a glass to pro- COMMENT: Very many berries are used in tect a surface in a pub or restaurant cooking, or can be eaten raw. beer pull berth beer pull, beer pump handle noun BARS berth /bθ/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a one of a series of tall handles arranged on the place in a harbour where a ship can tie up ć bar of a pub, which draw beer up from casks There are six ferry berths at Dover. 2. in the cellar when pulled towards the bar- TRAVEL a bed on a ship or a train í verb tender TRAVEL to tie up at a berth ć The ship will beet beet /bit/ noun US VEGETABLES same as berth at Rotterdam on Wednesday. beetroot ‘…hire this new ship for the day when it is ber- beetle / bit(ə)l/ noun an insect with hard thed alongside HMS Belfast in the Port of Lon- don from 23–28 June’ [Evening Standard] covers that protect its folded wings best-before date beetroot best-before date / best bi fɔ deit/ beetroot / bitrut/ noun a vegetable with noun CATERING a date stamped on the label a dark red root, often eaten cooked as salad, of a food product, which is the last date on or pickled with vinegar (NOTE: The US term which the product is guaranteed to be of is beet.) good quality. Compare sell-by date, use- COMMENT: In Russian cuisine, beetroot is the main ingredient of borscht. by date best end behave best end bi heiv ć best end / / noun MEAT a cut of behave / | / verb to act One of the group started to behave very strangely. meat, especially lamb, taken from the neck behaviour bi heivjə and formed of a series of chops joined / | / noun behaviour a way of ı ć together. crown roast, rack of lamb doing things Guests complained about the best practice behaviour of young men in the bar on Satur- best practice / best pr ktis/ noun the day night. (NOTE: The US spelling is behav- most effective and efficient method of ior.) achieving an aim or providing a service Best Practice Forum bell /bel/ noun 1. a metal cup-shaped object Best Practice Forum / best pr ktis which makes a ringing sound when hit, or a fɔrəm/ noun a system sponsored by the mechanism to make a similar ringing sound UK government to encourage high standards 2. ˽ to give someone a bell to phone some- of professionalism in the hotel, catering and one (informal) ć I’ll give you a bell when tourism industries we’ve sorted out the details. better / betə/ adjective of higher quality bellboy / belbɔi/, bellhop US / belhɒp/ than something else ć This year’s results are noun HOTELS a messenger boy employed in better than last year’s. ć We will shop a hotel around to see if we can get a better price. bell captain beurre manié bell captain / bel k ptin/ noun US beurre manié / b m niei/ noun FOOD HOTELS somebody in charge of the messen- a mixture of butter and flour, added at the last gers in a hotel minute to soups or stews to make them 29 billion
biker thicken (NOTE: beurre manié comes from biker / baikə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL some- the French and means ‘kneaded butter’.) body who rides a motorcycle ć A gang of beverage / bev(ə)rid / noun a drink, bikers arrived in the village. either alcoholic or non-alcoholic biking / baikiŋ/ noun the activity of travel- beverage cycle beverage cycle / bev(ə)rid saik(ə)l/ ling on a bicycle ć They went for a biking noun BUSINESS the cycle by which beverages holiday in Holland. bilberry pass from supplier to hotel or restaurant and bilberry / bilb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a wild then to the ultimate consumer berry, which is blue when ripe, eaten raw beverage manager manager / bev(ə)rid with sugar and cream, or cooked in pies and m nid ə/ noun BUSINESS somebody in jams ć The menu includes bilberry tarts. charge of sales of drinks in a hotel bi-level suite suite / bai lev(ə)l swit/ noun a beverage sales beverage sales / bev(ə)rid seilz/ plu- hotel suite that has rooms on two floors ral noun BUSINESS the turnover from the sale Bilharzia bil hɑtsiə Bilharzia / | / noun MEDICAL a of drinks parasitic worm that enters the patient’s beware bi weə ˽ beware / | / verb beware of watch bloodstream and causes bilharziasis out for ć ‘Beware of pickpockets!’ bilharziasis bilhɑ tsaiəsis | BFL bilharziasis / / noun MED- BFL abbreviation business facilitated lease ICAL a tropical disease caused by parasitic BHA BHA abbreviation HOTELS British Hospital- worms in the intestine or bladder (NOTE: ity Association Although, strictly speaking, Bilharzia is the bhaji / bɑ i/ noun an Indian food, consist- name of the fluke, it is also generally used ing of chopped vegetables in a spicy batter, for the name of the disease.) deep-fried ć onion bhaji COMMENT: The disease is found in certain bhindi bhindi / bindi/ noun VEGETABLES okra, as parts of Africa, Brazil and China and can used in Indian cooking be caught from bathing in rivers and lakes. B hotel The larvae of the fluke enter the skin B hotel / bi həυtel/, B tariff hotel / bi through the feet and lodge in the walls of t rif həυtel/ noun HOTELS same as four- the intestine or bladder. They are passed star hotel out of the body in stools or urine and return ‘…an increasing number of business travellers to water, where they lodge and develop in from the US and Europe are becoming budget the water snail, the secondary host, before conscious and are spending less on hotel accom- going back into humans. Patients suffer modation and are staying in B tariff hotels. Such from fever and anaemia. hotels usually have the same service and facilities bill /bil/ noun 1. a written list of charges to as five-star hotels, except that the rooms may be be paid ć The receptionist printed out the slightly smaller and the decor may be different’ ć ć [South China Morning Post] bill. Does the bill include VAT? The bill BHT ć BHT abbreviation butylated hydroxytolu- is made out to Smith Ltd. He left the hotel ene without paying his bill. 2. a list of charges in ć ć bicarb a restaurant Can I have the bill please? / baikɑb/ noun FOOD bicarb same as The bill comes to £20 including service. ć sodium bicarbonate (informal) bicarbonate of soda The waiter has added 10% to the bill for bai kɑbənət əv bicarbonate of soda / | service. í verb to present a bill to someone səυdə / noun same as sodium bicarbonate so that it can be paid ć The tour operators bicycle bicycle / baisik(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a billed him for the extra items. billiards vehicle with two wheels, which you ride on billiards / biliədz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a and pedal with your feet ć Bicycles can be game involving hitting balls with a long rod hired by the hour or by the day. Also called on a smooth table covered with green cloth, pushbike the object being to hit a white ball so that it bicycle path bicycle path, bike path noun ROAD sends a ball of another colour into one of the TRAVEL a special path for bicycles to ride on, ‘pockets’ at the edge of the table. ı pool, either by the side of a road or as part of the snooker ˽ billiard ball a small hard ball pavement used in the game of billiards ˽ billiard room bidet / bidei/ noun a small low bath for a room in a hotel or pub with a billiard table washing your buttocks ć Each bathroom has ˽ billiard table a table on which billiards is a shower and a bidet. played big game big game / bi eim/ noun large wild billion / biljən/ noun one thousand million animals which are hunted and killed for (NOTE: In the US billion has always meant sport, e.g. elephants, tigers and lions one thousand million, but in British English bike bike /baik/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as it formerly meant one million million, and it bicycle (informal) is still sometimes used with this meaning. bill of exchange 30 biodegradation baiəυde rə deiʃ ə n With figures it is usually written bn: $5bn biodegradation / | ( ) / say ‘five billion dollars’.) noun the breaking down of a substance by bill of exchange bil əv iks tʃeind bacteria bill of exchange / | / biotechnology baiəυtek nɒləd i noun FINANCE a document signed by the per- biotechnology / | / son authorising it, which tells, e.g. a bank to noun the use of technology to manipulate pay money unconditionally to a named per- and combine different genetic materials to son on a particular date produce living organisms with particular COMMENT: A bill of exchange is a docu- characteristics ć Artificial insemination of ment raised by a seller and signed by a cattle was one of the first examples of bio- purchaser, stating that the purchaser technology. ć A biotechnology company is accepts that he owes the seller money, developing a range of new pesticides based and promises to pay it at a later date. The on naturally occurring toxins. person raising the bill is the ‘drawer’, the birdwatcher bdwɒtʃə person who accepts it is the ‘drawee’. The birdwatcher / / noun ENTER- seller can then sell the bill at a discount to TAINMENT somebody who looks at birds for raise cash. This is called a ‘trade bill’. A bill pleasure, or for scientific purposes ć Bird- can also be accepted (i.e. guaranteed) by watchers set up hides all round the lake. a bank, and in this case it is called a ‘bank (NOTE: A fanatical birdwatcher is called a bill’. twitcher.) bill of fare bill of fare / bil əv feə/ noun CATERING a birdwatching / bdwɒtʃiŋ/ noun menu ENTERTAINMENT the activity of looking at bin bin /bin/ noun 1. a large container 2. a sec- birds for pleasure, or for scientific purposes tion in a warehouse, store or wine cellar ˽ a ć He goes birdwatching every weekend. ć 32-bin wine list a wine list with 32 sections She belongs to a birdwatching club. ˽ birth certificate bθ sə tifikət bin card a card saying what is stored in the birth certificate / | / noun bin, e.g. the type and date of wine a document which shows when and where binder binder / baində/ noun US FINANCE same someone was born biryani biri jɑni as cover note biryani / | / noun FOOD in South binding Asian cooking, a dish containing spicy col- binding / baindiŋ/ adjective 1. ˽ this con- oured rice mixed with meat, fish or vegeta- tract is binding on both parties both parties bles have to do what the contract says 2. the act of biscotto bis kɒtəυ sticking things together í noun a small belt biscotto / | / noun a hard oblong for attaching boots to skis biscuit, often containing nuts biscuit binding agent biskit binding agent / baindiŋ eid (ə)nt/ biscuit / / noun FOOD a small hard cake, usually sweet noun CATERING an additive which makes bisque prepared food remain in its proper form and bisque /bisk/ noun FOOD a cream soup not disintegrate made with shellfish ć lobster bisque bistro biodegradability baiəυdi reidə bistro / bistrəυ/ noun a small restaurant biodegradability / | biliti/ noun the degree to which a material, or bar bitter e.g. packaging, can be decomposed by bitter / bitə/ adjective not sweet ć This organisms such as bacteria or by the effect of aperitif is very bitter. ć Marmalade is made sunlight or the sea from bitter oranges. í noun BEVERAGES Brit- biodegradable baiəυdi reidəb ə l ish beer, made bitter by adding hops ć She biodegradable / | ( ) / asked for a half of bitter. ć Two pints of bitter, adjective easily decomposed by organisms please. such as bacteria or by the effect of sunlight or bitter lemon bitə lemən the sea ˽ biodegradable packaging boxes, bitter lemon / / noun a fizzy cartons, bottles, etc., which can be decom- nonalcoholic drink flavoured with lemon bitter orange posed by organisms such as bacteria or by bitter orange / bitə ɒrind / noun FRUIT the effect of sunlight or the sea same as Seville orange bitters ‘…human sewage is a totally biodegradable bitters / bitəz/ noun BEVERAGES same as product, and sea and sunlight will break it down Angostura bitters through the natural process of oxidation’ black /bl k/ adjective of a very dark col- [Environment Now] our, the opposite of white í verb BUSINESS to COMMENT: Manufacturers are trying to produce more biodegradable products, as forbid trading in particular goods or with the effect of non-biodegradable sub- particular suppliers ć Three firms were stances (such as PVC) on the environ- blacked by the government. ć The union has ment can be serious. blacked the hotel chain. 31 blind black bean bean / bl k bin/ noun a black- black tie tie / bl k tai/ adjective referring to seeded soya bean that is fermented for use in a formal evening banquet or reception at East Asian cookery which men wear a bow tie and dinner jacket, blackberry blackberry / bl kb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a both usually black ć The invitation to the small soft black berry, growing on plants gala performance was marked ‘black tie’. ı with long spines, eaten in jams and pies. white tie Also called bramble black treacle treacle / bl k trik(ə)l/ noun blackboard blackboard / bl kbɔd/ noun a board on FOOD same as treacle a wall, which can be written on using white blade /bleid/ noun 1. the sharp cutting part chalk ć Some dishes are not on the menu, but of a knife 2. SPORT a sharp metal strip are written on a blackboard. attached to a boot to make an ice skate. ı roll- black box black box / bl k bɒks/ noun AIR TRAVEL erblades ć blanch same as flight recorder After a crash, the blanch /blɑntʃ/ verb CATERING to cook first thing crash investigators do is to find the vegetables for a short time in boiling water plane’s black box. COMMENT: Vegetables should be black bread black bread / bl k bred/ noun a very blanched before being frozen. They can dark rye bread that is particularly popular in also be blanched before frying. Nuts and Germany and Slavic countries vegetables can also be blanched to black coffee bl k kɒfi remove their skins. black coffee / / noun BEVER- blancmange blə mɒn AGES coffee without milk or cream blancmange / | / noun a cold des- blackcurrant bl k krənt sert similar to jelly made with milk, sugar, blackcurrant / | / noun FRUIT flavourings and cornflour a small round cultivated black berry, eaten bland cooked in jams and pies, used also in making bland /bl nd/ adjective referring to food ˽ soft drinks and liqueurs ć blackcurrant which is not spicy, irritating or acid bland yoghurt ć a pot of blackcurrant jam ć a glass diet a diet which contains mainly milk-based of blackcurrant juice ı kir foods, boiled vegetables and white meat blanket black economy bl k i kɒnəmi bl ŋkit black economy / | / noun blanket / / noun a thick cover BUSINESS work which is paid for in cash or which you put over you to keep warm ć Ask goods, but not declared to the tax authorities the reception for another blanket if you are black-eyed bean bean / bl k aid bin/ noun cold. ć Stewardesses bring round blankets a small beige bean with a black spot and pillows on overnight flights. blanquette Black Forest blɒn ket Black Forest / bl k fɒrist/ noun an area blanquette / | / noun a dish con- of forest in south-west Germany sisting of white meat such as veal cooked in Black Forest gâteau Forest gâteau / bl k fɒrist a white sauce blast chiller təυ/ noun DESSERTS a chocolate cake blast chiller / blɑst tʃilə/ noun CATER- with cream and cherry filling covered with ING a machine for chilling food in a blast of whipped cream and chocolate shavings freezing air ć It is best to use a blast chiller black market market / bl k mɑkit/ noun a sys- to cool hot food rapidly. blast freezing tem for buying and selling goods in a way blast freezing / blɑst friziŋ/, blast which is not allowed by law, e.g. in a time of chilling / blɑst tʃiliŋ/ noun CATERING a rationing ć There is a flourishing black mar- method of quick-freezing oddly shaped ket in secondhand jeans. ć You can buy gold food, by subjecting it to a blast of freezing air coins on the black market. ˽ to pay black- blend /blend/ noun a mixture, used espe- market prices to pay high prices to get items cially of mixtures of different types of tea í which are not easily available verb to mix things together ć Blend together black olive black olive / bl k ɒliv/ noun VEGETA- the melted butter and sugar. blender BLES a ripe olive blender / blendə/ noun CATERING a blackout blackout / bl kaυt/ noun AIR TRAVEL a kitchen device for mixing different food day, usually a public holiday, when cheaper items together thoroughly fares are not available on flights blind /blaind/ noun 1. a covering over a black pepper black pepper / bl k pepə/ noun dark window ć The maid closed the blinds to keep brown seasoning made by grinding pepper out the sun. 2. ˽ the blind people who can- seeds that have not had their black outer cov- not see í adjective not able to see í adverb ering removed without seeing ˽ to taste blind to taste a black pudding pudding / bl k pυdiŋ/ noun series of items, such as cheeses or wines, MEAT a dark sausage made with blood, usu- without being able to see their labels ć This ally fried in slices and eaten for breakfast evening we have 37 wines to taste blind. blind-tasting 32 blind-tasting / blain teistiŋ/ noun country and are not importing goods which ENTERTAINMENT a party where a series of are liable to duty blue cheese items, such as cheeses or wines, are tasted blue cheese / blu tʃiz/ noun DAIRY a without the tasters being able to see their type of cheese with blue fungus growth in it, labels ć a table with a series of bottles of e.g. Stilton or Roquefort sweet wine lined up for the blind-tasting blue-cheese dressing dressing / blu tʃiz blini blini / blini/ noun BREAD, ETC. a small pan- dresiŋ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a dressing for cake made with yeast and buckwheat flour, salad, made of mayonnaise or vinaigrette traditional in Russia and other parts of East- with blue cheese in it ern Europe blue flag beach flag beach / blu fl bitʃ/ noun blizzard blizzard / blizəd/ noun a heavy snowstorm a beach with sea water that meets the clean- with strong winds liness requirements of the European Com- bloater bloater / bləυtə/ noun SEAFOOD a dried mission Blue Ribbon Award blu ribən ə whole salt herring Blue Ribbon Award / | block block /blɒk/ noun a group of things wɔd/ noun HOTELS an award given by the together ć They booked a block of seats in RAC to hotels which are committed to high the middle of the plane. í verb ˽ to block a standards ć This year, there are 76 Blue Rib- room to keep a room reserved for someone bon Award winners. BMC who has booked it, so as to prevent double- BMC abbreviation SPORT British Moun- booking taineering Council block booking board block booking / blɒk bυkiŋ/ noun board /bɔd/ noun 1. HOTELS meals at a HOTELS a reservation in which a series of, hotel 2. ˽ to go on board to go onto a ship, e.g. seats or hotel rooms are all booked at the plane or train 3. BUSINESS a group of people same time who run an organisation ć The bank has two blood poisoning blood poisoning / bld pɔiz(ə)niŋ/ representatives on the board. ć Two direc- noun MEDICAL a condition in which bacteria tors were removed from the board at the are present in the blood and cause illness AGM. ı board of directors, tourist board Bloody Mary Mary / bldi meəri/, bloody ˽ she was asked to join the board she was mary noun BEVERAGES a cocktail of vodka asked to become a director ˽ board meeting and tomato juice with ice and Worcester a meeting of the directors of a company í sauce, lemon juice, salt and pepper verb AIR TRAVEL to go onto a ship, plane or bloom /blum/ noun 1. a powdery sub- train ć Customs officials boarded the ship in stance on the surface of a fruit such as grapes the harbour. ć The party will board buses at 2. fine hair on the skin of some fruit such as the temple and proceed to the hotel for lunch. board and lodging peaches 3. a flower ˽ the apple trees are in board and lodging / bɔd ən lɒd iŋ/ full bloom the apple trees are in flower noun room and food ć Board and lodging blowfly / bləυflai/ noun the name for a for three nights comes to £175.00. Also number of species of fly, which deposit their called room and board boarding eggs in flesh, especially meat boarding / bɔdiŋ/ noun TRAVEL the act of blow torch ć blow torch / bləυ tɔtʃ/ noun CATERING a going onto a ship, plane or train Have your device which produces a gas flame used to passport ready before boarding. boarding card heat the surface of dishes such as crème boarding card / bɔdiŋ kɑd/, boarding brûlée pass US / bɔdiŋ pɑs/ noun AIR TRAVEL a BLT BLT / bi el ti/ abbreviation CATERING card given to passengers who have checked bacon, lettuce and tomato in a sandwich in for a flight to allow them to board the blueberry plane, or a card given to passengers going on blueberry / blub(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a wild board a ship berry, which is dark blue when ripe, eaten boarding house bɔdiŋ haυs raw with sugar and cream, or cooked in pies boarding house / / noun and jams ć a portion of blueberry pie and TOURISM a small, privately run house where whipped cream ć Two blueberry muffins and residents pay for accommodation and meals board of directors bɔd əv dai coffee, please. board of directors / | bluebottle blu bɒt ə l rektəz/ noun BUSINESS a group of directors bluebottle / | ( ) / noun a two- winged fly, with a shining blue body, whose elected by the shareholders to run a company maggots live in decomposing meat COMMENT: Directors are elected by share- blue channel blu tʃ n ə l holders at the AGM, though they are usu- blue channel / ( ) / noun BUSI- ally chosen by the chairman or chief exec- NESS the exit from customs through which utive. A board will consist of a chairman you pass if you are arriving from another EU (who may be non-executive), a chief exec- 33 book utive or managing director, and a series of and cooked by placing the bag in boiling specialist directors in charge of various water ć boil-in-the-bag frozen boeuf bour- activities of the company (such as a guignon finance director, production director or boil off sales director). The company secretary boil off / bɔil ɒf/ verb to remove liquid, will attend board meetings, but need not e.g. alcohol, from a mixture by heating the be a director. Apart from the executive mixture rapidly so that the liquid turns to directors, who are in fact employees of the steam company, there may be several non-exec- boil over bɔil əυvə utive directors, appointed either for their boil over / / verb to reach boil- expertise and contacts, or as representa- ing point and be so full of bubbles that some tives of important shareholders such as liquid spills from the container bok choy banks. bok choy / bɒk tʃɔi/ noun VEGETABLES a boardroom boardroom / bɔdrum/ noun a room Chinese cabbage with long white stalks and where the directors of a company meet narrow green leaves boast boast /bəυst/ verb to possess something, bolster / bəυlstə/ noun 1. a long thick pil- and be proud of it ć The hotel complex low, which is as wide as a double bed 2. a boasts an 18-hole golf course. thick round part of a knife, linking the blade boat /bəυt/ noun a small vehicle that peo- to the handle ple use for moving on water ć rowing boat bombay mix mix / bɒmbei miks/ noun a boatel bəυ tel boatel / | / noun a waterside hotel spiced mixture of fried lentils and other dried where people travelling in boats can stay and foods, eaten as a snack or appetiser bond moor them bond /bɒnd/ noun FINANCE a piece of paper boating boating / bəυtiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity showing that money has been deposited ˽ to of going in small boats for pleasure, espe- post a bond to deposit money with an organ- cially rowing or sailing ć a boating holiday isation, as a form of surety ć The company on the Norfolk Broads was required to post a bond with ABTA. í -bodied -bodied /bɒdid/ suffix with a particular verb BUSINESS to deposit money with an type of body organisation as surety against potential body body / bɒdi/ noun AIR TRAVEL the main part future loss ć The travel centre was bonded of an aircraft through the Association of British Travel boil boil /bɔil/ verb CATERING 1. to heat water Agents. until it reaches 100°C ć You must boil the ‘…the company is a fully bonded member of ABTA, which gives you that extra security and water or You must let the water boil before financial peace of mind. You know your money making tea. ć They recommend you to boil is secure.’ [Travel company brochure] the tap water before drinking it. 2. to cook bone /bəυn/ noun one of the solid pieces in ć something by putting it in boiling water Do the body, which make up the skeleton í verb you want boiled potatoes or chips with your to take the bones out of something such as a ć steak? The cabbage has been boiled too chicken ć The rabbit is skinned, boned and ć long. I want my eggs boiled for three min- then marinaded. (NOTE: For fish, it is more utes. usual to say ‘to fillet’ before the fish is boil down boil down / bɔil daυn/ verb to make a liq- cooked, or ‘to debone’ at table.) uid mixture thicker by heating it rapidly until boneless / bəυnləs/ adjective referring to much of the liquid turns to steam meat or fish from which the bones have been boiled egg boiled egg / bɔild e / noun FOOD an egg removed in preparation for cooking or eating boner which has been cooked by boiling in water boner / bəυnə/ noun CATERING a kitchen boiled hock boiled hock / bɔild hɒk/ noun MEAT a tool designed for boning meat or fish joint of ham from the leg of a pig boning / bəυniŋ/ noun boiler boning the action of boiler / bɔilə/ noun CATERING a piece of removing the bones from a chicken, rabbit, kitchen equipment, which heats water for etc. ć the intricate boning of a quail making hot drinks and also provides steam book bυk boiling chicken book / / noun a set of sheets of paper boiling chicken, boiling fowl noun attached together í verb to reserve a place, a MEAT a chicken which is older and tougher seat, a table in a restaurant or a room in a and needs to be boiled to make it tender hotel ć to book a room in a hotel or a table boiling pan boiling pan / bɔiliŋ p n/ noun CATERING at a restaurant or a ticket on a plane ć I a large container used in a kitchen for boiling booked a table for 7.45. ć He booked a ticket food and making soup through to Cairo. ˽ to book someone into a boil-in-the-bag / bɔil in ðə b / adjec- hotel or onto a flight to order a room or a tive CATERING stored in a sealed plastic bag plane ticket for someone ć He was booked booking 34 ˽ boracic acid bə r sik sid onto the 09.00 flight to Zurich. the hotel or boracic acid / | /, boric the flight or the restaurant is fully booked acid / bɔrik sid/ noun a soluble white or is booked up all the rooms or seats are powder used as a general disinfectant. Sym- ć reserved The restaurant is booked up over bol H3BO3 ˽ borax the Christmas period. to book someone in borax / bɔr ks/ noun a white powder to register somebody when he or she arrives used as a household cleaner and disinfectant at a hotel ˽ to book someone out to deal Bordeaux bɔ dəυ Bordeaux / | / noun BEVERAGES with the paperwork when somebody leaves a wine from the west of France ć Some Bor- hotel, e.g. presenting the bill and getting it deaux would be excellent with the venison. ć paid. ı double-book I’ve ordered a bottle of Bordeaux. booking bυkiŋ border booking / / noun an arrangement to border / bɔdə/ noun a line that marks the have something such as a seat, hotel room or point where one country or region ends and a table in a restaurant kept for you ć Hotel another begins bookings have fallen since the end of the border crossing bɔdə krɒsiŋ tourist season. ˽ to make a booking to border crossing / / noun TRAVEL a place on the border between two reserve a room, a seat, a table, etc. ć We tried to make a booking for the week beginning countries where people can cross and where ˽ there are passport controls and customs posts May 1st, but the hotel was full. to confirm borscht bɔʃt a booking to say that a booking is certain borscht / / noun FOOD Russian soup, booking charge bυkiŋ tʃɑd made with beetroot, other vegetables and booking charge / / noun small pieces of meat or sausage. It is eaten ENTERTAINMENT money paid to an agency for either cold or hot, with sour cream. their services in addition to the cost of the botanical gardens bə t nik ə l botanical gardens /| ( ) ticket when you buy a ticket through them. ɑd ə nz Also called booking fee ( ) / noun ENTERTAINMENT gardens booking clerk bυkiŋ klɑk which are set up for scientific study and the booking clerk / / noun display of plants ć When you are in Hong ENTERTAINMENT somebody who sells tickets Kong you must visit the botanical gardens. in a booking office botel bəυ tel booking code bυkiŋ kəυd botel / | / noun SHIPS AND BOATS booking code / / noun AIR same as boatel TRAVEL same as fare code botrytised booking fee botrytised adjective CATERING made from booking fee / bυkiŋ fi/ noun same as grapes affected by Botrytis, which gives the booking charge wine a particularly sweet taste, or specially booking form form / bυkiŋ fɔm/ noun a form made to resemble this wine, possibly by add- to be filled in when making a booking ing sweeteners ć botrytised dessert wine bottle booking office office / bυkiŋ ɒfis/ noun bottle / bɒt(ə)l/ noun a container for liq- ENTERTAINMENT an office where you can uids, with a narrow neck, made of glass or book seats at a theatre or tickets for the rail- plastic ć Can I have a bottle of mineral way water, please. ć She drank three bottles of bookkeeping ć bookkeeping / bυkkipiŋ/ noun BUSI- lemonade. He bought his wife a bottle of í NESS the work of keeping the financial perfume in the duty-free shop. verb 1. to records of a company or an organisation put in bottles 2. CATERING to preserve some- booklet bυklət thing by heating it inside a glass jar with a booklet / / noun a small book with suction cap a paper cover book sales COMMENT: Wine bottles have distinctive book sales / bυk seilz/ plural noun BUSI- shapes. Burgundy, Beaujolais and Loire NESS sales as recorded in the sales book wines have bottles with tapered necks and book up bυk p wide bodies; Bordeaux wine bottles have book up / | / verb HOTELS to fill all shoulders and straight sides. German the rooms in a hotel, all the tables in a restau- wine bottles have long tapering necks and rant or all the seats in a theatre taller, thinner bodies than French bottles. book value bottled beer book value / bυk v lju/ noun BUSINESS bottled beer / bɒt(ə)ld biə/ noun BEVER- value as recorded in the company’s books AGES beer in a bottle, as opposed to beer in a booth /buð/ noun a small place for one can, or draught beer person, or a small group of people, to stand bottled water water / bɒt(ə)ld wɔtə/ noun or sit BEVERAGES water sold in bottles, as opposed booze cruise cruise / buz kruz/ noun a trip to tap water bottleneck across the English Channel to buy alcoholic bottleneck / bɒt(ə)lnek/ noun ROAD drinks in a country where they cost less than TRAVEL a narrow road where traffic often they do in the United Kingdom (informal) gets jammed 35 bramble jelly bottle opener opener / bɒt(ə)l əυp(ə)nə/ noun bovine / bəυvain/ adjective referring to BARS a device for opening bottles cattle bottom line bovine spongiform encephalopathy bottom line / bɒtəm lain/ noun FINANCE bovine spongiform encephalopathy bəυvain spnd ifɔm en kefə lɒpəθi the last line in accounts, showing the net / | | / profit noun MEDICAL a fatal disease of cattle, affect- botulism botulism / bɒtʃυliz(ə)m/ noun MEDICAL a ing the nervous system. Abbr BSE type of food poisoning caused by badly ‘BSE first appeared on English dairy farms in canned or preserved food 1987. By December, 1988, 1,677 cattle had been slaughtered after contracting the infection. BSE COMMENT: The symptoms include paraly- is a new addition to a group of animal viruses sis of the muscles, vomiting and hallucina- known for about 200 years’ [Guardian] tions. Botulism is often fatal. bow baυ boudin bud n bow / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS the front boudin / / noun MEAT a French part of a ship sausage similar to black pudding bowl bəυl bouillabaisse bujə bes bowl / / noun a wide shallow container bouillabaisse / | / noun FOOD used for holding something such as food or French fish soup, flavoured with olive oil liquids ć There was a bowl of fruit in the and saffron room with the compliments of the manage- bouldering bouldering / bəυldəriŋ/ noun SPORT ment. ć She only had a bowl of muesli for rock climbing that involves undertaking breakfast. short and extremely difficult slopes box /bɒks/ noun 1. a cardboard, wood or bouncer bouncer / baυnsə/ noun somebody at the plastic container ć The goods were sent in door of a club, whose job it is to prevent non- thin cardboard boxes. ć The watches are members or other unwanted guests from prepacked in plastic display boxes. 2. entering ENTERTAINMENT a special section in a thea- bouncing cheque cheque / baυnsiŋ tʃek/ tre, with chairs for two or three spectators noun FINANCE a cheque that cannot be boxed /bɒkst/ adjective put in a box, or cashed because the person writing it has not sold in a box enough money in the account to pay it boxed set set / bɒkst set/ noun a set of (informal) Also called dud cheque, rubber items sold together in a box ć I bought him a cheque boxed set of Beethoven’s symphonies. bound for baυnd fɔ box file bound for / / adjective going box file / bɒks fail/ noun a file for papers towards ć a ship bound for India bouquet garni made like a box bukei ɑ ni box office bouquet garni / | / noun box office / bɒks ɒfis/ noun ENTERTAIN- SAUCES, ETC. a bundle of herbs, used to fla- MENT an office at a theatre or cinema where vour soups and stews, usually formed of tickets can be bought thyme, parsley and bay leaves brace bourbon breis ˽ bbən brace / / noun (of game birds) a pair bourbon / / noun US BEVERAGES a brace of pheasant(s) a male and female ć corn whisky She drank a couple of bour- bird sold together bons or a couple of glasses of bourbon. brace position bourguignonne breis pə ziʃ ə n bɔ i njɒn brace position / | ( ) / noun bourguignonne / | / adjective AIR TRAVEL a position for an emergency land- cooked in a red wine sauce with mushrooms ing, where the passenger sits bent forward and small whole onions, in a style that origi- with the hands behind the head nated in the Burgundy region of France braise boutique breiz bu tik braise / / verb CATERING to cook meat boutique / | / noun a small special- or vegetables in a covered pot with very little ised shop, especially for fashionable clothes, liquid ć I am going to braise the beef and or a section of a department store selling ć ć onions. fashionable clothes a jeans boutique a braised ski boutique braised /breizd/ adjective CATERING boutique hotel bu tik həυtel cooked in a covered pot with very little liq- boutique hotel / | / noun uid ć braised cabbage ć braised beef and HOTELS a usually small, up-market hotel, onions which has been designed by an interior dec- braising steak orator, and is considered very fashionable braising steak / breiziŋ steik/ noun ‘…having turned vintage properties into bou- MEAT good-quality beef suitable for braising bramble tique hotels in the 1990s, smart contemporary bramble / br mb(ə)l/ noun FRUIT a wild designers now eye once-neglected motels, trans- blackberry forming them into stylish but affordable lodgings bramble jelly that stake out the middle ground between fashion bramble jelly / br mb(ə)l d eli/ noun and function’ [National Geographic Traveler] FOOD jam made with blackberries Bramley’s seedling 36
Bramley’s seedling brass Bramley’s seedling / br mliz sidliŋ/ brass /brɑs/ noun ENTERTAINMENT musi- noun FRUIT a common variety of cooking cal instruments made of brass ć a brass band apple brasserie / br səri/ noun used as a name bran bran /br n/ noun FOOD the outside cover- for a continental-style cafe ć Let’s have ing of the wheat seed, removed when making lunch at the brasserie next door. (NOTE: white flour, but an important source of Brasserie comes from a French noun roughage and some vitamin B ć Sprinkle a meaning ‘brewery’.) spoonful of bran onto the stew to increase the COMMENT: In France, brasseries belong to fibre content. breweries and serve mainly beer, and also branch brɑntʃ food. In England, they serve mainly wine. branch / / noun BUSINESS a local brat pan br t p n office of a bank or large business, or a local brat pan / / noun CATERING a shop forming part of a large chain of shops ć cooking pan for stewing, braising, poaching, The bank The store has branches in most etc., which can be tilted to drain off liquid or brawn brɔn towns in the south of the country. ć The brawn / / noun MEAT chopped meat insurance company has closed its branches from the head of an animal, mixed with jelly in South America. ć He is the manager of our to form a loaf brazil nut brə zil nt local branch of Tesco. ć We have decided to brazil nut / | / noun NUTS a hard open a branch office in Chicago. í verb ˽ to nut with a rough crescent-shaped shell from branch out to start a new, but usually a tropical tree related, type of business ć From selling train bread /bred/ noun food made from flour, tickets, the company branched out into pack- water, a little fat or oil and usually a raising age holidays. agent such as yeast or soda, then cooked in branch manager manager / brɑntʃ m nid ə/ an oven noun BUSINESS somebody in charge of an COMMENT: Most British bread is white office of a company (made from refined flour), but brown branch office bread, or wholemeal bread, is becoming branch office / brɑntʃ ɒfis/ noun a less more and more popular. important office, usually in a different town bread and butter and butter / bred ən btə/ noun or country from the main office FOOD slices of bread spread with butter brand br nd bread and butter pudding brand / / noun BUSINESS a well- bread and butter pudding / bred ən known make of product, which can be recog- btə pυdiŋ/ noun DESSERTS a dessert nised by its name or by its design ć leading made from slices of buttered bread with brands of drinks dried fruit and sugar, covered with a mixture branded branded / br ndid/ adjective displaying a of eggs and milk and baked in the oven brand name breadcrumb / bredkrm/ noun a tiny branded pub branded pub / br ndid pb/ noun BARS piece of bread, either soft or hard a pub belonging to a chain, and known by the breadcrumbs / bredkrmz/ plural noun brand name of the chain FOOD dried bread, crushed into powder, used brand name brand name / br nd neim/ noun BUSI- to cover fish or meat before frying breaded NESS the name of a particular make of prod- breaded / bredid/ adjective CATERING uct covered with breadcrumbs before cooking ć brandy brandy / br ndi/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a breaded escalope of veal breadfruit strong alcohol distilled from wine 2. a glass breadfruit / bredfrut/ noun VEGETABLES of this alcohol ć He ordered three brandies the starchy fruit of a tree grown in the Pacific and a port. Islands, which is used as a vegetable COMMENT: Brandy is made in most wine- bread knife knife / bred naif/ noun 1. a large producing countries, such as Spain and knife with a serrated edge like a saw, used for Greece. Brandy from the Bordeaux region of France is called ‘cognac’; that from cutting slices of bread from a loaf 2. a small south-west France is called ‘Armagnac’. knife put on the bread plate, used for spread- Brandy made in Burgundy is called ‘marc ing butter on pieces of bread and cutting de bourgogne’. In Germany, brandy is them called ‘Branntwein’. bread pudding pudding / bred pυdiŋ/ noun brandy snap brandy snap / br ndi sn p/ noun BREAD, ETC. a rich cake made from bread BREAD, ETC. a thin rolled biscuit, flavoured soaked in milk, mixed with egg, sugar, spices with ginger and dried fruit, and baked brandy sour bread roll brandy sour / br ndi saυə/ noun BEV- bread roll / bred rəυl/ noun a small loaf ERAGES a cocktail of brandy, lemon juice of bread offered to the guests by the commis and sugar waiter while they are studying the menu 37 brinjal bread sauce sauce / bred sɔs/ noun sauce sages, kidneys, fried or grilled tomatoes or made from white breadcrumbs, butter and mushrooms and fried bread, followed by toast and marmalade and tea or coffee. milk, flavoured with onion, served hot as an breakfast bar brekfəst bɑ accompaniment to roast chicken or turkey breakfast bar / / noun bread stick CATERING a variety of breakfast foods laid bread stick / bred stik/ noun BREAD, out on a table like a buffet in a hotel or res- ETC. a long thin cylindrical biscuit, eaten as taurant an appetiser breakfast room break breakfast room / brekfəst rum/ noun break /breik/ noun a short space of time, HOTELS a special room where breakfast is ć when you can rest She typed for two hours served í without a break. verb 1. to fail to carry out breast brest the terms of a contract or a rule ć The com- breast / / noun meat from the chest pany has broken the contract or the agree- part of a bird or animal ć breast of chicken ć ment. ˽ to break an engagement to do Do you want a wing or a slice of breast? breathe something not to do what has been agreed 2. breathe /brið/ verb ˽ to let the wine to stop doing something for a time ˽ to breathe to take the cork out of a bottle of red break one’s journey to stop travelling and wine some time before it is to be drunk brew pass some time in one place before going on brew /bru/ noun BEVERAGES liquid which ć They broke their journey in Bombay, before has been brewed í verb 1. BARS to make beer flying on to Hong Kong. 2. to make tea (also humorous) brewery breakages / breikid iz/ plural noun bro- brewery / bruəri/ noun BARS a place ken items ć Customers are expected to pay where beer is made ć They have been making for breakages. beer in that brewery for many, many years. breakbone fever fever / breikbəυn fivə/ (NOTE: The plural form is breweries.) brewpub brupb MEDICAL same as dengue brewpub / / noun a restaurant or break down down / breik daυn/ verb 1. to stop bar where the beer is made on the premises bridge brid working because of mechanical failure ć The bridge / / noun 1. a road or path built baggage carousel has broken down. ć What over a road or river so that you can walk or do you do when your lift breaks down? ć The drive from one side to the other 2. SHIPS AND visitors complained when the central air- BOATS the top part of a ship where the cap- conditioning system broke down. 2. BUSI- tain stands 3. ENTERTAINMENT a type of card NESS to show all the items in a total list of game for four people bridlepath costs, expenditure ć We broke the expendi- bridlepath / braid(ə)lpɑθ/, bridleway ture down into hotel, travel and entertain- /braid(ə)lwei/ noun a track in the country ment costs. ć Can you break down this which can be used by walkers or by people invoice into travel costs and extras? on horseback briefcase breakdown / breikdaυn/ noun 1. a situa- briefcase / brifkeis/ noun a flat case for tion in which a machine or vehicle stops carrying papers and documents ć He put all working ć We cannot communicate with our the files into his briefcase. brigade bri eid Nigerian office because of the breakdown of brigade / | / noun a group of people the communications network. ć They are try- working together in a kitchen or restaurant ing to repair a breakdown in the refrigerat- COMMENT: A kitchen brigade will be made ing system. 2. a list that shows e.g. the cost of up of the chef de cuisine, sous-chef, vari- something item by item ć Give me a break- ous specialised chefs and commis chefs. down of the travel costs. A restaurant brigade will be formed of the break even head waiter or maître d’hôtel, station wait- break even / breik iv(ə)n/ verb BUSI- ers, wine waiters and assistant or commis NESS to balance costs and receipts, but not waiters. bright make a profit ć Last year the company only bright /brait/ adjective clear and sunny ć just broke even. ć We broke even in our first There will be bright intervals during the two months of trading. afternoon. breakeven point brine breakeven point / breik iv(ə)n pɔint/ brine /brain/ noun FOOD a solution of salt noun BUSINESS the point at which sales in water, used for preserving food cover costs, but do not show a profit COMMENT: Some meat, such as bacon, is breakfast breakfast / brekfəst/ noun CATERING the cured by soaking in brine; some types of first meal of the day pickles are preserved by cooking in brine; some foodstuffs are preserved in brine in COMMENT: A traditional ‘full English break- jars. fast’ may include cereals, porridge or brinjal stewed fruit (such as prunes), grilled fish brinjal / brinð əl/ noun VEGETABLES an (such as kippers), bacon and eggs, sau- Indian name for aubergine ć brinjal pickle brioche 38
brioche brown bread brioche / briɒʃ/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet brown bread / braυn bred/ noun bread French bread roll made from a dough made from less refined brown flour brownie enriched with eggs and butter brownie / braυni/ noun BREAD, ETC. a brisket brisket / briskit/ noun MEAT beef from the small chocolate cake brown rice breast of an animal brown rice / braυn rais/ noun FOOD rice brisling brisling / brizliŋ/ noun SEAFOOD a small which still has its outer covering sea fish, like a sardine brown sugar braυn ʃυ ə British Hospitality Association brown sugar / / noun FOOD British Hospitality Association an unrefined or partly refined sugar in large britiʃ hɒspi t liti əsəυsi eiʃ ə n / | | ( ) / noun brown crystals. Also called Demerara HOTELS an association representing the Brit- sugar ish hotel, restaurant and catering industry. bruise bruz Abbr BHA bruise / / verb CATERING to crush food British Mountaineering Council slightly to extract juice from it or bring out British Mountaineering Council britiʃ maυnti niəriŋ kaυns ə l its flavour / | ( ) / noun brunch brntʃ CATERING SPORT a British organisation which protects brunch / / noun a meal the interests of climbers, hill walkers and served in the morning and early afternoon, mountaineers. Abbr BMC between about 9.00 and 2.30, which is a British Summer Time combination of breakfast and lunch ć The British Summer Time / britiʃ smə taim hotel serves Sunday brunch in the main din- / noun the system of putting the clocks ing room. forward in Britain one hour in summer to COMMENT: Brunch is especially popular provide extra daylight in the evening. Abbr on Sundays, when people tend to get up BST later than on other days of the week. British Tourist Authority British Tourist Authority / britiʃ bruschetta brυ sketə tυərist ɔ θɒriti bruschetta / | / noun Italian | / noun TOURISM a govern- bread toasted and drizzled with olive oil, ment organisation that is responsible for pro- usually served with added garlic and moting tourism to Great Britain from foreign chopped tomatoes countries. Abbr BTA Brussels sprout broad bean Brussels sprout / brs(ə)lz spraυt/ broad bean / brɔd bin/ noun VEGETA- noun VEGETABLES a small round green edi- BLES a large flat green seed cooked and eaten ble shoot from a type of cabbage. Also called as a vegetable broadcast sprout / brɔdkɑst/ ENTERTAINMENT broadcast COMMENT: Brussels sprouts are usually noun a radio or television programme í verb boiled or steamed and eaten served with to send out a message or programme by radio butter. ć They broadcast an urgent brut or television brut /brut/ adjective BEVERAGES a French storm warning. adjective meaning dry (used only of cham- broccoli broccoli / brɒkəli/ noun a vegetable that pagne) Compare sec has a cluster of tight green, purple or white BSE BSE abbreviation MEDICAL bovine spongi- flower buds on the end of a broad stalk brochette form encephalopathy brɒ ʃet BST brochette / | / noun FOOD a small BST abbreviation British Summer Time skewer on which chunks of food, especially BTA meat or fish, are grilled and roasted, or food BTA abbreviation TOURISM British Tourist that has been cooked on a brochette Authority bubble and squeak brochure brochure / brəυʃə/ noun MARKETING a bubble and squeak / bb(ə)l ən publicity booklet ć We sent off for a brochure skwik/ noun FOOD a traditional dish of about holidays in Greece or about ferry serv- leftover cabbage, potatoes, meat, etc., fried ices. ć Call now for our new summer bro- together to make a crisp cake chure. bubble bath bath / bb(ə)l bɑθ/ noun 1. a broil broil /brɔil/ verb especially US CATERING bath with liquid soap added to make a mass to grill meat of foam 2. the liquid soap used to put in a broiler broiler / brɔilə/ noun 1. MEAT a chicken bath which is young and tender and may be bubbly / bbli/ noun 1. same as cham- cooked by grilling 2. US CATERING a pan or pagne 2. any cheap sparkling white wine tray for grilling food on bucket / bkit/ noun a round plastic or broth broth /brɒθ/ noun FOOD a light soup metal container with an open top and a han- brown /braυn/ adjective with a colour like dle ˽ bucket-and-spade holiday a tradi- earth or wood í verb to make something tional British holiday, where children play brown ć Brown the meat in hot fat. on the beach with buckets and spades 39 bungee-jumping
bucket shop bucket shop / bkit ʃɒp/ noun AIR ‘…by buying in bulk, companies can obtain hotel TRAVEL an unbonded travel agent selling air- rooms at a fraction of the ‘rack’ rate, as well as airline tickets, often business class, below the line tickets at a discount (informal) quoted fare’ [Business Travel] buck’s fizz bks fiz bulk buying buck’s fizz / / noun BEVERAGES a bulk buying / blk baiiŋ/ noun BUSI- cold drink of champagne and fresh orange NESS the practice of buying large amounts of juice, typically served at breakfast goods at a lower price. Also called bulk pur- buckwheat buckwheat / bkwit/ noun FOOD a grain chase crop that is not a member of the grass family bulk discount discount / blk diskaυnt/ noun a and can be grown on the poorest of soils. discount given to a purchaser who buys in When buckwheat is ground into flour, it is bulk bulkhead used to make pancakes. bulkhead / blkhed/ noun TRAVEL an budget budget / bd it/ noun 1. FINANCE a plan internal wall in a ship or aircraft of expected spending and income, usually ‘…frequent flyers are able to identify their for one year ć to draw up a budget ć We have favourite place in the aircraft: seats next to cabin agreed the budgets for next year. ˽ advertis- bulkheads or alongside exit doors usually offer ing budget money that it is planned to spend extra legroom’ [Business Travel] bulk purchase on advertising 2. ˽ budget price a low price bulk purchase / blk ptʃis/ noun í verb FINANCE to plan probable income and same as bulk buying bulletin expenditure ć We are budgeting for £10,000 bulletin / bυlitin/ noun a piece of informa- of sales next year. tion, or a report on a situation ć the ship’s budget fare ˽ budget fare / bd it feə/ noun TRAVEL a daily news bulletin bulletin board a board fare that is cheaper than usual on which bulletins are pinned up bullying budget hotel hotel / bd it həυtel/ noun bullying / bυliiŋ/ noun intimidation and HOTELS a cheaper hotel ć Whatever happens, harassment of someone by another member the group will retain its 199 budget hotels. of staff in a more powerful position ć Bully- budget travel travel / bd it tr v(ə)l/ noun ing and harassment at work are major prob- cheap travel lems in the catering industry. bumping buffalo mozzarella bfələυ mɒtsə bumping / bmpiŋ/ noun AIR TRAVEL a buffalo mozzarella / | situation where someone takes the place of relə/ noun DAIRY a fresh mozzarella cheese made from a combination of water buffalo another less important person in a restaurant milk and cow’s milk or on a plane (NOTE: If a plane is over- buffalo wings booked, cabin staff may ask passengers if / bfələυ wiŋz/ plural buffalo wings they will volunteer to take a later flight in noun fried chicken wings, usually served in return for some financial reward. If no one barbecue sauce buffet bυfei volunteers, then non-fare-paying passen- buffet / / noun CATERING 1. a meal gers will be asked to move, followed by pas- where the food is laid out in dishes on a sengers who have paid reduced fares.) table, and each person helps himself or her- bun bun /bn/ noun BREAD, ETC. a small cake self ć The hotel serves a buffet breakfast. 2. made of a bread-like dough, usually sweet- a snack bar in a place such as a railway sta- ened and flavoured tion or airport bunch bntʃ buffet car bυfei kɑ bunch / / noun 1. a cluster of things buffet car / / noun RAIL TRAVEL a tied together ć She bought a bunch of flowers railway coach which serves snacks and in the market. 2. a cluster of fruit on the same drinks which you may take back to your seat. stem ć a bunch of bananas ć a bunch of Compare restaurant car grapes (NOTE: The plural form is bunches.) bug b bungalow bug / / noun a harmful organism, such bungalow / bŋ ələυ/ noun a house with as a virus, that causes a disease (informal) only a ground floor ć They are staying in a built-in built-in / bilt in/ adjective constructed as bungalow by the sea. ć bungee part of a building Each bedroom has a bungee / bnd i/ noun TRAVEL an elastic built-in wardrobe. strap with a hook at each end, used e.g. for bulb bulb /blb/ noun a glass ball which gives attaching luggage onto a trolley or onto the electric light ć There’s a light bulb missing back of a bicycle in the bedroom. bungee-jumping / bnd i d mpiŋ/ bulgur bulgur / bυl ə/ noun FOOD wheat that has noun SPORT a sport which consists of jump- been parboiled, dried and cracked into small ing from a high point such as a bridge, when pieces. It is a common ingredient in south- attached by your ankles to a long elastic western Asian and vegetarian cooking. cable, so that instead of hitting the ground, bulk bulk /blk/ noun ˽ in bulk in large amounts you bounce up into the air ć I’d like to try bunk 40 bungee-jumping, but my girlfriend won’t let She runs a mail-order business from her me. home. ć He set up in business as a tour bunk ˽ bunk /bŋk/ noun TRAVEL a bed fixed to a guide. business correspondence letters wall in a boat, train or aircraft concerned with business 3. types of business bunk beds ˽ bunk beds / bŋk bedz/ plural noun two taken as a group the travel business all beds, one above the other, usually used for companies and services dealing with travel children in hotels and tourism, such as trains, buses, planes, ć bunting bntiŋ travel agents, hotels, etc. He’s been in the bunting / / noun strings of little travel business for 15 years. ˽ the hotel flags, used as decoration business bureau de change the business of running hotels bureau de change / bjυərəυ də ʃɒn / business address biznis ə dres business address / | / noun FINANCE a French noun meaning an noun the details of number, street and town office where money can be changed into the where a company is located currency of another country (NOTE: The plu- business card business card / biznis kɑd/ noun a ral form is bureaus or bureaux de card showing the name of a businessperson change.) burger and the name and address of the company he burger / b ə/ noun MEAT same as beef- or she works for burger ć The children want burgers and business centre centre / biznis sentə/ noun fries for lunch. 1. the part of a town where the main banks, burger bar burger bar / b ə bɑ/ noun CATERING a shops and offices are located 2. a large facil- simple restaurant or stall serving burgers ity offering business services to businesspeo- either to eat on the spot or to take away ple, especially at an airport, convention cen- Burgundy Burgundy / b əndi/ noun BEVERAGES tre, railway station, etc., where they may wine from the Burgundy district in France need to use the facilities when travelling burn business class burn /bn/ verb to cook something too business class / biznis klɑs/ noun AIR much, so that it becomes brown or black ć TRAVEL a type of airline travel that is less He’s burnt the sausages ć I don’t like burnt expensive than first class and more comfort- toast. (NOTE: burning – burnt or burned) í able than tourist class, and that may offer noun MEDICAL an injury to skin and tissue better and wider seats, special meals, more caused by light, heat, radiation, electricity or free drinks, more choice of newspapers or chemicals ć You should hold that burn under special airport lounges cold water for a few minutes. business cycle cycle / biznis saik(ə)l/ noun burrito bə ritəυ BUSINESS burrito / | / noun FOOD in Mexican same as trade cycle cooking, a flour tortilla wrapped round a fill- business district district / biznis distrikt/ ing of meat, beans or cheese noun the part of a town where the main bus bus /bs/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1. a large banks, shops and offices are located business expenses biznis ik motor vehicle for carrying passengers ć He business expenses / | goes to work by bus. ć She took the bus to go spensiz/ plural noun money spent on run- to her office. 2. same as coach í verb US ning a business, not on stock or assets business facilitated lease biznis fə CATERING to clear away dirty plates, cutlery, business facilitated lease / | etc., from tables in a restaurant ć He spent siləteitid lis/ noun a type of franchise, the summer bussing tables in a downtown where a franchisee takes over an existing grill. (NOTE: bussing – bussed) franchise on a short lease, buying the busi- busboy / bsbɔi/, busgirl, busser noun ness with the cash which it generates. Abbr US CATERING an assistant waiter who offers BFL business fare rolls, pours water, clears away dirty plates business fare / biznis feə/ noun TRAVEL and cutlery, but does not take the order or a tariff for business class passengers serve the food ć I asked the busboy for some business hours hours / biznis aυəz/ plural more water. noun the time, usually 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., when business / biznis/ noun 1. the work of a business is open buying and selling things ˽ business guest a business lounge lounge / biznis laυnd / noun hotel guest who is on a business trip ć Busi- AIR TRAVEL a special lounge for business ness guests are spending more. ˽ business class passengers, with comfortable chairs, travel travel for business purposes ˽ on coffee bar, etc., but also some business facil- business on commercial work ć She had to ities such as Internet links, fax machines and go abroad on business. ć The chairman is in secretarial help ć At the airport take refuge Holland on business. 2. a commercial com- in a business lounge whatever class you’re pany ć He owns a small travel business. ć flying. 41 bylaw businessman / biznism n/ noun a man food and beverages which are brought round engaged in business by waiters on trays butter businessperson biznis ps ə n / btə/ noun DAIRY businessperson / | ( ) / butter solid yellow fat noun a man or woman engaged in business made from cream (NOTE: The plural form is businesspeo- COMMENT: In a restaurant, butter is served ple.) either in a small individual dish or as sep- business premises arate portions (sometimes wrapped in business premises / biznis premisiz/ metal foil) which are kept cold in a bed of plural noun buildings in which the work of a ice. butter bean business is done. Also called commercial butter bean / btə bin/ noun VEGETA- premises BLES a large flat cream-coloured bean, dried business services services / biznis svisiz/ before cooking buttered plural noun the various services needed to buttered / btəd/ adjective CATERING cov- conduct business, e.g. Internet links, fax, ered with butter ć hot buttered toast ć but- answering service, and secretarial help, tered parsnips butterfly offered to businesspeople by a business cen- butterfly / btəflai/ verb CATERING to split tre in a hotel or at an airport a piece of food such as meat or fish along its business tourism business tourism / biznis tυəriz(ə)m/ length, separating it into halves that remain noun travel by businesspeople to attend con- joined buttermilk ferences and similar functions in foreign buttermilk / btəmilk/ noun DAIRY a thin countries milk left after butter has been churned business traveller business traveller / biznis tr v(ə)lə/ butternut squash squash / btənt skwɒʃ/ noun somebody who travels on business noun VEGETABLES a beige-coloured squash business trip trip / biznis trip/ noun a jour- that is shaped like a club and has firm yel- ney to discuss business matters with clients low-orange flesh businesswoman biznis wυmən butterscotch btəskɒtʃ businesswoman / | / noun butterscotch / / noun DES- a woman engaged in business SERTS a sweet made from butter and sugar button bus lane bt ə n bus lane / bs lein/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a button / ( ) / noun 1. a small object part of a road where only buses may drive stitched to clothes for attaching one part of busman’s holiday holiday / bsmənz hɒlidei/ clothing to another ć She asked room service noun a holiday or leisure activity that is sim- if they could sew a button back on for him. 2. ilar to the work someone usually does for a a small round object which you press to living make a machine work ć a push-button phone bus stop ć When you get into the lift, press the button / bs stɒp/ noun ROAD TRAVEL bus stop a for the floor you need. ć She pressed the but- place where buses stop to pick up or drop ton to call the lift. passengers button mushroom bt ə n mʃrum busy bizi button mushroom / ( ) / busy / / adjective occupied in doing noun VEGETABLES a small white mushroom something, e.g. in working ć She is busy pre- with a round cap paring the annual accounts. ć The manager butylated hydroxytoluene hydroxytoluene is busy at the moment, but he will be free in bjutileitid hai drɒksi tɒljuin / | | / noun about fifteen minutes. ć The busiest time of FOOD a common additive used in processed year for stores is the week before Christmas. foods containing fat to prevent the fat from ć Summer is the busy season for hotels. ˽ the oxidising. Abbr BHT line is busy the telephone line is being used buyer baiə busy season bizi siz ə n buyer / / noun a person who buys busy season / ( ) / noun something, or whose job is to buy goods for HOTELS a period when a hotel or resort is a company busy buyer’s market baiəz mɑkit butcher bυtʃə buyer’s market / / noun butcher / / noun CATERING some- BUSINESS a market that is good for buyers body who prepares and sells uncooked meat because demand for a product is low and butcher’s butcher’s / bυtʃəz/ noun CATERING a shop sellers have to charge low prices where uncooked meat is prepared and sold buying forward forward / baiiŋ fɔwəd/ noun butchery butchery / bυtʃəri/ noun the work of FINANCE same as forward buying using knives or other tools to remove meat bylaw /bai lɔ/, byelaw, by-law, bye-law from an animal’s carcass noun a rule or law made by a local authority butler-style service service / btlə stail or public body and not by central govern- svis/ adjective, adverb referring to a type ment ć The bylaws forbid playing ball in the of service in which guests help themselves to public gardens. ć According to the local BYO 42
BYO bylaws, noise must be limited in the town BYO abbreviation BARS bring your own centre. bypass bypass / baipɑs/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a COMMENT: Bylaws must be made by bod- í ies which have been authorised by Parlia- road which goes round a town verb to ment, before they can become legally avoid a place, especially a busy or congested effective. place, by taking a route around it C
C cabin crew C abbreviation Celsius cabin crew / k bin kru/ noun AIR CAA TRAVEL the members of airline staff who deal CAA abbreviation AIR TRAVEL Civil Avia- tion Authority with the passengers on a plane cabin lights cab cabin lights / k bin laits/ plural noun cab /k b/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL same as AIR TRAVEL lights in the cabin of a plane ć ć ć taxi He took a cab to the airport. The Cabin lights will be dimmed for takeoff. office is only a short cab ride from the rail- cabin trunk k bin trŋk way station. ć Cab fares are very high in cabin trunk / / noun SHIPS New York. ˽ black cab a London taxi. ı min- AND BOATS a trunk for taking on board a ship cable icab 2. ROAD TRAVEL a separate compart- cable / keib(ə)l/ noun a thick rope or wire ment for a driver in a large vehicle such as a ć The ship was attached to the quay by truck cables. ć The cable snapped and ten passen- cabaret gers died when their cable car fell to the cabaret / k bərei/ noun ENTERTAINMENT floor of the valley. entertainment given in a restaurant or club cable car cabbage cable car / keib(ə)l kɑ/ noun ENTERTAIN- / k bid / noun VEGETABLES cabbage a MENT 1. a vehicle which goes up a mountain, green leafy vegetable with a round heart or hanging on a wire cable 2. US (in San Fran- head cisco) a type of tram which is pulled by a COMMENT: Green cabbage is usually metal cable set in a channel in the road eaten boiled; red cabbage may be eaten cable television keib ə l teli vi ə n cooked or pickled in vinegar; white cab- cable television / ( ) | ( ) / bage can be shredded to make coleslaw; noun ENTERTAINMENT a television system, in Germany and Eastern France, it is pick- where pictures are sent by cable cab rank led in brine to make ‘sauerkraut’. cab rank / k b r ŋk/ noun ROAD TRAVEL cabin cabin / k bin/ noun 1. a wooden hut, used same as taxi rank by hunters or skiers, also the sleeping area in cacao kə kaυ cacao / | / noun a dried fatty seed that a ski chalet 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a separate is the source of cocoa, chocolate and other room for a passenger on a ship ć She felt sick food products and went to lie down in her cabin. 3. AIR caesar salad salad / sizə s ləd/ noun a salad TRAVEL a separate area for passengers in a made with lettuce, croutons, Parmesan plane ć Passengers are requested to remain cheese, and anchovies, with an egg-based seated until the cabin doors are open. ć The dressing first-class cabin is in the front of the plane. 4. cafe / k fei/, café noun CATERING AIR TRAVEL a separate area for the pilot of a cafe a small plane shop selling food and drink café au lait k fei υ lei ‘…cabin layouts, as with cabin service, good café au lait / / noun BEVER- timekeeping, and flight frequency, are important AGES coffee with hot milk café latte influences on frequent travellers’ choice of car- café latte / k fei l tei/ noun BEVER- rier’ [Business Travel] AGES same as latte cabin attendant k bin ə tendənt café noir cabin attendant / | / café noir / k fei nwɑ/ noun BEVERAGES noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who looks after coffee without milk or cream passengers on a plane café set café set / k fei set/ noun CATERING a cabin baggage cabin baggage / k bin b id / noun piece of restaurant equipment which heats AIR TRAVEL same as carry-on baggage water and makes steam, for preparing hot cabin class cabin class / k bin klɑs/ noun TRAVEL a drinks cafeteria k fə tiəriə class of accommodation on some passenger cafeteria / | / noun CATERING a ships that is lower than first class and higher self-service restaurant, especially used by than tourist class the staff in an office building or factory cafeteria manager 44 cafeteria manager k fə tiəriə calculation k lkjυ leiʃ ə n cafeteria manager / | calculation / | ( ) / noun the m nid ə/ noun CATERING somebody in answer to a problem in mathematics ć charge of a cafeteria According to my calculations, the hotel will cafeteria service k fə tiəriə svis cafeteria service / | / cost us about £1,000. calculator noun CATERING a style of serving food, calculator / k lkjυleitə/ noun an elec- where the customer takes a tray and helps tronic machine which works out the answers himself or herself to hot or cold food from a to problems in mathematics ć My pocket cal- buffet and pays for it at a till as he or she culator needs a new battery. ć He worked leaves the buffet out the discount on his calculator. cafetière k fə tjeə calendar k lində cafetière / | / noun BEVERAGES a calendar / / noun a book or set of coffee pot with a plunger, which is pressed sheets of paper showing the days and months down to trap the coffee grounds at the bot- in a year, often illustrated with a series of tom pictures ‘…cafetières are the most elegant method of calendar month month / k lində mnθ/ noun serving coffee’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] a whole month as on a calendar, from the 1st caffeinated caffeinated / k fineitid/ adjective con- to the 30th or 31st taining caffeine calendar year / k lində jiə/ noun caffeine calendar year a caffeine / k fin/ noun a stimulant found whole year from the 1st January to 31st in coffee, tea and cola nuts December caffe latte k fei l tei call caffe latte / /, caffè latte call /kɔl/ noun 1. a telephone conversation, noun BEVERAGES same as latte or an attempt to get in touch with someone cake cake /keik/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet food by telephone ˽ to make a call to dial and made from flour, sugar, eggs, milk and other speak to someone on the telephone ˽ to take ingredients, baked in an oven ć Two pieces of a call to answer the telephone ˽ to log calls cherry cake, please. ć Have another slice of to note all details of telephone calls made 2. Christmas cake. ć Would you like some choc- a visit to someone’s home or place of work í olate cake? ˽ celebration cake a special verb 1. to telephone someone ć I’ll call you cake made to celebrate an event, such as a at your office tomorrow. 2. to phone some- birthday one to wake them up ć He asked to be called COMMENT: A cake can be quite large, and at 6.15. 3. ˽ to call at a place to visit a place is cut into individual slices (as for a wed- ć The cruise liner calls at Palermo on June ding cake, Christmas cake, birthday cake, 14th. ˽ to call for someone to come to find etc.); alternatively, small cakes can be ć made, each for one person. someone and take them away I’ll call for cake fork keik fɔk you at 8.30, so wait for me in the lobby. cake fork / / noun CATERING a call box kɔl bɒks small fork with two of the prongs joined call box / / noun an outdoor tel- together, used for eating cake or pastries. ephone kiosk calm Also called pastry fork calm /kɑm/ adjective (of the sea) not cake knife knife / keik naif/ noun a thick wide rough ć The crossing was very calm, so no knife used for cutting up cakes one was seasick. caloric cake shop kə lɒrik cake shop / keik ʃɒp/ noun CATERING a caloric / | / adjective referring to shop which sells mainly cakes and pastries, calories caloric energy kə lɒrik enəd i and sometimes serves tea as well caloric energy / | / noun cake tin cake tin / keik tin/ noun CATERING a tin an amount of energy shown as a number of for baking or keeping cakes in calories caloric requirement calamari kə lɒrik ri k lə mɑri caloric requirement / | | calamari / | / plural noun SEA- kwaiəmənt FOOD squid served as food, especially in / noun the amount of energy Mediterranean cookery shown in calories that a person needs each calamine lotion k ləmain ləυʃ ə n day calamine lotion / ( ) / calorie k ləri noun a lotion, based on zinc oxide, which calorie / / noun CATERING a unit of helps relieve skin irritation such as that measurement of energy in food ć The tin of caused by sunburn beans has 250 calories. (NOTE: The joule is calculate / k lkjυleit/ verb 1. to find the now more usual; also written cal after fig- ures: 2,500 cal.) answer to a problem using numbers ć The bank clerk calculated the rate of exchange COMMENT: One calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of for the dollar. 2. to estimate something such one gram of water by one degree Celsius. as an amount or price ć I calculate that it will The calorie is also used as a measure- take us six hours to get to Madrid. ment of the energy content of food and to 45 cancel show the caloric requirement or amount of visit a place and stay in a tent ć We are going energy needed by an average person. camping in Norway. The average adult in an office job requires camping site k mpiŋ sait about 3,000 calories per day, supplied by camping site / /, campsite carbohydrates and fats to give energy and / k mpsait/, campingsite noun TOURISM proteins to replace tissue. More strenuous an area specially arranged for camping and physical work needs more calories. If a caravans, with marked places for tents and person eats more than the number of cal- communal toilets, washrooms and other ories needed by his energy output or for facilities ć There are several well-equipped his growth, the extra calories are stored in the body as fat. campsites near the lake. camping trailer calorific k lə rifik camping trailer / k mpiŋ treilə/ noun calorific / | / adjective containing many calories, and so likely to be fattening ROAD TRAVEL a vehicle which is towed calorific value behind a car and which unfolds to form a tent k lərifik v lju campus calorific value / / noun campus / k mpəs/ noun the area of land CATERING the number of calories that a par- occupied by a university and the various ć ticular amount of a food contains The tin of buildings associated with it beans has a calorific value of 250 calories. campus holiday k mpəs hɒlidei calzone k l zəυni campus holiday / / calzone / | / noun a semicircular noun TOURISM a holiday spent in student Italian turnover made from pizza dough with accommodation on a campus, during the a savoury filling vacation when the students are not there camcorder camcorder / k mkɔdə/ noun a portable COMMENT: Campus holidays are cheaper cine-camera which records video pictures than hotel-based holidays, and often are and sound centred round an intellectual or artistic Camembert k məmbeə activity (study of drama, watercolour paint- Camembert / / noun DAIRY a ing) or a sporting activity (rock-climbing, small round soft French cheese that has an canoeing) which can be organised using edible white rind and becomes stronger in the campus facilities. flavour and softer in the centre as it ripens Campylobacter k mpiləυ b ktə Campylobacter / | / camera camera / k m(ə)rə/ noun a piece of noun MEDICAL a bacterium which is a com- equipment for taking photographs ć They mon cause of food poisoning in humans went on holiday and forgot to take their cam- COMMENT: Campylobacter exists in meat, era. ć Did you remember to put a film in your offal, eggs, unpasteurised milk and shell- camera? ı video camera fish. It cannot survive temperatures of camp k mp over 65°C, so is destroyed by cooking. camp / / noun a place where people CAMRA / k mrə/ abbreviation live in tents or cabins in the open í verb to CAMRA Campaign ć for Real Ale spend a holiday in a tent We camped on the can 1 k n beach for two nights. ć They spent two weeks can / / noun a metal container for food camping in the Norwegian fiords. or drink ć a can of orange juice í verb campaign k m pein CATERING to preserve food by sealing it in campaign / | / noun an organised special metal containers attempt to achieve something can 2 camp bed k mp bed can abbreviation 1. cancellation 2. can- camp bed / / noun a folding celled bed canal kə n l camper k mpə canal / | / noun an artificial waterway camper / / noun somebody who ć You can take a boat trip round the canals ć goes camping A flash flood washed away of Amsterdam. ć Holidays on canals are the campsite and campers had to be rescued becoming very popular. ć You can go canal by the emergency services. cruising right across France. camper van camper van / k mpə v n/ noun ROAD canal boat kə n l bəυt canal boat / | / noun SHIPS AND TRAVEL a motor caravan equipped with BOATS a long narrow boat made for going bunks, kitchen equipment and furniture, in along British canals canapé which people can drive around and park to canapé / k nəpei/ noun FOOD a small stay overnight piece of bread or savoury biscuit with a top- camp fire camp fire / k mp faiə/ noun a fire around ping, served as a snack, especially with which campers sit at night drinks campground campground / k mp raυnd/ noun US canc. abbreviation 1. cancellation 2. can- TOURISM same as camping site celled camping cancel camping / k mpiŋ/ noun TOURISM the cancel / k ns(ə)l/ verb 1. to stop some- activity of going on holiday with a tent or thing that has been agreed or planned ć to caravan ć Camping holidays are cheaper cancel an appointment or a meeting ć He than staying in hotels. ˽ to go camping to cancelled his booking at the last minute. ć cancellation 46 There is no refund if you cancel less than canned /k nd/ adjective preserved in a three weeks before the date of departure. ć metal container ć Canned soup is easy to The flight was cancelled because the prepare but it doesn’t taste as nice as fresh. weather was too bad. (NOTE: The British canned music music / k nd mjuzik/ noun English is cancelling – cancelled, but the recorded music, as played in hotels, restau- US English spelling is canceling – can- rants, shopping malls and supermarkets ˽ cannelloni celed.) 2. to cancel a cheque to stop pay- k nə ləυni ment of a cheque that you have signed cannelloni / | / plural noun cancellation FOOD a type of wide tube-shaped pasta, k nsə leiʃ ə n cancellation / | ( ) / noun the stuffed with a meat, cheese or spinach filling act of stopping something that has been canoe kə nu canoe / | / SPORT noun a boat which is agreed or planned ć cancellation of a book- moved forward by one or more people using ing or a sailing or a flight Abbr can, canc. ć She paddled her canoe across the cancellation charge paddles k nsə leiʃ ə n cancellation charge / | ( ) lake. í verb to travel in a canoe ć They tʃɑd / noun a charge which has to be paid canoed down the river. ć We’re going canoe- by someone who cancels a booking ing on Sunday. cancellation clause k nsə leiʃ ə n canoeing kə nuiŋ cancellation clause / | ( ) canoeing / | / noun SPORT the klɔz/ noun a clause in a contract which sport of going in a canoe ć Canoeing isn’t my states the terms on which the contract may favourite sport – I don’t like falling into cold be cancelled water. ć Canoeing down the rapids sounds a cancellation rate k nsə leiʃ ə n reit bit too dangerous for me. cancellation rate / | ( ) / noun the number of people who cancel ‘…the course will include various outdoor activ- bookings, shown as a percentage of all book- ities such as climbing, trekking, canoeing and dry slope skiing’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors] ings canoeist kə nuist c&b canoeist / | / noun SPORT some- c&b, C&B abbreviation conference & ban- body who paddles a canoe ć We could see the queting ć the C&B manager helmets of the two canoeists in the distance. C & B manager C & B manager / si ənd bi m nid ə/ can opener opener / k n əυp(ə)nə/ noun US a abbreviation HOTELS conference and ban- tool for opening cans ć There’s a can opener queting manager on the wall of the kitchen by the telephone. candle candle / k nd(ə)l/ noun a stick of wax (NOTE: The British English is tin opener.) with a string in the centre, which you burn to canopy / k nəpi/ noun 1. a small roof give light ć a birthday cake with twenty-one over a platform or balcony ć The balcony is candles protected by a glass canopy. 2. ˽ (extrac- candlelight k nd ə l lait tion) canopy a wide ventilation system over candlelight / ( ) | / noun the light from candles ć The wedding guests a kitchen range want to dine by candlelight. cantaloupe / k ntəlup/, cantaloup candlelit k nd ə l lit noun FRUIT a variety of melon with a green candlelit / ( ) | / adjective lit only by candles or yellow rough skin and scented orange-yel- candlelit supper low flesh k nd ə llit spə canteen candlelit supper / ( ) / k n tin canteen / | / noun 1. CATERING a noun CATERING an evening meal lit by can- dles on the tables private self-service restaurant in an office candy block, factory or similar building 2. a box k ndi candy / / noun US FOOD 1. a sweet containing knives, forks and spoons 3. a food, made with sugar ć Eating candy is bad portable flask for water for your teeth. (NOTE: There is no plural canyon canyon / k njən/ noun a deep valley with form in this meaning.) 2. one piece of this steep sides, usually in North America ć If food ć She bought a box of candies. (NOTE: you go to the West of the USA, try to visit the The plural in this meaning is candies; Brit- Grand Canyon. ish English for this is sweets.) canyoneering candyfloss k njə niəriŋ canyoneering / | / noun / k ndiflɒs/ noun FOOD candyfloss SPORT the sport of travelling through can- melted sugar spun to make a fluffy pink yons on foot, using skills such as abseiling, mass, often sold at fairgrounds and open-air swimming, climbing and rafting ć entertainments Stalls at the fair are selling canyoning / k njəniŋ/ noun SPORT cold drinks and candyfloss. (NOTE: The US canyoning the English is cotton candy.) sport of climbing into and out of canyons cane sugar ‘…canyoning: in other words, jumping, scram- cane sugar / kein ʃυ ə/ noun sucrose bling and abseiling from misty peaks, down sheer obtained from sugar cane or sugar beet rock faces and cascading falls’ [Wanderlust] 47 caravanning capacity kə p siti capacity / | / noun the amount ing room of a cruise liner, where the captain which a container can hold ˽ a capacity sits, with the most important passengers 2. crowd a crowd of people which fills all the US CATERING a chief waiter who is in charge seats in a stadium of a station, and takes the orders from cus- caper caper / keipə/ noun VEGETABLES the flow- tomers car erbud of a Mediterranean bush, which is car /kɑ/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a small pickled and used in sauces or as a garnish for motor vehicle for carrying people 2. US RAIL fish and meat TRAVEL a railway carriage or wagon capital k pit ə l carafe kə r f capital / ( ) / noun 1. same as capi- carafe / | / noun CATERING a glass jar, tal city 2. BUSINESS money, property and for serving wine or water ć wines by the assets used in a business ć a company with carafe ć Can we have a carafe of ordinary £10,000 capital or with a capital of £10,000 water, please? capital assets capital assets / k pit(ə)l sets/ plural COMMENT: Carafes are used for serving noun BUSINESS property or machinery that a ordinary table wine or house wine. Wine company owns and uses in its business, but sold in carafes is cheaper than wine in bot- that the company does not buy or sell as part tles; carafe sizes are quarter-litre, half-litre or litre. The carafes are measured and of its regular trade. Also called fixed assets approved by the licensing authorities. In capital break capital break / k pit(ə)l breik/ noun France, carafe wine is served in small TOURISM a short holiday in a capital such as jugs, called ‘pichets’. Paris, Vienna or Rome carafe wine kə r f wain carafe wine / | / noun BEVER- capital city capital city / k pit(ə)l siti/ noun the AGES the cheapest wine sold in a restaurant main town in a country, usually where its or bar government is located carambola k rəm bəυlə carambola / | / noun FRUIT capital expenditure k pit ə l ik capital expenditure / ( ) | the yellow fruit of an Indonesian tropical spenditʃə/, capital investment tree, which is used in preserves and drinks k pit ə l in vestmənt caramel / ( ) | /, capital outlay caramel / k rəməl/ noun 1. DESSERTS a / k pit(ə)l aυtlei/ noun BUSINESS money sweet made with sugar and butter 2. FOOD spent on fixed assets such as property, burnt sugar machines or furniture caramel custard capitalise on k rə mel kstəd caramel custard / | / capitalise on / k pit(ə)laiz ɒn/, capi- noun DESSERTS same as crème caramel talize on verb to take advantage of some- caramelise k rəməlaiz thing ć Café owners capitalised on the good caramelise / / verb CATERING weather by putting tables and chairs out on to heat sugar until it becomes brown the pavement. caramelised / k rəməlaizd/ adjective ‘English seaside resorts must capitalize on their CATERING referring to sugar that is heated architectural heritage if they are to find a niche in until it is brown and melted ć cheese cake the holiday market of the future’ [Caterer & with caramelised orange and whisky sauce Hotelkeeper] caramel oranges capon caramel oranges / k r mel ɒrind iz/ capon / keipɒn/ noun MEAT an edible cockerel which grows and increases in plural noun DESSERTS slices of orange cov- weight more rapidly than other birds because ered with a sauce of caramelised sugar caravan it has been castrated caravan / k rəv n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1. cappuccino k pə tʃinəυ a van with beds, table, washing facilities, cappuccino / | / noun BEV- ć ERAGES frothy Italian coffee, with whipped etc., which can be towed by a car We got milk and a sprinkling of powdered chocolate stuck behind a caravan on a narrow moun- capsicum tain road. (NOTE: The US English for this is capsicum / k psikəm/ noun VEGETA- trailer.) 2. a group of vehicles or animals BLES a group of plants grown for their pod- like fruits, some of which are extremely travelling together, especially across a desert ć spicy and pungent. Others, including the red We joined a caravan of lorries going to Romania. and green or sweet peppers, are less pungent caravanette k rəv net and are used as vegetables. Also called pep- caravanette / | / noun a small per camping van caravanner capsule hotel k psjul həυ tel k rəv nə capsule hotel / | / noun caravanner / / noun TOURISM in Japan, a hotel in which the rooms are lock- somebody who goes on holiday in a caravan caravanning able cubicles caravanning / k rəv niŋ/ noun TOUR- captain captain / k ptin/ noun 1. SHIPS AND ISM the activity of going on holiday in a car- BOATS somebody in charge of a ship or air- avan ć We had a caravanning holiday in the craft ˽ the captain’s table a table in the din- South of France. caravan park 48 caravan park park / k rəv n pɑk/ noun with your name and address printed on it ć I TOURISM a type of campground with perma- asked the waiter for one of their cards. 4. nently positioned caravans, which are rented FINANCE a piece of stiff plastic used for pay- to holidaymakers ć We rent a caravan in a ment ć Do you want to pay cash or with a caravan park. Also called trailer park card? ı key card caravanserai k rə v nsərai card game kɑd eim caravanserai / | / noun a card game / / noun ENTERTAIN- large inn with a central courtyard, found in MENT a game played with cards cardholder kɑd həυldə some eastern countries and used by caravans cardholder / | / noun FINANCE crossing the desert somebody who holds a credit card or bank caraway caraway / k rəwei/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a cash card herb the seeds of which are used as a flavour- card number number / kɑd nmbə/ noun the ing in bread and cakes number printed on a card, which has to be caraway seed seed / k rəwei sid/ noun the quoted when making a purchase by phone or dried ripe fruit of the caraway plant. Use: when getting authorisation for a purchase spice. card phone phone / kɑd fəυn/ noun a public carbohydrate kɑbəυ haidreit carbohydrate / | / noun telephone which works when you insert a CATERING an organic compound derived phonecard from sugar, which is the main ingredient of card reader reader / kɑd ridə/ noun an elec- many types of food tronic device which can read information on COMMENT: Carbohydrates are com- a magnetic card card table pounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. card table / kɑd teib(ə)l/ noun ENTER- They are found in particular in sugar and starch from plants, and provide the body TAINMENT a small table covered with green with energy. Plants build up valuable baize cloth, used for playing cards on career kə riə organic substances from simple materials. career / | / noun a job that you are The most important part of this process, trained for, and that you expect to do all your which is called photosynthesis, is the pro- life ć He made his career in the hotel trade. duction of carbohydrates such as sugars, starches and cellulose. They form the ć She’s hoping to start her career in tourism. career prospects kə riə prɒspekts largest part of our food. career prospects / | / carbonade kɑbə nɑd plural noun the possibility of getting pro- carbonade / | / noun a stew made with beef and onions cooked in beer moted in your work car ferry carbonated / kɑbəneitid/ adjective car ferry / kɑ feri/ noun SHIPS AND referring to liquid which has had carbon BOATS a boat which carries vehicles and pas- dioxide put into it to make it fizzy ć a bottle sengers from one place to another across of carbonated mineral water water cargo carbon dioxide kɑbən dai ɒksaid cargo / kɑ əυ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS carbon dioxide / | / noun a colourless gas produced when carbon goods carried, especially on a ship cargo hold kɑ əυ həυld is burnt with oxygen. Symbol CO2 cargo hold / / noun the part COMMENT: Carbon dioxide exists naturally of the hold in which cargo is carried cargo ship in air and is produced by respiration and cargo ship / kɑ əυ ʃip/ noun SHIPS AND by burning or rotting organic matter. Car- BOATS a ship which carries only goods bon dioxide is used in solid form (called car hire ‘dry ice’) as a means of keeping food cold. car hire, car rental noun ROAD TRAVEL the It is also used in fizzy drinks and has the E business of lending cars to people for money car hire firm number 290. car hire firm / kɑ haiə fm/ noun ROAD carcinogen kɑ sinəd ən carcinogen / | / noun a sub- TRAVEL a company that owns cars and lends stance which produces cancer them to people for money. Also called car COMMENT: Carcinogens are found in pes- rental firm ticides such as DDT, in asbestos, in aro- car hirer car hirer / kɑ hairə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL matic compounds such as benzene, and in radioactive substances, etc. 1. somebody who rents a car 2. a company carcinogenic kɑsinə d enik that owns cars and lends them to people for carcinogenic / | / adjec- money tive causing cancer card ‘…the check-in counter at its Heathrow rental card /kɑd/ noun 1. a small rectangle of desk has full baggage facilities, so that car hirers stiff paper for writing on. ı postcard 2. handing in their keys can check in at the same ENTERTAINMENT a rectangle of stiff paper time’ [Business Travel] ˽ Caribbean k ri biən with a design on it used for playing games Caribbean / | / noun the sea to they were playing cards they were playing the south of the United States and east of games of cards 3. a small piece of stiff paper Mexico ć We went on a cruise round the 49 carton Caribbean. ć Holidays in the Caribbean are bound carriageway of the M4 is closed for very popular. í adjective referring to the repairs. carrier area and countries near the Caribbean Sea ć carrier / k riə/ noun 1. TRAVEL a company Caribbean holidays are very popular. ć Goat that transports goods or passengers ć We is important in Caribbean food. only use reputable carriers. ć The tour car insurance kɑr in ʃυərəns car insurance / | / noun always uses Spanish carriers. 2. BUSINESS a FINANCE the business of insuring a car, the vehicle or ship which transports goods ˽ driver and passengers in case of an accident. bulk carrier a ship that carries large quanti- Also called motor insurance ties of loose goods such as corn 3. MEDICAL carnet somebody who carries the bacteria of a dis- carnet / kɑnei/ noun BUSINESS an interna- tional document which allows dutiable ease in their body and who can transmit the goods to cross several European countries by disease to others without showing any sign road without paying duty until the goods of it themselves 4. MEDICAL an insect which reach their final destination carries disease which may infect humans carnival ‘…cabin layouts, as with cabin service, good carnival / kɑniv(ə)l/ noun ENTERTAIN- timekeeping, and flight frequency, are important MENT a festival, often with music, dancing influences on frequent travellers’ choice of car- and eating in the open air ć The carnival pro- rier’ [Business Travel] carrot cession arrived in the main square. carrot / k rət/ noun VEGETABLES a bright carob carob / k rəb/ noun an edible powder orange root vegetable (NOTE: Carrots are with a taste similar to that of chocolate, made eaten boiled, steamed or braised; also from the seeds and pods of an evergreen tree shredded cold as a salad.) carrot cake carousel k rə sel carrot cake / k rət keik/ noun a cake carousel / | /, carrousel US noun made with finely grated carrots that give it a AIR TRAVEL a device at an airport consisting moist texture and delicate flavour of a turning platform or a large circular belt, carry where the baggage of arriving passengers is carry / k ri/ verb TRAVEL (of a vehicle) to placed by baggage handlers so that the pas- be able to contain a particular number of pas- sengers can find it and take it away ć Bag- sengers ć a ship carrying pilgrims to the gage from flight AC 123 is on carousel Middle East ć The plane was carrying number 4. twenty passengers and five crew. carrycot carpaccio kɑ p tʃiəυ carrycot / k rikɒt/ noun an open rectan- carpaccio / | / noun MEAT a dish of raw beef sliced thinly, moistened gular box with handles for carrying a baby in with olive oil and lemon juice and seasoned ć The baby was asleep in his carrycot. carry-on car park k ri ɒn kɑ pɑk carry-on / / noun a piece of lug- car park / / noun a public place gage small enough to be carried in the cabin where you can leave a car when you are not of an aircraft í adjective referring to luggage using it (NOTE: In US English, this is a park- small enough to be carried and stowed in the ing lot.) carpet cabin of an aircraft kɑpit carry-on baggage carpet / / noun a woven or knotted carry-on baggage / k ri ɒn b id / í covering for the floor verb to cover with a noun AIR TRAVEL baggage which a passenger carpet ć The corridors have been carpeted in carries onto a plane. Also called cabin bag- beige. gage, hand luggage carpeting kɑpitiŋ carsick carpeting / / noun a covering carsick / kɑsik/ adjective MEDICAL ill made of carpet, or a wide piece of carpet ć because of the movement of a car ć She gets The carpeting for the entrance lobby needs carsick if she has to travel long distances. to be renewed. carsickness carsickness / kɑsiknəs/ noun MEDICAL car rental firm car rental firm / kɑ rent(ə)l fm/ sickness caused by the movement of a car ć noun ROAD TRAVEL same as car hire firm All our children are prone to carsickness, carriage carriage / k rid / noun 1. RAIL TRAVEL a which makes long journeys impossible. carte coach for passengers on a train ć She was sit- carte /kɑt/ noun CATERING a French noun ting in a first-class carriage, although she meaning menu only had a second-class ticket. 2. BUSINESS carte du jour du jour / kɑt du jυə/ noun the act of transporting goods from one place CATERING ‘menu of the day’, a list of special to another, or the cost of doing this ć Car- dishes prepared for the day and not listed in riage is 15% of the total cost. the printed menu carriageway carton carriageway / k rid wei/ noun ROAD carton / kɑt(ə)n/ noun 1. a thick card- TRAVEL a road for vehicles, especially one of board ć a folder made of carton 2. a box the two sides of a motorway ć The west- made of cardboard ć a carton of cigarettes cartouche 50 cartouche kɑ tuʃ cash budget k ʃ bd it cartouche / | / noun CATERING a cash budget / / noun a plan round or oval piece of paper that is placed on of cash income and expenditure cash card top of food while it is being cooked in liquid, cash card / k ʃ kɑd/ noun FINANCE a e.g. in a casserole, to keep the solid ingredi- plastic card used to obtain money from a ents submerged cash dispenser carve kɑv cash desk carve / / verb CATERING to cut up meat cash desk / k ʃ desk/ noun BUSINESS a and poultry at the table or in the kitchen for place in a shop where you pay for the goods service to the table ć The course teaches you wish to buy ć Please pay at the cash practical skills in carving a chicken, a duck, desk. a smoked salmon, etc. cash discount discount / k ʃ diskaυnt/ noun a carver carver / kɑvə/ noun 1. CATERING some- discount given for payment in cash. Also body who carves meat, often a special waiter called discount for cash in a restaurant, who carves a joint brought to cash dispenser k ʃ di spensə cash dispenser / | / noun the side of a table on a trolley 2. a chair with FINANCE a machine which gives out money arms, placed at the head of a dinner table 3. when a special card is inserted and instruc- CATERING same as carving knife tions given carvery kɑvəri cashew nut carvery / / noun CATERING a type cashew nut / k ʃu nt/ noun a small of restaurant, where various hot roast meats sweetish nut with a curved shape, often eaten are served at a buffet salted as a snack ć Bowls of cashew nuts and carving knife carving knife / kɑviŋ naif/ noun CATER- olives had been put out for the guests. ING a large sharp knife used for carving cash flow k ʃ fləυ carving station cash flow / / noun BUSINESS cash kɑviŋ steiʃ ə n carving station / ( ) / which comes into a company from sales or noun US a large, often heated, platter on the money which goes out in purchases or which a big joint of meat can be carved for overhead expenditure ˽ the company is suf- serving to guests in a hotel or restaurant fering from cash flow problems cash carving trolley carving trolley / kɑviŋ trɒli/ noun income is not coming in fast enough to pay CATERING a special trolley with a joint of the expenditure going out meat in a warming dish, and a flat surface for cash flow forecast flow forecast / k ʃ fləυ fɔkɑst/ carving it, which can be wheeled from table noun BUSINESS a forecast of when cash will to table in a restaurant be received or paid out case keis cash flow statement case / / noun 1. TRAVEL a box with a cash flow statement / k ʃ fləυ handle for carrying clothes and personal steitmənt/ noun BUSINESS a report which belongings when travelling ć The customs shows cash sales and purchases made him open his case. ć She had a small cashier k ʃiə cashier / | / noun 1. somebody who case which she carried onto the plane. 2. a takes money from customers in a restaurant, cardboard or wooden box for packing and hotel or shop ć Please pay the cashier. 2. carrying goods 3. MEDICAL a single occur- FINANCE somebody who deals with custom- rence of a disease ć There were 12 cases of ˽ ers’ money in a bank bird flu in Vietnam last year. 4. a case of cashier’s record k ʃiəz rekɔð wine a cardboard or wooden box containing cashier’s record / / noun twelve bottles BUSINESS a record of transactions kept by a cash k ʃ cashier cash / / noun 1. money in coins or notes cash in hand k ʃ in h nd ˽ cash payment payment in cash ˽ cash cash in hand / / noun BUSI- purchase purchase made in cash 2. the act of NESS same as balance in hand cash items using money in coins or notes ˽ ‘cash’, ‘pay cash items / k ʃ aitəmz/ plural noun cash’ words written on a crossed cheque to BUSINESS goods sold for cash show that it can be paid in cash if necessary cashless payment payment / k ʃləs peimənt/ ˽ to pay cash to pay the complete sum in noun FINANCE payment by credit card or cash ˽ to pay cash down to pay in cash cheque ˽ cash on delivery k ʃ ɒn di liv ə ri immediately cash price, cash terms a cash on delivery / | ( ) / lower price or terms which apply if the cus- noun BUSINESS a payment in cash when tomer pays cash goods are delivered. Abbr COD cash bar cash bar / k ʃ bɑ/ noun BARS a bar cash register register / k ʃ red istə/ noun a where drinks have to be paid for in cash machine which shows and adds up the prices cash book book / k ʃ bυk/ noun a record of of items bought, with a drawer for keeping cash spent and received the cash received cash box k ʃ bɒks cash reserves k ʃ ri zvz cash box / / noun a metal box cash reserves / | / plural for keeping cash in noun BUSINESS money which a company 51 catering staff keeps in cash deposits or bills in case of manent member of staff ć We have taken on urgent need some students for the summer period on a cash sale cash sale / k ʃ seil/ noun FINANCE a casual basis. transaction paid for in cash. Also called casual labour labour / k uəl leibə/ noun cash transaction workers who are hired for a short period cash settlement settlement / k ʃ set(ə)lmənt/ casual staff staff / k uəl stɑf/ noun same noun payment of a bill in cash as casual labour cash transaction k ʃ tr n z kʃən casual work cash transaction / | / casual work / k uəl wk/ noun work noun FINANCE same as cash sale for a short period cash up casual worker cash up / k ʃ p/ verb BUSINESS to count casual worker / k uəl wkə/ noun an the money taken in, e.g. a shop or restaurant employee hired for a short period at the end of the day’s business catalogue price price / k t(ə)lɒ prais/ noun cash voucher cash voucher / k ʃ vaυtʃə/ noun a BUSINESS same as list price catch piece of paper which can be exchanged for catch /k tʃ/ verb TRAVEL to be in time to cash ć With every £20 of purchases, the cus- get on a bus, train or plane before it leaves ć tomer gets a cash voucher to the value of £2. You’ll have to run if you want to catch the casino kə sinəυ casino / | / noun a building where 10.20 train. ć They stayed overnight in people can gamble Dover and caught the 5.30 ferry to Calais. COMMENT: In Britain, casinos are strictly (NOTE: catching – caught) regulated and only a certain number are category k ti ə ri allowed to operate; the person running a category / ( ) / noun a group of casino has to be licensed to do so. Casi- things or people with particular characteris- nos often exist in European spa towns. tics in common ć Customers will stay in the cask cask /kɑsk/ noun BARS a large barrel Hotel Select or in another of the same cate- cask ale kɑsk eil gory. cask ale / / noun BEVERAGES caterer beer served from wooden barrels caterer / keitərə/ noun a person or com- cassata kə sɑtə pany supplying food and drink, especially cassata / | / noun DESSERTS an Italian ice cream with dried or candied fruit for parties or similar events ć The wedding in it reception has been organised by outside casserole k sərəυl caterers. casserole / / noun 1. CATERING cater for keitə fɔ an ovenproof covered dish 2. FOOD food cater for / / verb to deal with, to ć cooked in a covered dish in the oven ć provide for The store caters mainly for chicken casserole ć casserole of lamb í verb overseas customers. catering keitəriŋ CATERING to cook something in a casserole ć catering / / noun the business of casseroled hare supplying food and drink for parties or simi- cassette kə set lar events ˽ the catering industry, the cassette / | / noun a plastic case con- taining magnetic tape which can be used for catering trade all the people and companies whose job is catering, considered as a group listening to words or music, or recording ˽ sounds the catering arm of the group the part of cassoulet k səlei the group which deals with catering cassoulet / / noun a French stew catering department keitəriŋ di of haricot beans cooked in a casserole with catering department / | pɑtmənt meat / noun the department of a com- caster sugar kɑstə ʃυ ə pany which deals with catering caster sugar / / noun finely catering manager keitəriŋ ground white sugar, often used in baking catering manager / castle m nid ə castle / kɑs(ə)l/ noun a large fortified / noun the manager in charge of a ć catering service building The tour includes visits to Wind- catering operations sor Castle and Hampton Court Palace. catering operations / keitəriŋ ɒpəreiʃ ə nz COMMENT: Note that in Britain the word ( ) / plural noun the organisation ‘castle’ is usually applied to medieval and work of catering as part of a large organ- buildings, with towers, gatehouses, isation moats, etc. Windsor Castle is an example catering service service / keitəriŋ svis/ of this. In France, the word ‘château’, and in Germany, the word ‘Schloss’ can also noun a service provided by a hotel or restau- be applied to buildings which in English rant, offering to supply all the food and would be called ‘palaces’ if large (compare drink, etc., for a private party ‘Blenheim Palace’), or ‘houses’ if small catering staff staff / keitəriŋ stɑf/ noun staff (compare ‘Ham House’). employed in the catering industry casual casual / k uəl/ adjective not permanent, ‘…basic grade A catering staff are paid IR£5.43 not regular ˽ on a casual basis not as a per- (£3.97) an hour’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] cathedral 52 cathedral kə θidrəl ć cathedral / | / noun a large church its Roman buildings. You must try some of which is the seat of a bishop ć We went on a our celebrated raisin cakes – they’re a speci- tour of cathedrals in the Midlands. ć You can ality of the town. see the cathedral tower from miles away. ć celeriac si leri k celeriac / | / noun VEGETABLES a Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest in vegetable with a thick root tasting like cel- England. ery, often eaten grated as a salad or used to cathedral town kə θidrəl taυn cathedral town / | / noun a make a purée city which has a cathedral celery seləri catsup celery / / noun VEGETABLES a white- k tsəp catsup / / noun US SAUCES, ETC. or green-stemmed plant, eaten cooked as a tomato sauce, with special seasoning vegetable, or more frequently raw as a salad cauliflower cauliflower / kɒliflaυə/ noun VEGETA- (NOTE: There is no plural form.) ˽ a stick of BLES a cabbage-like vegetable with a large celery a piece of the stem of the celery plant, white flower head, which is eaten (NOTE: often served raw with cheese There is no plural form when referring to the cellar cellar / selə/ noun 1. an underground room food: some cauliflower;They served cauli- or rooms beneath a building ć A flight of flower with the meat.) ć cauliflower cheese kɒliflaυə tʃiz stone steps leads down to the cellar. We cauliflower cheese / / keep our wine in the cellar. 2. wine stored in noun FOOD a dish made of boiled cauli- a cellar ć The restaurant is well known for its flower, covered with a cheese sauce and cellar. baked in the oven cave COMMENT: A cellar should be kept at a cave /keiv/ noun a large underground hole steady temperature, to make sure that the in rock or earth wine or beer which is stored in it does not caveat emptor emptor / k vi t emptɔ/ noun deteriorate. Wine should be stored at a BUSINESS the buyer is personally responsible temperature of about 10°C, and bitter beer at 13°C. Cellars are also converted to form for checking that what he or she buys is in bars or nightclubs. good order (meaning ‘let the buyer beware’) cellar book selə bυk ‘…the idea that buyers at a car boot sale should cellar book / / noun a book have any rights at all is laughable. Even those which lists the details of the stock of wine who do not understand Latin know that caveat kept in a cellar emptor is the rule’ [The Times] cellarman seləm n cavern k vən cellarman / / noun BARS some- cavern / / noun a very large cave, body who looks after beer barrels in a pub or formed by water that has dissolved limestone hotel ć or other rock Under the castle, they discov- Celsius selsiəs ered a cavern which had been used to hide Celsius / / adjective, noun a scale smuggled goods. of temperatures where the freezing and boil- caviar ing points of water are 0° and 100° ć Do you caviar / k viɑ/, caviare noun FOOD the use Celsius or Fahrenheit in the weather eggs of a sturgeon, an expensive delicacy ć ć There are several types of caviar, and all are forecasts? What is 75° Fahrenheit in Cel- sius? Compare Fahrenheit (NOTE: Celsius very expensive. ć Red caviar is popular and a little less expensive than black. is used in many countries, but not in the United States, where the Fahrenheit sys- COMMENT: Caviar is usually served in a small pot, on a bed of ice, with lemon; tra- tem is still preferred. It is usually written as ditionally it is served as an hors d’oeuvre, a C after the degrees sign: 32°C (say: with chilled vodka. Caviar is black, the ‘thirty-two degrees Celsius’). Celsius used eggs are very fine and from the Beluga to be called centigrade.) sturgeon; there is a similar, but cheaper, COMMENT: To convert Celsius tempera- form with larger red eggs. tures to Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.8 and cayenne pepper cayenne pepper / keien pepə/ noun add 32. So 20°C is equal to 68°F. To con- SAUCES, ETC. a very hot-tasting red powder vert Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 and made from ground seeds and pods of the divide by 1.8. cent Capsicum cent /sent/ noun 1. FINANCE a small coin, CCTV / si si ti vi/ abbreviation closed- one hundredth of a dollar or a euro ć The circuit TV ć The shoplifters were filmed on stores are only a 25-cent bus ride away. ć CCTV cameras. They sell oranges at 10 cents each. (NOTE: ceiling fan fan / siliŋ f n/ noun a fan Cent is usually written c in prices: 25c, but attached to the ceiling not when a dollar price is mentioned: celebrated / selibreitid/ adjective very $1.25.) 2. per cent centigrade famous ć Many celebrated chefs have centigrade / senti reid/ noun same as worked in this hotel. ć Bath is celebrated for Celsius ć Do you use centigrade or Fahren- 53 chambermaid
cereal heit in the weather forecasts? ć What is 75° cereal / siəriəl/ noun 1. FOOD a grain crop, Fahrenheit in centigrade? e.g. wheat, barley or maize 2. ˽ (breakfast) centimetre / sentimitə/ noun a measure cereal a food made from the seeds of a cereal of length equalling 0.39 inches, or one hun- plant, which is usually eaten at breakfast ć dredth of a metre ć The paper is fifteen cen- He ate a bowl of cereal. ć Put milk and sugar timetres wide. (NOTE: This is usually written on your cereal. cm after figures: 260cm. The US spelling is COMMENT: Buffet breakfasts may offer a centimeter.) variety of cereals in small individual pack- central sentrəl ets. central / / adjective 1. organised certificate sə tifikeit from a centre 2. conveniently placed for certificate / | / noun an official shops and other facilities ć The hotel is document which proves or shows something certificate of origin sə tifikət əv cheap but it’s very central. certificate of origin / | central air conditioning ɒrid in central air conditioning / sentrəl eə / noun BUSINESS a document show- kən diʃ ə niŋ ing where goods were made | ( ) / noun an air-conditioning certificate of registration sə tifikət system in which cold air is pumped through- certificate of registration / | əv red i streiʃ ə n out a whole building | ( ) / noun a document central booking system booking system / sentrəl showing that an item has been registered bυkiŋ sistəm ceviche se viʃ / noun HOTELS a computer- ceviche / | / noun a Latin American ised system where bookings can be made at dish of raw fish or shrimp marinated in any hotel in a group through a central office lemon or lime juice and served as a type of central heating heating / sentrəl hitiŋ/ noun a salad with chopped onions and tomatoes chafing dish heating system for a whole building from chafing dish / tʃeifiŋ diʃ/ noun CATER- one single source ING a dish which keeps food hot at the table centralisation sentrəlai zeiʃ ə n chafing lamp tʃeifiŋ l mp centralisation / | ( ) /, chafing lamp / / noun centralization noun BUSINESS the organisa- CATERING a small alcohol-burning lamp tion of everything from a central point which is lit under a chafing dish. Also called centralise / sentrəlaiz/ verb to organise flambé lamp chain something from a central point ć All pur- chain /tʃein/ noun BUSINESS a group of chasing has been centralised in our main hotels, restaurants or shops, all belonging to office. ć The hotel group benefits from a the same company ć a chain of hotels or a highly centralised organisational structure. hotel chain ć the chairman of a large restau- central post office post office / sentrəl pəυst rant chain ć She runs a chain of pasta res- ɒfis/ noun same as main post office taurants. central purchasing purchasing / sentrəl ‘…the two small London catering chains are ptʃisiŋ actively seeking to expand their operations in the / noun purchasing organised by capital’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] one main office for all departments or chair class tʃeə klɑs branches chair class / / noun a class of central reservations bureau travel on railway trains in which passengers central reservations bureau / sentrəl rezə veiʃ ə n bjυərəυ are provided with reclinable seats similar to | ( ) / noun HOTELS a those in aircraft main office that organises reservations for chairlift tʃeəlift hotels, etc., in many different places chairlift / / noun SPORT an centre sentə arrangement of simple seats attached to a centre / / noun 1. the middle part of moving cable, to allow skiers to be carried to something ć The waiter put the vase of flow- the top of a mountain ers in the centre of the table. ć There is a chalet ʃ lei dance floor in the centre of the room. 2. a chalet / / noun TOURISM a small holi- ć group of buildings for a special purpose 3. an day house, usually made of wood The com- ć ć pany offers chalet holidays in Switzerland. important town industrial centre manu- chalet hotel ʃ lei həυ tel facturing centre ć the centre for the shoe chalet hotel / | / noun industry 4. a group of items in an account ć HOTELS a very large chalet, run as a hotel chalet maid a cost centre ć a profit centre (NOTE: [all chalet maid / ʃ lei meid/ noun HOTELS a senses] The US spelling is center.) girl or older woman who does the cooking centrepiece / sentəpis/ noun the main and cleaning for guests staying in a chalet in item of a display on a table ć a decorative a ski resort chambermaid buffet centrepiece of fruit and flowers ć A chambermaid / tʃeimbəmeid/ noun bowl of fruit will be fine as a centrepiece on HOTELS a girl or older woman who cleans the dining table. (NOTE: The US spelling is hotel rooms and changes the linen ć Put a centerpiece.) ‘Do not disturb’ sign outside your door if chambré 54 you don’t want the chambermaid to wake change a £10 note to give change in smaller you up. Also called maid 2, room maid notes or coins for a £10 note 2. to give one chambré chambré / ʃɒmbrei/ adjective CATERING a type of currency for another ć to change French adjective meaning at room tempera- £1,000 into dollars ć We want to change ture some traveller’s cheques. 3. TRAVEL to get COMMENT: Most red wines are best drunk off a train, aircraft or bus and get onto at room temperature, around 20°C and another one ć We changed trains in Newport. should be brought up from the cellar well ć You have to change twice during the jour- before serving, to allow them to warm up ney. ˽ ‘all change’ an instruction to all the to the temperature of the restaurant. passengers on a train to get off and get onto Lighter red wines (such as Beaujolais nou- veau, Gamay, Sancerre rouge) can be another one 4. to take off one set of clothes served cool. and put on another ć After the wedding champ reception, the bride and groom changed into champ /tʃ mp/ noun VEGETABLES an Irish their going-away clothes. dish of mashed potatoes with milk and changeable tʃeind əb ə l spring onions, eaten with melted butter changeable / ( ) / adjective ć champagne ʃ m pein changing often or likely to change soon champagne / | / noun BEVER- The weather is changeable in July. AGES a sparkling white wine from the north- changing of the guard changing of the guard / tʃeind iŋ əv east of France ć They opened a bottle of ðə ɑd champagne to celebrate the birth of the baby. / noun ENTERTAINMENT a military ceremony, where one shift of soldiers on COMMENT: Champagne comes from the north-eastern part of France, around the guard at an important building is replaced by towns of Reims and Epernay. Many other another ć At 10.30, we’re going to watch the countries produce sparkling white wine, changing of the guard at Buckingham Pal- and some of these are called ‘cham- ace. pagne’, although the use of the name by changing room room / tʃeind iŋ rum/ noun non-French producers is no longer allowed. Champagne is normally sweet- a special small room at e.g. a swimming ish, but dry champagnes (called ‘brut’) are pool, golf course or sauna, where you change also popular. It should be served chilled, from your everyday clothes into sports usually in tall narrow glasses called clothes channel ‘flutes’. It can also be served in a wide flat channel / tʃ n(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND glass, called a ‘champagne goblet’. It is BOATS a piece of water connecting two seas served as an aperitif, and also at important ˽ functions, such as birthdays or weddings, the English Channel the sea between where it is used to toast the bride and England and France groom. Channel-hop / tʃ n(ə)l hɒp/ verb to champers champers / ʃ mpəz/ noun BEVERAGES cross the English Channel to mainland same as champagne (informal) Europe, usually for shopping or sightseeing, champignon / ʃɒmpinjɒn/ noun a and return on the same day Channel Tunnel mushroom, especially one cultivated for eat- Channel Tunnel / tʃ n(ə)l tn(ə)l/ ing noun RAIL TRAVEL a tunnel for trains under chance sales sales / tʃɑns seilz/ plural noun the English Channel, linking England and France. Also called Chunnel CATERING (in a hotel) sales of food and drink Chantilly ʃ n tili to non-residents Chantilly / | / noun sweetened change whipped cream that is often flavoured with change /tʃeind / noun 1. money in coins ˽ vanilla or small notes to give someone change for chapati tʃə p ti £10 to give someone coins or notes in chapati / | / noun BREAD, ETC. a exchange for a ten-pound note ˽ change piece of flat unleavened Indian bread made machine a machine that gives small change from cereal flour and water charcoal tʃɑkəυl for a larger coin or note 2. money which you charcoal / / noun CATERING a get back when you have given more than the black fuel formed from wood which has correct price ć He gave me the wrong been burnt slowly, used as fuel for barbecues change. ć You paid the £5.75 bill with a £10 and grills charcoal grill note, so you should have £4.25 change. ˽ charcoal grill / tʃɑkəυl ril/ noun keep the change keep it as a tip, said to wait- CATERING burning charcoal over which a ers, etc. 3. TRAVEL the act of getting off one metal rack is placed on which food can be train, aircraft or bus and getting onto another cooked charcoal-grilled one to complete your journey ć Getting from charcoal-grilled / tʃɑkəυl rild/ adjec- Richmond to Islington on the Underground tive CATERING grilled over hot charcoal ć a involves three changes. í verb 1. ˽ to charcoal-grilled tuna steak 55 chateau charcuterie ʃɑ kutəri ‘…for fish lovers, there is chargrilled swordfish’ charcuterie / | / noun cold [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] cooked, cured, or processed meat and meat charlotte ʃɑlət products charlotte / / noun DESSERTS a des- Chardonnay ʃɑdənei sert made with fruit or cream in a thin biscuit Chardonnay / / noun a dry or pastry case white wine made from Chardonnay grapes, charlotte russe charlotte russe / ʃɑlət rus/ noun DES- which were originally grown in east-central SERTS a cold dessert of flavoured cream France charentais inside a case of thin sponge biscuits ʃ rəntei chart charentais / / noun FRUIT a type chart /tʃɑt/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a of melon that is round and has a green striped map of a sea or river, showing the depth of skin and dark orange flesh water and where rocks and sandbanks are charge charge /tʃɑd / noun 1. ˽ to be in charge located 2. a diagram showing information as of to manage, to run something ć He’s in a series of e.g. lines or blocks charge of the booking office. ć She’s in charter / tʃɑtə/ noun the act of hiring charge of the children’s crèche. 2. money transport for a special purpose. ı bareboat which must be paid or the price of a service charter ˽ boat on charter to Mr Smith a ć to make a small charge for rental ć There boat which Mr Smith has hired for a voyage is no charge for service or No charge is made í verb to hire for a special purpose ć to char- for service. ˽ a token charge is made for ter a plane or a boat or a bus heating a small charge is made which does chartered / tʃɑtəd/ adjective hired for a not cover the real costs at all 3. an electric special purpose current í verb 1. to ask someone to pay for Chartered Institute of Environmental HealthInstitute of Environmen- services later ˽ to charge a customer for tʃɑtəd institjut əv in tal Health / | packing, to charge the packing to the cus- vairənment(ə)l helθ/ noun a British tomer, to charge the customer with the organisation founded in 1883 to promote packing the customer has to pay for packing public and environmental health. Abbr CIEH ˽ to charge something to sth to ask for pay- ‘…the proposed European Food Authority (EFA) ment to be put on an account ć Can I charge could be nothing but an expensive layer of the restaurant bill to my room number? ć He bureaucracy if it is not given real enforcement asked for the hotel bill to be charged to the powers, the Chartered Institute of Environmental company account. 2. to ask for money to be Health (CIEH) has warned the MEPs. The CIEH paid ć to charge £5 for delivery ć How much believes the EFA, scheduled to be launched by ˽ 2002, should give priority to food-poisoning fig- does he charge? he charges £6 an hour he ures and improve the response to food-poisoning asks to be paid £6 for an hour’s work outbreaks, which it said was poor across the EU’ ‘…traveller’s cheques cost 1% of their face value [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] charterer – some banks charge more for small amounts’ charterer / tʃɑtərə/ noun SHIPS AND [Sunday Times] BOATS somebody who hires a boat or aircraft chargeable chargeable / tʃɑd əb(ə)l/ adjective ˽ for a special purpose charter flight repairs chargeable to the occupier repairs charter flight / tʃɑtə flait/ noun AIR which are to be paid for by the occupier TRAVEL a flight in an aircraft which has been charge account tʃɑd ə kaυnt charge account / | / noun hired to carry a particular group of people chartering BUSINESS an arrangement that a customer chartering / tʃɑtəriŋ/ noun the act of has with a store or organisation to buy goods hiring for a special purpose charter plane or services and to pay for them at a later date, charter plane / tʃɑtə plein/ noun AIR usually when an invoice is sent at the end of TRAVEL a plane that has been chartered chateau the month chateau, château noun 1. TOURISM a charge card charge card / tʃɑd kɑd/ noun FINANCE country house, manor house or castle in a credit card for which a fee is payable, but France ć a tour of the Châteaux of the Loire which requires the user to pay off the total 2. an estate where wine is made, usually sum charged at the end of each month referring to the wine-producing estates of the chargrill chargrill / tʃɑ ril/ verb to grill food over Bordeaux region (NOTE: chateau comes charcoal on a barbecue or to roast it in a from the French noun meaning ‘castle’. The ridged pan that makes it look as if it has been plural form is chateaus or châteaux.) ˽ barbecued chateau-bottled bottled on the estate where chargrilled it was produced chargrilled, char-grilled adjective COMMENT: The word château does not CATERING grilled under or over hot metal, so necessarily imply a top quality wine, as as to make the meat slightly black ć a char- many appellation contrôlée wines are grilled steak called after the château where they are Chateaubriand 56 made. The major Bordeaux wines are all check-in counter counter / tʃek in kaυntə/ called after châteaux: Château Latour, noun AIR TRAVEL a counter where passengers Château Lafite, Château Mouton Roth- schild, Château Lynch-Bages, Château check in check-in desk Beychevelle, etc. check-in desk / tʃek in desk/ noun AIR Chateaubriand ʃ təυ briɒn TRAVEL a place where passengers give in Chateaubriand / | / noun a ć thick beefsteak cut from the widest middle their tickets for a flight The check-in desk is on the first floor. part of the fillet checking chauffeur checking / tʃekiŋ/ noun an examination chauffeur / ʃəυfə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL ˽ or investigation ć The inspectors found some somebody who drives a car for someone problems during their checking of the build- chauffeur-driven car a large car that is ing. driven by a chauffeur checking account tʃekiŋ ə kaυnt chauffeuse checking account / | / ʃəυ fz chauffeuse / | / noun ROAD TRAVEL noun US FINANCE a bank account on which a woman who drives a car for someone you can write cheques cheap tʃip check-in procedure tʃek in prə cheap / / adjective, adverb not costing check-in procedure / | a lot of money ć Are there any cheap hotels sid ə/ noun HOTELS the formalities to be in London? ć They always stay in the cheap- done when a guest checks in, e.g. allocating est hotel possible. ˽ cheap rate a rate which a room, taking the guest’s name and asking is not expensive ć cheap-rate phone calls ˽ the guest to sign the hotel register to buy something cheap to buy something check-in time time / tʃek in taim/ noun ˽ at a low price they work out cheaper by TRAVEL the time at which passengers should the box these items are cheaper per unit if check in you buy a box of them checklist checklist / tʃeklist/ noun HOTELS a list of check check /tʃek/ noun 1. an investigation or things which have to be checked, such as examination ć a routine check of the fire doors that have to be locked or items of linen equipment 2. US (in a restaurant) a bill 3. that should be ready in the bathroom US FINANCE same as cheque 4. US same as check out out / tʃek aυt/ verb (at a hotel) to tick í verb to examine something to see if it leave and pay for a room ć We will check out is satisfactory ć Don’t forget to check the bill before breakfast. ć Guests tend to check out to see if it is correct. í adjective with a pat- on Thursdays. tern of small squares ć The chef was wearing checkout checkout / tʃekaυt/ noun 1. (in a super- his traditional blue check trousers. ć The market) a place where you pay for the goods French restaurant had red and white check you have bought 2. (in a hotel) the act of tablecloths. leaving and paying the bill checkbook checkbook / tʃekbυk/ noun US FINANCE checkout procedure tʃekaυt prə checkout procedure / | same as cheque book sid ə/ noun HOTELS the formalities to be checked checked /tʃekt/ adjective with a pattern of done when a guest checks out, e.g. present- small squares ć The chef was wearing his ing the bill and making sure it is paid and traditional blue checked trousers. ć The taking the room key back French restaurant had red and white checked checkout time time / tʃekaυt taim/ noun tablecloths. HOTELS the time by which you have to leave checked baggage checked baggage / tʃekt b id / your room ć Checkout time is 12.00. checkpoint noun AIR TRAVEL baggage which has been checkpoint / tʃekpɔint/ noun a place weighed at the check-in and passed to the where police or other officials stop and airline to be put onto the aircraft check people or vehicles checkroom check in check in / tʃek in/ verb 1. (at a hotel) to checkroom / tʃekrum/ noun US a place arrive at a hotel and write your name and where you leave your coat or baggage cheddar address on a list ć He checked in at 12.15. 2. cheddar / tʃedə/ noun a hard pale yellow AIR TRAVEL (at an airport) to give in your or orange-red cheese with a flavour that ticket to show you are ready to take the flight ranges from mild to very strong, depending 3. ˽ to check baggage in to pass your bag- on its maturity gage to the airline to have it weighed and put cheers! / tʃiəz/ interjection (informal) 1. on the aircraft for you thank you! 2. (when drinking) good health! check-in cheese check-in / tʃek in/ noun 1. HOTELS the act cheese /tʃiz/ noun DAIRY a solid food of arriving and registering 2. AIR TRAVEL made from cow’s milk curds, also made from same as check-in desk goat’s milk and more rarely from ewe’s milk 57 cheque
ć chef de partie ʃef də pɑ ti and buffalo milk She ordered a cheese chef de partie / | / noun omelette. ˽ a cheese a whole round cheese CATERING the chef in charge of a particular COMMENT: There are many varieties of section of a kitchen chef de rang both hard and soft cheese: the British chef de rang / ʃef də rɒŋ/ noun CATER- Caerphilly, Cheddar, Cheshire and ING same as station waiter Gloucester are all hard cheeses; the chef d’étage ʃef de tɑ French Brie and Camembert are soft. chef d’étage / | / noun CATER- Goat’s cheese is almost always soft. In a ING same as floor attendant British-style menu, cheese is served at the chef entremétier ʃef entrə metiei chef entremétier / | / end of the meal, after the dessert, while in noun CATERING same as vegetable chef French-style menus, the cheese is served chef garde-manger before the dessert. A selection of cheeses chef garde-manger / ʃef ɑd will be placed on a cheeseboard, with a mɒŋ ei/ noun CATERING same as larder knife: the waiter will help each guest to a chef small piece of various cheeses as the chef pâtissier ʃef pə tisiei chef pâtissier / | / noun guest asks for them (see also ‘plateau de fromages’). In Britain, cheese is served CATERING same as pastry chef chef poissonnier ʃef pw sɒniei with water biscuits (or other dry crackers) chef poissonnier / | / and butter, and possibly celery; in France, noun CATERING same as fish chef cheese will be served with bread, but chef potager ʃef pɒ tɑ ei chef potager / | / noun rarely with butter. cheese and biscuits CATERING same as soup chef cheese and biscuits / tʃiz ənd chef restaurateur ʃef rest ə rə t chef restaurateur / ( ) | / biskits/ noun CATERING a course in a meal, noun CATERING the chef in charge of the à la served after the main course, consisting of carte menu various types of cheese and dry or salt bis- chef rôtisseur ʃef rəiti s cuits chef rôtisseur / | / noun cheeseboard tʃizbɔd CATERING same as roast chef cheeseboard / / noun CATER- chef saucier chef saucier / ʃef sɔsiei/ noun CATER- ING 1. a flat piece of wood on which cheese ING same as sauce chef is served 2. a selection of cheeses served on chef’s hat ʃefs h t a cheeseboard chef’s hat / / noun CATERING a cheeseburger tall white hat, traditionally worn by chefs, cheeseburger / tʃizb ə/ noun FOOD a hamburger with melted cheese on top which indicates who is the main chef, and cheesecake tʃizkeik which is also useful in keeping the hair out of cheesecake / / noun DESSERTS sight. Also called toque a tart with a sweet pastry base and a cooked chef’s salad chef’s salad / ʃfes s ləd/ noun a tossed cream cheese top, often covered with fruit cheese fondue tʃiz fɒndu green salad with added tomatoes, sliced cheese fondue / / noun hard-boiled eggs and thin strips of meat and FOOD a dish from Switzerland and Eastern cheese France of melted cheese, wine and kirsch, chef’s special chef’s special / ʃefs speʃ(ə)l/ noun into which cubes of bread are dipped. Also CATERING a special dish, sometimes one called fondue bourguignonne cheese knife which the chef is famous for, which is listed tʃiz naif cheese knife / / noun a knife separately on the menu with two points at the end of the blade, used chef tournant tournant / ʃef tɔnɒnt/ noun for cutting and serving cheese chef CATERING a chef who is available to work in chef /ʃef/ noun CATERING 1. somebody any of the sections of a kitchen, helping out who is in charge of preparing food in a res- when other chefs are ill or on holiday taurant ć They’ve got a new chef at the chef traiteur ʃef trei t chef traiteur / | / noun CATER- King’s Head, and the food is much better. 2. ING the chef in charge of outside functions, the name given to various specialised waiters such as buffets or meals which are prepared COMMENT: The executive chef organises in the kitchen, but served in a different venue the running of the kitchen, selecting chemical toilet menus, tasting dishes and supervising the chemical toilet / kemik(ə)l tɔilət/ noun specialist chefs working under him. A a toilet where the waste matter is decom- sous-chef is the assistant to an executive posed by chemicals cheque chef: in a large kitchen there might be sev- cheque /tʃek/ noun FINANCE 1. a note to a eral sous-chefs. Each chef de partie will have one or more commis chefs working bank asking them to pay money from your under him. Each will have a title corre- account to the account of the person whose sponding to the section of the kitchen in name is written on the note ć He wrote out a which he or she works: commis pâtissier, cheque for £10 or a £10 cheque. ć You can commis garde-manger, etc. pay by cash, cheque or credit card. (NOTE: chef de cuisine ʃef də kwi zin ˽ chef de cuisine / | / noun The US spelling is check.) 2. to cash a CATERING same as chef cheque to exchange a cheque for cash ˽ to cheque account 58 endorse a cheque to sign a cheque on the the eggs that are most commonly used in back to show that you accept it ˽ to make cooking ć chicken soup ć chicken salad ć out a cheque to someone to write some- chicken sandwich ć We had roast chicken for one’s name on a cheque ć Who shall I make lunch. the cheque out to? ˽ to pay by cheque to pay COMMENT: Chicken is the most widely by giving a cheque, and not by using cash or used meat in Britain, and also one of the a credit card ˽ to pay a cheque into your cheapest. chicken Kiev account to deposit a cheque ˽ to sign a chicken Kiev / tʃikin kiev/ noun FOOD cheque to sign on the front of a cheque to a boned piece of chicken, filled with garlic show that you authorise the bank to pay the and butter, which is covered in breadcrumbs money from your account ˽ to stop a and deep-fried chickpea cheque to ask a bank not to pay a cheque you chickpea / tʃikpi/ noun VEGETABLES a have written pale yellow seed about the size of a large cheque account tʃek ə kaυnt cheque account / | / noun pea, cooked as a vegetable chicory FINANCE same as current account chicory / tʃikəri/ noun VEGETABLES a veg- cheque book cheque book / tʃek bυk/ noun FINANCE a etable with a conical white head of crisp booklet of new cheques (NOTE: The US leaves, eaten raw as a salad or cooked and spelling is checkbook.) served with a sauce. ı endive chief steward cheque card card / tʃek kɑd/, cheque guar- chief steward / tʃif stjuəd/ noun tʃek rən ti kɑd TRAVEL the most important or most experi- antee card / | / noun FINANCE a plastic card from a bank which enced steward on a ship or plane. Also called guarantees payment of a cheque up to a par- senior steward chiffon ticular amount, even if the user has no money chiffon / ʃifɒn/ adjective CATERING refer- in his or her account ring to food with a light fluffy texture, usu- cherry cherry / tʃeri/ noun FRUIT a small summer ally created by adding whipped egg whites fruit, usually dark red, but also light red or or gelatin chiffonade almost white, growing on a long stalk (NOTE: chiffonade / ʃifənɑd/ noun VEGETABLES The plural form is cherries.) vegetables that have been shredded or finely cherry pie cherry pie / tʃeri pai/ noun DESSERTS a chopped, often used as a garnish for other pie filled with cherries foods child cherry tomato tʃeri tə mɑtəυ child /tʃaild/ noun a young person ć A cherry tomato / | / noun VEGETABLES a variety of very small tomato group of children were playing on the beach. chervil tʃvil (NOTE: The plural form is children.) chervil / / noun SAUCES, ETC. a herb child-friendly tʃaild frendli used to flavour soups child-friendly / / adjective chestnut liking and understanding children and their chestnut / tʃesnt/ noun a bright red- special needs ć It is a child-friendly hotel brown nut with baby-sitting facilities and a children’s COMMENT: The sweet chestnut, Castanea pool. sativa, is eaten in sauces with roast meat, children’s menu is made into sweet purée or eaten hot children’s menu / tʃildr(ə)nz menju/ roasted over charcoal in the street. There noun CATERING a special menu for children is another chestnut tree which is common (NOTE: Children’s menus usually contain in Britain, the horse chestnut, Aesculus fast food items, such as hamburgers or hot hippocastanum, which has similar brown dogs.) nuts which are not edible. children’s play area chestnut purée children’s play area, children’s play- chestnut purée / tʃesnt pjυərei/ ground noun ENTERTAINMENT an area out- noun SAUCES, ETC. a purée made of cooked side a pub, hotel or restaurant, or in a town sweet chestnuts, usually with added sugar garden, or inside a ferry, where children can and vanilla chest of drawers play tʃest əv drɔz children’s room chest of drawers / / noun children’s room / tʃildr(ə)nz rum/ a piece of bedroom furniture made of several noun BARS a room in a pub, usually away sliding compartments chez from the bar, where children can eat ʃei child’s portion chez / / noun meaning ‘at the home or child’s portion, children’s portion business of’, frequently used in the names of noun a small portion of food served in a res- French restaurants, as in ‘Chez Victor’ taurant for a child chianti ki nti chill chianti / | / noun BEVERAGES a dry chill /tʃil/ verb to make food cold ć chilled red wine from Tuscany, Italy orange juice chicken chicken / tʃikin/ noun MEAT a common COMMENT: Low temperature retards the farm bird that is eaten as food and produces rate at which food spoils. Pre-cooked 59 chocolate foods should be cooled rapidly down to – slice of potato, fried till crisp and eaten cold 3°C and eaten within five days of produc- as a snack (NOTE: In British English, this is tion. Certain high-risk chilled foods should called a crisp.) 3. a small piece of some- be kept below 5°C; these foods include soft cheese and various pre-cooked prod- thing chip & PIN ucts. Eggs in shells can be chilled for chip & PIN / tʃip ən pin/ adjective refer- short-term storage (i.e. up to one month) ring to a system in which customers prove at temperatures between –10°C and – their identity with a four-digit personal iden- 16°C. Bread goes stale quickly at chill temperatures. Potatoes, lettuces and tity number rather than a signature when strawberries must not be chilled at all. paying with a card chipolata chilled food tʃipə lɑtə chilled food / tʃild fud/ noun food chipolata / | / noun MEAT a which has been prepared, then made cold small thin sausage, usually made of finely chilled storage tʃild stɔrid ground pork chilled storage / / noun chip shop tʃip ʃɒp CATERING a place where food can be stored chip shop / / noun CATERING at low temperatures ć You can re-use the same as fish-and-chip shop chit food if it has been returned to, and kept in, chit /tʃit/ noun a bill for food or drink in a chilled storage at or below 5° C. club chiller chitterlings chiller / tʃilə/ noun CATERING a machine chitterlings / tʃitəliŋz/ plural noun MEAT for chilling food. ı blast chiller the small intestines of pigs, used for food chilli chive chilli / tʃili/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a very hot- chive /tʃaiv/ noun SAUCES, ETC. an onion- tasting pod with seeds in it, available fresh as like herb, of which the leaves are used as a green or red chillis, dried or preserved in garnish or in soups and salads cans or bottles. Also called chilli pepper chlorinate / klɔrineit/ verb to disinfect (NOTE: The US spelling is chili.) or sterilise something with chlorine COMMENT: Chilli is available fresh as chlorination klɔri neiʃ ə n chlorination / | ( ) / noun ster- green or red chillis, dried or preserved in ć cans or bottles. The dried pods are ground ilisation by adding chlorine Chlorination to make Cayenne pepper. tablets can be added to water to make it safe chilli con carne to drink. chilli con carne / tʃili kɒn kɑni/ noun COMMENT: Chlorination is used to kill bac- FOOD a Mexican dish of beans, minced beef teria in drinking water, in swimming pools and chilli sauce and sewage farms, and has many indus- chilli pepper chilli pepper / tʃili pepə/ noun SAUCES, trial applications such as sterilisation in ETC. same as chilli food processing. chlorinator chilli sauce sauce / tʃili sɔs/ noun tomato chlorinator / klɔrineitə/ noun an appa- sauce flavoured with chilli ratus for adding chlorine to water chilly chlorine chilly / tʃili/ adjective quite cold ć You chlorine / klɔrin/ noun a powerful should pack a warm pullover, as even the greenish gas, used to sterilise water choc summer evenings can be chilly in the moun- choc /tʃɒk/ noun FOOD a chocolate tains. (informal) china tʃainə choc-ice china / /, chinaware noun CATER- choc-ice / tʃɒk ais/ noun DESSERTS a ING cups, saucers and other dishes made hard block of ice cream covered with choco- from fine white clay late chocolate ‘…at his newly opened restaurant, he said that he chocolate / tʃɒklət/ noun 1. DESSERTS a chose white Italian bone china because ‘plain food needed a plain backdrop’’ [Caterer & popular sweet food made from the cocoa Hotelkeeper] bean ˽ chocolate biscuit, chocolate cake, Chinese gooseberry gooseberry / tʃainiz chocolate ice cream biscuit, cake, or ice υzb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT same as kiwi fruit cream flavoured with chocolate 2. DESSERTS Chinese restaurant syndrome restaurant syndrome a small sweet made from chocolate ć A box / tʃainiz rest(ə)rɒnt sindrəυm/ noun of chocolates was left with the compliments of the management. ć The coffee is served MEDICAL an allergic condition that gives peo- ˽ ple violent headaches after eating food fla- with a small plate of chocolate mints. 3. a voured with monosodium glutamate, which chocolate-box cottage a typical English cot- tage, with thatched roof and flowers growing is used in Chinese cooking. ı monosodium glutamate all round, as often formerly shown on the chip lids of chocolate boxes chip /tʃip/ noun 1. FOOD a small stick- COMMENT: Good quality dark chocolate shaped piece of potato, fried in oil or fat ć contains a minimum of about 70% cocoa fried eggs and chips ć She had a hamburger solids, while good quality milk chocolate and a portion of chips. 2. US FOOD a thin contains about 34% cocoa solids. chocolate box 60 chocolate box box / tʃɒklət bɒks/ noun chopsticks and asked for a knife and fork CATERING a decorated box in which choco- instead. lates are packed chorizo tʃə rizəυ chorizo / | / noun MEAT a very chocolate chip chip / tʃɒklət tʃip/ noun spicy Spanish or Mexican pork sausage
choux pastry FOOD a small piece of hard chocolate, used in choux pastry / ʃu peistri/ noun BREAD, ć ice cream, biscuits or cakes mint chocolate ETC. a soft glossy egg-rich pastry that puffs chip ice cream up into a hollow case when baked chocolate chip cookie chocolate chip cookie / tʃɒklət tʃip chowder tʃaυdə kυki chowder / / noun US FOOD fish / noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet biscuit soup ć clam chowder made with little pieces of hard chocolate COMMENT: Chowders are made from ordi- inside nary white fish or from shellfish such as chocolatier tʃɒklə tiə chocolatier / | / noun a maker or lobsters or clams. The fish is cooked with seller of chocolates vegetables and milk or cream is added to choke make a thick soup. choke /tʃəυk/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL (in a Christian name car engine) a valve which reduces the flow Christian name / kristʃən neim/ noun of air to the engine, or a knob on the dash- the first name or given name, as opposed to a board of a car which activates this valve ć surname or family name ć I know his sur- You need to pull out the choke to start the car. name’s Smith, but what’s his Christian ć This model has an automatic choke. 2. name? Christmas VEGETABLES the central inedible part of a Christmas / krisməs/ noun a Christian globe artichoke í verb 1. to block something festival on December 25th, celebrated as the such as a pipe ć The canal was choked with birthday of Jesus Christ, when presents are weeds. 2. to stop breathing properly because given ć Have you opened your Christmas something such as a piece of food is block- presents yet? ć The hotel has special rates ing the throat ˽ to choke on something to for Christmas Day. take something into the windpipe instead of COMMENT: Special food eaten at Christ- the gullet, so that the breathing is interrupted mas time includes Christmas pudding and ć He choked on a piece of bread or A piece mince pies (eaten at Christmas lunch or of bread made him choke. dinner), and Christmas cake, eaten at tea cholera kɒlərə time. Typical decorations for Christmas cholera / / noun MEDICAL a serious include a Christmas tree with small lights, bacterial disease spread through food or holly with red berries, and mistletoe. water that has been infected by Vibrio chol- Christmas cake Christmas cake / krisməs keik/ noun erae ć A cholera epidemic broke out after the flood. FOOD a specially rich fruit cake, decorated with icing COMMENT: The infected person suffers Christmas Day diarrhoea, cramp in the intestines and Christmas Day / krisməs dei/ noun dehydration. The disease may be fatal December 25th and vaccination is only effective for a rela- Christmas decorations Christmas decorations / krisməs tively short period (no more than six dekə reiʃ ə nz months). | ( ) / plural noun coloured cholera vaccine vaccine / kɒlərə v ksin/ papers, bunting, holly, mistletoe, etc., used to decorate a restaurant or hotel for Christmas noun MEDICAL a vaccine which protects to Christmas holidays some degree against cholera Christmas holidays / krisməs chop hɒlideiz chop /tʃɒp/ noun MEAT same as rib ć pork / plural noun the holiday period chop ć lamb chop í verb to cut something from at least December 24th to after January roughly into small pieces with a knife or 1st Christmas lunch other sharp tool Christmas lunch / krisməs lntʃ/ noun chopped livers livers / tʃɒpt livəz/ plural CATERING a special lunch menu with turkey noun FOOD a Jewish dish, made of cooked and cranberry sauce, Christmas pudding and chicken livers chopped up into small pieces mince pies Christmas party chopping board board / tʃɒpiŋ bɔd/ noun Christmas party / krisməs pɑti/ noun CATERING a piece of thick wood, used in a 1. a party held to celebrate Christmas ć A kitchen to cut up food on. Also called cut- number of Christmas parties are already ting board booked. 2. a group of people who are cele- chopsticks / tʃɒpstiks/ plural noun brating Christmas Christmas pudding CATERING a pair of small sticks used in the Christmas pudding / krisməs pυdiŋ/ Far East to eat food or to stir food when noun DESSERTS a rich fruit pudding, cooked cooking ć He said he didn’t know how to use by steaming, served with brandy butter sauce 61 claim chronological order order / krɒnəlɒd ik(ə)l We went to the circus last night. ć The circus ɔdə/ noun arrangement by the order of the is coming to town for the bank holiday week- dates end. 2. ROAD TRAVEL a busy roundabout or Chunnel Chunnel / tʃn(ə)l/ noun RAIL TRAVEL road junction in a large town ć Oxford Circus same as Channel Tunnel is where Oxford Street crosses Regent Street. church /tʃtʃ/ noun a large building for (NOTE: The plural form is circuses.) citizen Christian religious ceremonies ć The oldest citizen / sitiz(ə)n/ noun 1. a person who building in the village is St Mary’s Church. ć comes from a particular country or has the The times of the church services are given on same right to live there as someone who was the board outside. (NOTE: The plural form is born there ć She became an Irish citizen in churches.) 1991. ć He was born in Germany, but is now chute /ʃut/ noun 1. a slide into water in a a British citizen. 2. somebody with full swimming pool ć The kids screamed as they rights as an inhabitant of a country ć She slid down the chute into the pool. 2. a slide to became an Irish citizen in 1991. ć He was send things down to a lower level ć A chute born in Germany, but is now a British citi- from the first floor will speed up the launder- zen. citric acid ing process. citric acid / sitrik sid/ noun CATERING chutney chutney / tʃtni/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a an acid found in citrus fruit such as oranges, sweet and spicy relish made from fruit, lemons and grapefruit citrus fruit spices, sugar and vinegar citrus fruit / sitrəs frut/ noun FRUIT the ciabatta tʃə b tə ciabatta / | / noun a flat white Ital- edible fruits of evergreen citrus trees, grown ian bread made with olive oil throughout the tropics and subtropics. The cider cider / saidə/ noun BEVERAGES an alco- most important are oranges, lemons, grape- holic drink made from apple juice ć Somer- fruit and limes. Citrus fruit have thick skins, set and Devon are famous for their cider. ć are very acidic and are an important source In Brittany, cider is served with pancakes. of Vitamin C. city COMMENT: Cider is usually naturally fizzy; city / siti/ noun 1. a large town ć The larg- it can be sweet or dry. Strong traditional est cities in Europe are linked by hourly cider is known as ‘scrumpy’, especially in flights. 2. ˽ the City the old centre of Lon- south-western England. CIEH don, where banks and large companies have CIEH abbreviation Chartered Institute of their main offices Environmental Health city break siti breik cigar si ɑ city break / / noun TOURISM a cigar / | / noun a tight roll of dried short holiday in a large city usually over a tobacco leaves which you can light and weekend, at a specially low tariff ˽ city smoke ć He smoked a large cigar after his break operator a travel agent who organises meal. ć The restaurant offers a wide choice city breaks of Cuban cigars. city centre cinema city centre / siti sentə/ noun the centre cinema / sinimə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a of a city ć It’s more convenient to stay in theatre where films are shown cinemagoer city-centre hotels, but they can be noisy. sinimə əυə city hall cinemagoer / | / noun ENTER- city hall / siti hɔl/ noun a building where TAINMENT somebody who goes to the cinema cinema ticket sinimə tikit the administration of a city is cinema ticket / / noun city terminal siti tmin ə l AIR ENTERTAINMENT a ticket which allows you a city terminal / ( ) / noun seat in a cinema TRAVEL an air terminal in the centre of a large cinnamon sinəmən town cinnamon / / noun SAUCES, ETC. Civil Aviation Authority sivil eivi a spice made from the bark of a tropical tree Civil Aviation Authority / | eiʃ ə n ɔ θɒrəti ć Add a pinch of ground cinnamon to the ( ) | / noun AIR TRAVEL a Brit- apple pie. ć Add a cinnamon stick to the hot ish government agency that regulates the wine. ć Cinnamon toast is a favourite of operation of civilian airlines. Abbr CAA American children. civil law law / siv(ə)l lɔ/ noun the laws relat- COMMENT: Cinnamon is used to flavour ing to arguments between individuals and sweet dishes, cakes and drinks. the rights of individuals circle claim circle / sk(ə)l/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a claim /kleim/ noun an official request for row of seats above the stalls in a theatre ć We something, e.g. for money owed to you by an got tickets for the upper circle. insurance company í verb to say you own circus circus / skəs/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT a something that has been left behind or lost ć travelling show, often given under a large No one has claimed the umbrella left in the tent, with animals, clowns, acrobats, etc. ć reception. claim check 62 claim check check / kleim tʃek/ noun a token ing such as a house or an office ć The clean- used when leaving luggage, one half of ers didn’t empty my wastepaper basket. which is attached to the luggage and the cleaning / kliniŋ/ noun 1. the act of mak- other half of which the owner keeps and ing something clean ć The cleaning of the presents to collect it house after the party took hours. ć The claim form claim form / kleim fɔm/ noun FINANCE a cleaning staff come on shift at 5.30. 2. form which has to be filled in when making clothes which are going to be sent for dry- an insurance claim cleaning or which have been returned after claret ć claret / kl rət/ noun BEVERAGES red wine dry-cleaning She ran through the rain to from Bordeaux ć We had a good bottle of her car with an armful of cleaning. cleanliness claret with our meal. cleanliness / klenlinəs/ noun the state or clarify / kl rifai/ verb 1. to make butter or degree of being clean ć The inspectors criti- fat clear by gently heating it and removing cised the cleanliness of the kitchens. ć A per- any impurities 2. to make a liquid clear and son of rather doubtful cleanliness applied pure, usually by filtering it for a job as a waiter. class klɑs ‘…one member of staff has the job of constantly class / / noun 1. a category or group checking cleanliness of the serving area’ into which things are classified according to [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] quality or price 2. a group of children or clear /kliə/ verb to remove dirty plates, cut- adults who go to school or college together classification lery and glasses from a surface such as a kl sifi keiʃ ə n classification / | ( ) / noun a table way of putting into classes according to clearance clearance / kliərəns/ noun 1. the act of quality removing dirty plates, cutlery and glasses COMMENT: The English Tourism Council 2. AIR TRAVEL uses the following classification symbols: from a surface such as a table for hotels there are five grades of stars permission to take off clearance certificate kliərəns sə (one star to five stars). For facilities clearance certificate / | offered by inns, farmhouses, bed and tifikət/ noun BUSINESS a document show- breakfast accommodation, boarding ing that goods have been passed by customs houses, etc., there are five grades, shown clear profit by diamonds (one diamond to five dia- clear profit / kliə prɒfit/ noun FINANCE monds). For facilities offered by self-cater- profit after all expenses have been paid ć We ing accommodation there are five grades, made $6,000 clear profit on the deal. also shown by one to five stars. clementine kleməntin classified ads kl sifaid dz clementine / / noun an classified ads / / plural orange-coloured citrus fruit that is a cross noun MARKETING advertisements listed in a between a tangerine and a Seville orange newspaper under special headings, such as clerical staff klerik ə l stɑf ‘property to let’ or ‘job vacancies’ ć Look in clerical staff / ( ) / noun the classified ads to see if there are any cot- same as office staff clerk tages to let in Wales. Also called small ads, clerk US /klɑk/ noun somebody who want ads works in an office client classified directory kl sifaid dai klaiənt classified directory / | client / / noun BUSINESS somebody rekt(ə)ri/ noun BUSINESS a book which lists with whom business is done, or somebody businesses grouped under various headings, who pays for a service clientele kliɒn tel such as ‘computer shops’ or ‘newsagents’ clientele / | / noun BUSINESS all classify / kl sifai/ verb to put something the clients of a business, or all the customers into classes or categories of a shop cliff classy / klɑsi/ adjective of good quality cliff /klif/ noun a high rock face, usually by (informal) ć It’s a really classy joint. ć This the sea ć He went for a walk along the top of isn’t a very classy restaurant but the food is the cliffs. ć Their first view of England was good. the white cliffs of Dover. cliff jumping clean /klin/ adjective free from dirt, waste cliff jumping / clif d mpiŋ/ noun the products or unwanted substances ć The maid sport of jumping from a high point such as a forgot to put clean towels in the bathroom. í cliff into water verb to remove dirt ć When we got into the climate / klaimət/ noun the general room, we found that the bath had not been weather conditions in a particular place ć cleaned properly. The South Coast has a very mild climate. ć cleaner / klinə/ noun 1. a machine which The climate in Central Europe is hot in the removes dirt 2. a person who cleans a build- summer and cold and dry in the winter. 63 club
climb clock radio climb /klaim/ noun the act of going up ć clock radio / klɒk reidiəυ/ noun a radio It’s a stiff climb to the top of the hill. í verb and clock combined 1. to go up, over or down something using close adjective /kləυs/ ˽ close to very near, arms and legs ć to climb a tree 2. SPORT to almost ć The hotel is close to the railway sta- climb mountains ć She plans to climb the tion. í verb /kləυz/ 1. to stop doing business highest mountains in Scotland. ć They went for the day ć The office closes at 5.30. ć We climbing in the Alps. close early on Saturdays. 2. to stop doing climber climber / klaimə/ noun SPORT somebody business altogether ć If this summer is as bad who climbs mountains ć The climbers roped as the last one, the hotel may be forced to themselves together and set off up the slope. close. ˽ he closed his building society ‘Machapuchhre, 22,960ft, the Nepalese peak that account he took all the money out and has been closed to climbers for nearly half a cen- stopped using the account ȣ to close an tury, could be opened up to mountaineers later account 1. to stop supplying a customer on this year’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors] credit 2. to take all the money out of a bank climbing climbing / klaimiŋ/ noun SPORT same as account and ask the bank to remove it mountaineering ć popular activities such closed /kləυzd/ adjective not open, not as mountaineering, climbing, hill walking ć doing business ć Most shops in Germany are Climbing is not a sport for young children. ć closed on Saturday afternoons. ć All the We had a climbing holiday last Easter. ć She banks are closed on the National Day. brought her climbing equipment with her. closed-circuit TV / kləυzd skit ti clingstone closed-circuit TV clingstone / kliŋgstəυn/ FRUIT peach vi/ noun a system where a TV picture is clip joint clip joint / klip d ɔint/ noun ENTERTAIN- transmitted from a camera to receivers MENT a low-class club or bar, where guests within a closed circuit. It is used e.g. for sur- are charged too much for their drinks veillance in factories, shops and banks, and cloakroom / kləυkrum/ noun 1. a room for showing pictures of events to people who where people can leave coats and hats when are not able to attend the event themselves. ć going into e.g. a restaurant, theatre or The conference was relayed to the lobby on museum 2. a public toilet (informal) closed-circuit TV. ć The shoplifters were cloakroom attendant kləυkrum ə filmed on closed-circuit TV cameras. Abbr cloakroom attendant / | tendənt/ noun somebody in charge of a CCTV closing cloakroom closing / kləυziŋ/ adjective final, coming cloakroom ticket ˽ í cloakroom ticket / kləυkrum tikit/ at the end closing date last date noun the noun a ticket to show that you have left your act of shutting a shop, or the fact of being shut coat, hat or bag in a cloakroom closing time cloaks closing time / kləυziŋ taim/ noun the cloaks /kləυks/ noun same as toilet time when a shop or office stops work or (informal) clock when a pub stops selling alcohol klɒk clotted cream clock / / noun a machine for telling the clotted cream / klɒtid krim/ noun time ˽ bedside clock a clock placed next to ˽ DAIRY thick solid cream made from milk a bed to work right round the clock to which has been heated to boiling point, pro- work all day long clock golf duced especially in the south-west of Eng- clock golf / klɒk ɒlf/ noun ENTERTAIN- land MENT a game like golf where you hit the ball cloud /klaυd/ noun a mass of vapour or into a central hole from points round a circle smoke in the air ć Do you think it’s going to clock in clock in / klɒk in/, clock on / klɒk ɒn/ rain? – Yes, look at those grey clouds. ć The verb (of a worker) to record the time of arriv- plane was flying above the clouds. ing for work by putting a card into a special cloud-capped / klaυd k pt/ adjective timing machine topped with clouds clocking in klɒkiŋ in cloudy clocking in / /, clocking on cloudy / klaυdi/ adjective 1. covered with klɒkiŋ ɒn / / noun the act of arriving for clouds ć a cloudy sky ć The north coast is work and recording the time on a time-card often cloudy. 2. not clear, not transparent ć clocking out out / klɒkiŋ aυt/, clocking off My beer looks cloudy. / klɒkiŋ ɒf/ noun the act of leaving work club /klb/ noun 1. a group of people who and recording the time on a time-card have the same interest, or a place where these clock out clock out / klɒk aυt/, clock off / klɒk people meet ć The members of the old peo- ɒf/ verb (of a worker) to record the time of ple’s club went to the seaside for the day. ć leaving work by putting a card into a special She has applied to join the sports club. 2. a timing machine place where people can dance to recorded clubbing 64 music and that usually has bars and other using the engine or the pedals 2. SHIPS AND facilities BOATS (of a boat) to sail along a coast clubbing coastal clubbing / klbiŋ/ noun the activity of coastal / kəυst(ə)l/ adjective referring to going to clubs or nightclubs the coast ć coastal navigation ć the coastal club class klb klɑs resorts of southern England club class / / noun AIR TRAVEL coastal resort kəυst ə l ri zɔt a specially comfortable class of seating on a coastal resort / ( ) | / noun plane, though not as luxurious as first class TOURISM a holiday town on the coast ć clubs Brighton is a popular coastal resort. klbz coasteering clubs / / plural noun one of the black kəυ stiəriŋ suits in a pack of cards, which has a symbol coasteering / | / noun SPORT a sport that takes place along a coast and com- shaped like a leaf with three parts ć She had bines scrambling, rock climbing, traversing, the five of clubs in her hand. (NOTE: The swimming and cliff jumping other black suit is spades; hearts and dia- coaster kəυstə monds are the red suits.) coaster / / noun 1. SHIPS AND club sandwich klb s ndwid BOATS a ship which sails from port to port club sandwich / / noun along the coast ć We sailed round Africa on FOOD a sandwich made of three slices of a small coaster. 2. CATERING a flat dish or bread, with a filling of meat, salad, fish, etc., small mat for standing a bottle or glass on ć between them. Also called double-decker 2 Here’s a coaster to put your glass on. cm cm abbreviation centimetre coastguard / kəυst ɑd/ noun some- coach coach /kəυtʃ/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a large body who watches over a stretch of coast, comfortable bus, operated for long-distance looking out for accidents at sea or illegal travellers on a regular route ć They took a activities such as smuggling ć Coastguards coach tour of southern Spain. 2. ROAD stopped a fishing boat suspected of carrying TRAVEL a large comfortable bus, used by a drugs. group of tourists to travel long distances, not coastline / kəυstlain/ noun the edge of on a regular scheduled route, and often the coast ć the rocky Cornish coastline abroad ć The coach driver fell asleep while coat /kəυt/ noun a piece of outdoor cloth- driving. ć Coach travel is considerably ing which covers the top part of the body ć cheaper than travelling by train. 3. RAIL You’ll need to put your winter coat on – it’s TRAVEL a carriage for passengers on a train ć just started to snow. ć She was wearing a Passengers for Donniford should board the black fur coat. last two coaches of the train. 4. SPORT some- coat-hanger / kəυt h ŋə/ noun a piece body who trains someone in a sport ć The of wood, wire or plastic on which you hang hotel has a professional tennis coach availa- clothes in a wardrobe ć There were no coat- ble for lessons. hangers in the hotel wardrobe. coach class coach class / kəυtʃ klɑs/ noun US AIR coat-hook / kəυt hυk/ noun a hook on a TRAVEL same as economy class wall or door for hanging clothes on coach party cob coach party / kəυtʃ pɑti/ noun TOUR- cob /kɒb/ noun BREAD, ETC. a round loaf of ISM a group of tourists, travelling by coach bread ć Could you stop at the bakery and buy coach station coach station / kəυtʃ steiʃ(ə)n/ noun a wholemeal cob? cob nut kɒb nt ROAD TRAVEL the central terminus from cob nut / / noun NUTS a large which coaches leave, and where coach jour- hazelnut ć This bag of mixed nuts includes neys terminate, which usually has a ticket cob nuts and walnuts. cockle office, waiting rooms, refreshments and cockle / kɒk(ə)l/ noun SEAFOOD a small other facilities edible shellfish with a double shell ć We coach tour coach tour / kəυtʃ tυə/ noun TOURISM a bought some cockles from a stall by the sea- tour of various places, in a coach front. cockpit coach trip kɒkpit kəυtʃ trip cockpit / / noun AIR TRAVEL the for- coach trip / / noun TOURISM an ward area in an aircraft from where the air- excursion by coach coast craft is controlled by the pilot kəυst cockroach coast / / noun the parts of a country cockroach / kɒkrəυtʃ/ noun a large that are by the sea ć The south coast is the brown or black beetle ć In hot damp cli- warmest part of the country. ć Let’s drive mates, cockroaches are commonly found in ˽ down to the coast this weekend. from coast houses. (NOTE: The plural form is cock- to coast from the sea on one side of a country roaches.) ć to the sea on the other side He crossed the COMMENT: Two types of cockroach are USA from coast to coast. í verb 1. ROAD common: the oriental cockroach, Blatta TRAVEL to ride in or on a vehicle without orientalis, and the German cockroach, 65 coffee bar Blatta germanica. Both live in dirty areas used in making chocolate, cosmetics and of buildings, such as badly cleaned kitch- suntan oils ens. They can carry Salmonella and Sta- coconut phylococcus. coconut / kəυkənt/ noun NUTS a large cocktail nut from a tropical palm tree containing a cocktail / kɒkteil/ noun 1. BEVERAGES a mixture of alcoholic drinks, containing at white edible pulp ć I don’t like biscuits with least one spirit, usually served before a meal coconut in them. coconut milk ć A Bloody Mary is a cocktail of vodka and coconut milk / kəυkənt milk/ noun 1. tomato juice. 2. FOOD a mixture of food liquid inside a coconut 2. a white creamy liq- COMMENT: Cocktails are mixes of various uid made from coconut pulp, used in Malay- alcohols and juices, as opposed to long sian and Thai cooking drinks (whisky and soda, gin and tonic), cod cod /kɒd/ noun SEAFOOD a large white sea where the alcohol is diluted. Most alcohols can be used as a basis for cocktails: the fish, Gadus morhua ć He ordered a plate of commonest are gin (gin and French, gin fried cod and chips. (NOTE: The plural form and Italian), vodka (screwdriver, Bloody is cod.) ˽ cod liver oil oil from the livers of Mary) and whisky (whisky sour, Manhat- cod, taken as a source of vitamins A and D tan). COD cocktail bar COD, c.o.d. abbreviation cash on delivery kɒkteil bɑ code cocktail bar / / noun BARS a kəυd bar where cocktails are served code / / noun 1. a system of numbers, cocktail lounge kɒk teil laυnd letters or symbols used to represent language cocktail lounge / | / noun or information ˽ machine-readable codes BARS a smart lounge bar in a hotel sets of signs or letters, such as bar codes or cocktail party cocktail party / kɒkteil pɑti/ noun postcodes, which can be read by computers CATERING an evening party where you drink 2. a set of rules
code of practice cocktails or other drinks and eat snacks, code of practice / kəυd əv pr ktis/, before going on to a proper meal kəυd əv eθiks cocktail shaker code of ethics / / noun kɒkteil ʃeikə cocktail shaker / / noun BUSINESS rules drawn up by an association BARS a metal container into which the barp- which the members must follow when doing erson puts the various ingredients of a cock- business tail, which are then shaken vigorously code-sharing kəυd ʃeəriŋ cocktail snacks kɒk teil sn ks code-sharing / / noun AIR cocktail snacks / | / plural TRAVEL a system where two or more airlines noun CATERING small items of food such as sell seats for a flight, and identify the flight olives or peanuts, served with drinks before using their own two-letter codes, but only a meal one of them actually operates the aircraft cocktail stick cocktail stick / kɒkteil stik/ noun coffee coffee / kɒfi/ noun BEVERAGES 1. the CATERING a little piece of wood used to stick crushed beans of the coffee plant Coffea, in food such as small sausages to make it used to make a hot drink 2. a drink made easier to serve from ground coffee beans or powder, mixed cocoa cocoa / kəυkəυ/ noun 1. FOOD a powder with hot water ć Would you like a cup of cof- made from chocolate beans ć There’s a tin of fee? ć I always take sugar with my coffee. ć cocoa on the shelf next to the cooker. ć Add The doctor told me to avoid tea and coffee. cocoa powder to icing sugar to make choco- COMMENT: The two main varieties of cof- late icing. 2. BEVERAGES a drink made from fee are Arabica and Robusta. The Arabica this powder ć I’ll warm up some milk to shrub (Coffea arabica) was originally make some cocoa. ć He always has a cup of grown in the southern parts of the high- cocoa before going to bed. lands of Ethiopia, and was later introduced into south-western Arabia. It represents COMMENT: Cocoa is obtained from beans 75% of the world’s total coffee production. which are the seeds of the Theobroma Arabica coffee beans are generally con- cacao tree and which are contained in a sidered to produce a higher quality drink red or green fleshy fruit. The beans con- than those obtained from the Robusta cof- tain a fat (cocoa butter), which is removed fee plant (Coffea canephora) which origi- in preparing cocoa for drinking. Cocoa nated in West Africa. Robusta coffee has beans are the raw material of chocolate, a stronger and more bitter taste than Ara- and extra fat and sugar are added in its bica. The most important area for growing preparation. coffee is South America, especially cocoa bean cocoa bean / kəυkəυ bin/ noun the Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia, though it is bean-shaped seed of the cacao tree, which is also grown in Kenya and Indonesia. coffee bar used for making cocoa powder and chocolate coffee bar / kɒfi bɑ/ noun CATERING a cocoa butter butter / kəυkəυ btə/ noun a small bar serving mainly coffee, non-alco- thick oily solid obtained from cocoa beans, holic drinks and snacks coffee beans 66 coffee beans beans / kɒfi binz/ plural noun caffeine, and can be chewed or used to make FOOD small fruit from the coffee tree, which cola drinks. 2. BEVERAGES a fizzy sweet are dried and roasted to make coffee drink ć The kids would like two colas please. cold coffee break break / kɒfi breik/ noun a short cold /kəυld/ adjective not warm or hot ć rest time during work when the employees The machines work badly in cold weather. ć can drink coffee The reception area was so cold that the staff coffee cake coffee cake / kɒfi keik/ noun BREAD, started complaining. ć The coffee machine ETC. a cake made with coffee flavouring also sells cold drinks. cold buffet coffee cup cup / kɒfi kp/ noun a cup for cof- cold buffet / kəυld bυfei/ noun CATER- fee ING a buffet with cold dishes to choose from cold consommé kəυld kɒn sɒmei COMMENT: Coffee is served in large cups cold consommé / | / at breakfast (when it is usually taken with noun FOOD a jelly-like soup, which is served milk or cream) and in small cups after a cold meal. The small coffee cup is called a cold cuts kəυld kts ‘demi-tasse’. cold cuts / / plural noun US coffee grinder kɒfi raində MEAT a plate of slices of cold cooked meat coffee grinder / / noun a such as ham or salami machine for grinding coffee beans into pow- cold pack kəυld p k der for making coffee cold pack / / noun the packing coffee grounds kɒfi raυndz and sterilisation of uncooked food in jars or coffee grounds / / plural tins noun crushed coffee beans left at the bottom cold-pressed kəυld prest of a cup or coffee jug after the coffee has cold-pressed / / adjective been served referring to high-grade olive oil produced coffeehouse kɒfihaυs from the first pressing of the raw olives coffeehouse / / noun a place cold room kəυld stɔ where coffee and other refreshments are cold room / /, cold store noun served CATERING a room where stores of food are coffee ice cream kɒfi ais krim kept cool, so as to prevent the food from coffee ice cream / / noun going bad DESSERTS ice cream flavoured with coffee cold storage coffee lounge cold storage / kəυld stɔrid / noun coffee lounge / kɒfi laυnd / noun CATERING the keeping of food in a cold place CATERING a restaurant which serves coffee to prevent it from going bad ć Return the and cakes coffee machine food to cold storage. kɒfi mə ʃin coleslaw coffee machine / | / noun coleslaw / kəυlslɔ/ noun FOOD a salad of CATERING a machine which provides coffee shredded white cabbage mixed with mayon- and other drinks when a coin is inserted coffeemaker naise kɒfi meikə coley coffeemaker / | / noun a small coley / kəυli/ noun SEAFOOD a type of sea pot for making coffee, e.g. a percolator or fish espresso machine collar coffee pot kɒlə kɒfi pɒt collar / / noun MEAT a cut of meat, coffee pot / / noun CATERING a especially bacon, taken from an animal’s pot in which coffee is made or served í coffee shop kɒfi ʃɒp neck verb CATERING to pickle meat by coffee shop / / noun HOTELS a soaking it in salt or brine with seasonings less formal restaurant in a hotel, where light and flavouring ingredients, then rolling, meals and snacks are served ć It will be boiling and pressing it quicker to have lunch in the coffee shop than collect kə lekt collect / | / verb 1. to make someone in the main restaurant. ˽ coffee spoon to collect a debt kɒfi spun pay money which is owed coffee spoon / / noun a very to go and make someone pay a debt 2. to take small spoon, used with a small coffee cup someone or something away from a place ć coffee table coffee table / kɒfi teib(ə)l/ noun a low A car will come to collect you from the hotel table on which coffee cups are put at 8.30. í adjective, adverb US referring to cognac cognac / kɒnj k/ noun BEVERAGES a phone call where the person receiving the brandy made in western France ć We were call agrees to pay for it ć He called his office served an excellent cognac after dinner. collect. coin collect call kɔin ć kə lekt kɔl coin / / noun a piece of metal money collect call / | / noun US same He gave me two 50p coins in my change. ć I as reverse-charge call need some 10p coins for the telephone. college / kɒlid / noun a teaching institu- cola cola / kəυlə/ noun 1. FOOD a tree that tion for adults and young people ć She is tak- comes originally from West Africa, but ing a course at the catering college. ˽ col- which is also grown in the West Indies and lege of further education a college for South America. Its nut-like fruit contains study after secondary school 67 commissionaire
colour colour / klə/ noun the appearance which job is to promote the commercial interests of an object has in light, e.g. red, blue or yellow his or her country ˽ commercial directory kə mʃ ə l dai (NOTE: The US spelling is color.) colour commercial directory / | ( ) | film, colour TV a film or TV which is not rekt(ə)ri/ noun BUSINESS a book which lists black and white all the businesses and businesspeople in a colour coding coding / klə kəυdiŋ/ noun indi- town. Also called trade directory commercial district kə mʃ ə l cating different usages by colour commercial district /| ( ) COMMENT: Electric wires are colour coded distrikt/ noun the part of a town where as red (= live), blue (= neutral) and yellow- offices and shops are situated green (=earth). It has been suggested that commercial hotel kə mʃ ə l həυ tel kitchen knives should be colour-coded to commercial hotel / | ( ) | / identify knives used to cut raw meat, fish, noun BUSINESS a hotel which specialises in vegetables, etc., so as to avoid possible business travellers contamination. commercial load kə mʃ ə l ləυd commercial load / | ( ) / colouring colouring / kləriŋ/ noun CATERING a noun TRAVEL the amount of goods or number substance which colours a processed food of passengers which a bus, train or plane has COMMENT: Colouring additives have E to carry to make a profit numbers 100 to 180. Some are natural commercial port kə mʃ ə l pɔt pigments, such as riboflavine (E101), car- commercial port / | ( ) / rot juice (E160) or chlorophyll (E140) and noun BUSINESS a port which has only goods are safe. Others, such as tartrazine traffic (E102) and other azo dyes are suspected commercial premises kə mʃ ə l commercial premises / | ( ) of being carcinogenic. Also suspect is car- premisiz amel (E150), which is the most widely / plural noun BUSINESS same as used colouring substance. business premises commercial property come to kə mʃ ə l come to / km tu, km tu/ verb to add commercial property / | ( ) prɒpəti up to a particular amount ć The bill comes to / noun buildings used as offices or £125. shops commercial traveller comfort kə mʃ ə l comfort / kmfət/ noun conditions that commercial traveller / | ( ) tr v ə lə make it easy for the body to rest and feel ( ) / noun BUSINESS a salesperson relaxed who travels round an area visiting customers comfortable kmf ə təb ə l on behalf of his or her company comfortable / ( ) ( ) / adjective commis kɒmi soft and relaxing ć There are more comfort- commis / / noun an assistant in a able chairs in the lounge, if you find the din- restaurant or kitchen commis chef ing room chairs too hard. commis chef / kɒmi ʃef/ noun CATER- comfortably comfortably / kmf(ə)təbli/ adverb in a ING an assistant chef to a chef de partie commis de salle soft, relaxed or relaxing way ć If you’re sit- commis de salle / kɒmi də s l/ noun ting comfortably, I’ll explain to you what the CATERING an assistant to a chef de rang, help- work involves. ing him or her to organise a restaurant comfort food commis saucier comfort food / kmfət fud/ noun commis saucier / kɒmi sɔsiei/ noun CATERING simple food, like the food you had CATERING an assistant to the chef saucier, as a child, which makes you feel happy and helping him or her prepare sauces contented commission kə miʃ ə n commission / | ( ) / noun BUSI- comfort station comfort station / kmfət steiʃ(ə)n/ NESS money paid to a salesperson or an noun US a public toilet agent, usually a percentage of the sales made commend kə mend ć She gets 10% commission on everything commend / | / verb to say that ˽ something or someone is good (formal ) ć she sells. he charges 10% commission he She was highly commended by the judges for asks for 10% of sales as his payment ˽ commissionable kə miʃ ə nəb ə l her cake decorations. highly commended, commissionable /| ( ) ( ) / commended former grades in the English adjective on which commission will be paid Tourism Council’s grading system for to the agent hotels, bed and breakfasts, and guesthouse commission agent kə miʃ ə n commission agent /| ( ) accommodation eid ənt/ noun an agent who is paid by commercial kə mʃ ə l commercial /| ( ) / adjective commission, not by fee referring to business í noun MARKETING an commissionaire kə miʃə neə commissionaire / | | / noun advertisement on TV or radio somebody, usually in uniform, who stands at commercial attaché kə mʃ ə l ə commercial attaché / | ( ) | the entrance to a hotel, restaurant or club, t ʃei/ noun BUSINESS a diplomat whose and welcomes guests commis waiter 68 commis waiter kɒmi weitə compactor kəm p ktə commis waiter / / noun compactor / | / noun same as CATERING a waiter who helps a station waste compactor companion kəm p njən waiter. Also called assistant waiter companion / | / noun TRAVEL common carrier carrier / kɒmən k riə/ noun somebody travelling with a passenger TRAVEL a firm which carries goods or passen- COMMENT: Some airlines offer special pro- gers, and which anyone can use motional fares for a second person travel- common ownership kɒmən ling with a full-fare-paying passenger. common ownership / company kmp ə ni əυnəʃip/ noun BUSINESS a situation where company / ( ) / noun BUSINESS a a business is owned by the employees who business or group of people organised to buy, work in it sell or provide a service company booking common salt salt / kɒmən sɔlt/ noun company booking, company reserva- tion noun BUSINESS a booking made on SAUCES, ETC. a white powder used to make food, especially meat, fish and vegetables, behalf of a company, usually at a discount to the usual rate taste better company discount common thyme company discount / kmp(ə)ni common thyme / kɒmən taim/ noun diskaυnt/ noun BUSINESS a discount given SAUCES, ETC. a herb used to flavour various to people working for a particular company dishes. Also called French thyme company policy communicable disease kmp ə ni pɒlisi kə company policy / ( ) / communicable disease /| mjunikəb ə l di ziz noun BUSINESS the company’s agreed way of ( ) | / noun MEDICAL a dis- doing things ć It is against company policy ease which can be passed from one person to to give more than thirty days’ credit. ć Com- another or from an animal to a person communicate pany policy is to submit all contracts to the kə mjunikeit communicate / | / verb to legal department. pass information to someone ć He finds it compartment kəm pɑtmənt compartment / | / noun impossible to communicate with his staff. ć TRAVEL a section of a train carriage or of a Communicating with head office has been plane, separated from other sections ć I had quicker since we started e-mailing them. to go through the business compartment to communication kə mjuni keiʃ ə n communication / | | ( ) / get to the buffet car. noun the act of passing information on to compensate / kɒmpənseit/ verb to pay ć other people Communication with the head ć ˽ someone for damage or a loss The airline office has been made easier by e-mail. to refused to compensate him when his baggage enter into communication with someone was lost. (NOTE: You compensate someone to start discussing something with someone, for something.) usually in writing ć We have entered into compensation kɒmpən seiʃ ə n communication with the relevant govern- compensation / | ( ) / noun ˽ compensation for damage payment ment department. ˽ communication cord for damage done compensation for loss of kə mjuni communication cord /| | property payment to someone whose prop- keiʃ ə n kɔd ( ) / noun RAIL TRAVEL a wire in erty has been stolen or lost a train carriage, which you pull to stop the competitive price kəm petitiv prais competitive price / | / train in an emergency communications noun MARKETING a low price aimed to com- kə mjuni communications /| | pete with a rival product keiʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun a means of contact- complain kəm plein complain / | / verb to say that you ing people or passing messages, e.g. tele- are not satisfied ć He complained about the ć After the flood, all com- phone and radio price of meals in the restaurant. ć She com- munications with the outside world were plained that no one spoke English in the broken. hotel. (NOTE: You complain to someone commute kə mjut commute / | / verb to travel to about something or that something is no work in town every day ć She commutes 70 good.) miles a day. complaint kəm pleint complaint / | / noun 1. an commuter kə mjutə commuter / | / noun somebody expression of dissatisfaction about some- who travels to work every day thing or someone 2. MEDICAL an illness commuter flight kə mjutə flait complaints department | kəm pleints commuter flight / / noun complaints department / | di pɑtmənt AIR TRAVEL a flight between towns used reg- | / noun BUSINESS a section of a ularly by commuters store or office which deals with complaints commuter train kə mjutə trein from customers commuter train / | / noun complaints procedure kəm pleints RAIL TRAVEL a train used regularly by com- complaints procedure / | prə sid ə muters | / noun BUSINESS a way of pre- 69 concession senting complaints formally from a customer manual system to one using computers ć to management Our booking system has been completely compliment / kɒmplimənt/ noun a nice computerised. computerised kəm pjutəraizd thing that you say to someone about their computerised / | /, com- appearance or about something good they puterized adjective worked by computers ć have done í verb to tell someone that they a computerised reservation system have done well or look nice ć The manager ‘…independent hotels wishing to attract interna- complimented the staff on their efficient tional business will be at a disadvantage if they service. ć I would like to compliment the chef are not linked to a global computerized booking system’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] on an excellent meal. computer-linked complimentary kəm pjutə liŋkt kɒmpli ment ə ri computer-linked / | / complimentary / | ( ) / adjective linked by computer ć All the hotels adjective given free ć Each guest receives a in the group use a computer-linked booking complimentary box of chocolates. complimentary room system. complimentary room computer printout kəm pjutə computer printout / | / kɒmpliment(ə)ri rum/ noun a hotel printaυt/ noun a printed copy of informa- room that a person can stay in without pay- tion from a computer ć Our travel agents ing, e.g. as a prize in a marketing campaign provided each member of the tour with a or as compensation for a complaint complimentary ticket printout of flight details and hotel reserva- complimentary ticket tions. kɒmpliment ə ri tikit computer reservation system / ( ) / noun a free kəm computer reservation system / | ticket, given as a present pjutə rezə veiʃ ə n sistəm compliments slip kɒmplimənts slip | ( ) / noun compliments slip / / TRAVEL a system by which e.g. flights or noun BUSINESS a piece of paper with the rooms in hotels can be booked from the ter- name and address of the company printed on minal in the travel agent’s office or from an it, which may be sent with documents or in-flight terminal system direct to a central gifts instead of a letter booking computer. Abbr CRS comply kəm plai ˽ comply / | / verb to comply with ‘…direct satellite links into ground-based com- to observe a rule or obey an order puter reservations systems will let you book or compote / kɒmpɒt/ noun fruit cooked in change tickets and hotel rooms from your seat, sugar or syrup, served as a hot or cold dessert thanks to today’s ever more sophisticated compu- comprehension kɒmpri henʃən ter reservations systems – known in the industry comprehension / | / as CRS networks – which put travel agents and, noun an understanding of how something increasingly, their customers directly on line to works most of the available airline seats and business ‘…the starter involved a lot of elements in one hotel rooms in the world’ [Business Travel] computer terminal kəm pjutə dish, including the intricate boning of a quail, computer terminal / | comprehension of a classical farce, the prepara- tmin(ə)l/ noun a keyboard and screen, by tion of a good quality aspic and the neat recon- which information can be put into a compu- struction of the quail’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] comprehensive ter or can be called up from a database kɒmpri hensiv concentrate comprehensive / | / concentrate / kɒnsəntreit/ CATERING adjective including everything comprehensive insurance verb to remove water from a liquid or sub- comprehensive insurance stance so that it becomes thicker and has a kɒmprihensiv in ʃυərəns / | / noun FINANCE stronger flavour í noun a food substance or an insurance policy that covers you against liquid that has been concentrated to make it all risks which are likely to happen thicker or stronger in flavour comptroller kən trəυlə concern comptroller / | / noun HOTELS kən sn concern / | / noun 1. BUSINESS a somebody who controls the finances in a business or company ˽ his business is a hotel going concern his company is working and compulsory kəm plsəri compulsory / | / adjective that making a profit ˽ sold as a going concern must be done, taken or complied with ć a sold as an actively trading company 2. a wor- compulsory injection against cholera ried feeling about a problem ć The manage- computer kəm pjutə computer / | / noun an elec- ment showed no concern at all for the safety tronic machine that processes and keeps of the guests. í verb to be connected with or information automatically, and that can be to affect somebody or something ć The prob- used for connecting to the Internet and send- lem does not concern you directly as you are ing e-mails ć computer system consisting of not involved in running the restaurant. concession kən seʃ ə n a microprocessor and six terminals concession / | ( ) / noun 1. MAR- computerise kəm pjutəraiz computerise / | /, compu- KETING the right to be the only seller of a terize verb to change something from a product in a place ć She runs a jewellery concessionaire 70
conditioning TOURISM kən diʃ ə niŋ concession in the hotel lobby. 2. a conditioning / | ( ) / noun reduced fare or entrance charge given to par- CATERING the process of making meat more ticular people such as employees or retired tender by keeping it for some time at a low employees of the transport company ć full temperature. ı air-conditioning price: £6.00, concessions: £4.00 3. an allow- conditions of employment kən conditions of employment / | ance diʃ ə nz əv im plɔimənt ( ) | /, conditions of concessionaire kən seʃə neə concessionaire / | | / noun service noun the terms of a contract of MARKETING somebody who has the right to employment be the only seller of a product in a place conditions of sale kən diʃ ə nz əv conditions of sale / | ( ) concessionary kən seʃ ə nəri concessionary / | ( ) / adjec- seil/ noun the agreed terms under which a tive given as a concession sale takes place concessionary fare kən seʃ ə nəri condominium | kɒndə miniəm concessionary fare / ( ) condominium / | / noun an feə/ noun TRAVEL a reduced fare for partic- individually owned flat or house within a ular types of passenger such as employees or building or an area of land that is owned retired employees of the transport company jointly by all the residents ć Concessionary rates are offered to OAPs conducted tour kən dktid tυə conducted tour / | / noun and students. TOURISM same as guided tour concierge kɒnsi eə conductor concierge / | / noun 1. a French kən dktə conductor / | / noun 1. TRAVEL noun meaning a person who guards the door somebody who takes money and gives out of a block of flats or offices, and decides who tickets on a bus or tram 2. US RAIL TRAVEL can come in 2. (in a hotel) a member of staff somebody in charge of a train (NOTE: The who provides special services for guests, British English is railway guard.) such as getting theatre or tour tickets for cone kəυn them cone / / noun FOOD a round tube of biscuit, tapering to a point, used for serving ‘I sometimes think that many of our guests stay at the hotel as much for the concierge service as for ice cream ć Children like to suck the ice the rooms’ [The Sunday Times] cream out of the bottom of a cone. Also condense kən dens called cornet condense / | / verb CATERING to confectionery kən fekʃən ə ri make something, especially a food, denser confectionery / | ( ) / noun 1. by removing water a shop selling sweets and chocolates 2. FOOD condensed milk kən denst milk sweets and chocolates ć The bread shop also condensed milk / | / sells confectionery. noun DAIRY milk that is thickened by evapo- conference rating most of the water content and then conference / kɒnf(ə)rəns/ noun 1. a sweetened meeting of people to discuss problems ˽ to condiment be in conference to be in a meeting 2. a large condiment / kɒndimənt/ noun CATERING a seasoning used to give taste to food and put meeting where people who are interested in directly onto food at the table by the eater, the same thing come together ć the annual conference of the Electricians’ Union ć e.g. salt, pepper or mustard (formal) ć Could you pass the condiments, please. Compare 2,000 people attended the conference on cruet genetic engineering. 3. AIR TRAVEL an infor- mal agreement between airlines or shipping COMMENT: The commonest condiments are salt, pepper, mustard, vinegar, pick- lines to restrict competition on particular les, mayonnaise and tomato sauce. In routes some restaurants, they are in pots on the ‘…two thirds of the UK’s 100 or so universities table, and in self-service restaurants they take conference business in vacation time and 30 may be provided in small sachets. have year-round management centres’ [Caterer condition kən diʃ ə n & Hotelkeeper] condition / | ( ) / noun 1. a state conference and banqueting manager that something or someone is in ć Snow con- conference and banqueting man- kɒnf ə rəns ənd b ŋkwitiŋ ditions are good. ć The meteorological office ager / ( ) m nid ə forecast poor weather conditions. 2. some- / noun HOTELS the manager of the thing that has to be done, especially duties department in a hotel which organises con- which have to be carried out as part of a con- ferences and banquets. Abbr C & B man- tract ˽ on condition that provided that ć ager conference centre They were granted the lease on condition conference centre / kɒnf(ə)rəns that they paid the legal costs. 3. MEDICAL a sentə/ noun a series of meeting rooms, with particular illness, injury or disorder ć I have bedrooms, restaurants, etc., built specially to use strong sunblock because of my skin for holding large meetings. Also called con- condition. vention centre 71 consolidator conference facilities kɒnf ə rəns fə congestion charge kən d estʃən conference facilities / ( ) | congestion charge / | silitiz/ plural noun facilities for confer- tʃɑd / noun a charge that has to be paid by ences, e.g. large halls, loudspeakers and motorists who wish to drive into an area video systems, as well as catering and where there is a lot of traffic, e.g. the centre accommodation for large numbers of dele- of London gates congress / kɒŋ res/ noun a meeting of a conference organiser organiser / kɒnf(ə)rəns group of people ć the annual congress of the ɔ ənaizə/ noun somebody whose job is to society ć This year’s party congress will be organise conferences held in Blackpool. connect conference phone kə nekt conference phone / kɒnf(ə)rəns fəυn/ connect / | / verb to link one person noun a telephone so arranged that several or thing with another ć The hotel is con- people can speak into it from around a table nected to a major European hotel chain. ˽ conference room room / kɒnf(ə)rəns rum/ the flight from New York connects with a noun a room where small meetings can take flight to Athens the plane from New York place. Also called meeting room arrives in time for passengers to catch the conference sales manager plane to Athens conference sales manager connecting kə nektiŋ ˽ / kɒnf(ə)rəns seilz m nid ə/ noun connecting / | / adjective 1. connecting rooms rooms which are next HOTELS somebody in charge of organising door to each other and have a door which conferences held in a hotel ˽ conference timetable connects them 2. connecting flight or conference timetable / kɒnf(ə)rəns taimteib ə l train a plane or train that passengers will be ( ) / noun a list of speakers or on time to catch and that will take them to events at a conference their next destination ć Check at the helicop- conference venue conference venue / kɒnf(ə)rəns ter desk for connecting flights to the city cen- venju/ noun a place where a conference is tre. ć There are no connecting trains to Hal- being held ifax after 10.00 p.m. configuration kən fi jə reiʃ ə n connection | | kə nekʃən configuration / ( ) / noun connection / | / noun 1. TRAVEL AIR TRAVEL the layout of the seats in an air- a plane or train that passengers will be on craft time to catch and that will take them to their configure kən fi ə configure / | / verb AIR TRAVEL to next destination 2. something that joins two plan the layout of seats in an aircraft things together or associates one thing with ‘…the economy class was configured 3–4–3 and another 3. ˽ in connection with referring to both seat pitch and legroom were comfortable’ ć I want to speak to the restaurant manager [Business Traveller] in connection with the service. confirm kən fm connections | kə nekʃ ə nz confirm / / noun to make some- connections / | ( ) / plural noun thing definite or to tell someone that some- people you know ˽ he has connections in thing is certain to happen ć I am writing to the theatre he has friends or knows people confirm the booking made by telephone. ć who work in the theatre The dates of the concerts have been con- conserve / kɒnsv/ noun a food consist- firmed by the pop group’s tour manager. ing of fruit in a thick sugar syrup, like jam confirmation kɒnfə meiʃən confirmation / | / noun the but less firmly set and usually containing act of making something definite ˽ confir- larger pieces of fruit consolidate kən sɒlideit mation of a booking the act of telling some- consolidate / | / verb 1. one that you definitely intend to take a flight TRAVEL to group bookings made in different or hotel room that you have previously travel agencies together 2. BUSINESS to booked ˽ he received confirmation from group several items from different suppliers the hotel that the deposit had been together to make one shipment ć The ship- received he was told by letter or by phone ment to India is being consolidated, and will that the hotel had definitely received the leave Southampton Docks on Tuesday. deposit consolidation kən sɒli deiʃ ə n consolidation / | | ( ) / noun confit confit / kɒnfi/ noun meat such as goose, 1. TRAVEL the grouping together of ticket duck or pork that has been cooked and pre- bookings from different travel agencies 2. served in its own fat BUSINESS the grouping together of items congestion kən d estʃən congestion / | / noun a state from different suppliers into one large ship- in which there are too many people or vehi- ment consolidator kən sɒlideitə cles in the space available and movement is consolidator / | / noun AIR difficult ć Flights have been delayed TRAVEL a company which groups together because of congestion at London Airport. bookings made by various agencies so as to consommé 72 consumption kən smpʃ ə n get cheaper group fares on ordinary sched- consumption / | ( ) / noun 1. uled flights the act of consuming ć The consumption of ‘…airline consolidators which sell scheduled air- alcohol on the premises is not allowed. ˽ not line tickets at greatly reduced prices are basically for human consumption not to be eaten by seen by many as the acceptable face of bucket people ć The meat was condemned as unfit shops’ [The Sunday Times] consommé kɒn sɒmei for human consumption. 2. the quantity con- / | / noun FOOD consommé a sumed ć a car with low petrol consumption clear soup made from meat, poultry, fish or ć The hotel has a heavy consumption of gas. ć vegetables Many of the passengers were contact kɒnt kt ill, and could only eat a little chicken con- contact / / noun 1. somebody sommé. ć For a change, add some sherry to whom you know and whom you can ask for your beef consommé. help or advice ć He has many contacts in the ć consortium kən sɔtiəm city. Who is your contact in the Ministry of consortium / | / noun HOTELS Tourism? 2. the act of communicating with a group of companies such as independent someone ˽ I have lost contact with them I hotels which work together (NOTE: The plu- do not communicate with them any longer ˽ ral form is consortia.) constructive dismissal he put me in contact with a good lawyer he kən strktiv constructive dismissal / | introduced me to a good lawyer í verb to dis mis ə l | ( ) / noun a situation where an write to someone or talk to them on the tele- employee does not leave his or her job volun- phone ć He tried to contact his office by tarily but because of pressure from the man- phone. ć Can you contact the courier at the agement airport? consul consul / kɒnsəl/ noun a representative of a container terminal kən teinə container terminal /| country in another country, dealing with tmin(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS an area questions relating to nationals of his or her of a harbour where container ships are own country and issuing visas for foreigners loaded or unloaded who wish to enter it ć the British Consul in contaminant kən t minənt contaminant / | / noun a ı Lisbon ambassador ć consular substance that contaminates This is one of kɒnsjυlə consular / / adjective referring the contaminants of our drinking water. to a consul ć The consular offices are open contaminate kən t mineit ˽ contaminate / | / verb to every weekday. consular agent a person make something impure by touching it or by with the duties of a consul in a small foreign adding something to it ć Supplies of drinking town consulate water were contaminated by refuse from the kɒnsjυlət consulate / / noun the house or factories. ć A whole group of tourists fell ill office of a consul ć There will be a party at after eating contaminated food. the consulate on National Day. ć The consu- contamination kən t mi neiʃ ə n contamination /| | ( ) / late is closed on Sundays. ć Members of the noun 1. the act of making something impure consulate staff visited the accident victims in by touching it or by adding something to it 2. hospital. ı embassy CATERING a state of impurity caused by the COMMENT: Consulates deal with adminis- trative details, such as passports and presence of substances that are harmful to visas, but also look after their own nation- living organisms ć We examine items of food als when they are in trouble, for instance for damage and possible signs of contamina- when they lose their money, get arrested, tion. etc. content / kɒntent/ noun the amount of consul-general consul-general / kɒnsəl d en(ə)rəl/ something which is contained in a substance noun the main consul, who supervises sev- ć These foods have a high starch content. ć eral staff, or several consuls, in different Dried fruit has a higher sugar content than parts of the country fresh fruit. consumables contents insurance kən| sjuməb ə lz kɒntents in consumables / ( ) / plural contents insurance / | noun things which are bought and used, such ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE an insurance policy as stationery, food and drink which covers damage to or theft of items consume kən sjum consume / | / verb to use some- kept in a building thing, especially to eat food ć The guests continent / kɒntinənt/ noun 1. one of the consumed over 100 hamburgers. seven large land areas in the world, e.g. consumer protection kən sjumə prə ˽ consumer protection / | | Africa or Europe 2. the Continent (in Brit- tekʃən/ noun BUSINESS actions that are ain) the rest of Europe from the point of view intended to make sure that people are not of Great Britain itself, which is an island ˽ cheated by unfair or illegal manufacturers or on the Continent in Europe ć When you traders drive on the Continent remember to drive on 73 control tower the right. ˽ to the Continent to Europe ć contract law law / kɒntr kt lɔ/ noun the They go to the Continent on holiday each laws relating to private agreements year, sometimes to France, sometimes to contract of employment of employment / kɒntr kt əv im plɔimənt Switzerland. | / noun a contract between continental kɒnti nent ə l continental / | ( ) / adjective 1. employer and employee showing what rights referring to a continent 2. referring to or typ- and duties each of them has contractor kən tr ktə ical of Europe excluding the United King- contractor / | / noun somebody dom ć We’ve decided to take a continental who carries out a particular job in accord- holiday this year. ance with a signed agreement contract rate continental breakfast breakfast / kɒntinent(ə)l contract rate / kɒntr kt reit/ noun a brekfəst/ noun CATERING a light breakfast special rate received by large companies of coffee, chocolate or tea, with rolls, which regularly use a particular hotel chain croissants or bread contract rooms rooms / kɒntr kt rumz/ plu- continental climate climate / kɒntinent(ə)l ral noun rooms which are used regularly by klaimət/ noun a climate of hot dry sum- a company and so are available at a dis- mers and very cold winters ć Germany has a counted rate contracts manager continental climate which is quite different contracts manager / kɒntr kts from ours in Britain. m nid ə/ noun the manager who deals continental plan kɒnti nent ə l pl n with the contracts for such things as catering continental plan / | ( ) / noun US HOTELS and cleaning a hotel tariff including control kən trəυl accommodation and a continental breakfast control / | / noun the power to keep continental quilt kɒnti nent ə l somebody or something in order or to be continental quilt / | ( ) ˽ kwilt able to direct them under control kept in / noun same as duvet ć contingency plan check Expenses are kept under tight con- kən tind ənsi pl n contingency plan / | / trol. ć The police tried to keep the soccer noun a plan which will be put into action if fans under control. ˽ out of control not kept something happens that no one expects to in check ć The fans have got out of control. happen. Also called emergency plan ć Planning authorities have allowed the contingency reserve kən tind ənsi ri í contingency reserve / | | hotel building boom to get out of control. zv/ noun money set aside in case it is verb 1. ˽ to control a business to have the needed urgently. Also called emergency power to decide what a business will do ć plan The business is controlled by a company contraband contraband / kɒntrəb nd/ noun ˽ con- based in Luxembourg. ć The tour company is traband (goods) goods brought into a coun- controlled by its majority shareholder which try illegally, without paying customs duty is a hotel group. 2. to keep something or contract somebody in order or to limit what they are contract / kɒntr kt/ noun a legal agree- allowed to do ć Police tried to control the ć ment between two parties I asked the oper- tourists. ć ations manager to draw up a contract. We control button kən trəυl bt ə n signed the contract last week. ˽ the contract control button / | ( ) / is binding on both parties both parties sign- noun a button that switches on a machine or ing the contract must do what is agreed ˽ a radio or TV set, or allows you to control how the machine operates under contract bound by the terms of a con- controlled atmosphere packaging ć The firm is under contract to deliver controlled atmosphere packaging tract kən trəυld tməsfiə p kid iŋ the goods by November. / | / noun contract caterer kɒntr kt keitərə CATERING the packaging of foods in sealed contract caterer / / containers filled with a mixture of air and noun CATERING a company that provides other gases, which allows a longer shelf-life food and drink under the terms of a contract controlled temperature storage kən contract catering controlled temperature storage / | kɒntr kt keitəriŋ contract catering / / trəυld tempritʃə stɔrid / noun CATER- noun CATERING the work of providing food ING the storage of food at temperatures and drink under the terms of a contract between –1°C and +4°C contract cleaner kɒntr kt klinə controller kən trəυlə contract cleaner / / controller / | / noun BUSINESS noun BUSINESS a company that cleans e.g. somebody who controls something, espe- offices or public buildings under the terms of cially the finances of a company a contract control tower kən trəυl taυə control tower / | / noun AIR contract cleaning contract cleaning / kɒntr kt kliniŋ/ TRAVEL a high building at an airport, which noun the work of cleaning offices, public houses the radio operators who direct planes buildings etc., under the terms of a contract on landing or takeoff convenience 74 convenience kən viniəns ˽ cook chill convenience / | / noun at cook chill, cook freeze noun CATERING your earliest convenience as soon as you methods of preparing food for preserving, find it possible where the food is cooked to a particular tem- convenience food kən viniəns fud convenience food / | / perature and then chilled or frozen cook-chill noun CATERING food which is prepared and cook-chill / kυk tʃil/ adjective CATERING cooked before it is sold, so that it needs only referring to food that is cooked, packaged heating to be made ready to eat and refrigerated, and then reheated before convenience store kən viniəns stɔ convenience store / | / serving cooked noun a small store selling food or household cooked /kυkt/ adjective CATERING heated goods that is open until late at night or even to prepare it for eating ć The children seem 24 hours a day to prefer raw carrots to cooked ones. ć The convenient kən viniənt convenient / | / adjective suit- meat isn’t cooked enough – it’s tough. cooked breakfast able, handy ć A bank draft is a convenient cooked breakfast / kυkt brekfəst/ way of sending money abroad. ć Is 9.30 a noun FOOD a breakfast that includes cooked convenient time for the meeting? food, e.g. bacon, eggs and sausages conveniently kən viniəntli cooker conveniently / | / adverb cooker / kυkə/ noun CATERING a device handily ć The hotel is conveniently situated for cooking food, which runs on gas, elec- next to the railway station. tricity, charcoal, etc. ć Each suite has a convention kən venʃən convention / | / noun 1. a gen- kitchen with a fridge, a dishwasher and a eral meeting of an association or political small gas cooker. Also called stove party ć They are holding their annual con- cookery / kυk(ə)ri/ noun the act of pre- vention in Chicago. 2. a formal agreement paring food or a style of preparing food ć between several countries ć an international French provincial cookery ć He’s decided to convention on human rights go to cookery classes. convention centre kən venʃ ə n cookery book convention centre / | ( ) cookery book / kυk(ə)ri bυk/ noun a sentə/ noun same as conference centre book of recipes, showing how dishes should conversion kən vʃ ə n ć conversion / | ( ) / noun the act be prepared The restaurant sells a cookery of changing something into something else book, written by the chef. conversion price kən vʃ ə n prais cookie kυki conversion price / | ( ) /, cookie / / noun US BREAD, ETC. a kən vʃ ə n reit conversion rate / | ( ) / noun small hard sweet biscuit, made of flour, FINANCE the rate at which a currency is water, sugar and other flavourings cooking changed into a foreign currency cooking / kυkiŋ/ noun CATERING 1. the convert kən vt ć convert / | / verb FINANCE to change act of preparing food, usually by heating money of one country for money of another The cooking in this restaurant is first-class. ć ć We converted our pounds into Swiss He does the cooking, while his wife serves in francs. the restaurant. 2. a particular style of prepar- convertibility kən vtə biləti ing food ć The restaurant specialises in convertibility / | | / noun FINANCE the ability to exchange one currency French provincial cooking. ć A wok is used for another easily for stir-fry cooking. cooking apple convertible kən vtəb ə l cooking apple / kυkiŋ p(ə)l/ noun convertible / | ( ) / noun ROAD TRAVEL a car with a roof that can be folded FRUIT a sour apple which is used for cooking, back or removed ć You can hire a small con- with sugar. Also called baking apple vertible for $100 a day. cooking fat fat / kυkiŋ f t/, cooking oil convertible currency kən vtəb ə l noun CATERING refined oil used in frying, convertible currency / | ( ) krənsi/ noun FINANCE a currency which roasting, baking, etc. cooking pot can easily be exchanged for another cooking pot / kυkiŋ pɒt/ noun CATERING cook cook /kυk/ CATERING noun somebody who a pot used for cooking cool prepares food in a restaurant ć He worked as cool /kul/ adjective quite cold ć Wines a cook in a pub during the summer. í verb to should be stored in a cool cellar. ć It gets heat food in order to prepare it for eating ć cool in the evenings in September. í noun a The meat is cooked for six hours in a clay colder area which is pleasant ć After the heat oven. of the square, it is nice to sit in the cool of the cookbook / kυkbυk/ noun same as cook- monastery garden. í verb to make some- ery book ć I gave her an Indian cookbook thing cool, or to become cool ć It is best to for her birthday. ć If you’re not sure how use a blast chiller to cool hot food rapidly. long to cook turkey, look it up in the cook- cool box box / kul bɒks/, cool bag noun book. CATERING an insulated container for keeping 75 corporate guests
corned beef food and drink cool, e.g. on a picnic. Also corned beef / kɔnd bif/ noun MEAT called esky (NOTE: The Australian English beef that has been salted and usually canned is esky.) corned beef hash beef hash / kɔnd bif h ʃ/ cooler cooler / kulə/ noun a device or machine noun US FOOD a dish made of corned beef, which cools ć It’s going to be a hot day, so onions and mashed potatoes, cooked in the you had better put the food for the picnic in oven the cooler. ć A wine cooler will keep white corner / kɔnə/ noun a place where two wine at the right temperature. ć The pantry streets or two walls join ć The Post Office is has a 3-door cooler. on the corner of the High Street and London copilot copilot / kəυpailət/ noun AIR TRAVEL a Road. second pilot in an aircraft, who helps the corner room room / kɔnə rum/ noun a room captain ć When the pilot felt ill, his copilot situated at the corner of a building took over the controls. corner seat seat / kɔnə sit/ noun a seat in coq au vin au vin / kɒk əυ v n/ noun a dish of the corner chicken cooked in red wine with other ingre- corner shop shop / kɔnə ʃɒp/ noun a small, dients privately owned, general store in a town, cordial / kɔdiəl/ noun a fruit drink, espe- often on a street corner cially one that is sold in concentrated form corner table table / kɔnə teib(ə)l/ noun and diluted with water CATERING a table in a corner of a restaurant, cordon bleu bleu / kɔdɒn bl/ adjective popular because it is more intimate cornet CATERING top-quality, done or working to a cornet / kɔnit/ noun FOOD same as cone very high standard ć a cordon bleu chef cornflakes / kɔnfleiks/ plural noun core core /kɔ/ noun the central part of a fruit FOOD a breakfast cereal, made of flat crisp such as an apple or pear í verb CATERING to pieces of corn, eaten with milk and sugar remove the core from something such as an cornflour / kɔnflaυə/, cornstarch US apple or pear ć Peel and core the apples / kɔnstɑtʃ/ noun FOOD a powdery flour before putting them in the oven. made from maize, used to thicken sauces corer corer / kɔrə/ noun a special knife for Cornish pasty pasty / kɔniʃ p sti/ noun removing the core from an apple or other FOOD a pie of meat and potatoes wrapped in fruit pastry, a common food in pubs coriander kɒri ndə corn oil coriander / | / noun SAUCES, corn oil / kɔn ɔil/ noun FOOD an edible oil ETC. an aromatic plant whose seeds, green made from corn leaves and roots are used in cookery (NOTE: corn on the cob on the cob / kɔn ɒn ðə kɒb/ noun The US term is cilantro.) VEGETABLES a piece of maize, with seeds on cork cork /kɔk/ noun BARS a piece of soft bark it, served hot, with butter and salt corn syrup from a cork oak tree, used to close a bottle ć corn syrup / kɔn sirəp/ noun FOOD a She pulled the cork out of the bottle. sweet liquid made from corn corkage corkage / kɔkid / noun CATERING a pay- corporate / kɔp(ə)rət/ adjective relating ment made by a customer to a restaurant, for to a company permission to bring his or her own wine and corporate card card / kɔp(ə)rət kɑd/ noun have it opened by the wine waiter (NOTE: FINANCE a credit card which belongs to a The US English is cork charge.) company, and is used by an individual corked corked /kɔkt/ adjective 1. with a cork in employee it 2. BEVERAGES tasting of vinegar, because corporate catering catering / kɔp(ə)rət of a dirty or faulty cork keitəriŋ/ noun BUSINESS catering for busi- corkscrew corkscrew / kɔkskru/ noun BARS a ness guests, organised by a catering com- device for taking corks out of bottles ć I’ve pany for a large corporation forgotten the corkscrew – how can we open corporate client client / kɔp(ə)rət klaiənt/ the bottle? noun a company that is a client of a hotel, corky corky / kɔki/ adjective BEVERAGES same restaurant or airline as corked 2 corporate entertaining entertaining / kɔp(ə)rət corn kɔn entə teiniŋ corn / / noun FOOD maize, a cereal | / noun BUSINESS arrangements which is used to make flour and of which the made by a company to entertain its business seeds are also eaten guests corn cob corporate guests corn cob / kɔn kɒb/ noun VEGETABLES a corporate guests / kɔp(ə)rət ests/ woody stem of maize, to which the seeds are plural noun businesspeople visiting e.g. a attached hotel corporate hospitality 76
corporate hospitality cot corporate hospitality / kɔp(ə)rət cot /kɒt/ noun a child’s bed with sides. ı hɒspi t liti | / noun free entertainment carrycot offered by a company to important custom- cottage / kɒtid / noun a little house in the ers or trading partners, e.g. at major sporting country events ć Corporate hospitality is a fast grow- cottage cheese cheese / kɒtid tʃiz/ noun ing sector. DAIRY mild white cheese formed into soft corporate rate corporate rate / kɔp(ə)rət reit/ noun a grains, which is made from skimmed milk special rate for people travelling on business and so has a very low fat content corporate travel corporate travel / kɔp(ə)rət tr v(ə)l/ cottage holiday holiday / kɒtid hɒlidei/ noun noun TRAVEL travel on business by execu- TOURISM a holiday spent in a small cottage in tives of a large company, paid for and organ- the country cottage pie ised by the company cottage pie / kɒtid pai/ noun FOOD COMMENT: Very large companies may minced beef cooked in a dish with a layer of employ the services of a single travel mashed potatoes on top. Compare shep- agency, and that agency may have an office in the company headquarters. herd’s pie cottager corporation tax kɔpə reiʃ ə n t ks cottager / kɒtəd ə/ noun a holidaymaker corporation tax / | ( ) / who stays at a small holiday home in the noun BUSINESS a tax on profits made by country or beside the sea companies cotton candy corridor cotton candy / kɒtən k ndi/ noun US corridor / kɒridɔ/ noun a long, narrow FOOD thin threads of melted sugar which are passage ć The toilets are the second door on spun in a drum and sold as a mass attached to the left at the end of the corridor. ć cos a stick stalls at the fair selling cold drinks kəz cos / / noun VEGETABLES a type of let- and cotton candy (NOTE: The British English tuce with long stiff dark green leaves. Also is candyfloss.) called romaine couchette ku ʃet | cost couchette / / noun RAIL TRAVEL a cost /kɒst/ noun the amount of money sleeping berth on a train, usually separated which has to be paid for something ć What is from others by a curtain or light partition ć cough the cost of a first-class ticket to New York? cough /kɒf/ noun a sound made when Travel costs are falling each year. ć We can- somebody has an irritation in the throat and not afford the cost of two separate rooms. í air is sent out of the lungs suddenly ć He verb to have a price ć How much does the gave a little cough to attract the waitress’s ć camera cost? This cloth costs £10 a metre. attention. ć She has a bad cough and cannot cost analysis kɒst ə n ləsis cost analysis / | / noun make the speech. í verb to send air out of the BUSINESS an examination in advance of how lungs suddenly because the throat is irritated much it will cost to make a new product ć The smoke made him cough. ć He has a cost-benefit analysis kɒst benifit ə cost-benefit analysis / | cold and keeps on coughing and sneezing. n ləsis/ noun BUSINESS analysis that com- coulis / kuli/ noun a thin purée of fruit or pares the costs and benefits of different ways vegetables used as a garnish counter of using available resources counter / kaυntə/ noun 1. BUSINESS a cost centre cost centre / kɒst sentə/ noun BUSINESS long flat surface in a shop for displaying and a group or machine whose costs can be item- selling goods 2. BARS a similar long flat sur- ised and to which fixed costs can be allo- face in a bar ć She sat at the counter to eat cated her breakfast. costing counter service costing / kɒstiŋ/ noun BUSINESS the cal- counter service / kaυntə svis/ noun culation of a selling price, based on the costs 1. the serving of food to people sitting at a of making a product ć I can’t do the costing counter 2. CATERING same as cafeteria for the banquet until I have all the details of service what the client wants. counter staff staff / kaυntə stɑf/ noun staff cost plus cost plus / kɒst pls/ noun BUSINESS a who work behind a counter system of calculating a price, by taking the country / kntri/ noun 1. an area of land cost of production of goods or services and which has borders and governs itself ć The adding a percentage to cover the supplier’s insurance covers drivers driving in the coun- overheads and margin ć We are charging for tries of the EU. ć Some African countries the work on a cost plus basis. have tourist offices in London. (NOTE: The cost price cost price / kɒst prais/ noun BUSINESS a plural form is countries.) 2. land which is selling price that is the same as the price not near a town ć The tour is mainly in the which the seller paid for the item country, but with two nights in the town. ć 77 couscous Road travel is difficult in country areas. ˽ up from one place to another by car, motorcycle country in the interior of a country, usually or aircraft 2. TOURISM somebody who goes away from large towns ˽ ‘country style’ with a party of tourists to guide them on a words attached to various food products, package tour ć The courier met us at the air- which imply that the food is traditionally port. made when in fact it is mass-produced courier service service / kυriə svis/ noun 1. country club club / kntri klb/ noun a service provided by a person or company ENTERTAINMENT a club in the country, usu- taking messages and packages from one ally offering special sports facilities such as place to another by car, motorcycle or air- golf, horse riding, etc. craft 2. a service which provides a guide to country code code / kntri kəυd/ noun a go with a party of tourists to guide them on a number dialled after the international access package tour course code and before the area code when making course /kɔs/ noun 1. CATERING one part a call to another country of a meal ć a five-course meal ı main country house hotel kntri haυs həυ ć country house hotel / | course 2. a series of lessons She attended tel/ noun HOTELS a hotel which is in a large a course for junior hotel managers. ć The house in the country hotel offers weekend courses in watercolour country inn country inn, country pub noun BARS a painting. pub in the country COMMENT: A meal may have several country of origin courses: the first course (or starter), country of origin / kntri əv ɒrid in/ which can be soup or pâté or other noun BUSINESS the country where a product savoury food; the main course, with meat is manufactured or fish, served with vegetables; and the country park sweet course (or dessert) with puddings, country park / kntri pɑk/ noun ENTER- pies, ice cream, etc. Sometimes a meal TAINMENT an area in the countryside set aside can have four courses, with a separate for the public to visit and enjoy fish course as well as a meat course. countryside / kntrisaid/ noun the land More elaborate meals, such as banquets away from towns, with fields, woods and or gastronomic meals, can have five or more courses, with cheese being served ć the beautiful English countryside in farms as a separate course. ć spring The countryside is in danger of court kɔt being covered in new houses. (NOTE: There court / / noun SPORT an area where a is no plural form.) game of tennis or squash, etc., is played ć Countryside and Rights of Way Act The tennis courts are behind the hotel. Countryside and Rights of Way Act court bouillon kɔt bujɒn / kntrisaid ənd raits əv wei kt/ noun court bouillon / / noun an Act of Parliament passed in 2000, which FOOD a liquid used for poaching fish, made regulates access to open countryside, rights with water flavoured with vegetables, herbs of way on footpaths and bridleways, and the and wine or vinegar courteous supervision of Areas of Outstanding Natural courteous / ktiəs/ adjective very polite Beauty ć I found the hotel staff particularly courte- coupe coupe /kup/ noun 1. CATERING a wide flat ous. courtesy glass on a stem, used for serving ice cream courtesy / ktəsi/ noun politeness ć The and other sweets 2. FOOD ice cream or sor- hotel staff showed us every courtesy. ˽ by bet, served in a wide flat dish with a stem, courtesy of with the kind permission of ˽ sometimes with cream and sauces 3. CATER- courtesy bus, car, coach a bus, car or coach ING a wide flat glass for serving champagne that transports guests from the airport to a (NOTE: Champagne is more often served in hotel, a car park, etc., free of charge tall slim glasses, called ‘flutes’.) courtesy phone phone / ktəsi fəυn/ noun coupon ad coupon ad / kupɒn d/ noun MARKET- HOTELS a free telephone service, usually for ING an advertisement with a form attached, calling rooms within a hotel, for contacting a which is to be cut out and returned to the special service such as a central hotel reser- advertiser with your name and address for vation system or for calling a taxi further information courtyard / kɔtjɑd/ noun a small yard courgette kɔ et ć courgette / | / noun VEGETABLES the surrounded by buildings The hotel is built fruit of the marrow at a very immature stage round a courtyard with fountains and palm in its development, cut when green or yellow trees. ć There is a paved courtyard behind in colour and between 10 and 20 cm long the restaurant. courier couscous courier / kυriə/ noun 1. BUSINESS a person couscous / kuskus/ noun FOOD 1. or company taking messages or packages wheat flour in the form of granules which are cover 78
cracker cooked by steaming 2. a North African dish cracker / kr kə/ noun 1. BREAD, ETC. a of meat and vegetables stewed in a spicy dry unsweetened biscuit ć After the main sauce, served with steamed semolina course they served cheese and crackers. 2. ˽ cover cover / kvə/ noun 1. ˽ under cover under (Christmas) cracker a colourful paper tube a roof, not in the open air ć If it rains the buf- which makes a little bang when it is pulled, fet will be served under cover. 2. ˽ to ask for given at Christmas parties ć We had mince additional cover to ask an insurance com- pies and pulled crackers. ć What did you get pany to increase the amount for which you in your cracker? – A paper hat and a puzzle. are insured ˽ to operate without adequate COMMENT: Christmas crackers have little cover to operate without being protected by presents inside them; usually folded paper insurance 3. CATERING (in a restaurant) a hats, small plastic toys and ‘mottoes’ place for a customer at a restaurant table, (pieces of paper with bad jokes written on them). with the cutlery and glasses already set out ć cradle a dinner for sixty covers ć He bought a fifty- cradle / kreid(ə)l/ noun CATERING a type cover restaurant. í verb 1. ˽ to cover a risk of basket with handles for holding a bottle of to insure against a risk ć The insurance cov- vintage red wine, so that the wine can be ers fire, theft and loss of work. ˽ to be fully served without holding the bottle upright and covered to have insurance against all risks ˽ the sediment is not disturbed
craft food the damage was covered by the insurance craft food / krɑft fud/ noun food that is the insurance company paid for the damage carefully prepared from high-quality ingre- 2. BUSINESS to have enough money to pay, or dients, as opposed to fast food to ask for security against a loan which you cramped kr mpt are making 3. BUSINESS to earn enough cramped / / adjective too small or money to pay for costs, expenses etc. ć We too close together ć On some aircraft, the do not make enough sales to cover the seating in tourist class can be very cramped. cranberry expense of running the shop. ć Breakeven cranberry / kr nb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a point is reached when sales cover all costs. wild red berry, used to make a sharp sweet ‘…we’re doing 700–800 covers a week’ [Caterer sauce ć She drank a glass of cranberry juice. & Hotelkeeper] cranberry sauce kr nb ə ri sɔs cover charge cranberry sauce / ( ) / kvə tʃɑd cover charge / / noun noun SAUCES, ETC. a sharp sweet red sauce, CATERING a charge in addition to the charge eaten with meat, in particular turkey for food crash kr ʃ covered market kvəd mɑkit crash / / noun 1. TRAVEL an accident in covered market / / noun a car, bus, coach, plane or train ć The car ENTERTAINMENT a market which is not in the was damaged in the crash. ć The plane crash open air, but with stalls or small shops in a killed all the passengers or All the passen- special building gers were killed in the plane crash. 2. a covering letter covering letter / kvəriŋ letə/ noun a financial collapse ć 250 travellers lost all letter sent with documents to say why they their money in the crash of the tour company. are being sent í verb 1. to hit something and be damaged ć cover note cover note / kvə nəυt/ noun a letter The plane crashed into the mountain. ć The from an insurance company giving details of truck crashed into the post office. 2. to col- an insurance policy and confirming that the lapse financially ć The tour company policy exists (NOTE: The US English for this crashed with debts of over £1 million. ć Two is binder.) groups of tourists were stranded when the crab crab /kr b/ noun 1. SEAFOOD an edible travel group crashed. crayfish ten-footed crustacean with large pincers, crayfish / kreifiʃ/ noun SEAFOOD a kind which walks sideways ć She ordered a crab of freshwater crustacean like a small lobster sandwich. 2. same as crabmeat (NOTE: The plural form is crayfish. The US crab apple crab apple / kr b p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT a English spelling is crawfish.) cream bitter wild apple used to make crab apple cream /krim/ noun 1. DAIRY the rich fat jelly part of milk 2. MEDICAL a medicinal oily sub- crabmeat crabmeat / kr bmit/ noun the flesh of a stance, used to rub on the skin í verb CATER- crab used as food ING to mix ingredients together until they crab stick crab stick / kr b stik/ noun a stick- form a smooth mixture cream cake shaped piece of processed fish that has been cream cake / krim keik/ noun BREAD, flavoured and coloured to resemble crab- ETC. any cake or pastry filled with whipped meat cream 79 crêpe suzette
cream cheese credit balance cream cheese / krim tʃiz/ noun DAIRY credit balance / kredit b ləns/ noun a soft smooth cheese which can be spread FINANCE a balance in an account, showing easily that more money has been received than is cream cheese and chives cheese and chives / krim owed by a person or company ć The account tʃiz ən tʃaivz/ noun FOOD chives, has a credit balance of £1,000. credit card chopped and mixed with cream cheese to credit card / kredit kɑd/ noun FINANCE a form a spread plastic card which allows you to borrow cream cracker cream cracker / krim kr kə/ noun a money and to buy goods without paying for them immediately crisp savoury biscuit usually eaten with credit card sale kredit kɑd seil cheese credit card sale / / creamed potatoes krims pə teitəυ noun FINANCE a transaction paid for by credit creamed potatoes / | / card plural noun FOOD same as mashed pota- credit entry kredit entri toes credit entry / / noun creamer krimə FINANCE an entry on the credit side of an creamer / / noun a cream substi- account tute, used especially in coffee or tea credit facilities kredit fə silitiz | cream horn credit facilities / / plural krim hɔn cream horn / / noun BREAD, noun BUSINESS an arrangement with a bank ETC. a cone of puff pastry filled with or supplier to have credit so as to buy goods whipped cream credit freeze freeze / kredit friz/, credit cream of asparagus soup krim əv ə cream of asparagus soup / | squeeze / kredit skwiz/ noun FINANCE a sp rə əs sup/ noun FOOD asparagus period when lending by banks is restricted soup with milk or cream added by the government cream of mushroom soup credit limit cream of mushroom soup / krim əv credit limit / kredit limit/ noun FINANCE mʃrum sup/ noun FOOD mushroom a fixed amount which is the most a customer soup with milk or cream added can owe on credit cream tea credit note cream tea / krim ti/ noun CATERING credit note / kredit nəυt/ noun FINANCE a afternoon tea, served with scones, thick note showing that money is owed to a cus- cream and jam tomer ć The company sent the wrong order crèche kreʃ and so had to issue a credit note. crèche / / noun a place where small credit rating children can be left by their parents, to be credit rating / kredit reitiŋ/ noun looked after by qualified staff ć The ship has FINANCE the amount which a credit agency a crèche for children over two years old. feels a customer should be allowed to borrow crème credit krem DAIRY credit / kredit/ noun 1. BUSINESS the time crème / / noun a French noun given to a customer before he or she has to meaning cream crème brûlée krem brulei pay ć to give someone six months’ credit ć to crème brûlée / / noun DES- sell on good credit terms ˽ he has exceeded SERTS a dessert of egg custard with a topping his credit limit he has borrowed more of caramelised sugar crème caramel krem k rə mel money than he is allowed to ˽ to open a line crème caramel / | / noun of credit or a credit line to make credit DESSERTS a dessert of egg custard topped available to someone ˽ on credit without with a thin sauce of browned sugar. It is usu- paying immediately ć We buy everything on ally served turned upside down onto the sixty days’ credit. ć The company exists on serving plate, though sometimes served in credit from its suppliers. 2. FINANCE money the bowl in which it is cooked. Also called received by a person or company and caramel custard crème fraîche recorded in the accounts ˽ account in credit crème fraîche / krem freʃ/ noun DAIRY an account where more money has been a form of slightly sour cream which keeps received than is owed well credit account kredit ə kaυnt creole kri ɒl credit account / | / noun creole / | / adjective FOOD referring to FINANCE an account that a customer has with food cooked in the spicy highly flavoured a shop which allows him or her to buy goods way associated with the French Creole peo- and pay for them later ć to open a credit ple of New Orleans, usually with tomatoes, account hot peppers, onions and rice credit agency crêpe credit agency / kredit eid ənsi/, credit crêpe /krep/ noun FOOD a thin pancake bureau / kredit bjυərəυ/ noun FINANCE a usually served rolled up or folded with a fill- company which reports on the creditworthi- ing crêpe suzette krep su zet ness of customers to show whether they crêpe suzette / | / noun a should be allowed credit pancake prepared with orange sauce and cress 80
croquet flambéed with an orange-flavoured liqueur croquet / krəυki/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a or brandy lawn game played with hoops, balls and mal- cress cress /kres/ noun VEGETABLES a plant lets ć Let’s have a game of croquet while the whose seedlings are used for salads, espe- weather is fine. ć The hotel has a swimming cially together with seedlings of mustard ć pool, and offers croquet and tennis. The sandwiches were served with a garnish COMMENT: Croquet is a game for two to of mustard and cress. ć We had egg and cress four players who try to hit a ball through a series of small metal hoops using a long ı mustard and cress, water- sandwiches. mallet, and finish by hitting a stake; shots cress are taken in turn, but bonus shots are crew crew /kru/ noun TRAVEL a group of people earned by hitting the ball through the hoop who work on a plane, ship, etc. ć The ship or by hitting an opponent’s ball with your own. carries a crew of 250. í verb to form the croquet lawn crew for a boat, plane, etc. ć Fully-crewed croquet lawn / krəυki lɔn/ noun ENTER- yacht charters are also available. TAINMENT a special lawn set out with hoops crew rest seat kru rest sit for playing croquet crew rest seat / / noun AIR croquette krɒ ket TRAVEL a seat on an aircraft for the use of a croquette / | / noun FOOD a small member of the crew during a long flight ball or cake of mashed potato, minced meat, crime prevention kraim pri venʃ ə n vegetables or fish, covered with bread- / | / crime prevention ( ) crumbs and fried ć Steak is served with cro- noun actions to stop crime being committed, quette potatoes. e.g. fitting burglar alarms and window locks cross krɒs ć crisp / / verb Concorde krisp cross to go across crisp / / adjective hard, able to be bro- took only three hours to cross the Atlantic. ć ken into pieces and making a noise when you To get to the bank, you turn left and cross the bite it ć These biscuits are not crisp any street at the post office. more, they have gone soft. í noun FOOD a cross- cross- /krɒs/ prefix across ć cross-harbour thin slice of potato, fried till crisp and eaten ć ferry services cold as a snack We always take packets of cross-channel krɒs tʃ n ə l crisps with us on picnics. (NOTE: The US cross-channel / ( ) / adjec- English is potato chip.) tive across the English Channel cross-channel ferry crispy bacon krɒs tʃ n ə l crispy bacon / krispi beikən/ noun cross-channel ferry / ( ) feri/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a ferry which MEAT thin slices of bacon, fried or grilled until they are hard and crisp takes passengers or vehicles between Eng- critic land and France critic / kritik/ noun ENTERTAINMENT some- cross-channel services cross-channel services / krɒs body who examines something and com- tʃ n(ə)l svisiz/ plural noun SHIPS AND ments on it, especially somebody who writes BOATS ferry, hovercraft or hydrofoil services comments on new plays, films or restaurants ć across the English Channel The restaurant was cross-contamination for a newspaper krɒs kən t mi praised by all the critics. ć She has been the cross-contamination / | | neiʃ ə n restaurant critic of the ‘Standard’ for the last ( ) / noun CATERING contamination twenty years. from one type of food to another and back ć criticise kritisaiz again Cover and store fresh and raw foods criticise / /, criticize verb to separately to avoid the risk of cross-contam- make an unfavourable comment about some- ination. one or something, or to say that something or cross-country / krɒs kntri/ adjective someone is wrong or is working badly, etc. ć cross-country The manager criticised the receptionist for across the country, not necessarily following ć paths not being polite to the guests. The design of cross-country skiing the new restaurant has been criticised. cross-country skiing / krɒs kntri criticism skiiŋ kritisiz ə m / noun SPORT skiing for long dis- criticism / ( ) / noun an unfa- tances following marked tracks across coun- vourable comment crockery try, as opposed to downhill skiing. Also crockery / krɒkəri/ noun plates, cups and called XC skiing saucers, etc. crossed cheque cheque / krɒst tʃek/ noun croissant croissant / kw sɒŋ/ noun BREAD, ETC. a FINANCE a cheque with two lines across it rolled pastry, made in the shape of a crescent showing that it can only be deposited at a moon, often served at breakfast bank and not exchanged for cash croissanterie croissanterie / kw sɒntəri/ noun crossed line line / krɒst lain/ noun a situa- CATERING a snack bar serving hot croissants tion when two telephone conversations get with various fillings mixed 81 Crustacea
crossing cruise crossing / krɒsiŋ/ noun the act of going cruise /kruz/ noun TOURISM a holiday across water ć The crossing was rough consisting of a long journey in a ship, stop- because of the storm. ć We had a good cross- ping at different places ć They went on a ing, and sat on the deck most of the time. winter cruise to the Caribbean. ć The cruise cross-training / krɒs treiniŋ/ noun takes us round the Mediterranean. í verb 1. training in the work of several different SHIPS AND BOATS to sail from place to place departments of an organisation for pleasure ć They spent May cruising in the crouton Aegean. ć The ship cruised from island to crouton / krutɒn/, croûton noun BREAD, island. 2. to go along at a regular speed ETC. a small piece of fried or toasted bread, cruise holiday served with soup or as part of a salad cruise holiday / kruz hɒlidei/ noun a crowd kraυd ć holiday that is spent taking a cruise crowd / / noun a mass of people cruise line kruz lain Crowds of people were queuing to get into cruise line / / noun a company the exhibition. ć If you travel early, you will offering cruises in large luxurious liners cruise liner avoid the crowds of Christmas shoppers. cruise liner / kruz lainə/, cruise ship crowded kruz ʃip crowded / kraυdid/ adjective 1. with / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS a ship ć which takes holidaymakers on cruises many people The Oxford Street shops are cruiser always crowded in the week before Christ- cruiser / kruzə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a mas. ć The airport was crowded with holi- small motorboat, with cabins, which goes on daymakers. 2. busy ć We have a crowded rivers or lakes cruising altitude itinerary. cruising altitude / kruziŋ ltitjud/ ‘…recent snow shortages have meant that areas noun AIR TRAVEL the usual height at which a which have had good snow have become espe- plane is flying cially crowded’ [Sunday Times] crumb /krm/ noun a small piece that has crown crown /kraυn/ noun 1. a gold and jewelled broken off some dry food such as bread, cake headdress for a king, queen, emperor, etc. ć or biscuits ć After the meal, the waiters The crown of St Wenceslas is in Prague brushed the crumbs from the table. ć The cathedral. 2. (rating system) an indicator of table was covered with crumbs. (NOTE: To quality ć The hotel rates three crowns in the show different types of crumbs, you can guide. 3. the monarchy ˽ the Crown Jewels say breadcrumbs, cake crumbs, etc.) jewels belonging to the British monarch, crumb down down / krm daυn/ verb to which are on display in the Tower of London remove crumbs from the tablecloth between COMMENT: The rating system formerly courses used by the English Tourism Council for COMMENT: Crumbing down can be done the facilities offered by hotels, bed and with a special brush, but is often done by breakfasts and boarding houses was flicking or wiping the table with the service shown by crowns. cloth. crown cap kraυn k p crumble crown cap / / noun BARS a crumble / krmbəl/ noun DESSERTS a metal bottle cap with a soft lining dessert made of fruit covered with a cake crown roast crown roast / kraυn rəυst/ noun MEAT a mixture of flour, fat and sugar dish of lamb, formed of two pieces of best crumpet / krmpit/ noun a flat bun with end of neck, tied together to form a shape small holes in its surface that is eaten toasted like a crown with butter CRS CRS abbreviation TRAVEL computer reser- crush /krʃ/ verb to reduce fruit or vegeta- vation system bles to juice and pulp by pressing í noun cru cru /kru/ noun BEVERAGES used to refer to BEVERAGES a drink containing the juice from a classified or named vineyard, or an appel- crushed fruit crushed ice lation contrôlée wine from that vineyard crushed ice / krʃt ais/ noun CATERING (NOTE: cru comes from the French noun ice which has been broken into very small meaning ‘growth’.) pieces, used to cool dishes set out on a serv- crudités / kruditei/ plural noun small ing table crust pieces of raw vegetables e.g. carrots and crust /krst/ noun 1. BREAD, ETC. the hard cucumber, eaten as an appetiser or snack, outer part of a loaf of bread or of a roll or of often with a dip a slice of bread ć a plate of cucumber sand- cruet cruet / kruit/ noun CATERING a set of con- wiches with the crusts cut off 2. FOOD the tainers for salt, pepper, mustard, etc., which pastry top of a pie ć The crust of the pie had is put on the table, or kept on a special stand sagged in the middle. Crustacea ć krs teiʃə Can you pass me the cruet, please? Com- Crustacea / | / noun a class of pare condiment animals which have hard shells which are crustacean 82 shed periodically as the animals grow, e.g. cupboard / kbəd/ noun a large piece of crabs or lobsters furniture with shelves and doors, or an crustacean kr steiʃ ə n alcove in a wall with shelves and doors crustacean / | ( ) / noun SEA- cup cakes FOOD an animal with a hard shell, usually liv- cup cakes / kp keiks/ plural noun ing in the sea, e.g. a lobster, crab or shrimp ć BREAD, ETC. little individual cakes baked in The crayfish is a freshwater crustacean. special paper cups curd crusty loaf kd crusty loaf / krsti ləυf/ noun BREAD, curd / / noun DAIRY the solid substance ETC. a loaf with a particularly hard crust formed when milk coagulates, which is used cryogenic freezing kraiəd enik for making cheese. Compare whey cryogenic freezing / curd cheese kd tʃiz friziŋ/ noun freezing to very low tempera- curd cheese / / noun US DAIRY tures same as cottage cheese curdle crystallised fruit curdle / kd(ə)l/ verb CATERING to make crystallised fruit / kristəlaizd frut/ food, especially milk products, go sour noun FOOD fruit that has been preserved by curds kdz soaking in a strong sugar solution curds / / plural noun DAIRY same as CSQ curd CSQ abbreviation customer service ques- cure kjυə tionnaire cure / / verb CATERING to preserve fish í cubic measure or meat by salting or smoking noun MEDI- kjubik me ə cubic measure / / noun CAL a particular way of making someone volume in cubic feet or metres, calculated by well or of stopping an illness ć Some doctors multiplying height, width and length believe that acupuncture is a good cure for cucumber cucumber / kjukmbə/ noun VEGETA- arthritis. BLES a long cylindrical green vegetable used COMMENT: Meat is cured by keeping it in in salads or for pickling brine or dry salt for some time; both salting and smoking have a dehydrating effect on COMMENT: Cucumber is usually sliced thinly, and can be used to make sand- the meat, preventing the reproduction and wiches. It is also used with mint and growth of microorganisms harmful to yoghurt to make tsatsiki. humans. cured ham cuisine kjυərd h m kwi zin cured ham / / noun MEAT cuisine / | / noun a style of cooking ham which has been soaked in salt water and ć Chinese cuisine is very different from then smoked ć European. The hotel restaurant serves currant / krənt/ noun FRUIT Lebanese cuisine. (NOTE: cuisine comes currant a small dried from the French noun meaning ‘kitchen’.) black grape ć fruit cake with currants, sul- ı culinary tanas and raisins in it blackcurrant, red- klin ə ri culinary / ( ) / adjective referring to currant ć cooking I’m no culinary expert but I love COMMENT: Currants are smaller and good food. ı Master of Culinary Arts blacker than raisins or sultanas; they are ‘…the college wishes to appoint a chef/manager all forms of dried grapes. currant bun to lead its small catering team in providing a high currant bun / krənt bn/ noun BREAD, quality service to students and staff. Good culi- nary skills and a financially aware approach to ETC. a bun with currants in it currency business are essential’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] currency / krənsi/ noun FINANCE money cultural cultural / kltʃər(ə)l/ adjective relating to in coins and notes which is used in a partic- the works of art produced by a particular ular country (NOTE: Currency has no plural nation or group of people or to their customs when it refers to the money of one country: and traditional way of life He was arrested trying to take currency out cultural travel kltʃər ə l tr v ə l of the country.) cultural travel / ( ) ( ) / ‘…the strong dollar’s inflationary impact on noun travel for the purpose of seeing works European economies, as national governments of art or learning about the traditions and struggle to support their sinking currencies and way of life of other nations push up interest rates’ [Duns Business Month] culture culture / kltʃə/ noun 1. the traditional ‘…today’s wide daily variations in exchange rates show the instability of a system based on a customs and way of life of a people or group single currency, namely the dollar’ [Economist] 2. artistic and intellectual activities currency converter krənsi kən currency converter / | cumin cumin / kjumin/ noun the seeds of a plant vtə/ a table or computer program that of the carrot family used as a spice enables you to calculate what the value of a cup cup /kp/ noun a container for drinking hot sum of money in one currency would be in liquids, always with a saucer ć I would like a another currency currency note cup of tea, please. ć She drank two cups of currency note / krənsi nəυt/ noun coffee. ć Tea is 50p a cup. FINANCE a bank note 83 customs barrier current / krənt/ noun a flow of water or ager, and he had placed them in the hotel electricity í adjective relating to the present safe. ć The hijacker was taken into police time ˽ current rate of exchange today’s custody on landing. custom rate of exchange custom / kstəm/ noun 1. BUSINESS the current account krənt ə kaυnt current account / | / noun use of a restaurant, hotel, bar or shop by reg- FINANCE an account in a bank from which the ular customers ˽ to lose someone’s custom customer can withdraw money when he or to do something which makes a regular cus- she wants by writing cheques ć to pay money tomer go to another restaurant, shop, etc. 2. into a current account Also called cheque something that people usually do, or have account done for a long time ć It’s an old Greek cus- current assets assets / krənt sets/ plural tom to smash plates at the end of a meal. custom-built noun BUSINESS assets used by a company in custom-built / kstəm bilt/, custom- its ordinary work, such as materials, finished made / kstəm meid/ adjective made spe- goods, cash, monies due etc., and which are cially for one customer ć He drives a cus- held for a short time only tom-built Rolls Royce. current liabilities krənt laiə bilitiz customer current liabilities / | / customer / kstəmə/ noun BUSINESS a plural noun BUSINESS debts that a company person or company that buys goods or serv- has to pay within the next accounting period ices ć The shop was full of customers. ć Can current price price / krənt prais/ noun the you serve this customer first, please? ć He is price that is being charged now a regular customer of ours. customer appeal curriculum vitae kstəmər ə pil kə rikjυləm vitai | curriculum vitae / | / customer appeal / / noun BUSINESS a summary of a person’s noun BUSINESS something which attracts career showing details of education and customers to a product work experience ć Candidates should send a customer care agent care agent / kstəmə keə letter of application with a curriculum vitae eid ənt/ noun a person whose job is to look to the human resources manager. Abbr CV after customers and ensure that they receive (NOTE: The plural form is curriculums satisfactory service vitae or curricula vitae. The US English is customer service department service department résumé.) kstəmə svis di pɑtmənt / | / noun BUSI- curried krid curried / / adjective CATERING NESS a department which deals with custom- served with a curry sauce ć a plate of curried ers and their complaints and orders ć customised lamb and rice curried prawns / kstəmaizd/ adjective curry customised curry / kri/ noun FOOD an Indian food specifically designed to meet the special prepared with spices ć We ordered a lamb requirements of a person or group curry. ć I want chicken curry and rice. customs kstəmz curry paste customs / / noun BUSINESS a kri peist curry paste / /, curry powder government department which organises the kri paυdə / / noun SAUCES, ETC. a hot collection of taxes on imports í plural noun spicy paste or powder, used to make Indian an office of this department at a port, airport dishes or national border ć He was stopped by cus- curtain curtain / ktən/ noun a long piece of toms. ć Her car was searched by customs. ˽ material hanging by hooks from a pole, cov- to go through customs to pass through the ering a window or door ć Can you close the area of a port or airport where customs offi- curtains, please? í verb ˽ to curtain off to cials examine goods ˽ to take something separate with a curtain ć The end of the din- through customs to carry something illegal ing room is curtained off to form a private through the customs area without declaring meeting room. ȣ to draw the curtains 1. to it ˽ the crates had to go through a customs open the curtains 2. to close the curtains ć examination the crates had to be examined Draw the curtains – it’s getting cold. by customs officials custard Customs and Excise custard / kstəd/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a Customs and Excise / kstəmz ən sweet yellow sauce made with milk and eksaiz/ noun BUSINESS a government powder of cornflour and vanilla department which deals with taxes on custard apple apple / kstəd p(ə)l/ noun imports, with taxes on products such as alco- FRUIT the sweet pulpy fruit of a tree grown in hol produced in the country, and also with the West Indies Value Added Tax custody / kstədi/ noun the state of being customs barrier barrier / kstəmz b riə/ looked after, kept or detained by somebody ć noun customs duty intended to prevent The jewels were in the custody of the man- imports customs duty 84
customs duty cutlet customs duty / kstəmz djuti/ noun cutlet / ktlət/ noun FOOD a flat cake of BUSINESS a tax paid on goods brought into or minced meat or fish, covered with bread- taken out of a country. Also called import crumbs and fried ć a veal cutlet cut of meat duty cut of meat / kt əv mit/ noun MEAT a customs entry point entry point / kstəmz entri piece of meat cut in a special way from a pɔint/ noun BUSINESS a place at a border larger piece cut-price between two countries or at an airport or cut-price / kt prais/ adjective MARKET- port, where goods are declared to customs ING sold at a cheaper price than usual ć cut- customs examination kstəmz i customs examination / | price goods ć cut-price petrol z mineiʃ ə n cutting board ( ) / noun BUSINESS an exami- cutting board / ktiŋ bɔd/ noun CATER- nation of goods or baggage by customs offi- ING same as chopping board cials cvs customs officer kstəmz ɒfisə cvs abbreviation CATERING covers customs officer / /, cus- cyclamate kstəmz ə fiʃ ə l cyclamate / saikləmeit/ noun CATERING toms official / | ( ) / noun somebody who works for the customs a sweetening substance used instead of customs union kstəmz junjən sugar, believed to be carcinogenic and customs union / / banned in the USA, UK and elsewhere as a noun BUSINESS an agreement between sev- food additive eral countries that goods can travel between cycle saik ə l them without paying duty, while goods from cycle / ( ) / noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL other countries have to pay special duties same as bicycle 2. a period during which cut something works or develops and then cut /kt/ verb 1. to remove pieces from returns to its starting point í verb to travel on something, or divide it into pieces, with a ć a bicycle knife He cut off two slices of ham. 2. to cycle hire saik ə l haiə damage the skin with something sharp ć She cycle hire / ( ) / noun the rental cut her hand opening the can. 3. to make of a bicycle for a period, paid for at a partic- lower ć They have cut the prices of tours. ˽ ular rate per hour, per half-day, per day or per to cut down on cigarettes or on expenses to week cycle path reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke cycle path / saik(ə)l pɑθ/ noun a special or the amount of money you spend path for cyclists ć There are thousands of cut in cut in / kt in/ verb CATERING to mix fat cycle paths in Holland. into flour using a metal blade cycling / saikliŋ/ noun the activity of rid- cutlery / ktləri/ noun knives, forks and ing on a bicycle ć to go on a cycling holiday cyclist spoons ć Can you put the cutlery out on the cyclist / saiklist/ noun somebody who tables, please. ć Airlines say that passengers rides a bicycle ć The police told the crowds often steal pieces of cutlery. to stand back as the cyclists were passing. D
d d abbreviation TRAVEL departs licensed for music and dancing a restaurant daily / deili/ adjective happening every day that has a special permit allowing music to ˽ a daily flight to Washington a flight be played for customers to dance to dance band which goes to Washington every day at the dance band / dɑns b nd/ noun ENTER- same time ˽ a daily newspaper, a daily a TAINMENT a band which plays music for newspaper that is produced every day dances dance floor daily room rate room rate / deili rum reit/ noun dance floor / dɑns flɔ/ noun ENTER- HOTELS the rate that is charged for staying in TAINMENT a specially polished floor for danc- a hotel room for one day or night ing on dangerous daiquiri / daik(ə)ri/ noun an iced cocktail dangerous / deind ərəs/ adjective likely made from rum, lemon or lime juice, and to cause injury or damage ć Tourists are sugar or syrup warned that it is dangerous to go out alone dairy / deəri/ noun a room or building at night. Danish pastry where butter and cheese are made í adjec- Danish pastry / deiniʃ peistri/, Danish tive 1. relating to or containing milk or milk / deiniʃ/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet pastry products 2. relating to those foods, including cake with jam or fruit folded in it milk products, eggs, fish and vegetables, that dark chocolate chocolate /dɑk tʃɒklət/ noun Jewish dietary law allows on occasions when chocolate that has no added milk and is milk is consumed darker and less sweet than milk chocolate dash dairy produce produce / deəri prɒdjus/, dairy dash /d ʃ/ noun a small quantity of some- products noun DAIRY foods prepared from thing added to something else, so as to milk, including milk itself, cream, yoghurt, improve its flavour butter, cheese, etc. date /deit/ noun 1. numbers indicating the damage / d mid / noun 1. the breaking day, month and year ć I have received your or physical spoiling of something ˽ to suffer letter of yesterday’s date. ć The dates of the damage to be harmed ˽ to cause damage to exhibition have been changed. 2. FRUIT the harm something ć The fire caused damage small sweet brown fruit of the date palm, a estimated at £100,000. 2. ˽ to bring an staple food of many people in the Middle action for damages against someone to East í verb to put a date on a document ć take someone to court and claim damages í The cheque was dated March 24th. ć You verb to break or partially destroy something forgot to date the cheque. ˽ to date a cheque ć stock which has been damaged by water ć forward to put a future date on a cheque The storm damaged the telephone lines. date code code / deit kəυd/ noun signs or damages / d mid iz/ plural noun money numbers which indicate a sell-by date claimed as compensation for harm done ć to date coding coding / deit kəυdiŋ/ noun the act claim £1,000 in damages ć to be liable for of putting a sell-by date on a product damages ć to pay £25,000 in damages date of arrival deit əv ə raiv ə l date of arrival / | ( ) / noun damage survey damage survey / d mid svei/ noun TRAVEL same as arrival date a report on damage done date of birth of birth / deit əv bθ/ noun the damson damson / d mzən/ noun FRUIT a small date on which someone was born ć Please purple plum, or the tree which bears this fruit write your date and place of birth on the reg- dance dance /dɑns/ noun ENTERTAINMENT an istration form. evening entertainment where people dance date stamp stamp / deit st mp/ noun a device to music ć There is a 21st birthday dance at with rubber figures which can be moved, the hotel this evening. í verb ENTERTAIN- used for marking the date on documents or MENT to move in time to music ˽ restaurant for marking the sell-by date on goods dauphinois 86 dauphinois dəυfiŋ wɔi dead ded dauphinois / | / adjective dead / / adjective 1. not alive any more CATERING thinly sliced and baked in milk or ć Six people were dead as a result of the cream, sometimes with garlic or cheese accident. 2. not working ˽ the line went dawn /dɔn/ noun the beginning of a day, dead the telephone line suddenly stopped ˽ ć when the sun rises ć We set off for the pyra- working dead loss total loss The car was mids at dawn, so you’ll have to get up very written off as a dead loss. dead season early. dead season / ded siz(ə)n/ noun TOUR- day day /dei/ noun 1. a period of 24 hours ć a ISM the time of year when there are few tour- ten-day tour of southern Spain ć There are ists about dear diə thirty days in June. ć The first day of the dear / / adjective 1. costing a lot of month is a public holiday. ˽ three clear days money ć Clothes are very dear in the market, three whole working days ć You will get a but carpets are cheap. 2. a word used when refund only if you give ten clear days’ notice starting a letter ˽ Dear Sir, Dear Madam of cancelling. ć Allow four clear days for the addressing a man or woman whom you do ˽ cheque to be paid into the bank. 2. the period not know, or addressing a company Dear ˽ from morning to night 3. the work period Sirs addressing a company Dear Mr from morning to night ˽ she took two days Smith, Dear Mrs Smith, Dear Miss Smith off she did not come to work for two days ˽ addressing a man or woman whom you he works three days on, two days off he know ˽ Dear James, Dear Julia addressing works for three days, then has two days’ hol- a friend or a person you do business with debit iday ˽ to work an eight-hour day to spend debit / debit/ noun BUSINESS an entry in eight hours at work each day accounts showing a debt or an expense. daylight ˽ daylight / deilait/ noun the light of day Compare credit í verb to debit an Daylight Saving Time account to charge an account with a cost ć Daylight Saving Time / deilait seiviŋ taim Her account was debited with the sum of / noun a system of putting the clocks £25. forward one hour in summer to provide extra debit balance debit balance / debit b ləns/ noun daylight in the evening. Abbr DST. Also BUSINESS a balance in an account, showing called Summer Time daypack that the company owes more money than it deip k daypack / / noun a small rucksack has received or bag for carrying things needed during the debit card debit card / debit kɑd/ noun FINANCE a day day rate plastic card, similar to a credit card, but day rate / dei reit/ noun HOTELS a tariff which debits the holder’s account immedi- for using a hotel room during the day ately through an EPOS system day release dei ri lis debone | di bəυn day release / / noun BUSINESS debone / | / verb CATERING to take an arrangement where a company allows an the bones out of meat or fish ć The waiter employee to go to college to study for one or should be able to debone a grilled sole at the two days each week ć She is attending a day table. release course for hotel managers. decaf, decaff (informal) noun a decaffein- day return ticket dei ri tn tikit í day return ticket / | / ated drink, especially coffee adjective BEV- noun TRAVEL a ticket available at a lower ERAGES same as decaffeinated decaffeinated di k fineitid price if you go and come back on the same decaffeinated / | / adjective day BEVERAGES from which the caffeine has day room room / dei rum/ noun a communal been removed ć decaffeinated coffee ć room for use during the day rather than the decaffeinated tea decant di k nt evening decant / | / verb CATERING 1. to pour day shift shift / dei ʃift/ noun a shift worked vintage wine from a bottle into another con- from early morning to late afternoon ć There tainer, so as to remove the sediment ć The are 150 men on the day shift. sommelier has practical skill in decanting day trip port or a Bordeaux. 2. to put jam, marma- day trip / dei trip/ noun TOURISM a tour or excursion which leaves in the morning and lade, pickle, etc., from large jars into small serving dishes for each table returns the same evening decanter day tripper di k ntə dei tripə decanter / | / noun CATERING 1. an day tripper / / noun TOURISM open glass bottle into which wine is somebody who goes on a day trip dB decanted, and from which the wine is served dB abbreviation decibel 2. a glass bottle with a glass stopper, in DB & B DB & B, DBB abbreviation HOTELS dinner, which drinks such as whisky, port or sherry bed and breakfast may be stored for a time 87 deep fryer decibel / desibel/ noun a unit used to ‘…half-way through the two-week tour he said measure the intensity of sound ć People liv- that an American hotel had declined his card although he had not breached the limit’ ing near the airport complained that the [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] noise of aircraft overhead was well over the decorate decorate / dekəreit/ verb 1. to paint a decibel limit. ć The noise readings of 90–95 room or a building or to put new wallpaper in decibels are considered excessive. Abbr dB a room 2. to cover something with pretty or COMMENT: Any sound above the 85 dB level can affect your hearing, especially if colourful things to make it look attractive or it continues for a time. An average conver- to celebrate an occasion ć The streets were sation is about 60 dB, a motorcycle is 88 decorated with bunting for the music festi- dB and a jet plane flying overhead is 130 val. 3. CATERING to put coloured icing on a dB. cake ć Christmas cakes are decorated with decimal / desim(ə)l/ noun a number in a holly leaves and berries. ć decorations dekə reiʃ ə nz system based on ten Three-quarters is 0.75 decorations / | ( ) / plural in decimals. noun flags, lights and other ornaments used decimal point point / desim(ə)l pɔint/ noun a to make a place look prettier to celebrate an dot which indicates the division between a occasion ć The restaurant staff came in early whole unit and its smaller parts, as in 4.25 to put up Christmas decorations. deck dedicated deck /dek/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a flat dedicated / dedikeitid/ adjective set floor in a ship ˽ lower decks the decks aside for a special purpose ˽ dedicated below the main deck 2. ROAD TRAVEL a floor Business class lounge a lounge set aside for on a bus Business class passengers only deckchair / dektʃeə/ noun a long folding ‘…the best conference hotels provide a dedicated chair, made of canvas and wood, used to sit member of staff for each conference to liaise with ć the organizer and ensure the event proceeds on out of doors She spent the afternoon sit- smoothly’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] ting in a deckchair trying to do a crossword. dedicated line dedikeitid lain deckchair attendant dektʃeə ə dedicated line / / noun a deckchair attendant / | tendənt telephone line used only for a particular pur- / noun somebody who is in charge pose of deckchairs for hire in a park or on a beach, deduct di dkt making sure that the chairs are kept clean deduct / | / verb to remove money ć and dry, and collecting money from people from a total The hotel deducted £3 from the ć who hire them room price. She deducted a sum to cover ć deck plan dek pl n breakages. After deducting costs the gross deck plan / / noun SHIPS AND margin is only 23%. BOATS a plan displayed in a ship, showing deductible di dktib ə l the various decks and what can be found on deductible / | ( ) / adjective pos- sible to deduct ˽ some travelling expenses them ć Look on the deck plan to find where the coffee lounge is. are not tax-deductible tax has to be paid on deck quoits those expenses dek kɔits deduction deck quoits / / noun ENTER- di dkʃən deduction / | / noun the act of TAINMENT a game played on the deck of a ship, in which players throw rings, trying to removing money from a total, or the money ć hook them over posts set in the deck removed Net salary is salary after deduc- declaration tion of tax and social security payments. deklə reiʃ ə n deep-fat fryer declaration / | ( ) / noun an dip f t fraiə official statement deep-fat fryer / / noun declare di kleə CATERING same as deep fryer declare / | / verb to make an official deep-freeze dip friz statement ˽ to declare goods to customs to deep-freeze / / CATERING noun a state that you are importing goods which are powerful refrigerator for freezing food and keeping it frozen ć I’ll put the chicken in the liable to customs duty ć The customs offi- cials asked him if he had anything to declare. deep-freeze until next week. í verb to freeze ć ć Go through the green channel if you have food and keep it frozen We deep-freeze a nothing to declare. lot of the vegetables from our garden. ć He decline di klain bought some deep-frozen shrimps. decline / | / noun the fact of going deep-fried dip fraid downwards or becoming less ć a welcome deep-fried / / adjective CATER- decline in the number of cases of pollution ć ING cooked in deep oil or fat deep-fry Tourist visits have gone into a sharp decline. deep-fry / dip frai/ verb CATERING to í verb 1. to refuse something such as an invi- cook food in a deep pan of boiling oil or fat deep fryer tation ć He declined to come to lunch. 2. to deep fryer / dip fraiə/ noun an electrical become less in numbers or amount ć Visitor appliance for deep-frying food. Also called figures declined sharply over the last year. deep-fat fryer deep pan pizza 88 deep pan pizza pan pizza / dip p n pitsə/ noun something off until later ć The company has FOOD an American-style pizza with a thicker delayed payment of all invoices. base and more ingredients than usual delegate noun / deli ət/ somebody who deep-vein thrombosis thrombosis / dip vein is attending a conference or meeting as a rep- θrɒm bəυsis ć | / noun MEDICAL coagulated resentative of an organisation The dele- blood in the deep veins of a leg or the pelvis. gates all wear name badges. ˽ conference Abbr DVT. Also called economy class delegate a person attending a conference ć syndrome We are expecting the first of the conference COMMENT: Deep-vein thrombosis can delegates to arrive this evening. í verb affect air travellers who have not enough / delə eit/ to pass authority or responsibil- leg room in economy class during long- ity on to someone else ć The manager finds haul flights because airlines have reduced it difficult to delegate. ć She delegated the the space between seats. Passengers are recommended to walk up and down the job of checking the keys to the junior recep- aisle at least once every hour during a tion clerk. Delhi belly long flight. Delhi belly / deli beli/ noun MEDICAL defreeze di friz defreeze / | / verb CATERING to thaw diarrhoea which affects people travelling in frozen food foreign countries as a result of eating defrost di frɒst unwashed fruit or drinking water which has defrost / | / verb 1. to remove ice which has formed inside a refrigerator or not been boiled (humorous) deli deli freezer 2. CATERING to thaw frozen food ć A deli / / noun same as delicatessen large turkey will take 24 hours to defrost. (informal) ć We got some bagels from the deglaze di leiz deli opposite the hotel. deglaze / | / verb CATERING to dis- delicacy solve fragments remaining in a frying or delicacy / delikəsi/ noun a delicious but roasting pan by heating them and adding a rare thing to eat ć They served all sorts of liquid so as to make a sauce delicacies at the Chinese banquet. delicatessen dehydrate delikə tes ə n dihai dreit delicatessen / | ( ) / noun a dehydrate / | / verb 1. CATER- ING to remove water from something in order shop selling cold meats and imported or spe- to preserve it ć If you want to use dehydrated cialised food products, and usually also mushrooms, you must soak them in water for sandwiches and snacks ć We bought some some time. 2. to lose water ć After two days salad and pies at the delicatessen. delicious di liʃəs without food or drink, he became severely delicious / | / adjective tasting very dehydrated. good ć Italian ice cream is delicious. ć Can COMMENT: Food can be dehydrated by I have another piece of that delicious cake? drying in the sun (as in the case of dried delivery time di liv ə ri taim delivery time / | ( ) / noun the fruit), or by passing through various indus- number of days before something will be trial processes, such as freeze-drying. Water is more essential than food for a delivered de luxe human being’s survival. During the day, if de luxe / di lks/ adjective very expensive a person drinks less liquid than is passed or of very high quality ć a de luxe tour of out of the body in urine and sweat, he or India ć The airline offers first-class passen- she will begin to dehydrate. gers a bag of de luxe toiletries. (NOTE: de dehydrated milk dehydrated milk / dihaidreitid milk/ luxe was formerly the highest grade in the noun DAIRY milk that has been dried and English Tourism Council grading system for reduced to a powder. Also called dried milk accommodation.) dehydration demand dihai| dreiʃ ə n di mɑnd dehydration / ( ) / noun 1. demand / | / noun 1. the act of ask- CATERING the removal of water from some- ing for something 2. BUSINESS the need for thing in order to preserve it 2. loss of water ć goods or services at a particular price ć After a long tennis match in blistering heat There was an active demand for interpreters both players were suffering from dehydra- during the trade fair. ˽ to meet a demand, to tion. fill a demand, to keep up with demand to delay di lei ć delay / | / noun the interval between the supply what is needed The factory had to time at which something was planned to hap- increase production to meet the extra pen and the later time at which it actually demand. ć The office cleaning company can- happens ć There was a delay of thirty min- not keep up with the demand for its services. utes before the flight left or The flight left ˽ there is not much demand for this item after a thirty-minute delay. ć We are sorry not many people want to buy it ˽ this book for the delay in replying to your letter. í verb is in great demand, there is a great 1. to make someone late ć She was delayed demand for this book many people want to because her taxi had an accident. 2. to put buy it í verb to ask firmly for something ć 89 dessert
ć deplane di plein She demanded a refund. The suppliers are deplane / | / verb AIR TRAVEL to get demanding immediate payment of their out- off a plane ć The party will deplane at Delhi. standing invoices. Opposite enplane Demerara sugar deməreərə ʃυ ə deposit di pɒzit Demerara sugar / / deposit / | / noun FINANCE money noun FOOD same as brown sugar given in advance so that the thing which you demi chef de rang chef de rang / demi ʃef də rɒŋ/ want to buy will not be sold to someone else noun CATERING the deputy to a chef de rang ć to pay a deposit on a room ć You will need demi-pension / demi penʃən/ noun to pay a 10% deposit to secure the booking. deposit account di pɒzit ə kaυnt HOTELS same as half board deposit account / | | / demi-tasse / demi t s/ noun a small cof- noun BUSINESS an account which pays inter- fee cup est but on which notice usually has to be dengue dengue / deŋ i/ noun MEDICAL a tropical given to withdraw money depot disease caused by an arbovirus, transmitted depot / depəυ/ noun TRAVEL a building by mosquitoes, where the patient develops a where the vehicles used by a transport serv- high fever, pains in the joints, headache and ice are kept ć Buses leave the central bus rash. Also called breakbone fever depot every hour. dept denomination di nɒmi neiʃ ə n denomination / | | ( ) / noun dept abbreviation department deregulate di re jυleit FINANCE a unit of money on a coin, bank note deregulate / | / verb BUSINESS or stamp ć coins of all denominations ć to remove government restrictions from an small denomination notes ć The bank industry deregulation di re jυ leiʃ ə n refused to accept low denomination coins. deregulation / | | ( ) / noun density density / densiti/ noun the number of peo- the removal of official restrictions ć Deregu- ple per unit of area lation of US airlines resulted in fierce com- dep. dep. abbreviation TRAVEL departs petition and price-cutting. depart descent di sent di pɑt ć | depart / | / verb to leave The plane descent / / noun 1. the act of going departs from Paris at 11.15. down ć The descent into the mine takes just department di pɑtmənt under three minutes. 2. (of aircraft) the department / | / noun 1. a spe- cialised section of a large company ć Write period during which an aircraft comes down to the complaints department about the serv- to land ć Passengers must fasten their seat- ice in the hotels on the tour. 2. a section of a belts prior to descent. large store selling one type of product ć You ‘…if you must travel with a cold, use a decon- will find beds in the furniture department. 3. gestant 10 minutes before take-off and descent’ [Evening Standard Business Travel] one of the sections of the government. Abbr desiccated desikeitid dept desiccated / / adjective dried desiccated coconut department store di pɑtmənt stɔ desiccated coconut / desikeitid department store / | / kəυkənt/ noun FOOD the white flesh of a noun BUSINESS a large shop with sections for different types of goods coconut, which has been dried ć She used departure di pɑtʃə desiccated coconut to make the cakes. departure / | / noun the act of designated carrier designated carrier / dezi neitid going away ć Your departure time is 3 k riə o’clock. ć The plane’s departure was / noun AIR TRAVEL an airline that is delayed by two hours. ć Flight departures licensed to operate a service between two are delayed because of the discussions over countries designator air traffic controllers’ pay. designator / dezi neitə/ noun AIR departure date di pɑtʃə deit TRAVEL a two-letter code by which an airline departure date / | / noun TRAVEL the day on which a traveller or tour is identified desk group leaves desk /desk/ noun a table, often with draw- departure lounge di pɑtʃə laυnd ers, used for writing on ć desk diary ć desk departure lounge / | / ć noun AIR TRAVEL a room in an airport where drawer desk light desk clerk passengers wait to get on their planes after desk clerk / desk klɑk/ noun a hotel going through passport control and baggage receptionist check desk pad pad / desk p d/ noun a pad of paper departures di pɑtʃəz departures / | / noun AIR TRAVEL kept on a desk for writing notes desk research desk ri stʃ the part of an airport terminal that deals with desk research / | / noun the passengers who are leaving work of looking for information which has departure tax di pɑtʃə t ks departure tax / | / noun already been published, e.g. in a directory dessert di zt TRAVEL a tax payable by passengers leaving dessert / | / noun CATERING a sweet a country dish eaten at the end of a meal ć What do you dessert grapes 90 want for dessert? ć I have eaten so much, I are developing the harbour facilities to don’t want any dessert. ˽ dessert fork, des- allow larger ferries to berth. ć The company sert knife a smaller fork and knife used to is developing a chain of motorway self-serv- eat dessert ice restaurants. 2. to produce and fix a pho- COMMENT: On formal menus, a dessert is tograph from film ć We can develop your a course of fruit or nuts taken after the film in an hour. cheese and before coffee is served. On an developed country di veləpt kntri ordinary menu, a dessert can take the developed country / | / form of a pudding, pastry, ice or fresh fruit. noun a country which has an advanced man- dessert grapes di zt reips ufacturing system dessert grapes / | / plural developer di veləpə noun FRUIT grapes which are eaten raw, and developer / | / noun 1. a liquid for not used to make wine developing photographs 2. somebody who dessert menu di zt menju builds property dessert menu / | / noun developing country di veləpiŋ CATERING a special separate menu for des- developing country /| kntri di veləpiŋ serts in a restaurant /, developing nation / | dessertspoon di ztspun neiʃ ə n dessertspoon /| / noun ( ) / noun a country which is not fully CATERING a spoon for eating desserts, which industrialised development di veləpmənt is smaller than a soup spoon, but larger than development / | / noun the a teaspoon construction of new buildings, or new build- dessert trolley di zt trɒli ć dessert trolley / | / noun ings constructed on an area of land Unre- CATERING a table on wheels on which des- stricted hotel development has ruined the serts are taken to each table in a restaurant. coastline. ć Proposals for a £70m leisure Also called sweet trolley development have been abandoned in favour dessert wine di zt wain dessert wine / | / noun BEVER- of a shopping centre. development zone di veləpmənt AGES a sweet wine that is served with a des- development zone /| sert, e.g. muscat (NOTE: There is usually no zəυn/ noun BUSINESS an area that has been plural form: desserts means types of des- given special help by a government to sert.) encourage businesses and factories to set up destination desti neiʃ ə n destination / | ( ) / noun a there. Also called enterprise zone dextrose place to which something is sent, or to which dextrose / dekstrəυz/ noun a simple someone is going ć The ship will take ten sugar found in fruit and also extracted from weeks to reach its destination. í adjective corn starch done or happening at a place that a person dhal dhal, dal noun FOOD an Indian term for has to travel to reach ć destination dining destination wedding pulses such as lentils and pigeon peas, or a desti neiʃ ə n destination wedding / | ( ) curry or soup prepared from these pulses wediŋ diabetes / noun a wedding that takes place in daiə bitiz a far-off location that the couple and their diabetes / | / noun MEDICAL one guests have to travel to of a group of diseases, but most commonly detect di tekt used to refer to diabetes mellitus, a disease detect / | / verb to notice something where the body cannot control sugar absorp- ć that could be difficult to see, hear or smell tion because the pancreas does not secrete A smoke detector detects the presence of enough insulin smoke. diabetic detector daiə betik di tektə diabetic / | / adjective MEDICAL detector / | / noun an apparatus that ˽ notices something that is difficult to see, hear referring to diabetes diabetic food food or smell with a low sugar content which can be eaten í detergent di td ənt by people suffering from diabetes noun detergent / | / noun a cleaning MEDICAL a person who has diabetes substance which removes grease and bacte- dial daiəl ria from clothes, dishes, etc. ć This detergent dial / / verb to call a telephone number will not harm your skin. on a telephone ć to dial a number ć to dial detour ditυə the operator ć Dial 9 to get an outside line. detour / / noun a journey away from dialling daiəliŋ the usual or planned route ć We made a dialling / / noun the act of calling a detour to visit the caves. ć We had to make a telephone number detour because of the roadworks. dialling code code / daiəliŋ kəυd/ noun a spe- detrain di trein detrain / | / verb RAIL TRAVEL to get cial series of numbers used to make a call to off a train another town develop di veləp dialling tone daiəliŋ təυn develop / | / verb 1. to grow and dialling tone / / noun a noise change, or to change something so that it made by a telephone to show that it is ready becomes larger or more complicated ć We for you to dial a number 91 dime diamond / daiəmənd/ noun a very hard, tion, obesity, appendicitis and other diges- clear, precious stone tive problems. Dietary Reference Values diamond rating daiəmənd reitiŋ Dietary Reference Values / daiət(ə)ri diamond rating / / ref ə rəns v ljuz noun TOURISM a method of rating inns, farm- ( ) / plural noun a list pub- houses and bed and breakfasts, used by the lished by the British government of nutrients English Tourism Council ć an award-win- that are essential for health. Abbr DRV dieter ning 5 diamond bed and breakfast ć Dia- dieter / daiətə/ noun somebody who is on mond rating is intended for B & Bs and a diet ć Dieters should try the new low-fat guesthouses. yoghurt. dietetics daiə tetiks ‘…because neither rating is appropriate, some of dietetics / | / noun FOOD the my competitors are diamond-rated (often three study of food and its nutritional value and four diamonds), while others are star-rated dietician daiə tiʃ ə n (two stars). After all, many small hotels are opt- dietician / | ( ) /, dietitian noun ing for a diamond rating because they get more somebody who specialises in the study of diamonds than they would stars. Whatever the nutrition and advises on diets ć The dietician ETC’s intentions about educating the public on warned me not to eat too much red meat. the difference between the scales, it cannot be difference / dif(ə)rəns/ noun the way in denied that more diamonds look better than fewer ˽ stars’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] which two things are not the same to split diarrhoea daiə riə the difference to share the payment of the diarrhoea / | /, diarrhea US noun difference between two prices MEDICAL a condition in which a patient fre- differential difə renʃəl quently passes liquid faeces ć He had an differential / | / adjective show- attack of diarrhoea after going to the restau- ing a difference digest ć dai d est rant. She complained of mild diarrhoea. digest / | / verb MEDICAL to break COMMENT: Diarrhoea can have many down food in the stomach and intestine and causes: types of food or allergy to food; convert it into elements which can be contaminated or poisoned food; infectious absorbed by the body ˽ I cannot digest my diseases, such as dysentery; sometimes dinner I am feeling unwell after my dinner worry or other emotions. digestible diary dai d estib ə l digestible / | ( ) / adjective diary / daiəri/ noun a book in which you possible to digest ć I don’t find raw garlic can write notes or appointments for each day ˽ very digestible. of the week to keep a diary to write down digestif di es tif what you have felt or done each day ć The digestif / | / noun BEVERAGES an children on the study tour have to keep a alcoholic drink taken after a meal to help the diary of the places they visit. digestion, e.g. brandy or a liqueur digestion dice dai d estʃən dice /dais/ verb CATERING to cut food into digestion / | / noun MEDICAL small cubes ć diced potato the act of breaking down food in the stomach diet and intestine and converting it into elements diet / daiət/ noun 1. the amount and type of which can be absorbed by the body ć Brown food eaten ć The average western diet is too ˽ bread helps the digestion. full of carbohydrates. low-calorie diet a digestive dai d estiv diet with few calories, which can help a per- digestive / | / adjective helping son to lose weight 2. the act of eating only you to digest something digestive biscuit dai d estiv biskit particular types of food, either to become digestive biscuit / | / thinner, to cure an illness or improve a con- noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet wholemeal biscuit digit dition ˽ to be on a diet to eat only particular digit / did it/ noun a single number ć a types of food, especially in order to become seven-digit phone number thin or to deal with an illness ć Two of the digital clock clock / did it(ə)l klɒk/ noun a passengers are on diets. í verb to reduce the clock which shows the time as a series of fig- quantity of food you eat, or to change the ures, e.g. 12:05:23, rather than on a circular type of food you eat, in order to become thin- dial ner or healthier dignitary / di nit ə ri/ noun dietary dignitary ( ) someone dietary / daiət(ə)ri/ adjective referring to with a high rank or position a diet dill /dil/ noun a herb of the parsley family dietary fibre dietary fibre / daiət(ə)ri faibə/ noun used as flavouring or a garnish dim CATERING fibrous substances in food, which dim /dim/ verb to make a light less bright ć cannot be digested. Also called roughage The captain dimmed the cabin lights before COMMENT: Dietary fibre is found in cere- takeoff. als, nuts, fruit and some green vegetables. dime It is believed to be necessary to help dime /daim/ noun US FINANCE a ten-cent digestion and avoid developing constipa- coin dimmer switch 92
dimmer switch dinner table dimmer switch / dimə switʃ/ noun a dinner table / dinə teib(ə)l/ noun light switch which makes a light less bright CATERING a table where people eat dim sum dim sm dip dim sum / / noun FOOD a south- dip /dip/ noun 1. a sudden drop in an area ern Chinese style lunch, where many differ- of land ć Watch out – there’s a dip in the ent small dishes are served road which makes it difficult to see oncoming dine dine /dain/ verb to have dinner or to eat an cars. 2. SAUCES, ETC. a purée into which evening meal ˽ to dine out to have dinner vegetables or pieces of bread can be dipped away from home or in a restaurant outside as cocktail snacks ć small pieces of pitta the hotel where you are staying ˽ to dine in bread with a bowl of avocado dip ć They to have dinner at home or in the restaurant of served fried prawns with bowls of chilli dip. the hotel where you are staying 3. a short bathe or swim ć We went for a diner / dainə/ noun 1. somebody who is quick dip before breakfast. ć Are you coming eating an evening meal ć When the restau- for a dip in the pool? í verb 1. ˽ to dip rant caught fire, the diners ran into the something into sth to put something quickly street. 2. RAIL TRAVEL a dining car on a train into a liquid ć She dipped the biscuit into her 3. US CATERING a small restaurant selling coffee. ć She dipped her hand into the simple hot food (NOTE: Originally, these stream. 2. ˽ to dip your headlights to lower were made from old dining cars from rail- the beam of the headlights of your car ć way trains.) Please dip your headlights in the tunnel. dinghy dip card dinghy / diŋi/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a dip card / dip kɑd/ noun HOTELS a type of small boat ć We spent the day in a dinghy, magnetic key card which is pushed down pottering around the harbour. (NOTE: The into a slot and then pulled out again when the plural form is dinghies.) door unlocks dining car dining car / dainiŋ kɑ/ noun RAIL TRAVEL direct dai rekt direct / | / verb to tell or show some- ć a railway carriage where meals are served one how to go to a place í adjective going The dining car joins the train at Lyon. straight from one place to another ć They dining room dining room / dainiŋ rum/ noun HOTELS took the most direct route to Paris. í adverb a room in a hotel where people eat ć We were straight, without any changes of direction or sitting in the dining room having supper stops ˽ to fly direct to fly from one place to when my husband was called to the phone. another with no changes ć British Airways dining table table / dainiŋ teib(ə)l/ noun now flies direct to Nassau four times a week. CATERING a table on which meals are served ˽ to dial direct to contact a phone number and eaten (NOTE: Dining table refers to the yourself without asking the operator to do it piece of furniture; however, when you are for you ć You can dial New York direct from eating at it, it is called the dinner table.) London if you want. dinner dinner / dinə/ noun CATERING an evening ‘…remember, a direct flight is not the same as a meal ć Dinner is served at 7.30. ć The res- nonstop flight – several connections may be taurant is open for dinner or serves dinner cheaper than the nonstop option’ [Sunday Times Travel Section] ć from 7.30 to 11.30. Half-board includes direct debit dai rekt debit breakfast and dinner, but not lunch. direct debit / | / noun BUSI- dinner-dance NESS dinner-dance / dinə dɑns/ noun ENTER- a system where a customer allows a TAINMENT a formal dinner followed by danc- company to charge costs to his or her bank ing to music played by a live band ć The account automatically and where the amount company is having a Christmas dinner- charged can be increased or decreased with dance at the Imperial Hotel. the agreement of the customer direct flight dinner jacket jacket / dinə d kit/ noun a for- direct flight / dairekt flait/ noun AIR mal jacket worn with a bow tie, both usually TRAVEL a flight which goes from one place to black. Abbr DJ another, though with stops in between, as dinner party dinner party / dinə pɑti/ ENTERTAIN- opposed to a nonstop flight directions dai rekʃənz MENT 1. a private dinner to which guests are directions / | / plural noun invited 2. (in a restaurant) a group of people instructions telling somebody how to go having dinner together somewhere ć He gave her directions to get to dinner plate plate / dinə pleit/ noun a wide flat the Post Office. direct mail dai rekt meil plate for serving the main course on direct mail / | / noun MAR- dinner service dinner service / dinə svis/ noun KETING a method of selling a product by CATERING a set of matching plates and bowls sending publicity material to possible buyers for serving a main meal through the post 93 disembark direct-mail advertising dai rekt meil disco diskəυ direct-mail advertising / | disco / / noun ENTERTAINMENT a dvətaiziŋ/ noun MARKETING advertising place or party where people dance to by sending leaflets to people through the recorded music discoloration dis klə reiʃ ə n post even though they have not asked for discoloration / | | ( ) / noun a them change of colour, especially a change of col- director dai rektə director / | / noun BUSINESS some- our of fruit discolour dis klə body appointed by the shareholders to help discolour / | / verb to change the run a company colour of something ć Fruit can be discol- directory dai rekt ə ri oured by the use of sprays. (NOTE: The US directory / | ( ) / noun BUSINESS a list of people or businesses with information spelling is discolor.) discontinue diskən tinju about their addresses and telephone numbers discontinue / | / verb not to direct service organisation service organisation / dairekt continue to do something ć The ferry service svis/ noun part of the permanent staff of to the island has been discontinued. discotheque a local authority, which runs a section of the discotheque / diskətek/ noun ENTER- authority’s services such as staff catering. TAINMENT same as disco Abbr DSO discount noun / diskaυnt/ a percentage direct tax dai rekt t ks by which a full price is reduced to a buyer by direct tax / | / noun BUSINESS a tax paid directly to the government, e.g. the seller ć to give a discount on summer income tax holidays booked before Christmas ˽ 10% disability disə biliti discount for quantity purchases you pay disability / | / noun a condition 10% less if you buy a large amount of goods in which part of the body does not function ˽ in the usual way and makes some activities 10% discount for cash, 10% cash dis- count you pay 10% less if you pay in cash í difficult or impossible ć Some hotels cater dis kaυnt specifically for people with severe disabili- verb / | / BUSINESS to reduce prices ties. in order to increase sales ć Tour operators Disability Discrimination Act are discounting prices on package holidays. Disability Discrimination Act discount fare diskaυnt feə disəbiləti di skrimi neiʃ ə n kt discount fare / / noun / | | ( ) / a law TRAVEL a reduced fare, though with restric- in the UK that requires businesses to make tions on travel their premises as accessible as possible to ‘…unofficially discounted fares are fares sold at disabled people a discount to the officially approved full or pro- disabled dis eib ə ld disabled / | ( ) / adjective suffering motional rates. Discounting is now commonplace from a physical or mental condition which in most countries.’ [Business Traveller] makes some activities difficult or impossible discount for cash for cash / diskaυnt fə k ʃ/ (NOTE: More polite or formal terms for the noun same as cash discount disabled are people with disabilities or discount holiday holiday / diskaυnt hɒlidei/ people with special needs.) í noun ˽ the noun a package holiday where the price is disabled people with physical disabilities, reduced taken as a group ć The library has facilities discount store store / diskaυnt stɔ/ noun a for the disabled. shop which specialises in cheap goods disabled access dis eib ə ld kses disabled access / | ( ) / bought at a high discount discretionary di skreʃ ə n ə ri noun entrances with sloping ramps instead discretionary / | ( ) ( ) / adjec- of steps, which are easier for people in tive possible to carry out if someone wants to wheelchairs to use discretionary income di discretionary income /| disabled toilets dis eib ə ld tɔilətz skreʃ ə n ə ri inkm disabled toilets / | ( ) / ( ) ( ) / noun FINANCE plural noun a public toilet with a larger room income that a person has left after spending and wider doors than usual to make it easier on basic necessities and that is therefore for people in wheelchairs to use available for spending on leisure activities disagree disə ri discrimination di skrimi neiʃ ə n disagree / | / verb 1. to say that discrimination /| | ( ) / you do not think the same way as someone ć noun the act of treating people in different They all disagreed about what to do next. 2. ways because of class, religion, race, lan- ˽ cabbage disagrees with me cabbage guage, colour or sex disease di ziz makes me feel ill disease / | / noun MEDICAL a serious disc jockey disc jockey / disk d ɒki/ noun ENTER- illness of animals, plants or humans disembark disim bɑk TAINMENT somebody who announces and disembark / | / verb TRAVEL to plays recorded music at a nightclub or on the get off a vehicle, especially a ship or plane ć radio ć He’s the most popular disc jockey at The passengers disembarked at the ocean the hotel nightclub. Abbr DJ terminal. disembarkation 94 disembarkation disimbɑ keiʃ ə n display di splei disembarkation / | ( ) / display / | / noun a show or exhibi- noun TRAVEL the act of getting off a ship or tion ć The hotel lobby has a display of local plane crafts. disembarkation card disembɑ display ad | di splei d disembarkation card / display ad / | / noun MARKETING keiʃ(ə)n kɑd/ noun TRAVEL a card that an advertisement which is well designed to allows you to get off a plane or boat, and attract attention return after a short time display case di splei keis display case / | / noun MAR- dish dish /diʃ/ noun 1. CATERING a large plate KETING a table or counter with a glass top, for serving food ˽ to wash the dishes, to do used for showing items for sale the dishes to wash the plates, glasses, cut- display pack di splei p k display pack / | / noun MAR- lery and cooking utensils that have been used KETING a specially attractive box for showing for a meal 2. CATERING part of a meal, or a goods for sale plate of prepared food ć Ratatouille is a disposable di spəυzəb ə l disposable / | ( ) / adjective Provençal dish of stewed vegetables. í verb ć ˽ he is dishing up the food he is serving the designed to be used and then thrown away disposable cups meal disposable income dishcloth di spəυzəb ə l dishcloth / diʃklɒθ/ noun a cloth for disposable income / | ( ) inkm/ noun BUSINESS income left after tax washing dishes ć She mopped up the red wine with a dishcloth. and national insurance have been deducted dispute dishwasher di spjut, dispjut ˽ dishwasher / diʃwɒʃə/ noun a machine dispute / | / noun to for washing dishes adjudicate or mediate in a dispute to try to dishwasher-proof diʃwɒʃə pruf settle a dispute between other parties dishwasher-proof / / distil di stil adjective that can be washed in a dishwasher distil / | / verb 1. CATERING to make without suffering harm strong alcohol by heating wine or other alco- dish-washing holic liquid and condensing it 2. to make dish-washing / diʃ wɒʃiŋ/ noun CATER- pure water by heating impure water and col- ING the washing of dirty plates, glasses, etc. disinfectant lecting the vapour (NOTE: [all senses] The disin fektənt disinfectant / | / noun a sub- US spelling is distill.) stance designed to kill germs distillation disti leiʃ ə n dismiss dis mis ˽ distillation / | ( ) / noun the act dismiss / | / verb to dismiss an of distilling water or alcohol employee to remove an employee from a job distilled water di stild wɔtə / | / noun ć He was dismissed for being consistently distilled water late. BEVERAGES pure water distiller dismissal di stilə dis mis ə l distiller / | / noun BEVERAGES some- dismissal / | ( ) / noun the removal of an employee from a job body who distils alcohol ć He is an impor- tant distiller of Scotch whisky. COMMENT: An employee can complain of distillery di stiləri unfair dismissal to an industrial tribunal, or distillery / | / noun BEVERAGES a of wrongful dismissal to the County Court. factory for distilling alcohol ć On our tour of dismissal procedure dis mis ə l prə dismissal procedure / | ( ) | the islands we visited several whisky distill- sid ə/ noun BUSINESS the correct way of eries. (NOTE: The plural form is distilleries.) dismissing an employee, following the rules district / distrikt/ noun a section of a in the contract of employment country or of a town ˽ the commercial dis- dispense bar di spens bɑ dispense bar / | / noun trict, the business district the part of a town CATERING a bar for serving drinks other than where offices and shops are located ć The bottles of wine for guests in a restaurant hotel is well placed in the main business dis- dispense cellar di spens selə trict of the town. dispense cellar / | / noun a disturb di stb cellar in which wine is kept for immediate disturb / | / verb to bother or worry serving someone, or to interrupt someone ˽ ‘do not dispenser di spensə disturb’ a notice placed on a hotel room dispenser / | / noun a machine which automatically provides something door, to ask the hotel staff not to come into such as an object, a drink or some food, often the room disturbance ć di stbəns when money is put in automatic dispenser disturbance / | / noun an occa- ć towel dispenser sion on which someone is disturbed ć The ‘…five-litre milk dispensers are made from stain- fans caused a disturbance in the hotel bar. less steel. A separate base takes an ice or freezer dive /daiv/ noun 1. a jump downwards into bag to keep the milk cool. Fruit juice dispensers have the same base, but there is a choice of water head first 2. BARS a disreputable bar four-, five- or six-litre cylinders’ [Caterer & (informal) í verb to jump into water head Hotelkeeper] first 95 doorkey
diver dogfish diver / daivə/ noun somebody who jumps dogfish / dɒ fiʃ/ noun SEAFOOD same as into water head first, or who swims under huss water doggy bag bag / dɒ i b / noun a bag that a diversion dai vʃ ə n diversion / | ( ) / noun ROAD customer at a restaurant can use to take home TRAVEL a change to a planned or normal any leftover food from a meal dollar route in order to avoid e.g. roadworks or dollar / dɒlə/ noun FINANCE a unit of flooding ć All traffic has to take a diversion money used in the United States and other and rejoin the motorway 10km further on. countries ć fifty Canadian dollars ć The US divert dai vt ć divert / | / verb to send somebody or dollar rose 2%. It costs six Australian dol- something to another place or in another lars. (NOTE: This is usually written $ before direction ć Because of fog in London, flights a figure: $250. The currencies used in dif- have been diverted to Manchester. ć Traffic ferent countries can be shown by the initial has been diverted to avoid the town centre. letter of the country: Can$ (Canadian dol- diving / daiviŋ/ noun 1. the sport of jump- lar), Aus$ (Australian dollar), etc.) dollar area ing into water head first 2. SPORT the activity dollar area / dɒlər eəriə/ noun FINANCE of swimming under water to explore or as a an area of the world where the dollar is the sport ć diving holidays on the Barrier Reef ć main trading currency ć domestic də mestik We went diving in the Red Sea. The resort domestic / | / adjective BUSINESS offers swimming, surfing and diving. referring to the home market or to the market diving board diving board / daiviŋ bɔd/ noun ENTER- of the country where the business is situated TAINMENT domestic consumption də mestik a plank at a swimming pool from domestic consumption / | kən smpʃən which people plunge into the water | / noun the use of something in DJ abbreviation 1. dinner jacket 2. disc the home. Also called home consumption domestic flight də mestik flait jockey domestic flight / | / noun docent docent / dəυs(ə)nt/ noun a tourist guide AIR TRAVEL a flight inside a country. Also working in some museums or cathedrals called internal flight dock domestic terminal də mestik dock /dɒk/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a har- domestic terminal /| bour, a place where ships can load or unload tmin(ə)l/ noun AIR TRAVEL an airport ter- ˽ the docks the part of a town where the har- minal for flights to destinations inside the bour is ć Cars should arrive at the docks 45 country only ć Passengers arriving on inter- minutes before sailing time. í verb to go into national flights transfer to the domestic ter- dock ć The ship docked at 17.00. minal for onward flights to destinations docker / dɒkə/ noun somebody who inside the country. domestic tourist də mestik tυərist works in the docks domestic tourist / | / dockside noun TOURISM a tourist who is visiting dockside / dɒksaid/ noun SHIPS AND another area of the same country where he or BOATS the edge of a dock where ships load or unload ć Customs officers were waiting at she lives don the dockside to board the ship. don /dɒn/ verb to put on clothes ć Instruc- dockyard tions for donning the life jacket are given on dockyard / dɒkjɑd/ noun SHIPS AND the card in the pocket in front of your seat. ć BOATS a place where ships are built or repaired ć The damaged liner was towed into Visitors to the factory have to don protective the dockyard for repair. clothing. (NOTE: donning – donned) done doctor dn doctor / dɒktə/ noun a person whose job is done / / adjective cooked as thoroughly as required to look after people who are ill (NOTE: Doc- doner kebab dɒnə kə b b tor is shortened in names to Dr: Dr Thorne doner kebab / | / noun FOOD is the hotel doctor.) ˽ the hotel doctor the a Turkish meat dish, where a large piece of doctor who is on call to treat guests who meat is cooked on a spit in front of a grill, become ill in the hotel and slices are cut off and served with pitta document dɒkjυmənt bread and salad, usually as a takeaway document / / noun a piece of door dɔ paper with writing on it ć Customs will ask door / / noun a barrier of wood, glass or to see the relevant documents concerning the metal, which closes an entrance shipment. doorkeeper / dɔkipə/ noun somebody documentation dɒkjυmen teiʃ ə n who is on duty at a main door documentation / | ( ) / doorkey noun all the papers referring to something ć doorkey / dɔki/ noun the key to a door ć Please send me the complete documentation Do not forget to give back your doorkey concerning the sale. when you leave the hotel. doorknob 96
doorknob double-park doorknob / dɔnɒb/ noun a handle for double-park / db(ə)l pɑk/ verb ROAD opening and shutting a door ć She hung a ‘do TRAVEL to park alongside a car which is not disturb’ sign on the doorknob. already parked at the side of the street doorman doorman / dɔmən/ noun a man who double-parking / db(ə)l pɑkiŋ/ noun stands at the door of a restaurant, hotel, club, ROAD TRAVEL the act of parking alongside a etc. ć The doorman would not let us in car which is already parked at the side of the because we were wearing jeans. (NOTE: The street plural form is doormen.) double room room / db(ə)l rum/ noun a dorm dorm /dɔm/ noun TRAVEL same as dormi- room for two people tory (informal) double saucepan saucepan / db(ə)l sɔspən/ dormitory dormitory / dɔmitri/ noun a large room noun CATERING same as double boiler in which many people sleep, e.g. at a board- double whisky whisky / db(ə)l wiski/ noun ing school or in a hostel BEVERAGES a portion of whisky, twice the dormobile dɔmə bil dormobile / | / tdmk ROAD amount of a usual measure TRAVEL dough a trademark for a small motor cara- dough /dəυ/ noun FOOD an uncooked mix- van, now no longer manufactured ture of water and flour for making bread or double db ə l double / ( ) / adjective 1. twice as pizza ć The chef was kneading the dough for large ć double quantity 2. with two parts, or the pizza. for two people ć double garage doughnut dəυnt double bed doughnut / / noun BREAD, ETC. a db ə l bed double bed / ( ) / noun a bed for small round or ring-shaped cake cooked by two people frying in oil ć You dip freshly made dough- double-bedded room double-bedded room / db(ə)l bedid nuts in sugar. rum downgrade / noun HOTELS a room with two beds, downgrade / daυn reid/ verb to reduce usually two twin beds something to a less important level ć He was double boiler double boiler / db(ə)l bɔilə/ noun downgraded from first class to business CATERING a cooking utensil made up of two class. ć Her job was downgraded in the com- saucepans, one of which fits on top of the pany reorganisation. other, the lower pan containing hot water and ‘…according to a recent poll of more than 400 the top pan containing the food to be cooked. leading companies, 49 per cent said they had Also called double saucepan downgraded the class of travel and hotel of their double-book db ə l bυk executives’ [Business Travel] double-book / ( ) / verb downhill daυn hil HOTELS to reserve the same hotel room or downhill adverb / | / towards the plane seat for two people at the same time, bottom of a hill í noun / daυnhil/ SPORT usually by mistake ć We had to change our same as downhill skiing flight as we were double-booked. downhill skiing skiing / daυnhil skiiŋ/ noun double-booking / db(ə)l bυkiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity of skiing fast down HOTELS the act of booking two people into slopes, as opposed to cross-country skiing the same hotel room or the same seat on a down-market / daυn mɑkit/ adjective plane at the same time by mistake cheaper and appealing to a less sophisticated double cream cream / db(ə)l krim/ noun section of the population. Compare up-mar- DAIRY thick cream with a high fat content ket down payment double-decker / db(ə)l dekə/ noun 1. down payment / daυn peimənt/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a bus with two decks ć Dou- BUSINESS part of a total cost paid in advance ble-decker buses are common in London. downpour / daυnpɔ/ noun a heavy fall of Compare singledecker 2. FOOD same as rain club sandwich downstairs daυn steəz downstairs / | / adverb towards double-decker sandwich double-decker sandwich / db(ə)l or in the lower part of a building or vehicle ć dekə s ndwitʃ/ noun FOOD same as club All the guests ran downstairs when the alarm sandwich rang. í adjective in the lower part of a build- double glazing glazing / db(ə)l leiziŋ/ noun ing or vehicle ć There is a downstairs bar for two panes of glass in windows, to keep out guests. í noun the lower part of a building or cold air and noise ć All the rooms in the hotel vehicle ć If the downstairs is full, there are have double glazing to reduce noise from the spare tables upstairs. Compare upstairs airport. downtown / daυntaυn/ noun, adjective, double occupancy double occupancy / db(ə)l adverb US BUSINESS in or to the central area ɒkjυpənsi/ noun HOTELS the occupancy of or business district of a town ć Her office is a room by two people in downtown New York. ć We want to stay in 97 drinks trolley a quiet downtown hotel. ć They established a dressing / dresiŋ/ noun 1. the act of restaurant downtown. putting on clothes 2. SAUCES, ETC. a sauce draft /drɑft/ noun US same as draught for salad ć a bottle of Italian dressing ć draft beer draft beer / drɑft biə/ noun US BEVER- Would you like French dressing or Thousand AGES same as draught beer Island dressing? 3. MEDICAL a covering or drain drein bandage applied to a wound to protect it drain / / verb to remove a liquid from dressing table dresiŋ teib ə l something ć Boil the potatoes for ten min- dressing table / ( ) / noun a utes, drain and leave to cool. bedroom table with mirrors dried drain cycle draid drain cycle / drein saik(ə)l/ noun dried / / adjective preserved by dehy- CATERING the last of a series of operations in dration, which removes water and so slows a dishwasher, when the water is drained and down deterioration ć dried mushrooms ć the dishes left to dry sun-dried tomatoes dried fruit drapes draid frut drapes /dreips/ plural noun US curtains dried fruit / / noun fruit that draught drɑft has been dehydrated to preserve it for later draught / / noun 1. a current of cold use air which blows into a room, train, bus, etc. dried milk draid milk ć She sat in a draught and caught a cold. 2. dried milk / / noun DAIRY dehydrated milk SHIPS AND BOATS the depth of water in which same as drier draiə a ship can float (NOTE: [all senses] The US drier / / noun same as dryer spelling is draft.) drill /dril/ noun ˽ boat drill, fire drill a draught beer draught beer / drɑft biə/ noun BEVER- procedure to be carried out to help people to AGES beer which is served from a barrel, and escape from a sinking boat or from a burning not in a bottle or can building drink draw driŋk draw /drɔ/ verb 1. BEVERAGES to leave tea drink / / noun 1. liquid which some- to stand so that the flavour is fully extracted one swallows ć Would you like a drink? ć from the tea leaves 2. CATERING to remove Drinks are served before the meal on trans- the innards from a carcass before cooking it atlantic flights. 2. BEVERAGES an alcoholic drawer ć drawer / drɔə/ noun a sliding compart- drink Drinks are being served on the ter- race. ˽ he has a drink problem he is an ment in a desk or cupboard which you open ˽ by pulling on a handle alcoholic he was much the worse for í drawing room drɔiŋ rum drink he was drunk verb to swallow liquid drawing room / / noun a ć She was so thirsty she drank four glasses of room for sitting and talking in, but not eating lemonade. ć Do you want something to drink ć The guests’ drawing room is on the right of with your meal? ˽ she doesn’t drink she the main entrance. never drinks alcohol ˽ let’s drink to the suc- dredge dredge /dred / verb CATERING to sprinkle cess of the tour let us raise our glasses and or cover food with a coating of icing sugar, wish it success flour or sugar COMMENT: The word ‘drink’ is often used dregs /dre z/ plural noun cold remnants of to refer to alcoholic drinks. a drink, left in a cup or glass drinkable / driŋkəb(ə)l/ adjective able to dress /dres/ noun 1. a piece of woman’s or be drunk, or quite nice to drink ć This wine girl’s clothing, covering more or less the is hardly drinkable. whole body 2. special clothes í verb 1. to drinking chocolate chocolate / driŋkiŋ tʃɒklət/ put on clothes, especially formal clothes ć noun FOOD sweet chocolate powder, used to We’re expected to dress for dinner when make a hot drink ć I have a cup of drinking we’re sitting at the captain’s table. 2. CATER- chocolate before I go to bed. ING to prepare something such as a chicken drinking-up time time / driŋkiŋ p taim/ for cooking 3. MEDICAL to clean a wound and noun a period allowed in a public house after put a covering over it official closing time, when drinks already dress circle circle / dres sk(ə)l/ noun bought may be finished ENTERTAINMENT the first balcony of seats drinking water water / driŋkiŋ wɔtə/ noun above the stalls in a theatre BEVERAGES water which is safe to drink, as dress coat dress coat / dres kəυt/ noun a man’s for- opposed to water for washing ć Don’t use mal long black coat that tap, it’s not drinking water. dressed crab drinks trolley dressed crab /drest kr b/, dressed drinks trolley / driŋkz trɒli/ noun AIR lobster noun FOOD cooked crab or lobster, TRAVEL a trolley on an aircraft, with various with the legs removed and the flesh broken drinks that are served by stewards or stew- up and put back into the shell ardesses. Also called bar trolley drip 98 drip /drip/ noun a small drop of liquid, fall- drop /drɒp/ verb to fall, to go to a lower ing regularly from a tap or container level ć Take a warm sweater, because at dripping dripping / dripiŋ/ noun FOOD the fat that night the temperature can drop quite melts off meat when it is being cooked and sharply. ˽ the wind dropped the wind hardens when cold, used for frying, basting stopped blowing hard and making pastry drop off off / drɒp ɒf/ verb ˽ to drop some- drip tray drip tray / drip trei/ noun BARS a tray one off to let someone who is a passenger in placed under a tap to catch drips, e.g. under a car get out somewhere ć Can you drop me a beer tap off at the post office? drop-off charge drive drɒp ɒf tʃɑd drive /draiv/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a ride in drop-off charge / / noun a motor vehicle 2. ROAD TRAVEL the way in TRAVEL an extra charge for leaving a hired which a car is propelled or guided ˽ car with car at a different place from where it was front-wheel drive a car where the engine is hired DRV connected directly to the front wheels ˽ car DRV abbreviation Dietary Reference Val- with left-hand drive a car where the driver ues sits on the left-hand side 3. a path leading to dry /drai/ adjective 1. not wet 2. with no a house wide enough for a car to drive along rain 3. BEVERAGES not sweet, used especially it í verb ROAD TRAVEL to make a car, lorry, of wine ć A dry white wine is served with etc., go in a particular direction ć He was fish. ć Some German wines are quite dry. ć I driving to work when he heard the news on prefer dry champagne to sweet champagne. the car radio. ć She drives a tour bus. (NOTE: 4. forbidding alcohol ć The whole state is driving – drove – has driven) dry. í verb to remove water from something drive along draiv ə lɒŋ ć Guests are asked not to hang clothes to dry drive along / | / verb ROAD TRAVEL to ride along a road in a motor vehi- on the balcony. dry-clean cle dry-clean / drai klin/ verb to clean drive away draiv ə wei something with chemicals ć We have sent drive away / | / verb ROAD TRAVEL to go away in a motor vehicle the curtains away to be dry-cleaned. dry-cleaner’s drive back drai klinəz drive back / draiv b k/ verb ROAD dry-cleaner’s / / noun a ć TRAVEL to go or come back in a motor vehicle shop where clothes are dry-cleaned When drive in I got my suit back from the dry-cleaner’s draiv in ć drive in / / verb to go in by car there was a button missing. Each car that drives in is issued with a ticket. dry-cleaning drai kliniŋ drive-in draiv in dry-cleaning / / noun drive-in / / adjective, noun ENTER- clothes which are ready to be sent to be dry- TAINMENT a bank, cinema or restaurant, cleaned or which have been returned after where customers are served as they sit in having been dry-cleaned ć She ran through their cars ć We went to see the movie at the ˽ the rain to her car with an armful of dry- local drive-in. drive-in cinema or restau- cleaning. rant a cinema or restaurant where you can dry-cure drai kjυə drive in in a car and watch a film or eat while dry-cure / / verb CATERING to still sitting in the car preserve fish or meat in salt crystals as drive on opposed to brine drive on / draiv ɒn/ verb to continue dry-cured bacon dry-cured bacon / drai kjυəd h m/ one’s journey ć The policeman signalled us noun MEAT bacon which has been cured in to drive on. driver salt driver / draivə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL some- dry dock dry dock / drai dɒk/ noun SHIPS AND body who drives ć You pay the driver as you BOATS a dock where the water is pumped out ć get on the bus. Don’t talk to the driver to allow repairs to be done to a ship when the bus is in motion. dryer draiə driving licence draiviŋ lais ə ns dryer / / noun a machine which dries, driving licence / ( ) /, especially a machine to dry clothes driver’s license US / draivəz lais(ə)ns/ dry ginger dry ginger / drai d ind ə/ noun BEVER- noun ROAD TRAVEL a permit that allows you AGES same as ginger ale to drive dry ice drizzle dry ice / drai ais/ noun carbon dioxide in driz ə l ć drizzle / ( ) / noun a thin mist of rain solid form A thin drizzle was falling so we took our COMMENT: Dry ice is extremely cold, with umbrellas. í verb to rain lightly ć It’s driz- a temperature of –78°C, and is used for zling outside, so you’d better wear a rain- keeping food such as ice cream cold when coat. being transported. drizzly drying drizzly / drizli/ adjective raining lightly ć drying / draiiŋ/ noun CATERING a method We get a lot of drizzly weather in September. of preserving food by removing moisture, 99 duty either by leaving it in the sun, as for dried use 2. a device for raising and lowering trays fruit, or by passing it through an industrial of food or dirty dishes between floors of a process building, e.g. when the kitchen is in the base- dry martini drai mɑ tini dry martini / | / noun BEVER- ment dummy pack AGES a cocktail of gin and French vermouth, dummy pack / dmi p k/ noun an empty served with an olive pack for display in a shop dry season dumping dry season / drai siz(ə)n/ noun a period dumping / dmpiŋ/ noun BUSINESS the of the year when it does not rain much act of getting rid of excess goods cheaply in dry slope dry slope / drai sləυp/ noun SPORT a ski an overseas market dumpling slope made of artificial snow dumpling / dmpliŋ/ noun FOOD a small dry slope skiing slope skiing / drai sləυp skiiŋ/ ball of paste, often with a filling, which is noun SPORT the activity of skiing on artifi- boiled or steamed cial snow slopes dune /djun/ noun a mound or hill of sand, dry stores dry stores / drai stɔz/ noun BUSINESS a either on a beach or in the desert storeroom where dry goods such as tins and dupe /djup/ noun a duplicate reservation packets of food are kept (informal) dry wine durian dry wine / drai wain/ noun BEVERAGES durian / djυəriən/ noun FRUIT a tropical wine which is not sweet fruit from a tree that grows in south-east Asia DSO DSO / disəυ/ abbreviation BUSINESS direct COMMENT: The fruit has an extremely service organisation unpleasant smell, but is highly regarded DST abbreviation Daylight Saving Time as a dessert fruit in south-east Asia. durum wheat dual carriageway djυərəm wit dual carriageway / djuəl k rid wei/ durum wheat / / noun noun ROAD TRAVEL a road with two lanes in FOOD a hard type of wheat grown in southern each direction, with a barrier between the Europe and used to make pasta pairs of lanes ć There’s a dual carriageway COMMENT: The best pasta is made with ahead, so we’ll soon be able to overtake that 100% durum wheat and should be labelled to this effect. tractor. (NOTE: The US English for this is dusk dsk two-lane highway.) dusk / / noun twilight, the period in the Dublin Bay prawn evening just before it gets dark ć The gar- Dublin Bay prawn / dblin bei prɔn/ dens close at dusk. noun SEAFOOD a large prawn, often served as dust dst í scampi dust / / noun a thin layer of dry dirt duchesse potatoes dtʃes pə verb 1. to remove dust from something ć The duchesse potatoes / | chambermaid has not dusted the room. 2. teitəυz/ plural noun FOOD creamed pota- CATERING to sprinkle sugar onto a cake toes with beaten egg added, piped into small dustbin dstbin mounds and baked in an oven dustbin / / noun a large container duck ć duck /dk/ noun 1. a common water bird 2. for collecting rubbish She put the rest of the dinner in the dustbin. ć He threw the let- MEAT the meat of this bird used as food ter into the dustbin. Also called trashcan, COMMENT: Roast duck is traditionally eaten with orange sauce. garbage can duster duckling dstə duckling / dkliŋ/ noun a small duck ć We duster / / noun a cloth for removing had roast duckling and orange sauce. dust ć Rub the surface down with a duster. dustpan dud cheque dstp n dud cheque / dd tʃek/ noun FINANCE dustpan / / noun a small wide same as bouncing cheque (informal) shovel for scooping up dirt dustproof cover dude /djud/ noun US a visitor to a dude dustproof cover / dstpruf kvə/ ranch noun a cover that prevents dust from getting dude ranch into something dude ranch / dud rɑntʃ/ noun TOURISM Dutch a ranch that people visit as a tourist attraction Dutch /dtʃ/ adjective coming from or and where they can stay and spend a holiday made in the Netherlands ˽ to go Dutch to due diligence diligence / dju dilid əns/ noun share the cost of a meal equally between eve- CATERING a requirement of the food safety ryone Dutch treat legislation that food producers must take all Dutch treat / dtʃ trit/ noun a party reasonable care that the food they produce is where each person pays his or her share safe, and is produced and packed in a way dutiable goods goods / djutiəb(ə)l υdz/, which prevents contamination dutiable items plural noun BUSINESS goods dumb waiter dumb waiter / dm weitə/ noun CATER- on which a customs duty has to be paid duty ING 1. a sideboard in a restaurant, on which duty / djuti/ noun 1. a piece of work that cutlery and condiments are kept ready for a person has to do ć One of her duties is to duty-free 100 see that the main doors are locked at night. duty of care code of care code / djuti əv keə 2. something that you are legally or morally kəυd/ noun a list of guidelines which staff expected to do 3. BUSINESS a tax that has to must follow, e.g. regarding the safe disposal be paid ć to take the duty off alcohol ć to put of waste a duty on cigarettes ˽ goods which are lia- COMMENT: The duty of care code requires ble to duty goods on which customs or businesses which produce waste to excise tax has to be paid ensure that it is carefully stored until it is ‘Canadian and European negotiators agreed to a disposed of, that it is disposed of by a reg- deal under which Canada could lower its import istered waste disposal contractor and that duties on $150 million worth of European goods’ a written record is kept each time the [Globe and Mail (Toronto)] waste is removed. duty-paid goods ‘…the Department of Customs and Excise col- duty-paid goods / djuti peid υdz/ lected a total of N79m under the new advance plural noun BUSINESS goods on which tax duty payment scheme’ [Business Times (Lagos)] has been paid duty-free duty-free / djuti fri/ adjective, adverb duty roster roster / djuti rɒstə/ noun a list of sold with no tax to be paid ć He bought a times showing when each person is on duty duty-free watch at the airport or He bought ć Have a look on the duty roster to see when the watch duty-free at the airport. you’re next on duty. ‘…despite the abolition of duty-free in the Euro- duvet / duvei/ noun a large bag filled with pean Union, BAA is able to offer EU passengers feathers, used to cover a bed ć I prefer a a wide range of duty-paid alcohol and tobacco’ [Heathrow International Traveller] duvet to blankets, because it is lighter. duvet cover duty-free alcohol duvei kvə duty-free alcohol / djuti fri lkəhɒl/ duvet cover / / noun a dec- noun BEVERAGES an alcoholic drink which orative bag used to cover a duvet DVT can be bought in a duty-free shop DVT abbreviation MEDICAL deep-vein duty-free allowance djuti fri ə thrombosis duty-free allowance / | dysenteric disən terik laυəns/ noun BUSINESS the amount of duti- dysenteric / | / adjective MEDI- able goods which a person can take into a CAL referring to dysentery dysentery country without paying tax ć She had sev- dysentery / dis(ə)ntri/ noun MEDICAL an eral bottles more than the duty-free allow- infection and inflammation of the colon ance and so was charged duty. causing bleeding and diarrhoea duty-free shop shop / djuti fri ʃɒp/ noun a COMMENT: Dysentery occurs mainly in shop at an airport or on a ship where goods tropical countries. The symptoms include diarrhoea, discharge of blood and pain in can be bought without paying duty the intestines. There are two main types of duty manager duty manager / djuti m nid ə/ noun dysentery: bacillary dysentery, caused by the manager who is on duty at the present the bacterium Shigella in contaminated time food; and amoebic dysentery or amoebia- duty of care sis, caused by a parasitic amoeba Enta- duty of care / djuti əv keə/ noun a duty moeba histolytica spread through contam- which every citizen has not to act negligently inated drinking water. E
E111 eastbound E111 noun MEDICAL a form used in the EU, eastbound / istbaυnd/ adjective going which entitles a resident of one EU country towards the east ć All eastbound trains have to free medical treatment in another EU been cancelled. ć The eastbound carriage- country way of the motorway is closed. East End e. & o.e. & o.e. abbreviation errors and omissions East End / ist end/ noun the part of Lon- excepted don to the east of the City of London, early / li/ adjective, adverb 1. before the regarded as having a very distinctive tradi- usual time ć Let’s have an early lunch. ć You tional culture Easter should leave the hotel early to miss the rush- Easter / istə/ noun a Christian festival in hour traffic. ˽ at an early date very soon 2. March or April Easter Day at the beginning of a period of time ć He took Easter Day / istə dei/, Easter Sunday an early flight to Paris. ˽ we hope for an / istə sndei/ noun a Sunday holiday cel- early resumption of services we hope serv- ebrating Christ’s rising from the dead Easter egg ices will start again soon Easter egg / istər e / noun FOOD a choc- early arrival li ə raiv ə l early arrival / | ( ) / noun olate or sugar egg eaten at Easter easterly HOTELS a guest who arrives at a hotel earlier easterly / istəli/ adjective towards the than expected east ˽ in an easterly direction towards the early bird special bird special / li bd speʃ(ə)l/ east noun 1. a specially reduced fare for travel eastern / ist(ə)n/ adjective referring to very early in the morning 2. a specially the east ć Bulgaria is part of Eastern cheap meal if the meal is taken early in the Europe. ć The best snow is in the eastern morning part of the mountains. easternmost early closing day closing day / li kləυziŋ dei/ easternmost / ist(ə)nməυst/ adjective noun a weekday, usually Wednesday or furthest east Thursday, when many shops close in the eastward / istwəd/ adjective, adverb afternoon towards the east eastwards early morning call morning call / li mɔniŋ kɔl/ eastwards / istwədz/ adverb towards the noun same as morning call east east wind early morning tea morning tea / li mɔniŋ ti/ east wind / ist wind/ noun a wind that noun BEVERAGES tea brought to a guest’s blows from the east bedroom early in the morning, often with the easy terms terms / izi tmz/ plural noun day’s newspaper and sometimes with letters BUSINESS a price that is easy to pay because earplug / iəpl / noun a ball of wax or it is spread in instalments over a period of cotton, which is pushed into the ear so that time ć The shop is let on very easy terms. eat you cannot hear anything ć Luckily we took eat /it/ verb 1. to put food into your mouth earplugs with us, as the traffic outside our and swallow it 2. to have a meal ć Eat as room was very noisy. much as you like for £5.95! (NOTE: ate – east ˽ east /ist/ noun one of the points of the eaten) to eat in to have a meal at home or compass, the direction of the rising sun ć in the restaurant of the hotel where you are ˽ The sun rises in the east. ć The pilgrims staying to eat out to have dinner away turned towards the east. ˽ the Far East from home or in a restaurant outside the countries to the east of India ˽ the Middle hotel where you are staying eatable East countries to the east of Egypt and west eatable / itəb(ə)l/ adjective good enough of Pakistan í adjective referring to the east í to eat ć This meat is hardly eatable. eatables adverb towards the east ć Drive east along eatables / itəb(ə)lz/ plural noun things to the motorway for ten miles. eat eater 102
eater economy size pack itə ć i kɒnəmi saiz eater / / noun somebody who eats economy size pack /| She’s a light eater – she just picks at her p k/ noun BUSINESS a packet of goods that food. works out cheaper to buy, usually because it eatery / itəri/ noun US a restaurant, or a contains more. Also called family pack ć ecotourism ikəυ tυəriz ə m place where you can eat (informal) a well- ecotourism / | ( ) / noun known eatery on 5th Avenue (NOTE: The plu- TOURISM tourism that is responsible and ral form is eateries.) respects the culture and lifestyle of the local eating apple eating apple / itiŋ p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT a people, and in general does nothing to dam- sweet apple which may be eaten raw age the local environment eating place itiŋ pleis ecotourist ikəυ tυərist eating place / / noun a place ecotourist / | / noun TOURISM where you can eat, e.g. a restaurant, cafeteria a responsible tourist who eats local food, or canteen uses local transport, lives the lifestyle of EC abbreviation European Community local people and respects their culture, and in (NOTE: This is now called the European general does nothing to damage the local Union (EU).) environment éclair ei kleə Edam id m éclair / | / noun a long thin cylinder of Edam / / noun a mild Dutch cheese choux pastry filled with whipped cream and with a slightly rubbery texture, typically topped with chocolate or coffee icing formed into balls covered with red wax ecolabelling ikəυ leib ə liŋ edible ecolabelling / | ( ) / noun a edible / edib(ə)l/ adjective referring to system by which products or services that something that can be safely eaten ć How are considered not to be harmful to the envi- can you tell which mushrooms are edible and ronment, or to be less harmful than others, which are poisonous? EDP are given a special label EDP / i di pi/ abbreviation electronic E. coli E. coli / i kəυlai/ noun MEDICAL a Gram- data processing negative bacillus associated with acute gas- eel eel /il/ noun SEAFOOD a long thin fish troenteritis and traveller’s diarrhoea. Full which looks like a snake ć She ordered some form Escherichia coli ć economic cycle smoked eel. He had a plate of jellied eels. ikənɒmik saik ə l economic cycle / ( ) / COMMENT: Eels may be eaten smoked noun BUSINESS same as trade cycle (usually with horseradish sauce) or economy i kɒnəmi economy /| / noun 1. actions stewed in the traditional London fashion – intended to save money or resources 2. the ‘jellied eels’. EFA way in which a country makes and uses EFA abbreviation CATERING European Food money, or the financial state of a country Authority economy car effect i | kɒnəmi kɑ ROAD i fekt economy car / / noun effect / | / noun a change that happens TRAVEL a car which does not use much petrol as the result of an action done by somebody economy class i kɒnəmi klɑs efficiency economy class / | / noun i fiʃ ə nsi efficiency / | ( ) / noun the ability to AIR TRAVEL the cheapest category of seat on a work well and to produce the right result or plane ć to travel economy class Also called the right work quickly tourist class efficient i fiʃ ə nt efficient / | ( ) / adjective able to work ‘…let no one pretend that taking a long-haul Economy class flight is a pleasurable experience’ well and do what is necessary without wast- [Business Traveller] ing time, money or effort economy class syndrome efficiently i fiʃ ə ntli i kɒnəmi | economy class syndrome / | efficiently / ( ) / adverb in an effi- klɑs sindrəυm/ noun MEDICAL same as cient way ć The waitresses served the 250 deep-vein thrombosis (informal) diners very efficiently. EFT ‘…the term ‘Economy Class Syndrome’ was EFT / i ef ti/ abbreviation FINANCE elec- coined in 1988 but it is only over the last few tronic funds transfer years that any serious attempt has been made to e.g. study the causes of this health hazard’ [Wander- e.g. abbreviation for example, such as ć lust] The contract is valid in some countries (e.g. economy flight fare i kɒnəmi flait economy flight fare / | France and Belgium) but not in others. egg feə/ noun AIR TRAVEL the lowest fare avail- egg /e / noun FOOD 1. an oval object with a able hard shell, produced by a female bird from economy passenger i kɒnəmi ć ć economy passenger /| which a baby bird comes a duck’s egg p sind ə/ noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who quail eggs 2. an egg produced by a domestic travels in economy class ć The airline pro- hen, the type of egg most commonly used as vides more leg-room for full-fare economy food for humans ć You need three eggs to passengers. make this cake. 103 embus
egg cosy egg cosy / e kəυzi/ noun CATERING a act of selecting and examining data stored in little cover put over a boiled egg to keep it a computer to produce information. Abbr hot (NOTE: The plural form is egg cosies.) EDP eggcup / e kp/ noun a holder for a electronic funds transfer funds transfer / elektrɒnik boiled egg ć They served boiled eggs in egg- fndz tr nsf/ noun FINANCE a system cups shaped like chickens. for transferring money from one account to egg custard egg custard / e kstəd/ noun DES- another electronically, as when using a smart SERTS a sweet sauce, made with eggs and card. Abbr EFT electronic organiser milk, flavoured with vanilla, baked until set electronic organiser / elektrɒnik and eaten warm or cold ɔ ənaizə/ noun same as personal organ- egg noodles noodles / e nud(ə)lz/ plural noun iser FOOD noodles made with flour, water and electronic point of sale point of sale / elektrɒnik egg pɔint əv seil/ noun BUSINESS a system eggplant eggplant / e plɑnt/ noun US VEGETA- where sales are charged automatically to a BLES a plant with shiny purple-black fruit, customer’s credit card or debit card and used as a vegetable. Also called aubergine stock is controlled by the shop’s computer. eggs Benedict Benedict / e z benədikt/ noun Abbr EPOS electronic ticketing ham and a poached egg in hollandaise sauce electronic ticketing / elektrɒnik on a slice of toast or a split toasted muffin tikitiŋ/ noun a computerised system used eggshell eggshell / e ʃel/ noun the shell around an by airlines which gives passengers a special egg ć I found a big piece of eggshell in my code number instead of a physical ticket omelette. electroplated nickel silver i | egg timer electroplated nickel silver / e taimə egg timer / / noun a device for lektrəpleitid nik(ə)l silvə/ noun CATER- timing how long an egg is boiled for ING same as silver plate egg white e wait elevator egg white / / noun FOOD the part elevator / eliveitə/ noun US a machine of the egg which is not yellow. Also called which carries people or goods from one floor white ć EHO to another in a building Take the elevator to EHO abbreviation Environmental Health the 26th floor. Compare escalator, travela- Officer tor (NOTE: The British English is lift.) elastic i l stik elevenses elastic / | / adjective not rigid, able i lev ə nziz elevenses / | ( ) / noun CATERING to stretch and contract elastic demand a snack served in the middle of the morning i l stik di mɑnd elastic demand /| | / (informal) noun BUSINESS a demand which can expand e-mail i meil or contract easily because of small changes e-mail / / noun 1. electronic mail, a system of sending messages from one com- in price ć electric i lektrik puter to another, using telephone lines You electric / | / adjective worked by can make your booking by e-mail if you ć electricity The flat is equipped with an want. ć I’ll give you the e-mail address of the electric cooker. hotel. 2. ć I had electrical a message sent by e-mail i lektrik ə l electrical / | ( ) / adjective refer- two e-mails from him this morning. í verb to ring to electricity ć The engineers are trying send a message using electronic mail ć I e- to repair an electrical fault. mailed the hotel about the change of plan. electricity i lek trisiti embark electricity / | | / noun a current im bɑk embark / | / verb TRAVEL to go onto ć used to make light, heat or power The elec- a ship or aircraft ć The passengers embarked tricity was cut off this morning, so the air- at Southampton. ć conditioning could not work. Our electric- embarkation embɑ keiʃ ə n ity bill has increased considerably this quar- embarkation / | ( ) / noun ter. ć Electricity costs are an important fac- TRAVEL the action of going onto a ship or tor in our overheads. plane embarkation card electronic embɑ keiʃ ə n elek trɒnik embarkation card / | ( ) electronic / | / adjective refer- ring to machines that use transistors or inte- kɑd/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a card given to grated circuits to operate, or to systems that passengers getting onto a ship rely on computers and computer networks embassy / embəsi/ noun a building where electronic billing billing / elektrɒnik biliŋ/ an ambassador has his or her office ć The noun a system for charging customers and British Embassy is holding a party for exhib- paying bills by credit or debit card online itors at the trade fair. electronic data processing embus im bs electronic data processing embus / | / verb ROAD TRAVEL to get / elektrɒnik deitə prəυsesiŋ/ noun the on a bus or put people on a bus emergency 104 emergency i md ənsi ć emergency / | / noun a danger- turnover Under the new management, ous situation such as a fire or an accident, employee turnover has dropped. where decisions have to be taken quickly ˽ emporium im pɔriəm emporium / | / noun a large the government declared a state of emer- shop (NOTE: The plural form is emporia.) gency the government decided that the situ- emptor emptor / emptə/ BUSINESS caveat emp- ation was so dangerous that the police or ˽ tor army had to run the country in case of empty empti emergency, in an emergency if a dangerous empty / / adjective with nothing situation develops ć In an emergency, press inside, or with no people present ć The res- the red button. taurant was half-empty. ć The ski resorts are ‘…the problem with emergency evacuation sys- empty because there is no snow. í noun an tems is that they do not adequately satisfy safety empty bottle or case needs during emergencies. Many systems use emulsifier i mlsifaiə emulsifier /| /, emulsifying emergency powered signs placed high on walls i mlsifaiiŋ eid ənt agent / | / noun CATER- or above doors. These work well when you can see them, but smoke rises, decreasing visibility ING a substance added to mixtures of food and increasing the risk of confusion’ [Hotel such as water and oil to hold them together, Security Worldwide] and also added to meat to increase the water emergency exit i md ənsi e zit ı emergency exit /| / content so that the meat is heavier. stabi- noun a special way out of a building, used if liser there is a fire or other emergency. Also called COMMENT: In the EU, emulsifiers and sta- fire exit bilisers have E numbers E322 to E495. emergency plan i md ənsi pl n emulsify | i mlsifai emergency plan / / emulsify / | / verb CATERING to noun same as contingency plan mix two liquids so thoroughly that they will emergency reserves i md ə nsi ri emergency reserves / | ( ) | not separate zvz/ plural noun contingency enclose in kləυz same as enclose / | / verb to put something plan inside an envelope with a letter ć to enclose emigrant emigrant / emi rənt/ noun somebody a leaflet about the hotel ć a letter enclosing who leaves one country to settle in another. a cheque ć I am enclosing a copy of our cur- Compare immigrant rent room rates. ć Please find the cheque emigrate / emi reit/ verb to leave your enclosed herewith. country to live in another ć My daughter and enclosure in kləυ ə enclosure / | / noun a document her family have emigrated to Australia. enclosed with a letter ć letter with enclo- Compare immigrate sures (NOTE: Usually shortened to encl. emigration emi reiʃ ə n emigration / | ( ) / noun the act when written at the end of a letter.) of leaving your country to live in another ć en croute croute / ɒn krut/ adjective, adverb 19th-century governments encouraged emi- enclosed in a pastry crust gration to the colonies. Compare immigra- endemic en demik tion endemic / | / adjective MEDICAL Emmental referring to any disease which is very com- Emmental / eməntɑl/ noun DAIRY a type mon in specific places ć Yellow fever is of hard cheese from Switzerland with large endemic to parts of Central Africa. holes and a mild nutty flavour endive employ im plɔi endive / endiv/ noun 1. FRUIT a green employ / | / verb to give someone regular paid work ˽ to employ twenty staff salad plant similar to a lettuce, with curly bit- to have twenty people working for you ˽ to ter-tasting leaves 2. VEGETABLES a vegetable employ twenty new staff to give work to with a conical head of white crisp leaves twenty new people packed firmly together, eaten raw in salads employee im plɔii or cooked with a sauce. ı chicory employee / | / noun a person energy value enəd i v lju employed by a company ć Employees of the energy value / / noun firm are eligible to join a profit-sharing CATERING the amount of energy produced by scheme. ć Relations between management a given amount of a particular food engaged ć in eid d and employees have improved. The com- engaged / | / adjective busy, e.g. pany has decided to take on new employees. of a telephone line ć You cannot speak to the employee conduct report im plɔii employee conduct report / | manager – his line is engaged. engaged tone kɒndkt ri| pɔt in eid d təυn / noun BUSINESS a report engaged tone / | / noun a on how an employee has performed over a sound made by a telephone when the line given period of time dialled is busy ć I tried to phone the com- employee turnover im plɔii employee turnover /| plaints department but I just got the engaged tnəυvə/ noun BUSINESS same as labour tone. 105 entertainment English / iŋ liʃ/ adjective referring to vour of food, or even the flavour of artificial England í noun the language spoken in the flavouring that has been added to food UK, the USA and many other countries ć Do COMMENT: In the EU, flavour enhancers you speak English? ć The hotel has an Eng- added to food have the E numbers E620 lish-speaking manager. to 637. en pension English breakfast en penʃən ˽ English breakfast / iŋ liʃ brekfəst/ en pension / / adjective en noun FOOD a meal of cereals, bacon, eggs, pension terms, en pension rate a special toast and marmalade, served with tea or cof- price for guests staying in a hotel who take fee, often served as a buffet in motels and all their meals in the hotel (the same as ‘full hotel chains board’); normally in Britain this will include breakfast, lunch and dinner, and in some tra- COMMENT: A traditional ‘full English break- fast’ may include cereals, porridge, or ditional hotels morning coffee and afternoon stewed fruit (such as prunes), grilled fish tea; there will probably be a reduced menu (such as kippers), bacon and eggs, sau- for ‘en pension’ guests, which will not sages, kidneys, fried or grilled tomatoes or include special dishes found on the ‘à la mushrooms and fried bread, followed by carte’ menu toast and marmalade and tea or coffee. en pension rate en penʃən reit English Heritage iŋ liʃ heritid en pension rate / / noun English Heritage / / HOTELS same as full board noun an official organisation responsible for enplane en plein preserving historic buildings such as ancient enplane / | / verb AIR TRAVEL to get onto an aircraft monuments, and landscapes in England enquire English service iŋ kwaiə enquire / | /, enquiry same as English service / iŋ liʃ svis/ noun inquire, inquiry CATERING a way of serving at a meal, where en route ɒn rut ć the waiter or waitress serves each guest from en route / / adverb on the way a large dish, serving from the guest’s left We stopped for lunch en route to the coast. ć English Tourism Awards The ship ran into a storm en route to the Far English Tourism Awards / iŋ liʃ tυəriz ə m ə wɔdz East. ( ) | / plural noun TOURISM en suite en swit ˽ prizes given annually by the regional tourist en suite / / adverb, adjective boards, with a finalist chosen each year for bedroom with bathroom en suite, bed- the whole country room with en suite bathroom a bedroom English Tourism Council with a bathroom leading off it ć The hotel English Tourism Council / iŋ liʃ ˽ tυəriz ə m kaυns ə l has 25 bedrooms, all en suite. the hotel ( ) ( ) / noun TOURISM an has 25 bedrooms, all en suite all the bed- organisation which promotes tourism in rooms have en suite bathrooms ć The new England and promotes tourism to England motel has 20 en suite bedrooms. from other parts of the United Kingdom. It is enter entə formed of several regional tourist boards. enter / / verb 1. to go into or to come Abbr ETC into a place ć The group entered France by road. ć Several immigrants enter the country COMMENT: The council grades hotels, bed and breakfasts, self-catering cottages and illegally every day. ı entrance, entry 2. to campsites according to various grading write information on a book or a form, or to systems: hotels are rated according to a type information into a computer system ć to star system (one star to five stars); guest enter a name on a list 3. ˽ to enter into to accommodation (bed and breakfasts, begin ć to enter into relations with someone farmhouses, inns, guesthouses, etc.) are ć to enter into negotiations with a foreign rated according to a diamond system (one to five diamonds); self-catering accommo- government ć to enter into a partnership dation is also rated according to a star sys- with a legal friend ć to enter into an agree- tem (one to five stars). ment or a contract entering English Tourist Board Tourist Board / iŋ liʃ tυərist entering / entəriŋ/ noun the act of writing bɔd/ noun TOURISM one of twelve regional something in a record organisations forming part of the English enterprise zone zone / entəpraiz zəυn/ noun Tourism Council. Also called Tourist BUSINESS same as development zone Board entertain entə tein entertain / | / verb to give guests a enhance in hɑns enhance / | / verb to make some- meal and sometimes accommodation thing better or stronger entertainer entə teinə entertainer / | / noun a person enhancement in hɑnsmənt enhancement /| / noun who sings, dances, tells jokes or performs something which makes a service better tricks to entertain people enhancer in hɑnsə entertainment entə teinmənt enhancer / | / noun CATERING an entertainment / | / noun 1. artificial substance which increases the fla- the act of offering meals or accommodation entertainment allowance 106
entry clearance to visitors 2. TRAVEL games, films, etc., entry clearance / entri kliərəns/ noun offered to amuse passengers an official document that entitles the holder entertainment allowance entə entertainment allowance / | of a student or work permit to enter the UK teinmənt ə laυəns | / noun BUSINESS money for a period of six months or longer which a manager is allowed by his or her entry visa visa / entri vizə/ noun a visa company to spend on meals with visitors allowing someone to go into a country entertainment expenses entə E number entertainment expenses / | i nmbə teinmənt ik spensiz E number / / noun FOOD a clas- | / plural noun money sification number given to a food additive by spent on giving meals, theatre tickets, etc., to the European Union business visitors entertainment officer entə teinmənt COMMENT: Additives are classified as fol- entertainment officer / | lows: colouring substances: E100 – E180; ɒfisə/ noun somebody who is responsible preservatives: E200 – E297; antioxidants: for organising sports competitions, shows, E300 – E321; emulsifiers and stabilisers: dances or cabarets for passengers on a ship E322 – E495; acids and bases: E500 – entitle in tait ə l E529; anti-caking additives: E530 – E578; entitle / | ( ) / verb to give somebody flavour enhancers and sweeteners: E620 the right to do something ć The token entitles – E637. you to two free admissions to the museum. ć environmental in vairən ment ə l environmental /| | ( ) / He is entitled to ten days’ holiday a year. adjective referring to the environment ‘…membership of the club, free to business trav- environmental annoyance in ellers and conference delegates, entitles guests to environmental annoyance /| vairənment ə l ə nɔiəns 10% discounts on their room bill and the hotel’s ( ) | / noun a nuisance business centre facilities’ [Business Traveller] caused by such environmental factors as traf- entrain in trein entrain / | / verb to get on a train or fic noise put people on a train Environmental Health Officer in Environmental Health Officer / | entrance entrance / entrəns/ noun a way in, or the vairənment(ə)l helθ ɒfisə/ noun an offi- act of going in ć The taxi will drop you at the cial of a local authority who examines the main entrance. ć The group will meet at the environment and tests for air pollution, bad London Road entrance of the hotel. sanitation, noise pollution, etc. Abbr EHO. entrance fee entrance fee / entrəns fi/ noun ENTER- Also called Public Health Inspector TAINMENT money which you have to pay to environmental hygiene in environmental hygiene /| go into something such as an exhibition. vairənment(ə)l haid in/ noun the study Also called admission fee of health and how it is affected by the envi- entrance hall entrance hall / entrəns hɑl/ noun same ronment as front hall environmental quality standards in | entrance ticket environmental quality standards / entrəns tikit entrance ticket / / noun vairənment(ə)l kwɒləti/ plural noun the ENTERTAINMENT a ticket which allows you to amount of an effluent or pollutant which is go into something such as an exhibition. accepted in an environment, e.g. the amount Also called admission ticket of trace elements in drinking water or the entrée entrée / ɒntrei/ noun CATERING 1. the amount of additives in food main course in a meal, e.g. fish or meat, or a EPNS EPNS abbreviation CATERING electroplated vegetarian dish ć You have the choice of nickel silver three starters and four entrées. 2. formerly, a epos ipɒs dish of meat served after the fish course and epos / /, EPOS abbreviation BUSI- before the main course in a formal meal NESS electronic point of sale equator entremets i kweitə entremets / ɒntrəmei/ noun CATERING equator / | / noun an imaginary line the sweet course, consisting of e.g. pud- running round the surface of the earth, at an dings, pastries or ices equal distance from the North and South entry entry / entri/ noun 1. the act of going in ć Poles to pass a customs entry point ć entry of COMMENT: Crossing the equator (or ‘crossing the line’) is the subject of elabo- goods under bond 2. the door or opening rate rituals on ships. Passengers who are where you go into a place 3. a piece of writ- crossing the equator for the first time are ten information in a ledger or register ć The shaved, thrown into the swimming pool, police looked at the entries in the hotel’s reg- etc., and finally presented with a certificate ister. ˽ to make an entry in a ledger to write from the captain. equip i kwip down information referring to receipts or equip / | / verb to provide something expenditure in a ledger with machinery ć a holiday flat equipped entry charge entry charge / entri tʃɑd / noun ENTER- with washing machine and dishwasher ć The TAINMENT same as admission charge ship has a fully-equipped gymnasium. ć All 107 ethnic rooms in the hotel are equipped with hair acids which are essential for growth, but dryers and coffeemakers. which cannot be synthesised and so must be equipment i kwipmənt equipment / | / noun machin- obtained from food or medicinal substances essential fatty acid i senʃəl f ti ery and furniture required to make a factory essential fatty acid /| or office work ć kitchen equipment ć kitchen sid/ noun an unsaturated fatty acid which equipment supplier ć kitchen equipment cat- is essential for growth, but which cannot be alogue synthesised and so must be obtained from ergot / ət/ noun a fungus which grows food or medicinal substances essential foodstuffs i senʃəl fud on rye essential foodstuffs /| | error stfs error / erə/ noun a mistake ć She made an / plural noun very important, staple error in calculating the total. ˽ errors and foods such as bread and rice establishment i st bliʃmənt omissions excepted (e. & o.e.) a note on an establishment / | / noun 1. invoice to show that the seller has no respon- a business or organisation ć He runs an sibility for mistakes on the invoice important catering establishment. 2. the escalator ˽ escalator / eskəleitə/ noun a moving number of people working in a company to staircase, with metal steps that move be on the establishment to be a full-time ˽ upwards or downwards. Compare elevator, employee kitchen with an establishment lift, travelator of fifteen a kitchen with a budgeted staff of escalope esk lɒp fifteen escalope / / noun MEAT a thin estimate estimət slice of meat, especially veal, pork, chicken estimate noun / / 1. a calculation or turkey. ı Wiener schnitzel of the probable cost, size or time of some- escape i skeip thing 2. a calculation of how much some- escape / | / verb the act of getting thing is likely to cost in the future, given to a away from prison or from a difficult situation ć ć client so as to get him to make an order to Escape with us to the tropical island of ask a builder for an estimate for building the Barbados. ć escapism annexe Before we can give the grant we i skeipiz ə m escapism / | ( ) / noun activities must have an estimate of the total costs that stop you from thinking about real life involved. ˽ to put in an estimate to state in escargot escargot / eskɑ əυ/ noun a snail that is writing the probable costs of carrying out a cooked and served as food, especially pre- job ć Three firms put in estimates for the job. sented in its shell with melted garlic butter í verb / estimeit/ 1. to calculate the proba- escort escort noun / eskɔt/ somebody who ble cost, size or time of something ć to esti- accompanies another person ć She wore red mate that it will cost £1m or to estimate costs í i ć silk and her escort wore a kilt. verb / | at £1m We estimate current sales at only skɔt/ to accompany someone ć The cou- 60% of last year’s. 2. ˽ to estimate for a job rier escorted the group into the hotel. ć I was to state in writing the probable costs of car- escorted around by our local MP. ć The liner rying out a job ć Three firms estimated for entered harbour escorted by a flotilla of the refitting of the bar. yachts. estimated / estimeitid/ adjective calcu- escorted i skɔtid ć escorted / | / adjective accompa- lated approximately Costs were slightly nied by a guide or courier ć two operators more than the estimated figure. with escorted tours of Italy ć We offer sev- estimated time of arrival time of arrival / estimeitid taim əv ə raiv ə l eral escorted touring holidays in South | ( ) / noun TRAVEL the time America. when an aircraft, a coach or a group of tour- esky esky / eski/ noun Aus CATERING same as ists is expected to arrive. Abbr ETA cool box estimated time of departure time of departure espresso e spresəυ estimətid taim əv di| pɑtʃə espresso / | / noun BEVERAGES 1. / / noun a type of strong Italian coffee, made in a spe- TRAVEL the time when an aircraft, a coach or cial machine, where steam or boiling water is a group of tourists is expected to leave. Abbr forced through ground coffee under pressure ETD ETA ć an espresso machine 2. a cup of this coffee ETA abbreviation TRAVEL estimated time of ć Two cups of espresso or two espressos, arrival ETC please. ETC abbreviation TOURISM English Tour- essence essence / es(ə)ns/ noun CATERING a con- ism Council centrated plant extract containing its unique ETD abbreviation estimated time of depar- flavour and fragrance ture essential amino acids i senʃəl ə ethnic eθnik essential amino acids /| | ethnic / / adjective referring to a par- minəυ sidz/ plural noun the eight amino ticular race or country ethnic food 108 ethnic food eθnik fud European jυərə piən ethnic food / / noun CATERING European / | / adjective refer- food from a particular country which is not ring to Europe ć They do business with sev- European, e.g. Chinese or Indian food eral European countries. European food ethnic restaurant restaurant / eθnik rest(ə)rɒnt/ European food / jυərəpiən fud/ noun noun CATERING a restaurant serving ethnic CATERING food from a country in Europe, food e.g. French, Spanish or Greek food European Food Authority e-ticket e-ticket / i tikit/ noun AIR TRAVEL an European Food Authority jυərəpiən fud ɔ θɒrəti electronic ticket, which does not exist on / | / noun CATER- paper, but is stored in the airline’s booking ING a European organisation formed in 2002, system, and can be referred to using a refer- which provides scientific advice on food ence number safety, collects data on diets and exposure to e-ticketing risks, and keeps the public informed about e-ticketing / i tikitiŋ/ noun AIR TRAVEL the process of issuing e-tickets food safety. Abbr EFA etiquette ‘…the proposed European Food Authority (EFA) etiquette / etiket/ noun the correct way of could be nothing but an expensive layer of behaving in public ć Banqueting staff must bureaucracy if it is not given real enforcement learn the correct etiquette involved in wed- powers, the Chartered Institute of Environmental ding receptions. Health (CIEH) has warned MEPs. The CIEH EU believes the EFA, scheduled to be launched by EU abbreviation European Union ć EU 2002, should give priority to food-poisoning fig- ministers met today in Brussels. ć The USA ures and improve the response to food-poisoning is increasing its trade with the EU. outbreaks, which it said was poor across the EU.’ EUFIC [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] EUFIC abbreviation European Food Infor- European plan jυərə piən pl n mation Council European plan / | / noun euro jυərəυ HOTELS 1. a hotel tariff which covers the euro / / noun FINANCE a currency room charges and service charges, including adopted as legal tender in several European a simple continental breakfast 2. US a hotel countries from January 1st, 2002 ć Many tariff which covers the room charges and articles are priced in euros. ć What’s the service charges but no meals. Compare exchange rate for the euro? (NOTE: This is € € American plan written before numbers: 250: say: ‘two European Union jυərəpiən juniən hundred and fifty euros’.) European Union / / noun a group of European countries linked ‘…cross-border mergers in the European Union have shot up since the introduction of the euro’ together by the Treaty of Rome, basing their [Investors Chronicle] cooperation on the four fundamental COMMENT: The countries which are joined freedoms of movement: of goods, capital, together in the European Monetary Union people and services. Abbr EU and have adopted the euro as their com- COMMENT: The European Community was mon currency are: Austria, Belgium, Fin- set up in 1957 and changed its name to land, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, the European Union when it adopted the Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Por- Single Market. It has now grown to include tugal and Spain. fifteen member states. These are: Austria, Euro- /jυərəυ/ prefix referring to Europe or Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ger- many, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the European Union the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden euro account jυərəυ ə kaυnt euro account / | / noun and the United Kingdom; other countries FINANCE a bank account in euros are negotiating to join. The member states Europe jυərəp of the EU are linked together by the Treaty Europe / / noun 1. the continent of of Rome in such a way that trade is more Europe, the part of the world to the west of free, that money can be moved from one Asia, extending from Russia to Ireland ć country to another freely, that people can Most of the countries of Western Europe are move from one country to another more members of the EU. ć Poland is in eastern freely, and that people can work more Europe, and Greece, Spain and Portugal are freely in other countries of the group. Eurostar in southern Europe. ć Canadian visitors to Eurostar / jυərəυstɑ/ tdmk RAIL TRAVEL Europe have risen by 25%. 2. the same area, 1. a train service from England to France and but not including the UK ć Holidays in Belgium, through the Channel Tunnel ć Europe are less popular than last year. 3. the Eurostar is often used by businesspeople European Union including the UK ć Cana- who want to go to the centre of Brussels. 2. a dian exports to Europe have risen by 25%. 4. train on the Eurostar service ć We took the other EU countries but not including the UK 8.25 Eurostar to Paris. evacuate ć i v kjueit British sales to Europe have increased this evacuate / | / verb to get people year. to leave a place such as a dangerous building, 109 exchange premium an aircraft on fire, etc. ć The hotel guests the final examination for the course. ć He were evacuated by the fire service. failed his proficiency examination and so evacuation i v kju eiʃ ə n evacuation / | | ( ) / noun the had to leave his job. examine i z min act of getting people out of a dangerous examine / | / verb to look at some- building, aircraft, etc. ć Complete evacua- one or something very carefully to see what tion of the aircraft took 12 minutes. ć We they are like or whether anything is wrong have to practise evacuation drill every week. with them ć The customs officials asked to ‘…evacuation of a building in darkness or smoke examine the inside of the car. is always difficult and hazardous. Whether it is a exceed ik sid exceed / | / verb to go beyond some- fire, or a storm, an explosion or any major or ć minor emergency, nothing makes it more fright- thing He was exceeding the speed limit. excess ening than darkness’ [Hotel Security Worldwide] excess / ekses/ adjective more than what evacuation plan i v kju eiʃ ə n pl n ˽ ć evacuation plan / | | ( ) / is allowed in excess of above, more than noun HOTELS a diagram pinned up in a hotel Quantities in excess of twenty-five kilos are room, showing guests how to escape if there charged at a higher rate. is a fire ‘…most airlines give business class the same evacuation route i v kju eiʃ ə n rut baggage allowance as first class, which can save evacuation route / | | ( ) / large sums in excess baggage’ [Business Travel- noun a way, clearly indicated by signs and ler] diagrams, which people must follow to excess baggage baggage / ekses b id / noun escape from a dangerous building evaporated milk 1. baggage which is heavier than the weight i v pəreitid milk evaporated milk / | / allowed as free baggage for a certain cate- noun milk that has been thickened by remov- gory of ticket 2. an extra payment at an air- ing some of the water by evaporation port for taking baggage which is heavier than evening evening / ivniŋ/ noun the part of the day the usual passenger’s allowance ć excess fare between the afternoon and night They took excess fare / ekses feə/ noun TRAVEL an an evening flight to Madrid. ć The evening extra fare to be paid, such as for travelling meal is served from 7.30 to 10.30. first-class with a second-class ticket or for evening dress evening dress / ivniŋ dres/ noun for- travelling further than originally intended excessive mal clothes worn to an evening banquet or ik sesiv ć excessive / | / adjective too large reception, consisting of long dresses for excessive costs women and dinner jacket and bow tie for exchange iks tʃeind men exchange / | / noun 1. the act of event i vent giving one thing for another 2. the act of giv- event /| / noun ENTERTAINMENT a ing someone an amount of foreign currency party or other special occasion, e.g. a wed- that is equal in value to an amount in his or ding reception, birthday party, etc. her own currency. ı foreign exchange í event manager i vent m nid ə event manager / | / noun verb 1. ˽ to exchange one article for a person who is in charge of organising another to give one thing in place of some- events that take place at a particular venue thing else ć He exchanged his ticket for a event marketing i vent mɑkitiŋ event marketing /| / flight on Monday 22nd for a ticket on the noun the work of advertising a venue as a same flight on the following Wednesday. ć If good place in which to hold events the trousers are too small you can take them event operations manager i vent ć event operations manager /| back and exchange them for a larger pair. ɒpə reiʃ ə nz m nid ə | ( ) / noun HOTELS a Goods can be exchanged only on production manager in a hotel who organises special of the sales slip. 2. FINANCE to change money events of one country for money of another ć to exact i z kt ć exchange euros for pounds exact / | / adjective very correct exchangeable iks tʃeind əb ə l The exact time is 10.27. ć The salesgirl exchangeable /| ( ) / asked me if I had the exact sum, since the adjective possible to exchange exchange control iks tʃeind kən shop had no change. exchange control / | | exactly i z ktli trəυl exactly / | / adverb not more, not / noun FINANCE control by a govern- less ć The total cost was exactly £6,504. ć ment of the way in which its currency may be The train arrived exactly on time at 10.03. exchanged for foreign currencies ć The gov- examination i z mi neiʃ ə n ernment had to impose exchange controls to examination / | | ( ) / noun 1. the act of looking at something or somebody stop the rush to buy dollars. exchange premium iks tʃeind very carefully to see what they are like or exchange premium / | whether anything is wrong with them 2. a primiəm/ noun FINANCE an extra cost written or spoken test ć He passed his man- above the usual rate for buying a foreign cur- agement examinations. ć She came first in rency exchange rate 110 exchange rate iks tʃeind reit exchange rate / | / noun few passengers, usually important business- FINANCE the price at which one currency is people exchanged for another ć What is today’s executive lounge i zekjυtiv laυnd executive lounge / | / exchange rate or the current exchange rate noun a lounge in an airport or hotel for the for the dollar? ć There is a surcharge of 10% use of people who are travelling first-class because of the fall in the exchange rate. Also executive room i zekjυtiv rum called rate of exchange executive room / | / excise duty eksaiz djuti noun a high-quality room in a hotel for use excise duty / / noun BUSI- especially by businesspeople NESS a tax on particular goods produced in a executive suite i zekjυtiv swit country, e.g. alcohol and petrol executive suite / | / exciseman / eksaizm n/ noun some- noun a special suite of rooms in a hotel for body who works in the Excise Department businesspeople executive travel Excise officer i zekjυtiv tr v ə l Excise officer / eksaiz ɒfisə/ noun an executive travel / | ( ) / official of the Excise Department noun TRAVEL business travel by important exclude ik sklud businesspeople exclude / | / verb to shut out some- exempt i zempt thing from somewhere ć Damage by fire is exempt / | / adjective not covered excluded from the policy. by a rule or law, or not forced to obey a law excluding ik skludiŋ ˽ exempt from tax, tax-exempt not excluding / | / preposition not including ć The total cost, excluding gratui- required to pay tax ć As a non-profit-making ties, is £1,520.00 per person for the 6-night organisation we are exempt from tax. í verb trip. BUSINESS to free something from having tax exclusive ik sklusiv paid on it or someone from having to pay tax exclusive / | / adjective 1. not including something or somebody ˽ exclu- ć Non-profit-making organisations are sive of tax not including tax 2. expensive and exempted from tax. ć Food is exempted from only available for use by a few people, not sales tax. exemption i zempʃ ə n open to everyone ć an exclusive Caribbean exemption / | ( ) / noun BUSI- holiday resort ć The new health club is very NESS the act of freeing something from a exclusive. ć They stay in an exclusive Swiss contract, from having tax paid on it, or the ski resort. act of freeing someone from having to pay excursion ik skʃ ə n tax excursion / | ( ) / noun ENTER- exhibit i zibit TAINMENT a short visit, often no longer than exhibit / | / noun 1. something which one day, returning to the place from which is shown ć The buyers admired the exhibits you left ć We’re planning an excursion to on our stand. 2. a collection of objects or Brighton. ć The whole school went on an goods shown, or a single section of an exhi- excursion to the zoo. bition ć the British Trade Exhibit at the excursion fare ik skʃ ə n feə í ˽ excursion fare / | ( ) / noun International Computer Fair verb to AIR TRAVEL a special cheap fare offered on exhibit at the Motor Show to display new particular journeys, or the lowest air fare on models of cars or new products at the Motor a domestic route Show excursionist exhibition ik | skʃ ə nist eksi biʃ ə n excursionist / ( ) / noun exhibition / | ( ) / noun 1. ENTER- someone who goes on an excursion, espe- TAINMENT a show of works of art ć There is a cially for pleasure Goya exhibition on at the Prado. ć Have you excursion rate ik skʃ ə n reit excursion rate / | ( ) / noun visited the Turner exhibition at the Tate Gal- AIR TRAVEL same as excursion fare lery? 2. BUSINESS a show of goods so that executive i zekjυtiv executive / | / noun BUSINESS buyers can look at them and decide what to an important businessman who makes deci- buy ć The government has sponsored an sions exhibition of good design. ć We have a stand executive chef i zekjυtiv ʃef at the Ideal Home Exhibition. executive chef / | / noun exhibition hall eksi biʃ ə n hɔl CATERING the main chef in charge of a large exhibition hall / | ( ) / noun restaurant, with many other chefs reporting BUSINESS a place where goods are shown so to him that buyers can look at them and decide what executive class i zekjυtiv klɑs executive class / | / to buy exhibition stand AIR TRAVEL eksi biʃ ə n st nd noun a better and more expensive exhibition stand / | ( ) / type of air travel, especially for businesspeo- noun BUSINESS a separate area or structure at ple an exhibition or a commercial fair where a executive jet i zekjυtiv d et executive jet / | / noun company exhibits its products or services. AIR TRAVEL a small jet aircraft for use by a Also called fair booth 111 external audit exhibitor i zibitə expiry date ik spaiəri deit exhibitor / | / noun BUSINESS a expiry date / | / noun the last company that shows products at an exhibi- date on which something can be used ć What tion is the expiry date on your credit card? exit explore ik splɔ exit / e zit/ noun a way out of a building or explore / | / verb to make a journey area ć The customers all rushed towards the or trip to find out about a place or to see exits. something that you have never seen before ć expatriate eks p triət These trips offer plenty of opportunities to expatriate / | / noun somebody who lives and works in another country get out and explore. ć Explore the sights or expedition ekspi diʃ ə n relax by the pool. expedition / | ( ) / noun a trip export ekspɔt made by a group of people for a particular export noun / / 1. a product made purpose, such as to discover unknown terri- in one country and sold to another 2. the tory business of selling goods to other countries í expedition pole ik spɔt ekspi diʃ ə n pəυl verb / | / BUSINESS to send goods to expedition pole / | ( ) / buyers in other countries. Compare import noun SPORT a type of strong ski pole, used export licence export licence / ekspɔt lais(ə)ns/, when mountain climbing ekspɔt pmit expenditure ik spenditʃə export permit / / noun / | / noun expenditure the BUSINESS a document which allows goods to amount of money spent. Also called spend be exported (NOTE: There is no plural form in British express ik spres / | / adjective English, but American English often uses express rapid, very ć ć í expenditures.) ˽ below-the-line expendi- fast express letter express delivery ć ture exceptional payments which are sepa- noun a very fast train or coach We’re tak- í rated from a company’s normal accounts ˽ ing the 10.25 express to Edinburgh. verb 1. ć the company’s current expenditure pro- to show something This chart shows visi- gramme the company’s spending according tors from Europe expressed as a percentage to the current plan ˽ heavy expenditure on of the total number of tourists coming to the ć equipment spending large sums of money UK each year. 2. to send very fast We on equipment expressed the order to the customer’s ware- expense account house. ik spens ə kaυnt expressly expense account / | | / ik spresli expressly / | / adverb clearly in noun BUSINESS money which a businessper- words ć The contract expressly forbids sales son is allowed by his or her company to to the United States. spend on travelling and entertaining clients express service ik spres svis in connection with his or her business ć He express service / | / noun charged his hotel bill to his expense account. a very fast train, coach, delivery of parcels, ć I’ll put this lunch on my expense account. etc. expressway expenses ik spreswei ik spensiz expressway / | / noun US expenses / | / plural noun money that somebody has to spend in order to be ROAD TRAVEL a fast road with few junctions able to do his or her job and that can be ć Take the expressway south to junction 20. claimed back from his or her employer ˽ the (NOTE: The British English is motorway.) ext salary offered is £30,000 plus expenses the ext abbreviation extension extender ik stendə company offers a salary of £30,000 and will extender / | / noun CATERING a repay any expenses incurred by the food additive which makes the food bigger employee in the course of his or her work ˽ or heavier without adding to its food value extension ik stenʃən all expenses paid with all costs paid by the extension / | / noun (in a hotel company ć The company sent him to San or office) an individual telephone linked to Francisco all expenses paid or He went on the main switchboard ć Can you get me an all-expenses-paid trip to San Francisco. ˽ extension 21? ć The restaurant manager is to cut down on expenses to reduce spending on extension 53. expensive ik spensiv external | ik stn ə l expensive / / adjective costing external / | ( ) / adjective outside a a lot of money ć First-class air travel is country becoming more and more expensive. external account ik stn ə l ə kaυnt external account / | ( ) | / expire ik spaiə ć expire / | / verb to come to an end noun FINANCE an account in a British bank The lease of the hotel expires in 2010. ˽ his held by somebody who is living in another passport has expired his passport is no country longer valid external audit ik stn ə l ɔdit external audit / | ( ) / noun expiry ik spaiəri expiry / | / noun the fact of coming BUSINESS an audit carried out by an inde- to an end ć You need to renew your car insur- pendent auditor who is not employed by the ance before the expiry of the previous policy. company. Also called independent audit external auditor 112 external auditor ik stn ə l ɔditə ć external auditor / | ( ) / guest The hotel is very full but we can put noun BUSINESS an independent person who an extra bed in the room if you want. audits a company’s accounts and who is not extra charge charge / ekstrə tʃɑd / noun an a member of the staff of the company additional charge on top of what is already external phone ik stn ə l fəυn ć external phone / | ( ) / paid There is no extra charge for heating. noun a phone directly linked to an outside extract / ekstr kt/ noun a concentrated line product obtained by first dissolving a sub- external trade ik stn ə l treid external trade / | ( ) / noun stance and then evaporating the liquid in BUSINESS same as overseas trade which it is dissolved extinguish ik stiŋ wiʃ extractor | ik str ktə extinguish / / verb to put out a extractor / | / noun a machine fire which removes something from somewhere extinguisher extractor fan ik| stiŋ wiʃə ik str ktə f n extinguisher / / noun an extractor fan / | / noun a apparatus, usually in the form of a cylinder fan which sucks air out of a place ć When containing liquid, foam or powder, that is you switch on the light in the bathroom, the used to put out fires extractor fan switches on. COMMENT: Foam extinguishers cover a extras / ekstrəz/ plural noun something fire with a mixture of water, air and foam- producing chemicals; carbon dioxide added to what is usual or expected, or some- extinguishers send out liquid carbon diox- thing not included in the original price ć ide which turns to solid white ‘snow’ on Packing and postage are extras. contact with air and then turns back to gas extra virgin olive oilvirgin olive oil / ekstrə vd in again under the effect of heat; this has the ɒliv ɔil/ noun FOOD olive oil produced effect of smothering the fire. Water-based extinguishers should not be used for fires from the first pressing, which has a low acid- in electrical equipment or involving burn- ity extremely ik strimli ing oils. extremely / | / adverb very, to a extra / ekstrə/ adjective added, more than very great degree ć It is extremely difficult to usual ć to charge 10% extra for postage ć spend less than $50.00 a day on meals. ć The There is an extra charge for a single room. ć restaurant service is extremely efficient. extreme sport ik strim spɔt The staff are paid extra pay for working on extreme sport / | / noun a Sundays. sport in which participants deliberately seek extra bed extra bed / ekstrə bed/ noun HOTELS an out dangerous or even life-threatening expe- additional bed brought into a room for a riences F
FAA FAA abbreviation US AIR TRAVEL Federal F after the degree sign: 32°F. Say: ‘thirty- Aviation Administration two degrees Fahrenheit’.) face face /feis/ noun the front part of the head í COMMENT: To convert Fahrenheit to Cel- verb to turn towards somebody or something sius, subtract 32 and divide by 1.8. To ˽ convert Celsius temperatures to Fahren- the room faces east the room looks heit, multiply by 1.8 and add 32. So 68°F towards the east is equal to 20°C. facecloth feisklɒθ feis fair facecloth / /, face flannel / fair /feə/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT a group fl nəl/ noun a small square of towelling for of sideshows, amusements, food stalls, etc., washing the face or body ć The hotel pro- set up in one place for a short time 2. same vides you with a bath towel, a small towel as trade fair í adjective honest or correct and a facecloth in your bathroom. fair booth feə buð face towel fair booth / / noun US BUSINESS face towel / feis taυəl/ noun a small same as exhibition stand towel for drying the hands and face fair copy feə kɒpi facilities fair copy / / noun a document fə silitiz facilities / | / plural noun equip- which is written or typed with no changes or ment or buildings which make it easy to do mistakes something ć storage facilities fair deal feə dil facility fair deal / / noun an arrangement fə siliti ˽ facility / | / noun 1. there are no where both parties are treated equally ć The facilities for unloading, there are no group feel they did not get a fair deal from unloading facilities there is no way in which the holiday company. cargo can be unloaded here ˽ the museum fairly fairly / feəli/ adverb 1. quite, relatively ć has facilities for the disabled the museum The hotel is fairly close to the centre of town. has special ramps, special lifts, etc., to allow 2. in a way that is right, giving people what people with disabilities to visit it 2. a single ć ć they deserve to treat somebody fairly large building We have opened our new fair price warehouse facility. fair price / feə prais/ noun a good price ‘…the airport currently handles around 1.3 mil- for both buyer and seller lion passengers a year, with the new facility mak- Fair Trade Trade / feə treid/ noun a system that ing it able to cope with over 2 million’ ensures that producers in developing coun- [Airliner World] tries are paid a proper price for the goods facsimile copy f k simili kɒpi facsimile copy / | / noun they supply an exact copy of a document faites marcher / fet mɑʃei/ phrase faecal faites marcher fik ə l faecal / ( ) / adjective referring to fae- CATERING used by waiters to ask the kitchen ces (NOTE: The US spelling is fecal.) to get a dish ready (NOTE: faites marcher faecal matter matter / fik(ə)l m tə/ noun comes from the French phrase meaning solid waste matter from the bowels ć Faecal ‘get something started’.) matter was found in the drinking supplies. fajitas fə hitəz fajitas / | / plural noun FOOD a dish faeces / fisiz/ plural noun solid waste consisting of beef or other meat, especially matter passed from the bowels through the chicken, that has been marinated, grilled, cut anus (formal ) (NOTE: The US spelling is into strips and served in a soft tortilla fall feces.) fall /fɔl/ noun 1. a drop ć a fall in temper- Fahrenheit Fahrenheit / f rənhait/ noun a scale of ature 2. US autumn ć You should go to New temperatures where the freezing and boiling England for the fall. ć The fall colours are at points of water are 32° and 212°. Compare their best in the first week of October. í verb Celsius (NOTE: Fahrenheit is used in the 1. to drop down to the ground 2. to become United States, but is less common in the less in amount or value ć The temperature United Kingdom. It is normally written as an fell to –30°. falls 114
falls falls /fɔlz/ plural noun a large waterfall ć something or someone, such as a team or a Victoria Falls ć Niagara Falls pop group ć There was a crowd of fans wait- false alarm fɔls ə lɑm ing for him outside the theatre. ˽ a Liver- false alarm / | / noun a warn- ing signal which is false pool fan a supporter of Liverpool football famed famed /feimd/ adjective well known ć The team fancy town is famed for its cheese festival. fancy / f nsi/ adjective ˽ fancy prices familiarisation fə miliərai zeiʃ ə n high prices ć I don’t want to pay the fancy familiarisation /| | ( ) /, familiarization noun the process of getting prices they ask in London shops. fancy goods to know something well fancy goods / f nsi υdz/ plural noun familiarisation trip fə miliərai small attractive items familiarisation trip /| | F & B zeiʃ(ə)n trip/ noun TOURISM a visit organ- F & B abbreviation HOTELS food and bever- ised by an airline, tourist resort, etc., so that age farce journalists and tour operators can get to farce /fɑs/ noun FOOD a French noun know the facilities offered meaning stuffing familiarise fə miliəraiz ˽ fare familiarise / | / verb to famil- fare /feə/ noun 1. TRAVEL the price that you iarise yourself with to get to know some- have to pay for a journey ć Train fares have thing well ć The booking clerks were sent on gone up by 5%. ć The government is asking a course to familiarise themselves with the the airlines to keep air fares down. 2. ROAD new computer system. TRAVEL a passenger in a taxi ć He picked up family / f m(ə)li/ noun a group of people a fare in Oxford Street and took him to Ken- who are related to each other, especially sington. 3. (especially in publicity) food ć mother, father and children ć The Jones fam- good country fare ˽ fare code ily are going on holiday to Spain. a family- fare code / feə kəυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL a owned and run hotel a hotel which belongs code on an airline ticket that indicates which to the family who run it and is not part of a class the passenger will be travelling in ć chain The fare code F stands for first class. Also family name name / f m(ə)li neim/ noun the called booking code name of a family such as Smith, Jones, etc. farinaceous f ri neiʃəs farinaceous / | / adjective as opposed to the first name or Christian CATERING referring to flour, containing name. Also called surname starch family pack family pack / f m(ə)li p k/, family size farinaceous foods f ri neiʃəs fudz farinaceous foods / | / f m ə li saiz / ( ) / noun BUSINESS same as plural noun CATERING foods such as bread economy size pack which are made of flour and have a high family plan family plan / f m(ə)li pl n/ noun starch content HOTELS a room charge which allows mem- farinose / f rinəυz/ adjective consisting bers of a family to enjoy reduced rates of or producing food starch family room f m ə li rum farm family room / ( ) / noun 1. a farm /fɑm/ noun an area of land used for room in a pub for parents and children, with growing crops and raising animals ć We went comfortable chairs for the adults, and toys to spend the week on a farm in Devon. í verb for the children 2. a bedroom for a family, to grow crops or raise animals on a farm with a main bed for the parents and a small farmed fɑmd bed or beds or bunk beds for children farmed / / adjective raised on a farm family-style service f m ə li stail ‘…when farmed cod reaches price compatibility family-style service / ( ) with wild cod, demand will leap’ [Caterer & svis/ noun a type of service in which food Hotelkeeper] is brought to the table in dishes and the farmhouse / fɑmhaυs/ noun a house guests help themselves where a farmer and his or her family live í family suite family suite / f m(ə)li swit/ noun adjective referring to something as you HOTELS a series of rooms in a hotel, suitable might find in a farm for a family, typically, two bedrooms, a sit- ‘…a description such as ‘farmhouse vegetables’ ting room and a bathroom should be banned because it is meaningless’ famous / feiməs/ adjective very well [Food Standards Agency] farmhouse holiday known ć The company owns a famous farmhouse holiday / fɑmhaυs department store in the centre of London. hɒlidei/ noun TOURISM a holiday in the fan /f n/ noun 1. a piece of equipment for country, living on a farm farming moving air to make people or things cooler ć farming / fɑmiŋ/ noun the work of man- We put electric fans in the reception to try to aging a farm, of growing crops or of raising keep cool. 2. an enthusiastic supporter of animals or fish for sale 115 feeder ‘…farming fish is cheaper and provides better favourite / feiv(ə)rət/ adjective very pop- consistency of quality than wild fish’ [Caterer ular or that you like most ć a favourite tour- & Hotelkeeper] ć farmstay fɑmstei ist spot my favourite method of relaxing farmstay / / noun a stay on a fax f ks farm as a paying guest, providing some fax / / noun 1. a system for sending an experience of rural life exact copy of a document via the telephone farm tourism ć We received a fax of the order this morn- farm tourism / fɑm tυəriz(ə)m/ noun ing. 2. a document sent by this method ć Can TOURISM holidays spent on farms ć fascia feiʃə you confirm the booking by fax? Most fascia / / noun a board over a shop on hotels will accept confirmation of a booking which the name of the shop is written by fax. í verb to send a message by fax ć The fast food fast food / fɑst fυd/ noun cooked food details of the offer were faxed to the brokers which can be prepared, bought and eaten this morning. ć I’ve faxed the documents to quickly, e.g. hamburgers, hot dogs or pizzas our New York office. ć She decided to invest in a fast-food fran- fax paper paper / f ks peipə/ noun a special chise. fast-food outlet paper which is used in fax machines fɑst fud aυtlət FDF fast-food outlet / / FDF abbreviation Food and Drink Federa- noun a snack bar or restaurant offering fast tion food, often part of a franchise operation feasibility fast lane fizə biliti feasibility / | / noun the ability fast lane / fɑst lein/ noun same as out- to be done ć to report on the feasibility of a side lane fat project f t feasibility study fat / / adjective 1. (of a person) big and fizə biliti stdi feasibility study / | / round, overweight ć Two fat men got out of ć noun a study to see if something can be done the little white car. I’m getting too fat – I feast fist need to slim. 2. thick ć a fat file of com- feast / / noun 1. a special religious day plaints on the manager’s desk 3. CATERING when a saint is remembered or a special containing a lot of fat ć fat bacon í noun event is celebrated ć Today is the Feast of St í FOOD a white oily substance in the body, Nicholas. 2. a very large meal verb to eat a which stores energy and protects the body very large meal feather duster against cold ć She asked for a slice of lamb feather duster / feðə dstə/ noun a without too much fat. ć If you don’t like the brush made of feathers for removing dust fat on the meat, cut it off. feature / fitʃə/ noun an important part or fathom fathom / f ðəm/ noun a measure of the aspect of something ć The gastronomic res- depth of water equalling 6 feet or 1.8 metres taurant is a feature of the hotel. ć Long ć The ship sank in fifty fathoms of water. fjords are a feature of the coastline of Nor- fattening fattening / f t(ə)niŋ/ adjective CATERING way. í verb to show as an important item ć that makes you fat ć Low-fat yoghurt isn’t The tour features a visit to the Valley of the fattening. Kings. fatty acid Federal Aviation Administration fatty acid / f ti sid/ noun CATERING an Federal Aviation Administration fed ə rəl eivi eiʃ ə n acid which is an important substance in the / ( ) | ( ) body, e.g. stearic acid dministreiʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a US COMMENT: Fat is a necessary part of the government agency which regulates the diet because of the vitamins and energy- operation of civilian airlines. Abbr FAA giving calories that it contains. Fat in the fee /fi/ noun 1. a sum of money that has to diet comes from either animal fats or veg- etable fats. Animal fats such as butter, fat be paid for something 2. the money paid for meat or cream, are saturated fatty acids. It work carried out by a professional person is believed that the intake of unsaturated such as an accountant, a doctor or a lawyer ć and polyunsaturated fats (mainly vegeta- director’s fees ć consultant’s fee ć We ble fats and oils and fish oil) in the diet, charge a small fee for our services. rather than animal fats, helps keep down feed fid the level of cholesterol in the blood and so feed / / noun a meal, especially given to lessens the risk of atherosclerosis. A low- babies í verb 1. to give food to a person or fat diet does not always help to reduce an animal ć The student cafeteria feeds two weight. thousand people a day. 2. AIR TRAVEL to pass faucet faucet / fɔsit/ noun US same as tap ć The aircraft from an international route into faucet in the bathroom is leaking. domestic services (NOTE: feeds – fed) fauna feeder fauna / fɔnə/ noun the wild animals of an feeder / fidə/ noun TRAVEL a road, railway area ć The flora and fauna of South America. or airline that carries traffic from a relatively Compare flora (NOTE: The plural form is small place to a city in order to connect with faunae.) the main routes feeder airline 116
feeder airline field feeder airline / fidə eəlain/ noun AIR field /fild/ noun ˽ in the field outside the TRAVEL an airline that connects with a hub office, among the customers ć We have six- and enables passengers to catch long-dis- teen reps in the field. field research fild ri stʃ tance flights field research / | /, field work fell /fel/ noun an area of high moorland, / fild wk/ noun an examination of the sit- with few trees, especially in the north of uation among possible customers, as England ć The popularity of the Lake Dis- opposed to desk research ć They did a lot of trict fells is well known. field work to find the right market for their fennel / fen(ə)l/ noun a herb with seeds new service. fifth freedom and feathery leaves that have a light aniseed fifth freedom / fifθ fridəm/ noun AIR flavour TRAVEL the right to use a carrier of one coun- ferment fə ment try to take passengers between two other ferment / | / verb to change some- thing into alcohol by the effect of yeast on countries fig sugar ć Cider has to ferment for at least ten fig /fi / noun FRUIT the juicy sweet fruit of weeks before it is ready to drink. a semi-tropical tree grown mainly in Medi- fermentation fmen teiʃ ə n terranean countries and eaten either as fresh fermentation / | ( ) / noun a chemical change brought about in liquids figs or dried figs ć We sat under the tree and usually leading to the production of alcohol ate figs and goat’s cheese. fill ć They added sugar to encourage fermenta- fill /fil/ verb 1. to make something full ć The tion. waiter filled her glass again. 2. ˽ to fill a Ferris wheel gap to provide a product or service which is Ferris wheel / feris wil/ noun ENTER- needed, but which no one has provided TAINMENT a large vertical wheel in a funfair, before ć The new series of golfing holidays with seats hanging from it ć You get a mar- ˽ vellous view of the town from the top of the fills a gap in the market. 3. to fill a post, a Ferris wheel. vacancy to find someone to do a job ć Your ferry feri feribəυt application arrived too late – the post has ferry / /, ferryboat / / noun already been filled. SHIPS AND BOATS a boat which takes passen- filled baguette fild b et filled baguette / | / noun FOOD gers or goods across water ć We are going to take the night ferry to Belgium. a sandwich made of a piece of French bread festival sliced in two, and filled with salad, tuna, festiv ə l festival / ( ) / noun 1. a religious ham, etc. celebration which comes at the same time filled bap filled bap / fild b p/ noun FOOD a sand- each year ć The party will be in Hong Kong wich made of a bap sliced in two, and filled for the Lantern Festival. 2. ENTERTAINMENT with salad, tuna, ham, etc. an event, often lasting several days, where fillet filit entertainment is provided ć We saw some fillet / / noun 1. MEAT a piece of good- excellent plays at the Edinburgh Festival this quality meat, with no bones ć fillet of beef ć year. fillet of pork 2. CATERING a piece of fish FET which the bones have been taken out of ć We FET / ef i ti/ abbreviation foreign ordered fried fillet of sole. í verb CATERING escorted tour ć Ask the feta to take the bones out of a fish feta / fetə/ noun a firm crumbly salty waiter to fillet the fish for you. cheese made from sheep’s or goat’s milk and filleter filleter / filitə/ noun CATERING somebody preserved in brine, originally from Greece who fillets fish fête feit fillet steak fête / / noun ENTERTAINMENT a small fillet steak / filit steik/ noun MEAT a public event, usually in the open air, with thick slice of beef from the best-quality and stalls, sideshows and competitions ć I hope it most expensive cut doesn’t rain for the village fête. ć The school fill in fil in summer fête will be held next Saturday. fill in / / verb to write the necessary ć fettuccine fetə tʃiəni information in the blank spaces in a form fettuccine / | / noun pasta made Fill in your name and address in block capi- in narrow flat strips, slightly narrower and tals. thicker than tagliatelle filling filiŋ feuilleté filling / / noun CATERING food used to fiətei feuilleté / / noun FOOD a French put inside some other food, e.g. in a sand- noun meaning an open or covered pie of wich, pie, cake, chocolates, etc. flaky pastry ć a feuilleté of langoustines fill out fil aυt FFP fill out / / verb to write the required FFP abbreviation frequent flyer programme information in the blank spaces in a form ć FICC abbreviation International Federation To get customs clearance you must fill out of Camping and Caravanning three forms. 117 fire door fill up up / fil p/ verb 1. to make something fine, the view from the hotel is splendid. ć completely full, or to become completely Don’t rely on having fine weather in the mid- full ć He filled up the car with petrol. 2. to dle of November. í noun money which you finish writing the necessary information on a have to pay as a punishment for having done form ć He filled up the form and sent it to the something wrong ć He was asked to pay a bank. $25,000 fine. ć We had to pay a $10 parking filo í filo / failəυ/ noun BREAD, ETC. very thin fine. verb to make someone pay money as sheets of pastry dough used to make papery a punishment for having done something crisp small pastries or large dishes, used wrong ć to fine someone £2,500 for obtain- especially in Greek cooking ing money by false pretences í adverb very filter thin or very small ć Chop the vegetables very filter / filtə/ noun 1. a piece of cloth, plastic fine. or paper or a mass of crystals through which finely fain ə li water or air passes and which holds back finely / ( ) / adverb very thin or very ć solid particles such as dirt ć The filter in the small finely chopped parsley finger swimming pool has become clogged. ć The finger / fiŋ ə/ noun 1. one of the five parts inspector asked the restaurant to replace the at the end of the hand, but usually not includ- filter on the air extractor. 2. a piece of paper ing the thumb ć She pressed the button with through which coffee passes in a coffee her finger. 2. CATERING a piece of food machine í verb to pass liquid through a shaped like a finger ć a box of chocolate fin- paper or cloth filter, or through crystals, to gers 3. AIR TRAVEL same as airbridge finger biscuit remove impurities ć The water is filtered finger biscuit / fiŋ ə biskit/ noun through a cloth before being used. BREAD, ETC. a biscuit shaped like a finger filter coffee finger bowl filter coffee / filtə kɒfi/ noun BEVER- finger bowl / fiŋ ə bəυl/ noun CATERING AGES coffee which is made by passing boil- a bowl of water, often with a slice of lemon ing water through coffee grounds, often in a in it, put beside a guest’s plate so that they paper cone can wash their hands after eating final destination fain ə l desti finger buffet fiŋ ə bυfei final destination / ( ) | finger buffet / / noun CATER- neiʃ(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL a place reached at ING a buffet where snacks are served which the end of a journey after stopping at several guests eat with their fingers, as opposed to a places en route. Also called ultimate desti- ‘fork buffet’ or ‘fork luncheon’ nation fire /faiə/ noun something which is burning finance finance / fain ns/ noun 1. BUSINESS and gives off heat ć She lost all her belong- money used by a company, provided by the ings in the hotel fire. ˽ to catch fire to start shareholders or by loans 2. the work of man- to burn í verb ˽ to fire someone to dismiss aging the money used by a business or organ- someone from a job (informal) ć The new isation í verb to provide money to pay for proprietor fired half the hotel staff. ˽ to hire something ć The development of the marina and fire to engage new staff and dismiss was financed by the local council. existing staff very frequently finances / fain nsiz/ plural noun the ‘…each room is equipped with a fire detector. The five floors, with 120 rooms each, are divided money or cash that a person or business has into 15 fireproof zones, individually ventilated, available ć the bad state of the company’s and equipped with a fire detector, a siren, a glass finances breaker and a fire door. Each floor has 5 fire financial fai n nʃəl hoses and an extinguisher every 10 metres. financial / | / adjective concern- Finally, the hotel has 8 fire exits accessible from ing money Hotel Security Worldwide financial adviser each floor’ [ ] fai n nʃəl əd vaizə fire alarm financial adviser / | | / faiər ə lɑm fire alarm / | / noun a bell or noun BUSINESS a person or company giving siren which gives a warning that a fire has advice on financial matters for a fee started ć If you see smoke, break the glass to financial assistance fai n nʃəl ə financial assistance / | | sound the fire alarm. sistəns fire damage / noun help in the form of money fire damage / faiə d mid / noun dam- financial resources fai n nʃəl ri financial resources / | | age caused by a fire zɔsiz/ plural noun money which is availa- fire detector faiə di tektə fire detector / | / noun an ble for investment ć a company with strong apparatus which senses heat and notices if a financial resources fire breaks out and automatically sounds an financial year fai n nʃəl jiə financial year / | / noun the alarm or sets off a sprinkler system twelve-month period for a firm’s accounts fire door door / faiə dɔ/ noun a special door to fine /fain/ adjective good, pleasant or prevent fire going from one part of a building sunny with no rain ć When the weather is to another fire drill 118 fire drill drill / faiə dril/ noun a procedure to be first-aid kit kit / fst eid kit/ noun a box carried out to help people to escape from a with bandages and dressings kept ready to be burning building ć We will be holding a fire used in an emergency drill this morning. first-aid post post / fst eid pəυst/, first- fire exit exit / faiər e zit/ noun same as aid station / steiʃ(ə)n/ noun a tent or other emergency exit small building in which first aid can be given fire extinguisher faiər ik stiŋ wiʃə fire extinguisher / | / to people at an exhibition, agricultural show, noun a device full of foam, water or chemi- etc. cals, used for putting out fires first-class / fst klɑs/ adjective, fire hazard hazard / faiə h zəd/, fire risk / faiə adverb 1. best-quality, most expensive ć The risk/ noun a situation, such as the improper hotel has a first-class restaurant. ć We had a storage of goods, which could easily start a first-class meal last night. 2. TOURISM refer- fire ć That room full of old furniture is a fire ring to the most expensive and most comfort- hazard. able type of travel or hotel ć to stay in first- fire hose hose / faiə həυz/ noun a length of class hotels ć I prefer to travel first-class. ć pipe ready to be attached to a water supply, First-class travel provides the best service. ć used to put out fires A first-class ticket costs more than twice as fire insurance faiər in ʃυərəns much as economy class. fire insurance / | / noun first-class hotel fst klɑs həυ tel insurance against damage by fire first-class hotel / | / fire notice noun HOTELS a very good hotel, with com- fire notice / faiə nəυtis/ noun HOTELS a fortable rooms and a wide range of services notice pinned to a wall, telling guests what to first-class mail fst klɑs meil do in case of fire first-class mail / / noun fire precautions faiə pri kɔʃ ə nz the most expensive mail service, designed to fire precautions / | ( ) / be faster than second-class ć A first-class let- plural noun safety measures to protect a ter should get to Scotland in a day. building and its occupants if a fire breaks out first freedom fireproof fst fridəm fireproof / faiəpruf/ adjective treated so first freedom / / noun AIR TRAVEL the right to overfly a country without that it cannot burn ć All soft furniture is cov- landing at an airport in that country ered in fireproof fabric. first in the field fire safety fst in ðə fild fire safety / faiə seifti/ noun measures to first in the field / / noun make a place safe for the customers and staff BUSINESS the first company to bring out a product or to start a service in case of fire first name fire safety officer fst neim fire safety officer /faiə seifti ɒfisə/ first name / / noun a person’s Christian name or given name, as opposed to noun somebody responsible for seeing that the surname or family name the customers and staff are safe if a fire first night fst nait breaks out first night / / noun ENTERTAIN- firetrap / faiətr p/ noun a place which MENT the official opening performance of a play or entertainment could easily catch fire, and in which people first option fst opʃən could be trapped because of inadequate fire first option / / noun the right safety equipment or because of its construc- to be able to be the first to decide whether to tion ć The hotel has no fire escape – it’s a buy or take something fiscal year real firetrap. fiscal year / fiskəl jiə/ noun BUSINESS first /fst/ adjective relating to number 1 same as tax year fish in a series fish /fiʃ/ noun FOOD a cold-blooded animal first aid first aid / fst eid/ noun MEDICAL help with fins and scales, that lives in water given rapidly to someone who is suddenly ill (NOTE: There is no plural form when refer- or hurt until full-scale medical treatment can ring to the food: You should eat some fish be given ć She ran to the man who had been every week.) í verb SPORT to try to catch knocked down and gave him first aid until the fish ambulance arrived. COMMENT: Fish is high in protein, phos- phorus, iodine and vitamins A and D. ‘…how much first-aid equipment should be pro- vided in a workplace depends on the number of White fish has very little fat. Certain con- people employed. For a small establishment a stituents of fish oil are thought to help pre- single first-aid box may be sufficient. It should be vent the accumulation of cholesterol on in the charge of a responsible person and should artery walls. fish and chips be properly stocked’ [Health and Safety in fish and chips / fiʃ ən tʃips/ noun FOOD Kitchens (HSE)] a traditional British food, obtained from spe- first-aid hut hut / fst eid ht/ noun a cial shops, where portions of fish fried in small building containing a first-aid post batter are sold with chips 119 fixed expenses fish-and-chip shop shop / fiʃ ən tʃip ʃɒp/ some wonderful fresh salmon. 2. same as noun CATERING a shop selling fried fish and fish-and-chip shop fish slice chips, and usually other food such as pies ć fish slice / fiʃ slais/ noun CATERING a Don’t bother cooking – I’ll just pop down to wide flat utensil used for turning fish and the fish-and-chip shop and get some plaice removing it from a frying pan and chips. Also called chip shop, fish fish sticks sticks / fiʃ stik/ plural noun US shop 2 FOOD another spelling of fish fingers fishbone fiʃbəυn fit fishbone / / noun a bone in a fish fit /fit/ adjective 1. suitable for something ć fishcake fishcake / fiʃkeik/ noun FOOD a round The meat was declared to be fit for human cake of fish and potato mixed together and consumption. 2. healthy and having a lot of fried physical energy ć He keeps fit by jogging fish chef fish chef / fiʃ ʃef/ noun CATERING the chef every day. í verb to be the right size or shape in charge of preparing fish dishes. Also ć The chef’s cap doesn’t fit me. í noun MED- called chef poissonnier ICAL a sudden attack of a disorder, especially fisherman fisherman / fiʃəmən/ noun SPORT a man convulsions and epilepsy FIT who catches fish, either as a job or for sport FIT abbreviation AIR TRAVEL frequent inde- fisherman’s pie pie / fiʃəmənz pai/ noun pendent traveller fitness centre FOOD same as fish pie fitness centre / fitnəs sentə/, fitness fish farm fish farm / fiʃ fɑm/ noun a place where club noun SPORT a special room or rooms in fish are raised in large numbers in special a hotel or other building with sauna, gymna- tanks sium, etc., where customers can go to take fish fingers fingers / fiʃ fiŋ əz/ plural noun exercise fitted carpet FOOD pieces of white fish shaped into fitted carpet / fitid kɑpit/ noun carpet oblongs and coated with breadcrumbs and cut to the exact size of the room and fixed to fried ć The children don’t like fresh fish, but the floor they do like fish fingers. (NOTE: The US Eng- fitted cupboard cupboard / fitid kbəd/ noun a lish is fish sticks.) specially made cupboard which fits into a fish fork fish fork / fiʃ fɔk/ noun CATERING a fork bedroom, bathroom or kitchen with flat prongs used with a fish knife for fittings / fitiŋz/ plural noun objects in a eating fish property which are sold with the property but fishing / fiʃiŋ/ noun the sport or industry are not permanently fixed and can be of catching fish ć The sign said ‘no fishing’. removed, such as carpets or shelves fishing boat boat / fiʃiŋ bəυt/ noun a boat five-dollar bill bill / faiv dɒlə bil/ noun used for fishing FINANCE a bank note for five dollars fishing harbour fiʃiŋ hɑbə five-star hotel faiv stɑ həυ tel fishing harbour / / noun a five-star hotel / | / noun harbour which is used by fishing boats HOTELS a very good hotel, with luxurious fishing port port / fiʃiŋ pɔt/ noun a port rooms and higher prices which is used mainly by fishing boats fix /fiks/ verb 1. to arrange something, or to fishing rod rod / fiʃiŋ rɒd/ noun a long pole come to an agreement with somebody about to which is attached a line and hook something ć The date for the reception has fishing tackle tackle / fiʃiŋ t k(ə)l/ noun all been fixed for 10th October. 2. to repair the equipment used by a fisherman something ć The technicians are coming to fish kettle ć fish kettle / fiʃ ket(ə)l/ noun CATERING a fix the telephone switchboard. Can you fix long metal container for cooking a whole the flat tyre? fixed fish fixed /fikst/ adjective permanent, which fish knife fish knife / fiʃ naif/ noun CATERING a spe- cannot be removed cial wide knife, with a blunt blade, used fixed assets assets / fikst sets/ plural noun when eating fish BUSINESS same as capital assets fish paste fixed capital fish paste / fiʃ peist/ noun FOOD a soft fixed capital / fikst k pit(ə)l/ noun mixture of dried or salted fish, sold in pots, BUSINESS capital in the form of fixed assets and served spread on bread or in sandwiches fixed costs costs / fikst kɒsts/ plural noun fish pie fish pie / fiʃ pai/ noun FOOD a dish of var- BUSINESS business costs which do not rise ious types of fish, cooked in a white sauce with the quantity of the product made or with with a topping of potatoes. Also called fish- the amount of business done by a restaurant erman’s pie or hotel fish shop fiʃ ʃɒp fixed expenses fikst ik spensiz fish shop / / noun CATERING 1. a fixed expenses / | / plu- shop selling raw fish ć The fish shop has ral noun FINANCE money which is spent reg- fixed interest 120 ularly on things such as rent, electricity and flambé lamp lamp / flɒmbei l mp/ noun telephone CATERING same as chafing lamp fixed interest flan fixed interest / fikst intrəst/ noun BUSI- flan /fl n/ noun 1. FOOD an open tart ć an NESS interest which is paid at a set rate apricot flan 2. DESSERTS a French word for fixed-price agreement fikst prais ə fixed-price agreement / | a custard tart flapjack rimənt/ noun BUSINESS an agreement flapjack / fl pd k/ noun BREAD, ETC. a where a company provides a service or a flat cake made of oats, honey, nuts, etc. flash-freeze product at a price which stays the same for flash-freeze / fl ʃ friz/ verb CATERING the whole period of the agreement to freeze produce very rapidly, just after it fixed rate rate / fikst reit/ noun a charge has been picked or caught ć We use a unique which cannot be changed flash-freeze packaging process. fixed scale of charges flat fixed scale of charges / fikst skeil əv flat /fl t/ adjective 1. BEVERAGES (of a tʃɑd iz/ noun BUSINESS a rate of charging drink) not fizzy when it ought to be ć This which cannot be altered beer is flat. ć The champagne has gone flat. fixtures / fikstʃəz/ plural noun objects in 2. fixed, not changing ć a flat fee í noun 1. a property which are permanently attached a set of rooms, usually on one level, used as to it, such as sinks and lavatories living accommodation ć He has a flat in the fixtures and fittings centre of town. ć She is buying a flat close to fixtures and fittings / fikstʃəz ən her office. (NOTE: The US English is apart- fitiŋz/ plural noun objects in a property ment.) 2. CATERING a flat dish with low which are sold with the property, both those straight sides, e.g. a ramekin which cannot be removed and those which flat bed fl t bed can flat bed / / noun AIR TRAVEL same fix up with as sky bed fix up with / fiks p wið/ verb to arrange flat rate flat rate / fl t reit/ noun a charge which something for someone ć The travel desk always stays the same ć We pay a flat rate for fixed me up with a car at the airport. ć Can bed and breakfast. you fix me up with a room for tomorrow flat swap night? flat swap / fl t swɒp/ noun TOURISM an fizz arrangement where two families exchange fizz /fiz/ noun BEVERAGES champagne ć flats for a holiday (informal) Let’s have a drink, there’s a bot- flat tyre fl t taiə tle of fizz in the fridge. flat tyre / / noun ROAD TRAVEL a fizzy fizi tyre which has a leak in it so that the air has fizzy / / adjective BEVERAGES contain- come out ć ing bubbles of gas I don’t like fizzy orange flatware fl tweə – do you have any squash? flatware / / noun 1. CATERING flag fl same as cutlery 2. flat pieces of china, e.g. flag / / noun a piece of cloth with a plates design on it which is the symbol of a country flavour flavour / fleivə/ noun taste ć The dish has or company ć a ship flying a British flag ˽ í ship sailing under a flag of convenience a a distinctive Italian flavour. verb CATERING ship flying the flag of a country which may to add spices and seasoning in cooking to have no ships of its own, but allows ships of add a flavour to something (NOTE: [all senses] The US spelling is flavor.) other countries to be registered in its ports flavoured flag airline flavoured / fleivəd/ adjective, suffix tast- flag airline, flag carrier noun AIR TRAVEL ing of something ć a lemon-flavoured drink the main national airline of a country, seen as flavour enhancer fleivə in hɑnsə the representative of the country abroad flavour enhancer / | / flagship fl ʃip noun a substance added to processed food or flagship / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS drink to improve its flavour the main or largest ship belonging to a ship- flavouring fleivəriŋ ping line flavouring / / noun CATERING a flagship hotel fl ʃip həυ tel substance added to food to give a particular flagship hotel / | / noun taste HOTELS the main hotel belonging to a chain flavouring agent fleivəriŋ eid ə nt flaky pastry fleiki peistri flavouring agent / ( ) / flaky pastry / / noun noun CATERING a substance added to give BREAD, ETC. a type of soft pastry which flavour breaks into flakes easily when cooked flea fli flambé flea / / noun a tiny insect which sucks flɒmbei flambé / / CATERING adjective blood and is a parasite on animals and having had brandy or other alcohol poured humans í over it and set alight verb to pour brandy or COMMENT: Fleas can transmit disease, other alcohol over food and set it alight ć most especially bubonic plague which is pancakes flambéed in brandy transmitted by infected rat fleas. 121 floor service
fleabag flight number fleabag / flib / noun a cheap shabby flight number / flait nmbə/ noun AIR hotel or lodging house (informal) TRAVEL the number given to a specific flight, flea market flea market / fli mɑkit/ noun ENTER- consisting of the airline designator code fol- TAINMENT a market, usually in the open air, lowed by three figures flight recorder flait ri kɔdə selling cheap second-hand goods flight recorder / | / noun AIR fleece fleece /flis/ verb to charge someone too TRAVEL a device carried in a plane which records what happens during a flight, includ- much ć The bars round the harbour are waiting to fleece the tourists. ing conversations between pilots and control fleet tower. Also called black box fleet /flit/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a flightseeing flait siiŋ flightseeing / | / noun TOURISM group of ships belonging together 2. TRAVEL the practice or business of transporting tour- a group of vehicles belonging to the same ists to otherwise inaccessible wilderness ć ć owner the airline’s fleet of Boeing 747s areas by helicopter, for viewing the areas by The hotel has a fleet of limousines to take air or for organised hikes guests to the airport. flip chart flip tʃɑt flesh flip chart / / noun a stand with fleʃ flesh / / noun 1. the soft part of the body large sheets of paper clipped together covering the bones 2. the soft part of a fruit COMMENT: Flip charts are a way of show- ć a melon with pink flesh ing information to a group of people; a flexible / fleksib(ə)l/ adjective adaptable, speaker writes on a sheet of paper which easily changed ć A fully flexible business- can then be turned over to show the next sheet. class ticket is £360. float trip fləυt trip ‘…the lack of reasonably priced yet flexible tick- float trip / / noun a trip along a ets is one of the biggest complaints among Euro- river on a raft pean business people’ [Business Traveller] floor /flɔ/ noun 1. the part of the room flight flight /flait/ noun 1. AIR TRAVEL a journey which you walk on 2. all the rooms on one by an aircraft ć Flight AC267 is leaving from level in a building ć She got into the lift and Gate 46. ć He missed his flight. ć I always pushed the button for the fourth floor. ć The take the afternoon flight to Rome. ć If you ladies’ hair salon is on the first floor. ć Her hurry you will catch the six o’clock flight to office is on the 26th floor. ć We were given a Paris. 2. a series of straight steps between bedroom on the top floor or a top-floor bed- floors in a building ć There are two flights of room, overlooking the sea. (NOTE: The num- stairs up to the bedrooms. bering of floors is different in Britain and the flight attendant flait ə tendənt USA. The floor at street level is the ground flight attendant / | / noun floor in Britain but the first floor in the AIR TRAVEL somebody who looks after pas- sengers during a flight. Also called steward, USA. Each floor in the USA is one number higher than the same floor in Britain.) stewardess, air hostess floor attendant flight bag flɔ ə tendənt floor attendant / | / noun flight bag / flait b / noun a soft suitcase HOTELS a waiter responsible for room serv- of a size that can be carried on an aircraft ice in a series of hotel rooms on the same flight coupon flight coupon / flait kupɒn/ noun a floor. Also called chef d’étage floor maid portion of an airline ticket that indicates the floor maid / flɔ meid/ noun HOTELS a departure and arrival points of a passenger maid who cleans rooms on one floor of a for a single journey or each leg of a journey hotel flight crew flight crew / flait kru/, flight deck crew floor manager manager / flɔ m nid ə/ noun noun AIR TRAVEL the captain, copilot, flight US BUSINESS somebody in charge of the engineer and navigator, who are involved sales staff in a department store floor pantry with the flying of an aircraft, as opposed to floor pantry / flɔ p ntri/ noun HOTELS the ‘cabin crew’ a small room serving one floor of a hotel, flight deck flight deck / flait dek/ noun AIR TRAVEL a where the floor waiter prepares trays to take section at the front of a large aircraft where to guests’ bedrooms and brings back dirty the pilots sit plates and glasses after use flight engineer engineer / flait end iniə/ noun floor plan plan / flɔ pl n/ noun a drawing of AIR TRAVEL a member of the flight deck crew a floor in a building, showing where different who is responsible for the engines, hydrau- rooms, stairs and emergency exits are lics, electrical systems, etc., during flight floor polish polish / flɔ pɒliʃ/ noun wax used flight information flait infə meiʃ ə n flight information / | ( ) / to make wooden floors shiny floor service noun AIR TRAVEL information about flight floor service / flɔ svis/ noun HOTELS times service on one floor of a hotel floorshow 122
floorshow floorshow / flɔʃəυ/ noun ENTERTAIN- flowers are put on the dining room tables MENT a show of e.g. dancers, singers, come- every evening. dians or a striptease in a club, bar, restaurant flower garden garden / flaυə ɑd(ə)n/ noun a or other public place ć The floorshow starts garden with flowers growing in it, as at 10.30. opposed to a vegetable garden floor space space / flɔ speis/ noun an area of flower shop shop / flaυə ʃɒp/ noun a shop floor in a building ć The hotel has 35,000 which sells flowers. Also called florist’s flower show square metres of floor space on three floors. flower show / flaυə ʃəυ/ noun ENTER- floor surface floor surface / flɔ sfis/ noun the cov- TAINMENT an exhibition of flowers ering for the surface of a floor e.g. tiles, car- flume /flum/ noun a theme park ride in pet, wood, etc. which small boats go down a water chute flora flora / flɔrə/ noun the wild plants of an flush /flʃ/ verb ˽ to flush the toilet to pull area ć The flora and fauna of the deserts. or push a knob or handle to get rid of the Compare fauna (NOTE: The plural form is waste in a toilet bowl florae.) flush toilet toilet / flʃ tɔilət/ noun a toilet floral sugarcraft floral sugarcraft / flɔrəl ʃυ əkrɑft/ where the waste matter is removed by a rush noun CATERING the art of making flowers out of water flute of icing sugar flute /flut/ noun CATERING a tall narrow floret floret / flɒrət/ noun a little flower which is wineglass on a stem, used for serving cham- part of a flowerhead, such as a cauliflower pagne florist florist / flɒrist/ noun somebody who sells fly /flai/ noun a small insect with wings flowers ć Florists are very busy in the days which eats food and spreads diseases ć There before Valentine’s Day. are clouds of flies around the meat stalls in florist’s / flɒrists/ noun same as flower the market. ć Waiter, there’s a fly in my soup! shop ć She bought some flowers at the flo- (NOTE: The plural form is flies.) í verb AIR rist’s. TRAVEL to move through the air in an aircraft flotel fləυ tel ć The chairman is flying to Germany on flotel / | / noun HOTELS a floating hotel business. ć The overseas sales manager flies flotilla flə tilə about 100,000 miles a year visiting the / | / noun SHIPS AND BOATS flotilla a agents. ć We fly to Athens, and then take a group of small ships sailing together ć We bus to the hotel. (NOTE: flies – flew – flown) went flotilla cruising in the Aegean. fly-by-night flai bai nait flour flaυə fly-by-night / / adjective flour / / noun FOOD a grain crushed to referring to something, e.g. a company, powder, used for making bread, cakes, etc. ć which is not reliable and might disappear to ć wheat flour rice flour avoid paying debts (informal) ć I want a rep- flourishing flourishing / flriʃiŋ/ adjective doing utable tour operator, not one of these fly-by- good business ć She runs a flourishing tour night outfits. company. fly-drive holiday holiday /flai draiv/, fly-drive floury floury / flaυri/ adjective like flour package noun AIR TRAVEL an arrangement floury potatoes flaυri pə teitəυz floury potatoes / | / plu- where the traveller flies to an airport and has ral noun FOOD potatoes which become soft a rented car waiting for him or her to pick up, and powdery when cooked the rent of the car being paid in advance as flow /fləυ/ noun the movement of things part of the package price ć We have many fly- such as liquid or air, or of people ć The flow drive holidays still available. fly killer of tourists into the temple has worn away the fly killer / flai kilə/ noun a device or spray steps. í verb to move along smoothly ć The for killing flies river flows very fast here, and bathing is for- flypaper / flaipeipə/ noun a special paper, bidden. treated with chemicals, which will kill flies flow chart chart / fləυ tʃɑt/, flow diagram which stick to its surface fly-stay / fləυ daiə r m/ noun a diagram showing fly-stay / flai stei/ adjective HOTELS the arrangement of various work processes referring to an arrangement where you book in a series a hotel at the same time as booking a plane flower / flaυə/ noun the colourful part of a ticket ć Check out fly-stay deals which can plant, which attracts insects and produces provide considerable savings. fly swatter fruit or seeds ć A bouquet of flowers and a fly swatter / flai swɒtə/ noun a small basket of fruit is left in each suite with the fan, held in the hand, used to chase away and compliments of the management. ć Fresh squash flies 123 food poisoning focaccia fə k tʃə food allergen fud ləd en focaccia / | / noun a flat Italian food allergen / / noun bread, often sprinkled with a topping before CATERING a substance in food which pro- baking, and served hot or cold duces an allergy fog food allergy fog /fɒ / noun a thick mist through which it food allergy / fud ləd i/ noun CATER- is difficult to see ć The airport was closed by ING a reaction caused by sensitivity to partic- fog. ć Drivers are asked to drive slowly when ular foods, some of the commonest being there is fog on the motorway. strawberries, chocolate, milk, eggs and fogbound fogbound / fɒ baυnd/ adjective AIR oranges food and beverage TRAVEL prevented from travelling because of food and beverage / fud ən fog ć Six planes were fogbound at Heathrow. bev(ə)rid / noun HOTELS food and drink as ć Fogbound travellers were advised to take a served in a hotel’s restaurants, bars and room bus. service. Abbr F & B foggy foggy / fɒ i/ adjective covered in fog ć It’s ‘F&B is a headache for all hoteliers. Doing away dangerous to drive fast when it’s foggy. ć It’s with F&B removes high operating costs and focuses management attention on room manage- often foggier than this in November. ment and room sales’ [Caterer and Hotelkeeper] fog lights fog lights / fɒ laits/ plural noun very ‘…the successful candidate will have full F&B bright red lights at the rear of a car, which are responsibility for the golf clubhouse, the fitness lit when driving in fog club, the brasserie and conference centre’ foie gras fwɑ rɑ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] foie gras / / noun goose liver food and beverage facilities food and beverage facilities / fud ən that is swollen because the bird has been bev ə rid fə silitiz forced to eat large amounts of maize ( ) | / plural noun CATER- foil fɔil ˽ ING facilities for serving food and drink in a foil / / noun a thin metal sheet (cook- hotel ing) foil a thin sheet of aluminium or tin used food and beverage manager fud ən especially to wrap food in ˽ foil-wrapped food and beverage manager / bev(ə)rid m nid ə/ noun CATERING wrapped in foil ć foil-wrapped steamed fish ć foil-wrapped butter portions somebody who is in charge of ordering, pre- fold away fəυld ə wei paring and serving food and drink in the res- fold away / | / verb to bend taurants, bars, and in the room service of a something so that it takes less space large hotel fold-away seats fəυld ə wei sits Food and Drink Federation fold-away seats / | / Food and Drink Federation / fud ən plural noun seats which can be folded up to driŋk fedəreiʃ(ə)n/ noun an association take less room that represents the interests of food and drink fold-away table fəυld ə wei teib ə l fold-away table / | ( ) / manufacturers in the United Kingdom. Abbr noun TRAVEL a table attached to the back of FDF the seat in front of the passenger, which can foodborne illness illness / fudbɔn ilnəs/ be folded away after use noun MEDICAL same as food poisoning folder fəυldə food cover folder / / noun a cardboard envelope food cover / fud kvə/ noun CATERING for holding papers any unit of food served to a guest, from a cup folding folding / fəυldiŋ/ adjective possible to of tea to a full meal ć food cycle fold up, e.g. to store more easily They food cycle / fud saik(ə)l/ noun CATER- brought in some folding chairs as there were ING the cycle by which food passes from sup- not enough chairs for all the guests. plier to hotel or restaurant and then to the following wind following wind / fɒləυiŋ wind/ noun ultimate consumer TRAVEL same as tailwind food handler handler / fud h ndlə/ noun fondue fondue / fɒndju/ noun FOOD a dish eaten CATERING somebody who touches food, as by dipping small pieces of food into a pot part of his or her job that contains e.g. melted cheese or hot oil food handling handling / fud h ndliŋ/ noun fondue bourguignonne fondue bourguignonne / fɒnduə CATERING the act of touching food as part of bɔ in jɒn | / noun FOOD same as cheese your job fondue food hygiene hygiene / fud haid in/ noun food food /fud/ noun things which you eat ć He CATERING action to keep clean, healthy con- is very fond of Indian food. ć The food in the ditions for handling, storing and serving staff restaurant is excellent. ć This restau- food rant is famous for its food. ć Do you like Chi- food poisoning poisoning / fud pɔiz(ə)niŋ/ noun nese food? ć This food tastes funny. MEDICAL an illness caused by eating food food additive food additive / fud dətiv/ noun which is contaminated with bacteria ć The CATERING same as additive hospital had to deal with six cases of food food processor 124 poisoning. ć All the people at the party went ‘…the trail is mostly above 9,000ft and snow down with food poisoning. tends to lie on the passes until well into July’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors] COMMENT: Food poisoning, or foodborne footbridge illness, can be caused by chemicals footbridge / fυtbrid / noun RAIL TRAVEL present in food (some chemicals are natu- a small bridge for people to walk across, e.g. rally present in plants, but others, such as over a stream or railway line ć To avoid acci- insecticides, get into the food chain from dents, children must use the footbridge to overuse by farmers). Most cases of food poisoning are biological, caused either by cross the road on their way to school. footpath eating poisonous food (such as toad- footpath / fυtpɑθ/ noun a path for people stools) or food which is contaminated by to walk on, but not to ride on ć The footpath bacteria. leads through the wood and along the edge food processor food processor / fud prəυsesə/ noun of a field. CATERING a machine for chopping, cutting, forbid fə bid forbid / | / verb to tell someone not to slicing and mixing food do something, to say that something must Food Protection Certificate fud prə ć Food Protection Certificate / | not be done Women are forbidden to go tekʃ ə n sə tifikət ć ( ) | / noun CATERING a cer- into the temple. Swimming in the reservoir tificate awarded to an individual who has is forbidden. ć We forbid the staff from using successfully completed a course in food pro- the front entrance. (NOTE: forbidding – for- tection bade – forbidden) food sales force food sales / fud seilz/ plural noun BUSI- force /fɔs/ noun 1. strength ˽ to be in NESS turnover from the sale of food force to be operating or working ć The new foodservice foodservice, food service noun CATER- schedules have been in force since January. ˽ ING the activity of providing food to custom- to come into force to start to operate or ers ˽ the foodservice industry the industry work ć The new regulations will come into comprising hotels, restaurants, caterers and force on January 1st. 2. an organised group their suppliers of people í verb to make someone do some- Food Standards Agency thing ć Competition has forced the tour com- Food Standards Agency / fud st ndədz eidənsi pany to lower its prices. / noun CATERING a Brit- force majeure fɔs m ish government agency set up in 2000 to force majeure / | / noun offer advice on food safety, and make sure something which happens which is out of the that food sold is safe to eat. Abbr FSA control of the parties who have signed a con- foodstuffs fudstfs tract and which prevents the contract being foodstuffs / / plural noun fulfilled, e.g. strike, war or storm CATERING things which can be used as food forcemeat food vendor license forcemeat / fɔsmit/ noun FOOD a mix- food vendor license / fud vendə lais ə ns ture of breadcrumbs, onions and flavouring, ( ) / noun US CATERING a licence to used to stuff meat and poultry sell food, which is issued by the local author- forcing bag fɔsiŋ b ity and has to be bought by any person or forcing bag / / noun CATERING company which sells food a soft bag of fabric or plastic, to which vari- fool ful ous nozzles can be attached, used to squeeze fool / / noun DESSERTS a type of out a soft substance, such as icing or pureed creamed fruit dessert, usually made with potato, in a decorative way acid fruit such as gooseberries or rhubarb fore and aft foot fore and aft / fɔ ən ɑft/ adverb AIR foot /fυt/ noun 1. a part of the body at the TRAVEL at the front and at the back of an air- end of the leg ˽ on foot walking ć We visited craft ć The toilets are located fore and aft. ć the main temples on foot. The rush-hour forecast traffic is so bad that it is quicker to go to the forecast / fɔkɑst/ noun a description or museum on foot. 2. the bottom part of some- calculation of what will probably happen in ˽ thing ć He signed his name at the foot of the the future medium-range weather fore- invoice. 3. a unit of measurement equal to cast a forecast covering two to five days about 30 centimetres ć a six-foot-wide rug ć ahead í verb to calculate or to say what will The piece of cloth is two feet long. ć The probably happen in the future ć They are hotel beds are less than 6 feet by three. forecasting rain for tomorrow. ć Experts (NOTE: The plural form is feet for (1) and have forecast a steady rise in the number of (3); there is no plural for (2). In measure- tourists. (NOTE: forecasting – forecast) forecourt ments, foot is usually written ft or ’ after fig- forecourt / fɔkɔt/ noun ROAD TRAVEL an ures: 10ft; 10’.) í verb ˽ to foot the bill to area in front of a building, into which vehi- pay the costs of something ć The airline will cles can be driven ć There are taxis waiting foot the bill for the hotel. in the station forecourt. ć He drove into the 125 fortify petrol station forecourt and asked for some- forestry / fɒristri/ noun the management one to wash his windscreen. of forests, woodlands and plantations of foreign / fɒrin/ adjective not from your trees ć We studied forestry at agricultural own country ć Foreign tourists are all over college. ć Forestry is becoming an important the town for the Easter break. ć We are skill in Third World countries. Forestry Commission fɒristri kə increasing our trade with foreign countries. Forestry Commission / | foreign currency currency / fɒrin krənsi/ noun miʃ(ə)n/ noun a British government agency FINANCE money of another country responsible for the management of state- foreign currency account currency account / fɒrin owned forests krənsi ə kaυnt | / noun FINANCE a bank COMMENT: The Forestry Commission account in the currency of another country, seeks to attract tourists by making picnic e.g. a dollar account areas, nature trails, etc., in its forests. forex foreigner fɔreks foreigner / fɒrinə/ noun somebody from forex / /, Forex abbreviation another country FINANCE foreign exchange foreign exchange fɒrən iks tʃeind ‘…the amount of reserves sold by the authorities foreign exchange / | / were not sufficient to move the $200 billion noun FINANCE 1. the business of exchanging Forex market permanently’ [Duns Business the money of one country for that of another Month] 2. money of another country forge /fɔd / verb to copy money or a sig- foreign exchange broker fɒrin iks foreign exchange broker / | nature, so as to trick someone ć He paid his tʃeind brəυkə/, foreign exchange bill with a forged £50 note. ć When paying dealer / dilə/ noun FINANCE somebody who with a stolen credit card, she forged the sig- deals on the foreign exchange market nature on the slip. foreign exchange dealing fɒrin iks forged knife foreign exchange dealing / | forged knife / fɔd d naif/ noun CATER- tʃeind diliŋ/ noun FINANCE the business ING the best-quality kitchen knife, made of a of buying and selling foreign currencies single piece of steel which forms the blade foreign exchange market fɒrin iks foreign exchange market / | and centre of the handle tʃeind mɑkit forget fə et / noun FINANCE a market forget / | / verb not to remember some- where people buy and sell foreign currencies thing ć She forgot to tell the group that foreign exchange transfer fɒrin iks ć foreign exchange transfer / | breakfast was at 7.30 sharp. Don’t forget tʃeind tr nsf/ noun FINANCE the trans- we’re leaving the hotel early tomorrow. fer of money from one country to another (NOTE: forgetting – forgot – forgotten) foreign goods fork foreign goods / fɒrin υdz/ plural noun fork /fɔk/ noun 1. CATERING a piece of cut- BUSINESS goods manufactured in other coun- lery, with a handle at one end and sharp tries points at the other, used for picking food up foreign money order money order / fɒrin mni 2. ROAD TRAVEL a place where a road divides ɔdə/ noun FINANCE a money order in a for- into two new roads í verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to eign currency which is payable to someone turn off a road ć Fork right at the next junc- living in a foreign country. Also called inter- tion. 2. (of a road) to split into two parts fork buffet national money order, overseas money fork buffet, fork luncheon noun CATER- order ING a lunch where food is eaten from a plate foreign trade foreign trade / fɒrin treid/ noun BUSI- with a fork when standing up, as opposed to NESS same as overseas trade a ‘finger buffet’ form foreign visitor visitor / fɒrin vizitə/ noun form /fɔm/ noun an official printed paper same as overseas visitor with blank spaces which have to be filled in foresee fɔ si with information ć You have to fill in form foresee / | / verb to feel in advance that something will happen ć They foresee a A20. ć Before entering the USA, all passen- big increase in tourism. (NOTE: foresees – gers must fill out a customs declaration foresaw) form. formality forest fɔ m liti forest / fɒrist/ noun a large area covered formality / | / noun something with trees ć The whole river basin is covered which has to be done to obey the law (NOTE: with tropical forest. ć Forest fires are wide- The plural form is formalities.) spread in the dry season and can sometimes fortified wine wine / fɔtifaid wain/ noun be started by lightning. ć In winter bears BEVERAGES wine which has extra alcohol come out of the forest to search for food. added, e.g. port or sherry forester / fɒristə/, forest ranger / fɒrist fortify / fɔtifai/ verb to make something reind ə/ noun somebody in charge of the strong ˽ a fortified town a town with thick management and protection of a forest walls round it to protect it fortnight 126
fortnight four-lane motorway fortnight / fɔtnait/ noun two weeks ć I four-lane motorway / fɔ lein saw him a fortnight ago. ć We will be on hol- məυtəwei/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a motorway iday during the last fortnight of July. (NOTE: with tracks for two rows of traffic in each Fortnight is not used in US English.) direction forward four-poster bed forward / fɔwəd/ adjective 1. in advance four-poster bed / fɔ pəυstə bed/ noun 2. to be paid at a later date 3. TRAVEL towards an old-fashioned bed with four posts, one at the front part of a ship or plane ć the forward each corner, which support a cover with cur- section of an aircraft ć The stewardess is in tains four-star hotel ć fɔ stɑ həυ tel the forward galley. The passenger lounge four-star hotel / | / noun is forward of the dining saloon. í adverb 1. HOTELS a good hotel, with comfortable ˽ to date a cheque forward to put a later rooms date than the present one on a cheque ˽ fowl /faυl/ noun a domestic bird kept for charges forward charges which will be paid food or for its eggs, e.g. a chicken, duck, tur- by the customer when delivery is taken of the key or goose (NOTE: The plural form is fowl goods 2. ˽ to buy forward to buy foreign or fowls.) currency before you need it, in order to be foyer fɔiei ˽ foyer / / noun the entrance lobby of a certain of the exchange rate to sell for- hotel, restaurant, theatre or cinema ć We’ll ward to sell foreign currency for delivery at meet in the foyer at 9 p.m. ć The foyer was a later date 3. TRAVEL towards the front part full of tourists waiting to register. of a ship or plane ć Please move forward to Fr í ˽ Fr abbreviation franc the passenger lounge. verb to forward franc something to someone to send something to franc /fr ŋk/ noun FINANCE the currency someone ć We will forward the visa applica- used in Switzerland and some other coun- tion to the consulate. ˽ please forward, to tries ć It costs twenty-five Swiss francs. franchise be forwarded words written on an envelope, franchise / fr ntʃaiz/ BUSINESS noun a asking the person receiving it to send it on to licence to trade using a brand name and pay- the person whose name is written on it ing money for it ć She has bought a hot dog forward bookings forward bookings / fɔwəd bυkiŋz/ franchise. í verb to sell licences for people plural noun reservations made in advance to trade using a brand name and paying ć forward buying fɔwəd baiiŋ money for it His sandwich bar was so suc- forward buying / / noun cessful that he decided to franchise it. ć The FINANCE the act of buying currency at today’s family owns a franchised chain of restau- price for delivery at a later date. Also called rants. buying forward ‘…the company wants to franchise many of its forwarding address fɔwədiŋ ə dres forwarding address / | / restaurants away from the three big metropolitan noun the address to which a person’s mail areas of London, Birmingham and Manchester. can be sent on after he or she has left the cur- Although it has some existing franchisees it also ć has regional headquarters which can easily man- rent address They left the hotel and didn’t age local restaurants.’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] leave a forwarding address. franchisee fr ntʃai zi | forwarding agent franchisee / / noun BUSINESS forwarding agent / fɔwədiŋ eid ənt/ somebody who trades under a franchise noun BUSINESS a person or company which franchiser franchiser / fr ntʃaizə/ noun BUSINESS arranges shipping and customs documents somebody who licenses a franchise forward rate fɔwəd reit franchising forward rate / /, forward franchising / fr ntʃaiziŋ/ noun BUSI- exchange rate noun FINANCE the rate for NESS the act of selling a licence to trade as a purchase of foreign currency at a fixed price franchise ć She runs her sandwich chain as for delivery at a later date ć What are the for- a franchising operation. ward rates for the pound? franchisor fr ntʃaizə foster franchisor / / noun BUSINESS foster / fɒstə/ verb to take action to help same as franchiser something such as an idea to become suc- frangipane fr nd i pɑni frangipane / | / noun FOOD cessful ć Tourism fosters interest in other an almond-flavoured cream or paste used in countries. pastries, cakes and other sweet foods four fɔ ˽ frankfurter four / / number the four O’s a simple frankfurter / fr ŋkftə/ noun MEAT a way of summarising the essentials of a mar- long thin sausage of spicy pork meat ć We’ve keting operation, which are objects, objec- brought some frankfurters for the barbecue. ˽ tives, organisation and operations the four Also called wiener P’s a simple way of summarising the essen- COMMENT: Frankfurters originally came tials of the marketing mix, which are prod- from Frankfurt in Germany, but are now uct, price, promotion and place made all over the world. They are cooked 127 freeze-dry
freephone in hot water, and are the sausages used in freephone / frifəυn/ noun MARKETING a hot dogs. system where you can telephone to reply to frappé frappé / fr pei/ adjective BEVERAGES an advertisement, to place an order or to ask referring to a drink that is chilled by being for information and the seller pays for the poured over crushed ice call ć The advertisement gives a freephone free free /fri/ adjective, adverb 1. not costing number for you to call. (NOTE: In the UK, any money ć We were given free tickets to the freephone numbers have the code 0800.) free port exhibition. ć The price includes free trans- free port / fri pɔt/, free trade zone port from the airport to the hotel. ć Goods / fri treid zəυn/ noun a port or area where are delivered free to the customer’s hotel. ć there are no customs duties to be paid Catalogue and price list sent free on request. freepost freepost / fripəυst/ noun MARKETING a ˽ admission free visitors do not have to pay system where you can write to an advertiser ˽ free of charge with no payment to be made to place an order, to ask for information to be 2. with no restrictions 3. not busy, not occu- ć sent, and the seller pays the postage pied Are there any free tables in the restau- free-range eggs fri reind e z rant? ć I shall be free in a few minutes. ć We free-range eggs / / plu- always keep Friday afternoon free for a ral noun FOOD eggs from hens that are game of bridge. allowed to run about in the open and eat ‘…can free trade be reconciled with a strong dol- more natural food, as opposed to battery lar resulting from floating exchange rates?’ hens [Duns Business Month] freeriding fri raidiŋ freeriding / | / noun a basic style ‘…free traders hold that the strong dollar is the of snowboarding that involves travelling primary cause of the nation’s trade problems’ [Duns Business Month] over the snow without performing stunts free-soloing freecarving fri kɑviŋ free-soloing / fri səuləυiŋ/ noun the freecarving / | / noun a style of snowboarding that focuses on carving deep sport of climbing boulders and rock faces tracks in the snow with tight cornering rather without a safety line or a partner to catch or than on doing stunts break a fall free trade free climbing climbing / fri klaimiŋ/ noun free trade / fri treid/ noun BUSINESS a mountain or rock climbing done without aids system where goods can go from one coun- such as spikes and ladders, though usually try to another without any restrictions ć The with ropes and other safety equipment government adopted a free trade policy. free trade area free currency currency / fri krənsi/ noun free trade area / fri treid eəriə/ noun FINANCE a currency which is allowed by the a group of countries between which no cus- government to be bought and sold without toms duties are paid free trader restriction free trader / fri treidə/ noun BUSINESS freediving fri daiviŋ freediving / | / noun the extreme somebody who is in favour of free trade sport of submerging into deep water for as free trial trial / fri traiəl/ noun the testing of long as possible without the aid of oxygen something such as a machine with no pay- tanks ment involved ć to send a piece of equipment freedom / fridəm/ noun the state of being for two weeks’ free trial ˽ freeway free to do something the freedoms of the freeway / friwei/ noun US a major air special internationally agreed rights expressway where no toll charge is made ć given to airlines to allow them to fly without We took the interstate freeway to San Diego. interference freeze friz free gift fri ift freeze / / verb 1. to change the state of free gift / / noun MARKETING a something from liquid to solid because of the present given by a shop or business to a cus- cold 2. (of weather) to become very cold ć It tomer who buys a particular amount of was freezing when we reached the hotel. 3. goods CATERING to store food at below freezing free house free house / fri haυs/ noun BARS a pub- point ć You can freeze fresh produce easily. lic house which does not belong to a brewery ć Strawberries cannot be frozen. ı flash- and so can serve any beer or spirits which the freeze 4. BUSINESS to keep prices, costs, owner decides to serve etc., at their present level and not allow them free of charge of charge / fri əv tʃɑd / adjective to rise ć We have frozen our prices for two free, with no payment to be made years. (NOTE: freezing – froze – has fro- free parking parking / fri pɑkiŋ/ noun parking zen) freeze-dry facilities that customers do not have to pay freeze-dry / friz drai/ verb CATERING to for preserve food by freeze-drying freeze-drying 128
freeze-drying freeze-drying / friz draiiŋ/ noun from the left, and the guest helps himself or CATERING a method of preserving food by herself from it freezing rapidly and drying in a vacuum French thyme thyme / frentʃ taim/ noun freezer freezer / frizə/ noun CATERING a deep- SAUCES, ETC. same as common thyme French toast freeze, where food is kept at very low tem- French toast / frentʃ təυst/ noun FOOD peratures ć Put the ice cream back into the a slice of bread, dipped in beaten egg and freezer before it starts to melt. fried, usually served with syrup or sprinkled freezer burn / frizə bn/ noun with sugar freezer burn the pale French window dry spots that form when moisture evapo- French window / frentʃ windəυ/ noun rates from frozen food that is not properly a door with glass panels, usually opening wrapped onto a garden frequent freezing point frikwənt freezing point / friziŋ pɔint/ noun the frequent / / adjective happening temperature at which a liquid becomes solid often, or doing something often ć The freezing point of water is 0°C. ‘…cabin layouts, as with cabin service, good freight timekeeping, and flight frequency, are important freight /freit/ noun 1. BUSINESS the cost of influences on frequent travellers’ choice of car- transporting goods by air, sea or land ć At an rier’ [Business Travel] auction, the buyer pays the freight. 2. ˽ air frequent flyer flyer / frikwənt flaiə/ noun freight the shipping of goods in an aircraft ć AIR TRAVEL somebody who flies often with to send a shipment by air freight 3. BUSINESS the same company, and so gets special treat- goods which are transported ˽ to take on ment ć He has a frequent flyer card. ć When freight to load goods onto a ship, train or making reservations, quote your frequent truck í verb ˽ to freight goods to send flyer number. goods ć We freight goods to all parts of the frequent guest guest / frikwənt est/ noun USA. somebody who often stays at the same hotel freight rates freight rates / freit reits/ plural noun the or hotel chain, especially while travelling on prices charged for sending freight business, and is therefore offered free over-
French French /frentʃ/ adjective referring to night stays and other benefits frequent independent traveller fri France í noun the language spoken in frequent independent traveller / | France, Belgium and other countries kwent indipendənt tr v(ə)lə/ noun AIR COMMENT: Because of the importance of TRAVEL an independent traveller who travels French cooking (or ‘cuisine’), French often. Abbr FIT frequently words and phrases are widely used in frequently / frikwəntli/ adverb often ć kitchens and menus. We frequently get requests for information French beans French beans / frentʃ binz/ plural about camping facilities. noun VEGETABLES same as green beans fresh /freʃ/ adjective, adverb 1. referring French bread French bread / frentʃ bred/ noun bread to food which has been made recently, or in the form of a long thin stick which has been recently picked, killed or French dressing caught, or which is not frozen or tinned ˽ French dressing / frentʃ dresiŋ/ noun oven-fresh loaves bread which has just been SAUCES, ETC. same as vinaigrette French fries baked 2. not used, not dirty French fries / frentʃ fraiz/, French frentʃ fraid pə teitəυz ‘…meat that has been frozen and then thawed fried potatoes / | / should not be described as ‘fresh’’ [Food plural noun FOOD thin stick-shaped pieces of Standards Agency] fresh air potato, fried in deep oil or fat ć She ordered fresh air / freʃ eə/ noun the open air ć a cheeseburger and French fries. They came out of the mine into the fresh air. French onion soup freshly French onion soup / frentʃ njən freshly / freʃli/ adverb recently ć freshly sup/ noun FOOD soup made with onions picked strawberries and stock, served with croutons freshly-squeezed orange juice orange juice French service French service / frentʃ svis/ noun / freʃli skwizd ɒrind jus/ noun BEVER- CATERING 1. a style of laying a table, with a AGES orange juice which has just been large round plate, called the ‘show plate’ in squeezed from the fruit, not taken from a can the centre of each setting, a folded napkin on or carton it, and cutlery and glasses beside it. The plate freshness / freʃ(ə)nəs/ noun the state of is not used for food, and may be removed, or being fresh ć When you buy fruit and vegeta- other plates such as a soup plate may be put bles, remember to check them for freshness. on it. 2. a way of serving at a meal, where the ć Freshness is the main selling point of this waiter or waitress offers the guest a dish chain of fish restaurants. 129 frozen food fresh water water / freʃ wɔtə/ noun water in front of the hotel. ć The safety instructions rivers and lakes which contains almost no are in the pocket in front of your seat. 2. salt, as opposed to water in the sea same as seafront ć The hotel is on the front. freshwater / freʃwɔtə/ adjective con- í adjective most important, first front desk taining or having its habitat in fresh water ć front desk / frnt desk/ noun HOTELS a Some freshwater fish such as pike can with- reception desk at the entrance to a hotel or stand levels of acidity. restaurant front door fricassee fricassee / frikəsei/ noun FOOD a dish of front door / frnt dɔ/ noun the main pieces of meat cooked in a rich white sauce door to a house or building ć The reception ć chicken fricassee í verb CATERING to stew gave him a key to the front door or to the meat, usually chicken, with vegetables in a main door of the hotel. little water, which is then used to make a rich front door key door key / frnt dɔ ki/ noun white sauce HOTELS the key to a front door such as the fridge fridge /frid / noun CATERING a refrigera- main door of a hotel tor, a machine for keeping food cold front hall hall / frnt hɔl/ noun 1. a room or (informal) ć The fridge is empty – we must passage through which you enter a building buy some more food. ć Shall I put the milk 2. the people who work in the front part of a back in the fridge? hotel fried front office fried /fraid/ adjective CATERING cooked in front office / frnt ɒfis/ noun HOTELS a little oil or fat ć Add the fried onions to the the main office of a hotel, with the reserva- meat. ć We had fried rice with our sweet and tions department and the reception desk front office manager sour pork. ı fry front office manager / frnt ɒfis fried egg fried egg / fraid e / noun FOOD an egg m nid ə/ noun the manager in charge of which has been fried in hot fat ć I had two the front office fried eggs and bacon for breakfast. front of house of house, front-of-the-house -friendly /frendli/ suffix with facilities that noun BUSINESS the part of a hotel which make it suitable for or easy to use by some- deals with customers direct, including body ć child-friendly ć user-friendly departments such as reception, porters, room fries fries /fraiz/ plural noun FOOD same as service and housekeeping French fries ‘…a team of three part-time staff cover front-of- fringe house operations under the direction of the head fringe /frind / noun an edge ć hotels on waiter’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] ˽ front-of-house manager the fringe of the desert í verb fringed with front-of-house manager / frnt əv palm trees, palm-fringed with palm trees haυs m nid ə/ noun HOTELS somebody in growing along the side charge of the front part of a hotel, i.e. the Fringe Theatre Fringe Theatre / frind θiətə/ noun entrance, reception and reservations area ENTERTAINMENT a general term referring to front-of-house services services / frnt əv small theatres which put on mainly experi- haυs svisiz/ plural noun HOTELS services mental plays and do not form part of the the- which are in the front of a hotel, such as atre establishment reception and porters frisk frisk /frisk/ verb to search someone by run- front-of-house staff staff / frnt əv haυs ning the hands over his or her body ć When stɑf/ noun BUSINESS staff who deal with they frisked him at the airport, they found a customers, e.g. the receptionist, doorman knife hidden under his shirt. and porters fritter fritter / fritə/ noun FOOD a piece of fruit, frost /frɒst/ noun 1. the weather when the meat or vegetable, dipped in a mixture of temperature is below the freezing point of flour, egg and milk and fried ć apple fritters water ˽ ten degrees of frost ten degrees ć banana fritters below freezing point 2. a white covering on fromage frɒ mɑ fromage / | / noun DAIRY a French the ground or trees when the temperature is noun meaning cheese below freezing froze fromage frais frais / frɒmɑ frei/ noun froze /frəυz/ freeze frozen DAIRY a fresh cheese with a light creamy frozen / frəυz(ə)n/ adjective 1. very cold taste and a texture like thick cream or 2. at a temperature below freezing point ć yoghurt Use frozen prawns if you can’t get fresh front /frnt/ noun 1. the part of something ones. which faces forward ˽ in front of ahead of, frozen food food / frəυz(ə)n fud/ noun in the direction in which you are facing, or CATERING food stored at a temperature below outside the front part of ć I’ll meet you in freezing point fructose 130 fructose / frktəυs/ noun the sugar found take all their meals in the hotel. Also called in honey and fruits such as figs en pension rate fruit full costs fruit /frut/ noun FOOD the part of a plant full costs / fυl kɒsts/ plural noun all the which contains the seeds and which is often costs of a service full cover eaten raw full cover / fυl kvə/ noun FINANCE COMMENT: Fruit contains fructose and is a insurance cover against all risks good source of Vitamin C and some die- full-cream / fυl krim/ adjective referring tary fibre. Dried fruit has a higher sugar content but less Vitamin C than fresh fruit. to milk that has had none of the cream or fat fruitarian fru teəriən removed, or to products made with this kind fruitarian / | / noun somebody of milk who only eats fruit full English breakfast fruitcake full English breakfast / fυl iŋ liʃ fruitcake / frutkeik/ noun BREAD, ETC. a brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfast of cake with a lot of dried fruit in it fruit cocktail cereals, eggs, bacon, toast and marmalade, frut kɒkteil fruit cocktail / / noun DES- served with tea or coffee SERTS a mixture of fruit COMMENT: A traditional ‘full English break- fruit juice fruit juice / frut d us/ noun BEVERAGES fast’ may include cereals, porridge, or juice from fruit, often served as an appetiser stewed fruit (such as prunes), grilled fish or starter ć She started breakfast with a glass (such as kippers), bacon and eggs, sau- of fruit juice. sages, kidneys, fried or grilled tomatoes or mushrooms and fried bread, followed by COMMENT: The commonest fruit juices toast and marmalade and tea or coffee. are: orange juice, apple juice, pineapple full fare fυl feə juice and grapefruit juice. full fare / / noun TRAVEL a ticket for fruit machine frut mə ʃin a journey by an adult paying the full price | fruit machine / / noun a full-fare economy passengers gambling machine where pictures of differ- full-fare economy passengers / fυl feə i kɒnəmi p sind əz ent types of fruit appear when you press a | / plural noun AIR button ć He’s always playing the fruit TRAVEL economy passengers who pay the machines in the pub. full rate, with no discounts ć Some airlines fruit salad provide more leg-room for full-fare economy fruit salad / frut s ləd/ noun DESSERTS passengers. pieces of fresh fruit mixed and served cold full house fry full house / fυl haυs/ noun HOTELS a fry /frai/ verb CATERING to cook in oil or fat ć hotel with no vacancies in a shallow pan Fry the onions on a low full-length mirror fυl leŋθ mirə heat so that they don’t burn. ć Fry the eggs in full-length mirror / / noun some fat. ı deep-fry (NOTE: fries – frying – a mirror in which you can see a reflection of fried) your whole body full occupancy fryer fυl ɒkjυpənsi fryer / fraiə/ noun CATERING a large device full occupancy / / noun for frying quantities of food at the same time HOTELS a situation where a hotel is com- frying pan ć frying pan / fraiiŋ p n/ noun a shallow, pletely full We’re busy all the time, with up to three or four parties a night and full occu- open pan used for frying ć Put some butter in the frying pan and fry the mushrooms. pancy. full on licence FSA full on licence / fυl ɒn lais(ə)ns/ noun FSA abbreviation CATERING Food Stand- BARS same as justices’ full on licence ards Agency full payment ft fυl peimənt ft /fυt/ abbreviation foot full payment / / noun same fuel surcharge fjuəl stʃɑd as payment in full fuel surcharge / / noun full price full price / fυl prais/ noun a price with no AIR TRAVEL an extra amount added to an air discount ć He bought a full-price ticket. fare, to cover increased fuel costs which have full rate come into effect since the air fare was calcu- full rate / fυl reit/ noun the full charge, lated with no reductions full refund full /fυl/ adjective 1. with as much inside it full refund / fυl rifnd/ noun same as as it can contain ć The train was full of com- refund in full ć He got a full refund when he muters. ć The hotel is full next week. 2. com- complained that there were mice in his bed- plete, including everything ć The full wine room. full repairing lease fυl ri peəriŋ lis list has more than 100 different types of wine. full repairing lease / | / 3. ˽ in full completely ć refund paid in full noun a lease where the tenant has to pay for ć Give your name and address in full. ć She all repairs to the property accepted all our conditions in full. full Scottish breakfastScottish breakfast / fυl skɒtiʃ full board full board / fυl bɔd/ noun HOTELS a spe- brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfast simi- cial rate for guests staying in a hotel, who lar to a full English breakfast, but with por- 131 futures
function diary ridge, kippers or herrings, and oatcakes and function diary / fŋkʃən daiəri/ noun very strong tea HOTELS a list of dates of functions to be held full-service hotel fυl svis həυ tel full-service hotel / | / in a hotel function room noun HOTELS a hotel offering all services, function room / fŋkʃən rum/ noun such as restaurants, bars, room service, ENTERTAINMENT a special room for holding cleaning, valeting, etc. functions such as private dinners or parties full-service restaurant fund full-service restaurant / fυl svis fund /fnd/ verb to provide money for a rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun CATERING a restaurant special purpose which offers full meals, alcohol and table fun fair fun fair / fn feə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a service full-time small permanent amusement park where full-time / fυl taim/ adjective, adverb people can ride on roundabouts, shoot at tar- working for the whole normal working day, gets, etc. i.e. about eight hours a day, five days a week funicular railway fju nikjυlə reilwei funicular railway / | / ć She is in full-time work or She works full- noun RAIL TRAVEL a cable railway going up time or She is in full-time employment. ć He the side of a mountain, often with one car is one of our full-time staff. ć full-time equivalent going up as another is coming down Six of fυl taim i full-time equivalent / | us decided to walk back down the mountain, kwivələnt / noun BUSINESS a way of calcu- but the others took the funicular railway. lating the cost of part-time employment for furnish furnish / fniʃ/ verb 1. to supply, to pro- accounting purposes, by converting the vide ć We can furnish all the equipment nec- hours worked by part-timers to their equiva- essary for a hotel gym. 2. to put furniture in lent if they were working full-time ć full up a room The hotel bedrooms are furnished fυl p full up / / adjective having all its with typical Spanish furniture. ć He fur- rooms occupied nished the guesthouse with second-hand fully fully / fυli/ adverb completely ć The hotel chairs and sofas. ć The hotel spent £10,000 is fully booked for August. on furnishing the residents’ lounge. fully comprehensive insurance furniture fully comprehensive insurance / fυli furniture / fnitʃə/ noun chairs, tables, kɒmprihensiv in ʃυərəns | / noun an insur- beds and similar items (NOTE: There is no ance policy which covers you against all plural form: for one item say a piece of fur- risks which are likely to happen niture.) ˽ bedroom furniture the furniture fully-licensed fully-licensed / fυli lais(ə)nst/ adjective found in a bedroom, e.g. beds and chests of BARS with a full liquor licence drawers furniture polish function function / fŋkʃən/ noun ENTERTAINMENT furniture polish / fnitʃə pɒliʃ/ noun a party, usually when a group of people gath- wax used to make furniture shiny ć fusion cuisine fju ə n kwi zin ers for a meal A club function is being held fusion cuisine / ( ) | / in the main restaurant. noun CATERING the addition of a product COMMENT: Functions can range from a from a different country to a particular type small lunch party to a large wedding; they of cooking, or the mixing of dishes from dif- are arranged and booked some weeks or ferent countries in the same menu months in advance. functional food ‘…he adds a note of caution to any restaurant opt- functional food / fŋkʃ(ə)nəl fud/ ing for fusion cuisine, because although some noun food, often containing additives, that is combinations may work, others clearly do not’ said to be beneficial to health and able to pre- [Caterer and Hotelkeeper] vent or reduce diseases such as tooth decay ‘…prove that fusion food is nothing new by start- and cancer ing with taramasalata followed by escalope of function catering veal Holstein’ [Evening Standard] fŋkʃən keitəriŋ futures function catering / / fjutʃəz noun catering for special functions such as futures / / plural noun BUSINESS weddings the activity of trading in shares or commodi- function chart ties for delivery at a later date function chart / fŋkʃən tʃɑt/ noun COMMENT: A futures contract is a contract HOTELS a chart showing the function rooms to purchase; if an investor is bullish, he or in a hotel, with the functions which will be she will buy a contract, but if they feel the held in them over a period of time market will go down, they will sell one. G g /d i/ abbreviation gram animals are kept to be hunted and killed for galangal / lən əl/ noun the pungent sport game soup underground stem of a ginger plant, sold game soup / eim sup/ noun FOOD fresh or dried and ground soup made from game games room gallery eimz rum gallery / ləri/ noun a building which is games room / / noun ENTER- open to the public and offers pieces of art to TAINMENT a special room in a hotel or pub look at or for sale where games such as darts or pool can be galley li played galley / / noun TRAVEL a kitchen on a game warden eim wɔd ə n plane or ship ć The stewardess will get you game warden / ( ) / noun some water from the galley. somebody who protects big game for pho- gallon lən tographers or for hunters gallon / / noun 1. a unit of measure- gamma rays mə reiz ment of liquids equalling 8 pints or 4.55 gamma rays / / plural noun litres. Also called imperial gallon ˽ the car CATERING rays which are shorter than X- does twenty-five miles per gallon, the car rays, given off by radioactive substances and does twenty-five miles to the gallon the car used in food irradiation gammon uses one gallon of petrol in travelling gammon / mən/ noun MEAT smoked or twenty-five miles 2. US a unit of measure- cured ham, either whole or cut into slices gammon steak ment of liquids equalling 3.79 litres (NOTE: gammon steak / mən steik/ noun Gallon is usually written gal after figures: MEAT a thick slice of gammon ć grilled gam- 25gal.) mon steak with pineapple game g & t game / eim/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT an g & t, G & T abbreviation BEVERAGES gin activity in which people compete with each and tonic G&T other using skill, strength or luck ć They all G&T abbreviation BEVERAGES gin and tonic gangplank wanted to watch a game of football. 2. ani- gangplank / ŋpl ŋk/ noun SHIPS AND mals which are hunted and killed for sport BOATS a wooden walkway for going from the and food 3. MEAT food from animals such as quay on board a ship ć The passengers deer or pheasants, which have been hunted walked across the gangplank carrying suit- and killed cases. gangway COMMENT: Common types of game are gangway / ŋwei/ noun 1. TRAVEL (in a rabbit, hare and venison; the commonest theatre, cinema, etc.) a passage between game birds in the UK are pheasant, par- tridge and grouse. rows of seats 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a little game bird eim bd movable bridge for going on board a ship ć game bird / / noun any bird We went up the gangway carrying our cases. which is hunted and killed for sport and food gantry ntri gamekeeper eimkipə gantry / / noun BARS a series of gamekeeper / / noun some- shelves to display bottles of alcohol behind a body working on a private estate who pro- bar tects wild birds and animals bred to be gap year p jiə hunted gap year / / noun a long holiday game larder usually taken after ending one stage in your eim lɑdə game larder / / noun a special life or education and before beginning larder for keeping game until it is ready to another, especially between studying at eat school and studying at university, and usu- game pie game pie / eim pai/ noun FOOD a pie ally involving foreign travel garage made from the meat of a game animal, such garage / rid , rɑ / noun ROAD as hare, rabbit or pheasant TRAVEL 1. a place where cars can be serviced game reserve eim ri zv game reserve / | / noun and repaired, and where petrol can be bought ENTERTAINMENT an area of land where wild ć The next garage is 50 miles from here. ć 133 gatecrasher You can hire cars from the garage near the gas / s/ noun 1. a chemical substance railway station. Also called service station which is burnt to make heat, e.g. for cooking 2. a building where one or several cars can be ć The flat is equipped with a gas cooker. ć parked ć Get a ticket from the hotel desk The hotel is heated by gas. ć Each gas appli- which allows you to park in the hotel garage. ance should be installed in a well-lit and ć Each of the apartments has its own garage. draught-free position. 2. US same as gaso- garage attendant rid ə tendənt garage attendant / | / line gas flushed noun ROAD TRAVEL somebody who works in gas flushed / s flʃt/ adjective MAR- a garage, filling customers’ cars with petrol, KETING referring to a type of packaging, etc. where the package is flushed with gas and garage facilities facilities / rid iŋ/, garage then sealed to keep the product in perfect space, garaging noun a space in a garage condition ć The coffee is gas-flushed and for parking cars ć The hotel has garage packed in portions to suit each cafetière size. space for thirty cars. Compare vacuum-packed garam masala r m mə sɑlə gasoline səlin garam masala / | / noun gasoline / / noun US petrol a mixture of spices used in South Asian gastric / strik/ adjective referring to cooking to give a hot pungent flavour to a the stomach gastric flu dish gastric flu / strik flu/ noun MEDICAL garbage garbage / ɑbid / noun refuse or rubbish any mild stomach disorder garbage can ɑbid k n gastroenteritis strəυentə raitis garbage can / / noun US gastroenteritis / | | / same as trashcan noun MEDICAL inflammation of the mem- garçon / ɑsɒn/ noun a waiter in a French brane lining the intestines and the stomach, restaurant or café caused by a viral infection and resulting in garden / ɑd(ə)n/ noun a piece of ground diarrhoea and vomiting used for growing flowers, fruit or vegetables gastrointestinal tract tract COMMENT: Most large cities are well pro- / strəυintestin(ə)l tr kt/ noun the vided with public gardens, which are usu- digestive tract, comprising the stomach and ally open free of charge; botanical gar- intestines dens may belong to a university, or an gastronome strəυnəυm academy of science, and are also usually gastronome / / noun an open to the public, though a charge may expert on food and drink gastronomic strə nɒmik be levied. gastronomic / | / adjective gardens / ɑd(ə)nz/ plural noun a large referring to food and drink of particularly area of garden ć The hotel is surrounded by high quality ć The restaurant offers a special flower gardens. gastronomic menu. garden suite suite / ɑd(ə)n swit/ noun gastronomic tour tour / strənɒmik tυə/ HOTELS a suite of rooms with doors leading noun TOURISM a tour which includes gastro- to a garden nomic meals of the special dishes of a region garden view ɑd ə n vju gastronomy ʃ trɒnəmi garden view / ( ) / noun gastronomy / | / noun CATER- HOTELS a view over a garden ING the art of food and cooking garlic gastropub garlic / ɑlik/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a plant gastropub / strəυpb/ noun a pub that whose bulb has a strong smell and taste, used serves good-quality food gate as a flavouring gate / eit/ noun AIR TRAVEL a door leading garlic bread garlic bread / ɑlik bred/ noun bread to an aircraft at an airport ć Flight AF270 is spread with a mixture of butter and crushed now boarding at Gate 23. gâteau garlic, warmed in an oven gâteau / təυ/ noun BREAD, ETC. a garlicky garlicky / ɑliki/ adjective CATERING French noun meaning a large cream cake ć tasting or smelling of garlic For dessert there is a chocolate gâteau. ı garni ɑ ni garni / | / noun HOTELS same as hôtel Black Forest gâteau (NOTE: The plural garni form is gâteaux.) garnish gatecrash garnish / ɑniʃ/ CATERING noun a small gatecrash / eitkr ʃ/ verb ˽ to gate- piece of food used as a decoration ć fish crash a party to get into a party without served with a garnish of lemon slices and being invited ć A group of students tried to chopped chives í verb to decorate, espe- gatecrash her party. cially food ć slices of beef garnished with gatecrasher / eitkr ʃə/ noun some- capers body who gatecrashes a party ć We had garoupa rupə garoupa / | / noun SEAFOOD same bouncers on the door to stop gatecrashers as grouper coming in. gateway 134
gateway gateway / eitwei/ noun a town which men, shall we begin the meeting? (NOTE: The leads to an area ć Washington, gateway to plural form is gentlemen.) the south gentlemen / d ent(ə)lmən/ noun a pub- ‘Narita is the major international gateway’ [Air- lic toilet for men liner World] gents /d ents/ noun a public toilet for men gavel gavel / v(ə)l/ noun a small wooden (informal) ć Can you tell me where the gents hammer, used by an auctioneer to hit the or the gents’ toilet is? ć The gents is down table to show that a bid has been successful, the corridor on the left. (NOTE: Gents is sin- or by a toastmaster to call the attention of gular, and takes a singular verb.) guests to a speaker German / d mən/ adjective referring to gazpacho z p tʃəυ gazpacho / | / noun FOOD a Germany Spanish-style soup, made of tomatoes, German sausage sausage / d mən sɒsid / onions, cucumber, garlic, oil and vinegar, noun MEAT a frankfurter or other similar served cold smooth meat sausage GDS GDS abbreviation global distribution sys- German wine wine / d mən wain/ noun tem BEVERAGES wine from Germany geese geese / is/ plural noun goose getaway / etəwei/ noun a trip to some- gelatin gelatin / d elətin/ noun FOOD protein where different from the place where you which is soluble in water, made from colla- live ć The brochure includes weekend geta- gen ways in the British Isles. get back COMMENT: Gelatin is used in foodstuffs to get back / et b k/ verb 1. to return to a make liquids such as desserts or meat jel- place ć The coach leaves at 8.30 a.m., and lies set into a semi-solid. we should get back to the hotel by 9 o’clock gelatinous d ə l tinəs gelatinous / | / adjective refer- in the evening. 2. to get something again ring to gelatin or something with a texture which you had before ć I got my money back like jelly after I had complained to the manager. general / d en(ə)rəl/ adjective 1. includ- get off off / et ɒf/ verb to come down from ing or affecting everything or nearly all of a vehicle ć She got off the bus at the post something 2. ˽ in general as a rule, normally office. ć You have to get off the Underground general clean clean / d en(ə)rəl klin/ noun at South Kensington. get on HOTELS the activity of cleaning all parts of a get on / et ɒn/ verb to board a train, a bus room or an aircraft, or to mount a bicycle or horse General Delivery d en ə rəl di ć She got on at Charing Cross. ć He got on General Delivery / ( ) | liv(ə)ri/ noun US a system where letters the plane at Frankfurt. get ready can be addressed to someone at a post office, get ready / et redi/ verb 1. to prepare where they can be collected (NOTE: The Brit- yourself for something ć How long will it ish English is Poste Restante.) take you to get ready for the meeting? ć All general expenses d en ə rəl ik guests must get ready to leave the hotel at general expenses / ( ) | spensiz/ plural noun money spent on the 7.30 a.m. 2. to get something prepared ć We day-to-day costs of a business need to get the bedrooms ready by 12.00. ć general manager The courier is trying to get the tour notes general manager / d en(ə)rəl m nid ə ready before the party leaves. / noun a manager who is in charge get through et θru of the administration of a whole establish- get through / / verb 1. to speak ć ment ć the general manager of a hotel to someone on the phone I tried to get general office d en ə rəl ɒfis through to the complaints department. 2. to general office / ( ) / noun try to make someone understand ć I could the main administrative office in a company not get through to her that I had to be at the general strike general strike / d en(ə)rəl straik/ noun airport by 2.15. get up a strike of all the employees in a country get up / et p/ verb 1. to get out of bed ć genetically modified d ə netikli genetically modified / | It is 9.30 and Mr Jones has still not got up. mɒdifaid/ adjective referring to a plant that Can you give him a call? 2. to make some- has received genetic material from a totally one get out of bed ć We must get all the party different organism or to products made from up by 7.30 if we are going to leave on time. such plants. Abbr GM geyser / izə/ noun a hot spring, where gentleman / d ent(ə)lmən/ noun a polite water shoots up into the air at regular inter- way of referring to a man ć Could you show vals ć There are famous geysers in Yellow- this gentleman to his table? ć Well, gentle- stone National Park. 135 glass
gherkin ginger ale gherkin / kin/ noun VEGETABLES a ginger ale / d ind ə eil/ noun BEVER- small vegetable of the cucumber family used AGES a fizzy drink flavoured with ginger, for pickling often served mixed with whisky or brandy. giardiasis d iɑ daiəsis Also called dry ginger giardiasis / | / noun MEDICAL ginger beer a disorder of the intestine caused by the par- ginger beer / d ind ə biə/ noun a fizzy asite Giardia lamblia, usually with no symp- mildly alcoholic drink made by fermenting a toms, but in heavy infections the absorption mixture of syrup and ginger ginger biscuit of fat may be affected, causing diarrhoea ginger biscuit, ginger nut noun BREAD, giblets giblets / d ibl(ə)ts/ plural noun MEAT the ETC. a hard sweet biscuit, flavoured with gin- liver, heart and other internal organs of poul- ger try, removed before the bird is cooked gingerbread / d ind əbred/ noun gift / ift/ noun something given to some- BREAD, ETC. a cake made with treacle and one as a present flavoured with ginger gin sling gift shop shop / ift ʃɒp/ noun a shop selling gin sling / d in sliŋ/ noun BEVERAGES a small items which are given as presents drink made from gin, ice, sweetened water gift token ift təυkən and lemon or lime juice gift token / /, gift voucher gippy tummy d ipi tmi / ift vaυtʃə/ noun a voucher bought in a gippy tummy / / noun MEDI- shop which is given as a present and which CAL diarrhoea which affects people travel- must be exchanged in that shop for goods ć ling in foreign countries as a result of eating We gave her a gift token for her birthday. unwashed fruit or drinking water which has gift-wrap ift r p not been boiled (humorous) gift-wrap / / verb to wrap a GIT present in attractive paper ć Do you want this GIT abbreviation TOURISM group inclusive book gift-wrapped? tour gîte gift-wrapping it gift-wrapping / ift r piŋ/ noun 1. a gîte / / noun TOURISM a house or cottage service in a store for wrapping presents for in France which can be rented for self-cater- customers 2. attractive paper for wrapping ing holidays given name presents given name / iv(ə)n neim/ noun espe- gigot / i əυ/ noun a French or Scottish cially US the first name or Christian name of cut of lamb or mutton taken from the leg a person, as opposed to the surname or fam- gill ily name gill /d il/ noun CATERING a measure of liq- glacier glacier / l siə/ noun a mass of ice like a uids, equal to a quarter of a pint gin frozen river which moves slowly down a gin /d in/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a strong col- mountain ourless alcohol, distilled from grain and fla- glass / lɑs/ noun 1. a hard, smooth mate- voured with juniper 2. a glass of this alcohol rial which you can see through, used to make ć She drank three gins before dinner. things such as windows, vases and bowls 2. COMMENT: Gin is usually drunk with tonic CATERING a vessel made of glass used espe- water (making a ‘g & t’), but also forms the basis of dry martinis. The word ‘gin’ is also cially for drinking ć Each place setting used to refer to Dutch ‘genever’, which is should have two glasses. 3. the contents of drunk cold and neat. such a glass ć He drank six glasses of white gin and French d in ən frentʃ wine. ć Add a glass of red wine to the sauce. gin and French / / noun ˽ BEVERAGES gin and French vermouth to sell wine by the glass to sell single gin and Italian d in ən i t ljən glasses of named wines ć You can have a gin and Italian / | / noun bottle of house wine, or we sell wines by the BEVERAGES gin and Italian vermouth. Abbr glass. ć The wine bar has a wine-by-the- gin and it glass list. gin and lime d in ən laim gin and lime / / noun BEV- COMMENT: There are various shapes of ERAGES a drink made with gin, lime juice glasses used for different drinks: cham- and ice cubes pagne is served in tall tapering glasses (or gin and tonic d in ən tɒnik ‘flutes’), and also sometimes in wide flat gin and tonic / / noun glasses called ‘coupes’. Bordeaux wines BEVERAGES a drink made from gin, ice, a are served in taller narrower glasses than slice of lemon and tonic water ć Two gin and those for Burgundies, which are fatter. In tonics, please. Abbr G&T Germany, wines are served in coloured ginger glasses, usually pale yellow, with a green ginger / d ind ə/ noun 1. SAUCES, ETC. a or orange stem. Draught beer is served in plant with a hot-tasting root used in cooking moulded glasses with handles, or in tall and medicine 2. a spice made from the pow- plain glasses without handles. Bottled dered root of this plant beers are served in glasses on stems. glass-bottomed boat 136 Water can be served in ordinary wine goal / əυl/ noun an aim, the thing you are glasses or in tumblers. Sherry glasses trying to achieve have short stems. Brandy glasses (or ‘bal- goat loons’) have wide bodies tapering to a nar- goat / əυt/ noun a small farm animal with rower mouth. horns and a beard, giving milk and wool glass-bottomed boat boat / lɑs (NOTE: Males are called bucks, females are bɒt(ə)md bəυt/ noun TOURISM a boat with does, and the young are kids.) a bottom made of glass, so that tourists can COMMENT: In Europe, goats are important see into the water under the boat for milk production; goat’s milk has a glass-breaker lɑs breikə higher protein and butterfat content than glass-breaker / / noun an cow’s milk, and is used especially for mak- alarm panel, with a glass window, which you ing cheese. Elsewhere goats are reared have to break to sound the alarm for meat. glassful goat’s cheese glassful / lɑsfυl/ noun the amount con- goat’s cheese / əυts tʃiz/ noun DAIRY tained in a glass ć Add two glassfuls of wine cheese made from the milk of a goat goblet to the soup. goblet / ɒblət/ noun CATERING a drinking glassware glassware / lɑsweə/ noun HOTELS arti- glass with a stem, used for serving wine or cles made of glass, especially drinking beer glasses used in a restaurant or hotel go down down / əυ daυn/ verb to descend, to glass washer glass washer / lɑs wɒʃə/ noun go to a lower level ć After having a rest in CATERING a special washing machine for her bedroom, she went down to the hotel bar. washing glasses ć Part of the tour is a visit to the coal mines, glaze glaze / leiz/ noun CATERING a shiny sur- and you go down into the mine in a little lift. face on food ć The glaze on her gâteau was going / əυiŋ/ adjective 1. active or busy ˽ perfect. í verb to cover with a shiny coating to sell a business as a going concern to sell ć She glazed the cake and put six candles on a business as an actively trading company ˽ it. it is a going concern the company is work- global distribution system global distribution system / ləυb(ə)l ing and making a profit 2. ˽ the going price distri bjuʃ ə n sistəm | ( ) / noun a computer the usual or current price, the price which is system which provides information for being charged now ć What is the going price travel agencies, etc. so that people can for two weeks in a three-star hotel in reserve air tickets, theatre tickets, etc. Abbr Cyprus? ˽ the going rate the usual or cur- GDS rent rate of payment ć We pay the going rate globe artichoke ləυb ɑti tʃəυk globe artichoke / | / for waitresses. gold card noun VEGETABLES artichoke gold card / əυld kɑd/ noun FINANCE a globetrotter / ləυbtrɒtə/ noun someone credit card issued to important customers who travels all around the world (informal) with a particular high level of income, which Glorious Twelfth Twelfth / lɔriəs twelfθ/ gives privileges such as a higher spending noun August 12th. See Comment at grouse limit than ordinary credit cards golden syrup glucose / lukəυz/ noun a simple sugar golden syrup / əυld(ə)n sirəp/ noun found in some fruit, but also broken down FOOD thick golden juice from sugar, used to from white sugar or carbohydrate and make dishes such as treacle tart absorbed into the body or secreted by the golden wedding wedding / əυld(ə)n wediŋ/ kidneys noun an anniversary of 50 years of marriage Glühwein luvein Gold Ribbon award əυld ribən ə Glühwein / / noun same as Gold Ribbon award / | mulled wine wɔd/ noun HOTELS an award given by the gm abbreviation gram RAC to hotels which are committed to very GM abbreviation genetically modified high standards of service and accommoda- GMT abbreviation Greenwich Mean Time tion gnocchi nɒki ‘…the RAC has given its Gold Ribbon accolade gnocchi / / plural noun FOOD in Ital- to 63 hotels and town houses in the UK and Ire- ian cookery, dumplings made of potato, sem- land. Thirteen have received it for the first time’ olina or flour, usually boiled and served with [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] golf soup or a sauce golf / ɒlf/ noun SPORT a game for two peo- go / əυ/ verb to move, or to make a journey ple, or two couples, where a small hard ball or trip ć He’s going on a tour of the south of is struck with long-handled clubs into a Spain. (NOTE: going – went – has gone) ˽ series of holes, the object being to use as few to go on board to move onto a ship, plane or strokes as possible ˽ a round of golf a game train ć They went on board the boat at 10.00. of golf, going round all 18 holes on the 137 granola
goulash course ć The room price includes four goulash / ul ʃ/ noun FOOD a Hungarian rounds of golf. dish of meat and vegetables, flavoured with golf club golf club / ɒlf klb/ noun 1. ENTERTAIN- paprika gourmand MENT a wooden- or metal-headed long-han- gourmand / ɔmɒnd/ noun somebody dled stick for striking a golf ball 2. SPORT a who is fond of eating, and eats and drinks too group of people who play golf, and allow much. Compare gourmet others to join them on payment of a fee 3. gourmet / υəmei/ noun somebody who ENTERTAINMENT a house where golfers meet knows a lot about and appreciates food and golf course golf course / ɒlf kɔs/ noun SPORT a wine ć a gourmet meal ć The restaurant large area of ground specially designed for offers a gourmet menu. Compare gourmand playing golf ć They’ve cut down a lot of trees government loan loan / v(ə)nmənt ləυn/ to make a new golf course. ć The hotel is next noun money lent by the government to an 18-hole golf course. government pension pension / v(ə)nmənt golfer golfer / ɒlfə/ noun SPORT somebody who penʃən/ noun a pension paid by the state. plays golf Also called state pension golfing government-regulated price golfing / ɒlfiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity government-regulated price of playing golf ć a golfing holiday ć They / v(ə)nmənt re jυleitid prais/ noun organise golfing tours of France. BUSINESS a price which is imposed by the golf umbrella ɒlf m brelə government golf umbrella / | / noun a grade large colourful umbrella used by golfers, and grade / reid/ noun a category of some- also by the general public thing which is classified according to quality goods or size í verb to sort things according to size goods / υdz/ plural noun things that are ć Eggs are graded into classes A, produced for sale or quality goods vehicle B, and C. υdz viik ə l goods vehicle / ( ) / noun COMMENT: There are various systems of ROAD TRAVEL a lorry or other vehicle used to grading hotels and restaurants; the Eng- transport goods lish Tourism Council gives hotels and goodwill υd wil other accommodation stars or diamonds goodwill / | / noun BUSINESS the depending on the type of facilities offered. good reputation of a business ć He paid Restaurants are graded for quality (shown £10,000 for the goodwill of the restaurant by stars) by the Michelin organisation. The and £4,000 for the fittings. French national system gives stars to COMMENT: Goodwill can include the trad- hotels according to the facilities offered. graded hotel reidid həυ tel ing reputation, the patents, the trade graded hotel / | / noun names used, the value of a ‘good site’, HOTELS a good-quality hotel etc., and is very difficult to establish accu- grading system reidiŋ sistəm rately. It is an intangible asset, and so is grading system / / noun not shown as an asset in a company’s HOTELS a system of classifying hotels or res- accounts, unless it figures as part of the taurants into different levels of quality purchase price paid when acquiring grain whisky whisky / rein wiski/ noun another company. goose whisky that is made from any fermented goose / us/ noun 1. a web-footed water cereal other than malted barley bird, larger than a duck ć goose-liver pâté 2. gram / r m/, gramme / r m/ noun a MEAT meat from this bird ć roast goose measure of weight equalling one thousandth (NOTE: The plural form is geese.) of a kilo ć She bought 500g of butter. ć Cof- gooseberry gooseberry / υzb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a fee is sold in 250g packs. (NOTE: This is usu- small soft fruit from a small prickly bush, ally written g or gm after figures: 25g.) which is green or red in colour and is usually granadilla r nə dilə granadilla / | / noun FRUIT same cooked or preserved ć gooseberry fool ć as passion fruit gooseberry jam granary r nəri gorge-walking granary / / noun a place where gorge-walking / ɔd wɔkiŋ/ noun threshed grain is stored, now often used as a SPORT same as canyoneering trade name for bread or flour containing Gouda Gouda / aυdə/ noun a mild Dutch cheese, malted wheat grain typically sold in a thick round shape covered grand total total / r nd təυt(ə)l/ noun the in yellow wax final total made by adding several subtotals goujon u ɒn granola rə nəυlə goujon / / noun a long strip of fish granola / | / noun a breakfast or chicken coated in egg and breadcrumbs cereal consisting of rolled oats mixed with and deep-fried other ingredients such as dried fruit and nuts granulated sugar 138 granulated sugar sugar / r njυleitid ʃυ ə/ placed on a sloping tray and slides further noun FOOD refined sugar in small white crys- down after each slice is cut gravlax tals. Also called white sugar gravlax, gravadlax noun FOOD a Scandi- grape / reip/ noun the fruit of the grape- navian dish of raw salmon pickled in salt, vine sugar and herbs, served sliced thinly with COMMENT: Grapes are grown in most brown bread gravy areas of the world that have a Mediterra- gravy / reivi/ noun SAUCES, ETC. the nean climate, and even in temperate juices which come from meat during cook- areas like southern England and central ing, or a brown sauce made using these Germany. There are two main colours of ć grapes: black and white (actually they are which is served with meat She poured the very dark blue and pale green). Grapes gravy over the meat. are not usually cooked, but are eaten raw COMMENT: In many British restaurants, or in fruit salads. They are crushed to gravy is prepared from dry powder, mixed make grape juice and wine, and are also with water and meat juices. Real gravy is dried to produce currants, raisins and sul- made from the juices of the meat only. tanas. In some parts of the world (such as grease / ris/ noun thick oil, used to make Greece) bunches of very small currant machines run smoothly grapes are sold as dessert grapes. greasy grapefruit risi ć reipfrut greasy / / adjective oily I don’t like grapefruit / / noun the citrus the chips they serve here – they’re too greasy. fruit similar to and about twice as large as an (NOTE: greasy – greasier – greasiest) orange, but not as sweet, that is lemon-yel- greasy spoon risi spun low when ripe and very juicy, and has flesh greasy spoon / / noun a small, cheap and often dirty cafe that is usually pale greenish-yellow, but can greedy ridi also be pink ć a glass of grapefruit juice greedy / / adjective always wanting ć (NOTE: The plural form is grapefruit.) to eat a lot of food Don’t be greedy – COMMENT: Grapefruit are usually served you’ve already had two pieces of cake. cut in half, with sugar; they are usually (NOTE: greedy – greedier – greediest) eaten at breakfast. They are also used to Greek / rik/ adjective referring to Greece make marmalade. Greek coffee Greek coffee / rik kɒfi/ noun BEVER- grapefruit segments grapefruit segments / reipfrut AGES same as Turkish coffee se mənts Greek salad / plural noun FOOD sections of Greek salad / rik s ləd/ noun FOOD a peeled grapefruit, served in a glass bowl as salad of tomatoes, lettuce, cucumber, olives, an hors d’oeuvre and at breakfast oregano and feta cheese grapevine reipvain green grapevine / / noun a plant with green / rin/ adjective referring to a con- long flexible stems on which grapes grow cern about the environment í noun an area grate / reit/ verb to shred something into of public land covered with grass in the mid- very small pieces, using a metal tool with dle of a village holes with rough edges ć Do you want greenback / rinb k/ noun US a dollar grated cheese on your pasta? ć There was a bill (informal) salad of grated carrot and French dressing. green beans beans / rin binz/ plural noun grater grater / reitə/ noun CATERING a tool with VEGETABLES beans grown on low bushes and a rough metal surface, or with rough holes, eaten when green in their pods. Also called used for grating food such as cheese French beans, string beans gratin Green Belt gratin / r t ŋ/ noun CATERING 1. food Green Belt / rin belt/ noun an area of which has been topped with breadcrumbs, farming land or woods and parks, which sur- cream sauce or cheese, and is then browned rounds a town, and on which building is under a grill or in an oven ć cauliflower restricted or completely banned ć They can’t gratin 2. a low flat dish in which food can be put houses in Old Oak Wood, it’s Green Belt browned under a grill land. ć The Green Belt is supposed to stop gratis / r tis/ adverb free, without pay- the remorseless advance of houses into the ing anything ć We got into the exhibition countryside. gratis. COMMENT: Green Belt land is protected gratuity rə tjuiti and building is restricted and often prohib- gratuity / | / noun FINANCE same ited completely. The aim of setting up a as tip noun 1 ć The staff are instructed not to Green Belt is to prevent urban sprawl and accept gratuities. reduce city pollution. gravity feed slicer green card gravity feed slicer / r viti fid green card / rin kɑd/ noun 1. FINANCE slaisə/ noun CATERING a type of slicer for a special British insurance certificate to cooked meat such as ham, where the meat is prove that a car is insured for travel abroad 2. 139 gross earnings
gridlocked a work permit for a person going to live in gridlocked / ridlɒkt/ adjective blocked the USA by traffic jams ć Downtown New York was green channel channel / rin tʃ n(ə)l/ noun gridlocked for two hours. grill TRAVEL the exit from customs through which grill / ril/ CATERING noun 1. an open metal you pass if you are not importing goods surface with heat above or below, used to which are liable to duty cook meat, fish and some vegetables 2. food greengage greengage / rin eid / noun FRUIT a which has been cooked on a grill 3. a restau- bitter green plum, used for cooking, making rant, or part of a restaurant, which specialises pies, jam, etc. ć My mother makes jam with in grilled food ć We didn’t eat in the hotel but our greengages. went across the road to a Mexican grill. í greengrocer / rin rəυsə/ noun some- verb to cook food on or under a grill ć I’ll body who sells fruit and vegetables ˽ the grill the sausages as it makes them less fatty. grilled greengrocer’s a shop where you can buy grilled / rild/ adjective CATERING cooked fruit and vegetables ć Can you buy some on a grill ć Grilled fish is drier and less potatoes at the greengrocer’s? ć I went to the greasy than fried fish. ć I’ll have a grilled greengrocer’s in the High Street to buy some chop, please. fruit. griller rilə green holiday rin hɒlidei griller / / noun CATERING a kitchen green holiday / / noun device with an open metal rack with heat TOURISM a holiday spent in the countryside beneath, used to cook meat, fish and some doing work which helps the environment vegetables green olive green olive / rin ɒliv/ noun VEGETA- grillroom grillroom / rilrum/ noun CATERING a BLES an unripe olive green pepper restaurant which specialises in grilled food green pepper / rin pepə/ noun VEGE- grind grind / raind/ verb CATERING to pass food TABLES an unripe sweet pepper with a green skin, eaten raw or cooked through a machine which reduces it to pow- green salad rin s ləd der or pulp (NOTE: grinding – ground – green salad / / noun FOOD a ground) salad made of lettuce or other green leaves, grinder raində sometimes including other raw green vegeta- grinder / / noun CATERING 1. a bles such as cucumber or green pepper machine for grinding food such as coffee or green space spices 2. US a machine for mincing meat green space / rin speis/ noun an area of land which has not been built on, contain- (NOTE: The British English for this meaning is mincer or mincing machine.) ing grass, plants and trees grip Greenwich Mean Time rip Greenwich Mean Time / rinitʃ min grip / / noun TRAVEL same as holdall grits taim/ noun the local time on the 0° merid- grits / rits/ plural noun US FOOD ground ian where it passes through Greenwich, Eng- maize, cooked in milk or water, then fried land, used to calculate international time and eaten as a breakfast dish zones ć At midnight Greenwich Mean Time it grocer / rəυsə/ noun somebody who sells is 7 a.m. in Bangkok. Abbr GMT many types of food and often general house- greeter greeter / ritə/ noun US CATERING some- hold goods ć The grocer weighed out 500 body whose job it is to receive guests as they grams of coffee. ˽ the grocer’s a shop where enter a restaurant and show them to their you can buy many types of food and general tables household goods ć Can you buy some sugar griddle griddle / rid(ə)l/ noun CATERING a flat at the grocer’s? ć We went to the grocer’s in metal sheet which is heated and on which the High Street to get some tea. food can be cooked, used for short-order groom / rum/ verb to make something breakfasts, Japanese food, etc. ć He fried the smart or neat ć They groom ski slopes before eggs on a griddle. a competition.
gross ‘…cooking breakfast to order on the griddle pro- gross / rəυs/ noun twelve dozen ć She vides guests with a more direct service and helps avoid the unattractive accumulation of fried food ordered four gross of paper towels. (NOTE: which can easily occur on breakfast buffets at There is no plural form in this meaning.) í large hotels’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] adjective total, with no deductions í adverb griddlecake griddlecake / rid(ə)lkeik/ noun BREAD, with no deductions ć Her salary is paid ETC. a little pancake cooked on a griddle gross. í verb to make a gross profit ć The gridlock gridlock / ridlɒk/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a group grossed £25m in 1993. gross earnings traffic jam in which the vehicles cannot gross earnings / rəυs niŋz/ plural move for a very long time ć The gridlock noun BUSINESS total earnings before tax and stretched from Hyde Park Corner to the City. other deductions gross income 140 gross income income / rəυs inkm/ noun the concert will be held in the grounds of the BUSINESS income before tax is deducted house. 2. basic reasons ć Does he have good gross profit profit / rəυs prɒfit/, gross trad- grounds for complaint? ć There are no ing profit / rəυs treidiŋ/ noun BUSINESS grounds on which we can be sued for negli- profit calculated as sales income less the cost gence. of the goods sold, i.e. without deducting any ground transportation transportation / raυnd tr nspɔ teiʃ ə n other expenses | ( ) / noun AIR TRAVEL vehi- gross receipts rəυs ri sits gross receipts / | / plural cles such as buses and taxis, available to take noun FINANCE the total amount of money passengers from an airport to the town received before expenses are deducted group / rup/ noun 1. several things or gross salary gross salary / rəυs s ləri/ noun BUSI- people together ć a group of Japanese tour- NESS salary before tax is deducted ists 2. BUSINESS several companies linked gross tonnage tonnage / rəυs tnid / noun together in the same organisation ć a major SHIPS AND BOATS the total amount of space travel group ć The group owns hotels in sev- in a ship eral European cities. í verb ˽ to group gross turnover turnover / rəυs tnəυvə/ noun together to put several items together ć BUSINESS the total turnover including dis- Sales from six different agencies are grouped counts, VAT charged, etc. together under the heading ‘European gross weight weight / rəυs weit/ noun the sales’. group booking weight of both a container and its contents group booking / rup bυkiŋ/ noun gross yield gross yield / rəυs jild/ noun BUSINESS HOTELS a reservation of seats, hotel rooms or the profit from investments before tax is restaurant places for a group of people made deducted together at the same time grouper grotto / rɒtəυ/ noun a picturesque small grouper / rupə/ noun SEAFOOD a large cave or room decorated with shells to look tropical sea fish, used as food group inclusive tour rup in klusiv like a cave group inclusive tour / | ground / raυnd/ noun soil or earth ˽ on tυə/ noun TOURISM a tour for a group of the ground not in the air í verb 1. ˽ to people, where the price per person includes ground an aircraft to say that an aircraft all travel, accommodation and meals. Abbr must not fly, usually because of a mechanical GIT failure ć After the crash, all planes were group purchasing purchasing / rup ptʃisiŋ/ grounded until their engines were inspected. noun BUSINESS central purchasing for a 2. grind whole group, which results in cost savings ground beef ground beef / raυnd bif/ noun US group rate rate / rup reit/ noun a special MEAT finely minced beef, used for making rate for larger groups of people travelling hamburgers together ground coffee raυnd kɒfi group rates ground coffee / / noun group rates / rup reits/ plural noun FOOD coffee beans which have been ground HOTELS hotel room charges for groups to small pieces, ready for making coffee group results ground engineer rup ri zlts group results / | / plural ground engineer / raυnd end iniə/ noun BUSINESS the financial accounts of a noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who maintains group of companies taken together and repairs aircraft on the ground, as group travel rup tr v ə l opposed to a flight engineer group travel / ( ) / noun ground floor floor / raυnd flɔ/ noun a floor travel as a member of a group of people, as opposed to individual travel in a shop or office which is level with the grouse ground ć The men’s department is on the grouse / raυs/ noun 1. SPORT a small ground floor. ć He has a ground-floor office. black game bird, found in the UK, especially ground handling handling / raυnd h ndliŋ/ in the north of England and in Scotland noun AIR TRAVEL the activity of dealing with (NOTE: There is no plural form: two of the airline passengers on the ground, after they birds are called a brace of grouse.) 2. a have arrived at an airport complaint ć The manager is tired of listening ground hostess to the guests’ grouses. í verb to complain ć ground hostess / raυnd həυstis/ The group was grousing about the service in noun AIR TRAVEL a woman who looks after the hotel restaurant. passengers at the airport before they board the plane COMMENT: Grouse are shot and eaten in grounds season; the season starts on August 12th, grounds / raυndz/ plural noun 1. gardens also called the ‘Glorious Twelfth’, and round a large house ć If the weather is fine, ends on December 10th. 141 guest services directory grouse moor moor / raυs mυə/ noun an area ć We’re expecting 300 guests at the launch. of open land where grouse live 3. somebody who is visiting another person. growth market market / rəυθ mɑkit/ noun ı paying guest BUSINESS an area where sales are going to ‘…the relatively limited range of facilities increase offered by many small hotels does not necessar- GRS ily mean that guest care suffers’ [Caterer & GRS abbreviation global reservation sys- Hotelkeeper] guest account tem guest account, guest bill noun HOTELS grub grub / rb/ noun food (informal) a bill made out to a guest in a hotel, for room, guacamole w kə məυlei guacamole / | / noun restaurant and other services SAUCES, ETC. pureed avocado with chillis, guest beer beer / est biə/ noun a beer kept on used as a dip or as a filling for tacos draught in a bar for a limited period only as guarantee rən ti guarantee / | / noun a legal docu- an addition to the usual beers guest book ment which promises that a machine will guest book / est bυk/ noun a book in work properly, that an item is of good quality which guests write their names and often or that a service will be provided ć The tour make comments when visiting a hotel, guest- company refused to give the guarantee that house or place of interest the group would be accommodated in the guest care est keə hotel mentioned in the brochure. ć The guar- guest care / / noun HOTELS the antee lasts for two years. ć It is sold with a work of looking after guests in a hotel guest flow twelve-month guarantee. ˽ the car is still guest flow / est fləυ/ noun the number under guarantee the car is still covered by of guests requiring assistance, e.g. for check- the maker’s guarantee í verb to give a firm ing in or out guest history promise that something will work, that guest history / est hist(ə)ri/ noun something will be done ć I guarantee that HOTELS details of a guest, his or her previous this will not happen again. ˽ the product is stays in the hotel, room preferences, etc. guaranteed for twelve months the manu- guesthouse guesthouse / esthaυs/ noun 1. TOUR- facturer says that the product will work well ISM a privately owned house, which takes for twelve months, and he will mend it free several guests, usually not more than ten 2. of charge if it breaks down guaranteed price HOTELS (in the Far East) a small state-owned guaranteed price / rəntid prais/ hotel for official guests, but where other vis- noun a price which the seller promises will itors may be offered accommodation not change COMMENT: Guesthouses are similar to guaranteed reservation guaranteed reservation / rəntid small hotels, but may not be licensed to rezə veiʃ ə n | ( ) / noun a reservation that must serve alcohol, and may only offer bed and be paid for in advance and ensures that the breakfast. Guesthouses are always fam- hotel keeps a room free until the guest ily-owned and -run. guest ledger arrives guest ledger / est led ə/ noun 1. a list guaranteed wage wage / rəntid weid / of all the money owed by a guest to a hotel noun BUSINESS a wage which a company that must be paid before the guest checks promises will not fall below a particular fig- out, including e.g. accommodation, bar bills ure and phone charges 2. same as guest book guest relations manager guard est ri guard / ɑd/ noun a person or group of guest relations manager / | people, whose job it is to protect someone or leiʃ(ə)nz m nid ə/ noun a person whose something ć The tourist bus carries armed job is to ensure that guests are well looked guards when going into the bandit country. ć after while they are staying in a hotel guest rooms The hotel grounds are patrolled by security guest rooms / est rumz/ plural noun guards. HOTELS bedrooms and suites in a hotel which guava guava / wɑvə/ noun FRUIT an orange- are used only by guests as opposed to public coloured tropical fruit with pink flesh rooms guéridon guest room technology guéridon / eridɒn/ noun CATERING 1. a guest room technology / est rum tek nɒləd i French noun meaning side table, on which | / noun HOTELS technical equip- the waiter places dishes, and from which the ment, such as Internet links, in a hotel bed- guests are served 2. a trolley for bringing room ć Guest-room technology is very food to the table expensive. Also called in-room technology guest services directory guest / est/ noun 1. somebody staying in guest services directory / est svisiz dai rekt ə ri a hotel or guesthouse 2. a person who is | ( ) / noun HOTELS a invited to come to your home or to an event book in each bedroom of a hotel which lists guide 142
guinea fowl the services available to guests, and the guinea fowl / ini faυl/ noun MEAT a phone numbers to call small black bird with white spots, raised for guide guide / aid/ TOURISM noun 1. somebody its meat which has a delicate flavour similar who shows tourists round a site or house ć to that of game birds gulet lət Our guide took us into the castle chapel. ć gulet / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS a tra- The guide to the museum spoke so rapidly ditional Turkish wooden yacht with double that we couldn’t understand what she was cabin and a large sundeck, that carries ć saying. 2. a guide book ć This is the best around 15 passengers They advertise gulet guide to the region. ć You can get a small cruises leaving from the harbour near the hotel. guide to walks round the town at the tourist gullet lit information office. í verb to show tourists gullet / / noun the tube down which round a site food and drink passes from the mouth to the ć guidebook stomach She had a piece of bread stuck in aidbυk guidebook / / noun TOURISM a her gullet. Also called oesophagus gumbo book for tourists, explaining what there is to gumbo / mbəυ/ noun 1. CATERING same see in a place, where to stay, how to travel as okra 2. FOOD a type of thick soup or stew, around and where to eat ć The guidebook made with meat or fish and okra, from the lists three hotels by the beach. southern USA guided tour aidid tυə gym d im d im neiziəm guided tour / / noun TOURISM gym / /, gymnasium / | / a tour with a guide who shows places to tour- noun SPORT a hall for indoor athletics and ists. Also called conducted tour exercises H
haddock haddock / h dək/ noun SEAFOOD a com- dresser’s a shop where people can have their mon white sea fish hair cut, dyed and styled hairdressing COMMENT: Smoked haddock is smoked hairdressing / heədresiŋ/ noun the work until yellow on the bone (called ‘Finnan of cutting, dyeing or styling hair haddock’) or as fillets. Small whole had- hairdressing salon / heədresiŋ s lɒn/ dock smoked until they are brown are hairdressing salon called ‘Arbroath smokies’. Smoked had- noun a shop where people can have their hair dock is used in various recipes including cut, dyed and styled kedgeree, and omelette Arnold Bennett. hair drier drier, hair dryer noun a machine for haggis haggis / h is/ noun FOOD a Scottish dish drying wet hair ć Each bathroom is equipped made of a sheep’s stomach stuffed with a with a hair dryer. mixture of the sheep’s heart, liver and other hairnet / heənet/ noun a very fine cover organs and oatmeal, which is boiled in water put over the hair to keep it tidy ć Kitchen (NOTE: In Scotland haggis is served on spe- staff with long hair must wear hairnets. hake cial occasions, such as Burns’ Night.) hake /heik/ noun SEAFOOD a large white haggle haggle / h (ə)l/ verb to discuss prices sea fish (NOTE: The plural form is hake.) and terms and try to reduce them ć To buy halal hə lɑl halal / | / adjective CATERING prepared anything in the local market you will have to according to Islamic law learn to haggle. ć After two hours’ haggling halal butcher hə lɑl bυtʃə halal butcher / | / noun over the price we bought the carpet. (NOTE: CATERING a butcher who prepares meat You haggle with someone over some- according to Islamic law thing.) half board hɑf bɔd hail heil half board / / noun HOTELS a hail / / noun small pieces of ice which special rate for guests staying at a hotel, who fall like frozen rain í verb 1. to fall as frozen take breakfast and dinner at the hotel, but not rain ć It hailed for ten minutes and then the lunch. Also called demi-pension sun came out. 2. to wave to a taxi to stop ć half-carafe hɑf kə r f He whistled to hail a taxi. half-carafe / | / noun CATERING ć hailstone a half-litre carafe He ordered a half-carafe hailstone / heilstəυn/ noun a piece of fro- of house wine. zen rain ć Hailstones bounced off the roof of half-case half-case / hɑf keis/ noun BARS a card- ć the car. Huge hailstones covered the road. board or wooden box containing six bottles hailstorm hailstorm / heilstɔm/ noun a storm dur- of wine ing which hail falls ć After the hailstorm, the half-day / hɑf dei/ adjective referring to road was white with hailstones. the morning or afternoon ć a half-day tour of hair hair /heə/ noun 1. a single long thread the island ć A half-day excursion to the old growing on the body of a human or animal ć town costs £10.00. Waiter, there’s a hair in my soup! 2. a mass half-day closing closing / hɑf dei kləυziŋ/ of hairs growing on the head ć Your hair is noun a system by which a shop closes, usu- too long, you must get it cut. ally at lunchtime, and remains closed for the hairbrush hairbrush / heəbrʃ/ noun a special brush rest of that day for keeping hair tidy (NOTE: The plural form half-dollar / hɑf dɒlə/ noun US fifty is hairbrushes.) cents haircut half fare haircut / heəkt/ noun an act of making half fare / hɑf feə/ noun TRAVEL a half- hair shorter by cutting it ć He went to the price ticket for a child half-fat milk hairdresser’s to get a haircut. half-fat milk / hɑf f t milk/ noun DAIRY hairdresser heə dresə hairdresser / | / noun a person milk from which some of the fat has been who cuts and washes your hair ˽ the hair- removed halfpipe 144
halfpipe hand halfpipe / hɑfpaip/ noun SPORT a struc- hand /h nd/ noun 1. a part of the body at ture in the shape of the bottom half of a pipe, the end of each arm ˽ to shake hands to hold built for freestyle snowboarding, in-line someone’s hand when meeting to show you skating, and skateboarding are pleased to meet him or her or to show that half price price / hɑf prais/ noun, adjective an agreement has been reached ć The visi- 50% of the usual price ć Tour operators are tors shook hands and sat down at the table. offering tours at half price or half-price ć The restaurant proprietor always shakes tours to people making last-minute book- hands with regular customers. ˽ to shake ings. ˽ to sell goods off at half price to sell hands on a deal to shake hands to show that goods at 50% of the usual price a deal has been agreed 2. ˽ by hand using half-price sale sale / hɑf prais seil/ noun the hands, not a machine ć The chef makes all his pasta by hand. 3. ˽ in hand kept in MARKETING a sale of all goods at 50% of the reserve ć We have £10,000 in hand. 4. ˽ to usual price ˽ halibut h libət hand here, present I have the invoice to halibut / / noun SEAFOOD a type of hand I have the invoice in front of me 5. ˽ to flat white sea fish change hands to be sold to a new owner ć hall hall /hɔl/ noun 1. a large building for pub- The hotel changed hands for £300,000. lic meetings 2. front hall hand-dipped chocolates h nd dipt hall of residence hand-dipped chocolates / hɔl əv rezid ə ns hall of residence / ( ) / tʃɒkləts/ plural noun FOOD chocolates a building on a university campus in which which are coated by hand, as opposed to students live while studying at the university those made by machines hall porter hɔl pɔtə hand dryer hall porter / / noun HOTELS hand dryer / h nd draiə/ noun a somebody who is on duty in the hall of a machine for drying the hands. It switches hotel, especially somebody who stands near itself on when hands are placed under it or the main door of a hotel and deals with arriv- when a button is pressed, and blows hot air ing or departing guests and their baggage onto the hands. ham h m ˽ handjug ham / / noun 1. a ham the thigh of handjug / h ndd / noun a small jug the back leg of a pig 2. MEAT meat from this which you can hold in one hand ć Coffee is part of the pig, usually cured in brine and served in individual handjugs. ć sometimes dried in smoke a ham sandwich handle h nd ə l ć a plate of salad with two slices of ham handle / ( ) / noun a part of an object ć COMMENT: Ham is cooked by boiling or which is held in the hand Don’t touch the roasting, and may be bought ready- pan – the handle is hot. ć The handle has cooked in a piece or in slices. Some types come off my suitcase. ć Push the knob in the of smoked ham, such as prosciutto and door handle if you want to lock the door from Parma ham are sliced very thinly and the inside. í verb 1. to deal with something, eaten raw; Parma ham is sometimes to organise something ć The accounts served with melon as an hors-d’oeuvre. ć ham and eggs department handles all the cash. We can h m ən e z ham and eggs / / noun handle up to 1,500 passengers per hour. ć FOOD fried ham with fried eggs They handle all our overseas visitors. 2. hamburger hamburger / h mb ə/ noun MEAT a MARKETING to sell or to trade in a sort of serv- small flat cake of minced beef that is grilled ice or product ć We do not handle tours for or fried ć The children want hamburgers and old-age pensioners. ć They handle tours to fries for lunch. Also called beefburger the Far East.
handling COMMENT: The hamburger is so called handling / h ndliŋ/ noun 1. the act of because it was originally minced beef moving something by hand 2. the act of deal- steak cooked in the style of Hamburg, a ˽ town in Germany. It has nothing to do with ing with something baggage handling ham. It is also called simply a ‘burger’ or facilities arrangements or machines for ‘beefburger’. moving passengers’ baggage hamburger bar h m b ə bɑ hamburger bar / | / noun ‘…shipping companies continue to bear the extra CATERING a simple restaurant serving ham- financial burden of cargo handling operations at the ports’ [Business Times (Lagos)] burgers hand luggage hamburger roll h nd l id hamburger roll / h mb ə rəυl/ noun hand luggage / / noun AIR TRAVEL carry-on baggage BREAD, ETC. a soft round bread roll suitable same as handmade for serving a hamburger in handmade / h ndmeid/ adjective made hamlet hamlet / h mlət/ noun a small village ć by hand, not by a machine ć handmade pasta hand towel Villagers from the surrounding hamlets came hand towel / h nd taυəl/ noun a small to the town on market day. towel for drying the hands 145 HBV
handy hard-boiled handy / h ndi/ adjective useful or conven- hard-boiled / hɑd bɔild/ adjective ient ć Paper handkerchiefs are sold in CATERING (refers to an egg) cooked in boil- handy-sized packs. ć This small case is ing water until the white and yolk are set hard cash handy for use when travelling. hard cash / hɑd k ʃ/ noun FINANCE hang hang /h ŋ/ verb CATERING to suspend meat money in notes and coins, as opposed to or a recently killed game animal until the cheques or credit cards hard cheese flesh begins to decompose slightly and hard cheese / hɑd tʃiz/ noun DAIRY becomes more tender and highly flavoured cheese which has been pressed and so has a (NOTE: hangs – hanging – hung) firm texture hang-glider h ŋ laidə COMMENT: Many German, British, Dutch hang-glider / / noun SPORT and Swiss cheeses are hard. A very hard 1. a large cloth wing stretched over a light- cheese is Parmesan from Italy, which is weight frame, like a giant kite, under which only used grated and sprinkled on pasta the pilot hangs in a harness, holding onto a dishes, or sliced very thinly on salads. bar which is used for steering ć His hang- hard currency currency / hɑd krənsi/ noun glider got caught in a tree. ı paraglider 2. FINANCE a currency which is issued by a somebody who flies a hang-glider country with a strong economy and which hang-gliding hang-gliding / h ŋ laidiŋ/ noun can be changed into other currencies easily hare SPORT the sport of flying a hang-glider ć He hare /heə/ noun a common field mammal, goes hang-gliding every weekend. ć I’d love like a large rabbit to have a go at hang-gliding. ı paragliding haricot beans beans / h rikəυ binz/ plural COMMENT: To get a hang-glider into the noun VEGETABLES dry white beans which are air, it is necessary either to run down a hill used to make baked beans or jump off a cliff into the prevailing wind; harissa hə risə harissa / | / noun a spicy oily paste by pushing the bar away from you, the nose of the glider dips and the glider picks made from chilli and tomatoes, used as an up speed as it descends; by pulling the bar ingredient in North African cooking hash towards you, the nose lifts up and the hash /h ʃ/ noun FOOD a dish prepared glider decreases speed until it reaches from chopped meat and vegetables stalling point. hash browns h ʃ braυnz happy hour hash browns / / plural noun happy hour / h pi aυə/ noun BUSINESS US FOOD boiled potatoes, diced or mashed a time, usually in the early evening, when a and fried till crisp and brown bar offers cheaper drinks to encourage cus- hat /h t/ noun a covering for the head tomers to come in early ć There’s a happy hatch hatch /h tʃ/ noun an opening in the floor hour every day from 5 to 7. or wall with a little door harassment h rəsmənt, hə r smənt haute cuisine harassment / | / əυt kwi zin haute cuisine / | / noun noun unpleasant behaviour towards some- CATERING high-class French cooking body that usually involves persistently HAV HAV abbreviation MEDICAL hepatitis A virus ć threatening or worrying them The bar have həv, əv, h v owner complained of police harassment. ˽ have / / verb 1. to own some- anti-harassment policy the policy of a work thing, or to be able to give somebody some- place which is strict about harassment thing ć Do you have a room for two people for one night? ć Do you have a table for ‘…bullying and harassment at work can have an unsettling effect on the work force’ [Caterer & three, please? 2. to take something such as a Hotelkeeper] meal or a bath ć We had breakfast on the bal- harbour ˽ hɑbə cony. 3. have a nice day! I hope the day harbour / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS a passes pleasantly for you ˽ have a good port, a place where ships come to load or trip! I hope your journey is pleasant unload (NOTE: The US spelling is harbor.) haze heiz harbour dues haze / / noun mist, smoke or dust sus- harbour dues / hɑbə djuz/ plural noun pended in the atmosphere which reduces vis- SHIPS AND BOATS a payment which a ship ibility ć The sun’s rays filtered through the makes to the harbour authorities for the right haze. to use the harbour hazelnut hazelnut / heiz(ə)lnt/ noun NUTS a small harbour facilities hɑbə instə harbour facilities / | round nut with a smooth shiny shell. Also leiʃ(ə)ns/, harbour installations plural called cob nut hazy noun SHIPS AND BOATS buildings or equip- hazy / heizi/ adjective misty ć It was too ment in a harbour hazy for us to get a good view from the top of hard hard /hɑd/ adjective not soft, firm to the the cliff. HBV touch ć We prefer to have a hard mattress. HBV abbreviation MEDICAL hepatitis B virus HCIMA 146
HCIMA health diet HCIMA abbreviation Hotel & Catering health diet / helθ daiət/ noun CATERING International Management Association a diet for someone who wants to improve his head head /hed/ noun 1. the most important per- or her health health farm son 2. one person, or one animal, when health farm / helθ fɑm/ noun a clinic in counting 3. most important, main the country where people go who want to head buyer head buyer / hed baiə/ noun BUSINESS improve their health and appearance by tak- the main person in a shop responsible for ing exercise, dieting, etc. health food buying goods which are to be sold health food / helθ fud/ noun CATERING headcheese food with no additives or natural foods headcheese / hedtʃiz/ noun US MEAT same as brawn which are good for your health, e.g. cereals, head chef yoghurt, dried fruit and nuts hed ʃef health inspector head chef / / noun CATERING the helθ in spektə health inspector / | / noun main chef in a restaurant head concierge HOTELS an official who inspects the kitchens hed kɒnsi eə head concierge / | / noun of hotels, restaurants, etc., to see if they are HOTELS the main concierge in a hotel ć He’s clean the head concierge at the Savoy in London. health resort helθ ri zɔt health resort / | / noun TOUR- head of department hed əv di head of department / | ISM a resort town which has special facilities pɑtmənt/ noun somebody in charge of a to improve the health of its visitors health spa department health spa / helθ spɑ/ noun HOTELS an head office head office / hed ɒfis/ noun an office exercise and health centre in a hotel building where the board of directors works healthy / helθi/ adjective 1. in good phys- and meets. Also called main office ical condition 2. making you stay fit and well head porter head porter / hed pɔtə/ noun the porter ć a healthy climate ć a healthy diet who is in charge of all the other porters heaped /hipt/ adjective containing some- headrest headrest / hedrest/ noun TRAVEL a cush- thing in an amount large enough to rise up in ion to support your head, attached to a seat in a small heap heart a car or plane ć You can adjust the headrest heart /hɑt/ noun VEGETABLES the compact to the height you want. central part of a vegetable such as lettuce, head waiter head waiter / hed weitə/ noun CATERING cabbage or celery, where the leaves or stalks the person in charge of a restaurant, who is curl in tightly responsible for all the service and himself heart-smart / hɑt smɑt/ adjective takes orders from customers referring to food that is low in fat and choles- headwind headwind / hedwind/ noun TRAVEL a terol and therefore reduces the risk of heart wind blowing straight towards a ship or air- disease heat craft ć Strong headwinds over the Atlantic heat /hit/ noun the state of being hot í meant that the plane was half an hour late. verb to make something hot ć The room was health health /helθ/ noun the fact of being well or heated by a small gas fire. ć Heat the water being free from any illness ˽ your health!, until it is almost boiling. heated pool good health! a wish said when raising your heated pool / hitid pul/ noun ENTER- glass and drinking from it ˽ to drink some- TAINMENT a swimming pool where the water one’s health to wish someone good health, is warmed before it is pumped into the pool and celebrate it by raising your glass and heated towel rail towel rail / hitid taυəl reil/ drinking from it noun a towel rail which is heated, and so Health and Safety at Work Act Health and Safety at Work Act / helθ keeps towels warm and dry ən seifti ət wk kt/ noun in the UK, an heater / hitə/ noun an apparatus which Act of Parliament which rules how the health warms ć There is an electric heater in the of workers should be protected by the com- bedroom. ć Cyprus can be cool in the winter, panies they work for so the flat has several portable electric heat- Health and Safety Executive Health and Safety Executive / helθ ers. ən seifti i zekjυtiv heat exhaustion | hit i zɔstʃ ə n / noun a British gov- heat exhaustion / | ( ) / ernment organisation responsible for check- noun MEDICAL collapse due to overexertion ing the conditions of work of workers. Abbr in hot conditions HSE heat haze haze / hit heiz/ noun a reduction in health club health club / helθ klb/ noun ENTERTAIN- visibility caused by warm air rising from the MENT a club for people who want to improve ground ć It’s hard to judge distances when their health by taking exercise, dieting, etc. you are driving and there’s a heat haze. 147 heritage attraction
heating helping heating / hitiŋ/ noun a means of making helping / helpiŋ/ noun CATERING a portion something warm of food served to one person ć She asked for heat-sealing heat-sealing / hit siliŋ/ noun CATER- a second helping of chips. ć The helpings are ING a method of closing plastic food contain- very small, and seem even smaller because ers in which air is removed from a plastic bag the plates are so large. with the food inside and the bag is then hemisphere / hemisfiə/ noun one half of pressed by a hot plate which melts the plastic a sphere, or one of the two parts into which and seals the contents in the vacuum the Earth is divided ˽ Northern Hemi- heat wave wave / hit weiv/ noun a sudden sphere, Southern Hemisphere the two period of high temperature halves of the Earth, north and south, divided heavy contract carpet contract carpet / hevi by the equator ć It is winter in the Northern kɒntr kt kɑpit/ noun a type of carpet Hemisphere when it is summer in the South- which is strong and can stand a lot of wear, ern. hepatitis hepə taitis such as is supplied under contract to public hepatitis / | / noun MEDICAL areas of hotels and restaurants inflammation of the liver through disease or heavy goods vehicle goods vehicle / hevi υdz drugs viik(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a very large COMMENT: Infectious hepatitis and serum truck ć Heavy goods vehicles can park in the hepatitis are caused by different viruses (called A and B), and having had one does loading bay. Abbr HGV not give immunity against an attack of the heavy traffic heavy traffic / hevi tr fik/ noun ROAD other. Hepatitis B is more serious than the TRAVEL a lot of cars, buses and lorries pass- A form, and can vary in severity from a ing mild gastrointestinal upset to severe liver helibiking heli baikiŋ failure and death. Hepatitis C and D have helibiking / | / noun a sport in also been identified. which mountain-bike riders are taken by hel- hepatitis A hepətaitis ei icopter to the top of a mountain and then ride hepatitis A / / noun MEDI- down CAL a relatively mild form of viral hepatitis helicopter helikɒptə that is transmitted through contaminated helicopter / / noun AIR TRAVEL food and water. Also called infectious an aircraft with a large propeller on top virus hepatitis which allows it to lift straight off the ground hepatitis A virus hepatitis A virus / hepətaitis ei ć He took the helicopter from the airport to vairəs/ noun MEDICAL a virus which causes the centre of town. ć It is only a short heli- hepatitis A. Abbr HAV copter flight from the centre of town to the hepatitis B hepətaitis bi factory site. ć Club class travellers have a hepatitis B / / noun MEDI- free helicopter connection to the city centre. CAL a severe form of viral hepatitis that is helipad / helip d/ noun a small area of transmitted by contact with infected blood or tarmac for helicopters to land on or take off other body fluids. Also called serum hepa- ć titis from Visitors can land at the helipad next hepatitis B virus to the hotel. hepatitis B virus / hepətaitis bi heliport vairəs heliport / helipɔt/ noun an airport used / noun MEDICAL a virus which causes hepatitis B. Abbr HBV only by helicopters herb help hb help /help/ noun something or somebody herb / / noun CATERING a plant which that makes it easier for you to do something can be used to give a particular taste to food ć ć She finds the word-processor a great help or to give a particular scent Add some herbs to the sauce. ć Rosemary, thyme and in writing publicity material. ć The safari park was set up with financial help from the sage are some of the herbs that are grown in ć the hotel garden. government. Her assistant is not much help herb garden hb ɑd ə n in the office – he can’t type or drive. í verb herb garden / ( ) / noun a to make it easy for someone to do something garden where herbs are grown heritage or for something to be done ć The porter heritage / heritid / noun the history, tra- helped the visitors to get off the coach. ć The ditions, environment and historic buildings computer helps in the rapid processing of of a country or area, seen as something to be reservations or helps us to process reserva- passed on in good condition to future gener- tions rapidly. ć The government helps ations ć The Highland Games are part of exporting companies with easy credit. Scotland’s cultural heritage. heritage attraction heritid ə (NOTE: You help someone or something to heritage attraction / | do something.) ˽ to help yourself to serve tr kʃ(ə)n/ noun TOURISM a tourist facility yourself ć At the buffet, you are asked to help which is based on a country’s historical or yourself to food. cultural background herring 148
herring high-grade herring / heriŋ/ noun SEAFOOD a common high-grade / hai reid/ adjective consid- sea fish ć She had grilled herrings for din- ered to be of very good quality highlands ner. (NOTE: There is no plural form when highlands / hailəndz/ noun TOURISM an referring to the live fish: a shoal of herring.) area of high hills or mountains ć the Scottish HGV HGV abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL heavy Highlands ć the Cameron Highlands of goods vehicle Malaysia high hai high official hai ə fiʃ ə l high / / adjective 1. tall, situated or high official / | ( ) / noun an reaching up above other things ć The shelves important person in a government depart- are 30cm high. ć The door is not high ment enough to let us get the wardrobe into the high-quality / hai kwɒliti/ adjective bedroom. ć They are planning a 20-storey- very good ć The store specialises in high- high hotel next to the royal palace. 2. going quality imported cheese. Also called top far above other things ć A very high moun- quality tain overlooks the town. 3. greater than aver- high-risk recreation hai risk rekri high-risk recreation / | age, large, considerable ć High overhead eiʃ(ə)n/ noun SPORT a leisure activity that ć costs increase the room price. High prices involves an element of danger, e.g. hang- ć put customers off. They are budgeting for a gliding, skydiving, bungee jumping and ć high level of expenditure on renovation. white-water rafting High interest rates are killing small busi- high season hai siz ə n TOUR nesses. 4. CATERING referring to meat, espe- high season / ( ) / noun - cially game, which has been kept until it is ISM a period when there are lots of travellers beginning to rot and has a strong flavour and when fares are higher, usually the period high-altitude climbing from July to September ć Rates in high sea- high-altitude climbing / hai ltitjud klaimiŋ son are 30% higher than in low season. / noun SPORT the activity of climb- high-speed hai spid ing mountains over 5,000m high-speed / / adjective running highball or operating at a very high speed ć We took highball / haibɔl/ noun US BEVERAGES ć the high-speed train to Paris. any long drink, e.g. whiskey and soda The high-speed rail link waiters passed round with trays of highballs. high-speed rail link / hai spid reil high chair liŋk high chair / hai tʃeə/ noun a little chair / noun RAIL TRAVEL a railway which on tall legs, so that a baby or small child can links two cities with high-speed trains ć They sit and eat at a table ć Most restaurants pro- are planning a high-speed rail link between vide high chairs these days. Berlin and Warsaw. High Street high-class hai strit high-class / hai klɑs/ adjective of very High Street / / noun the most good quality ć a high-class hotel or coach important street in a British town, where the service shops and banks are ć We’ll meet at the pub High Commission hai kə miʃ ə n in the High Street. ć She runs a High Street High Commission / | ( ) / travel shop. ˽ the High Street banks the noun the building where a High Commis- main British banks which accept deposits sioner lives and works ć the British High from individual customers Commission in Ottawa the UK High Com- high tea or hai ti mission in Ottawa ć British Embassies, High high tea / / noun CATERING (in the Commissions and Consulates can issue North of England and Scotland) an early ć emergency passport replacements. (NOTE: A evening meal They arrived just in time for High Commission is the equivalent of an high tea. embassy in a non-Commonwealth coun- COMMENT: ‘high tea’ is common in hotels try.) and guesthouses in the North, the Mid- High Commissioner hai kə miʃ ə nə lands, Wales and Scotland. It is eaten High Commissioner / | ( ) / around 5 o’clock in the afternoon and may noun somebody who represents a Common- consist of cold meat, hot or cold pies, wealth country in another Commonwealth salad, cakes, scones and, of course, tea. country, having the same rank and the same high temperature short timetemperature method short time duties as an ambassador method / hai tempritʃə ʃɔt taim high-energy food high-energy food / hai enəd i fud/ meθəd/ noun CATERING the usual method noun CATERING food containing a large of pasteurising milk, where the milk is number of calories, which give a lot of heated to 72°C for 15 seconds and then rap- energy when they are broken down by the idly cooled. Abbr HTST method digestive system, e.g. fat or carbohydrate high-traffic site site / hai tr fik sait/ noun high-fibre diet high-fibre diet /hai faibə daiət/ noun a a place where a lot of people pass by ć You diet which contains a high percentage of need high-quality carpeting for restaurants cereals, nuts, fruit and vegetables and other high-traffic sites. 149 hold
highway highway / haiwei/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a States. ć Hitch-hiking is forbidden on motor- main road ways. Highway Code hitch-hiker Highway Code / haiwei kəυd/ noun hitch-hiker / hitʃ haikə/ noun TRAVEL ROAD TRAVEL a British government publica- somebody who travels by hitching lifts from tion containing the rules for people travelling drivers ć He picked up two hitch-hikers who on roads ć You need to know the Highway were going to Scotland. Code if you’re taking your driving test. COMMENT: In the UK, hitch-hikers are not hike hike /haik/ SPORT noun a strenuous walk í allowed on motorways. Although it is a ć cheap way of travelling, it can be danger- verb to go for a strenuous walk Most peo- ous, and is not recommended. ć ple hike north to south. You still have to HIV hike another 10 miles before you come to the HIV noun a virus that destroys the human village. immune system and causes AIDS. Full form hiker haikə Human Immunodeficiency Virus hiker / / noun SPORT somebody who HLTT goes for strenuous walks HLTT abbreviation hospitality, leisure, hiking haikiŋ travel and tourism hiking / / noun SPORT strenuous hob hɒb walking as a sport hob / / noun 1. CATERING the flat top on hill a cooker ć Our new cooker has a ceramic hill /hil/ noun a raised area of land, lower hob. ć Do not use abrasive cleaner on the than a mountain ć The Cheviot Hills are hob. 2. a metal stand by a fire ć Put the kettle between England and Scotland. hill station on the hob. hil steiʃ ə n hock hill station / ( ) / noun TOURISM hɒk a resort town in a hill area, where the weather hock / / noun 1. BEVERAGES any white ć We is cooler in the summer than on the plain wine from the Rhine valley in Germany hill walking hil wɔkiŋ opened a bottle of hock. 2. FOOD the lower hill walking / / noun SPORT part of a leg of a pig, used for food walking in hills as a recreation Hogmanay hɒ mənei hinterland hintəl nd Hogmanay / / noun ENTER- hinterland / / noun an area TAINMENT a festival in Scotland on 31st inland from a sea port or around a large town December, celebrating the New Year ć We hire hire / haiə/ noun 1. the act of paying money will be in Edinburgh for Hogmanay. to rent a car, boat or piece of equipment for a COMMENT: It is a tradition that the first per- period of time ˽ boat hire, cycle hire, car son who comes through the door on New hire the lending of boats, cycles, cars to peo- Year’s Day (i.e. after midnight on New ple for money 2. ˽ ‘for hire’ sign on a taxi Year’s Eve) should bring luck. If possible showing it is empty í verb 1. ˽ to hire staff the person should be a dark stranger, and ć should carry a piece of coal for the fire, as to engage new staff to work for you We well as food and drink, usually whisky. have hired the best lawyers to represent us. ć This tradition also exists in the north of They hired a small company to repaint the England and is called ‘first-footing’. ˽ hoisin sauce dining room. to hire and fire to engage hoisin sauce / hɔisiŋ sɔs/ noun new staff and dismiss existing staff fre- ˽ SAUCES, ETC. a thick dark sweet and spicy quently 2. to hire a car or a bus to pay sauce made from fermented soya beans and money to use a car or a bus for a period of used to flavour Chinese dishes time ć When their coach broke down, they hold həυld hired a van to take them to the next hotel. 3. hold / / noun TRAVEL the bottom part ˽ to hire (out) cars or coaches to own cars of a ship or an aircraft, in which cargo is or coaches and lend them to customers who stored í verb 1. to support or grip something pay for their use with your hands ć Would you mind holding hire car haiə kɑ my coat while I sign the register? 2. to be hire car / / noun ROAD TRAVEL a large enough to contain a certain quantity of ć car which is rented He was driving a hire things or people ć The plane holds 250 pas- car when the accident happened. sengers. ć Each box holds 250 sheets of hitch hitch /hitʃ/ verb ˽ to hitch (a lift) to ask a paper. 3. to make an event happen ć to hold car driver or truck driver to take you as a pas- a reception or a party ć The computer show senger, usually by signalling with the thumb will be held in London next month. ć The or by holding a sign with your destination wedding reception will be held in the Blue written on it ć He hitched a lift to Birming- Room. 4. to keep or reserve something ć We ham. ć Her car broke down and she hitched will hold the room for you until 8.00. 5. ˽ a lift from a passing motorist. ı thumb hold the line please (on telephone) please hitch-hike hitch-hike / hitʃ haik/ verb TRAVEL to wait ć The chairman is on the other line – travel by hitching lifts from drivers ć He hold the line please? (NOTE: holds – hold- hitch-hiked his way all across the United ing – held) holdall 150
holdall holdall / həυldɔl/ noun TRAVEL a soft bag take their holidays ć Late winter is the main for carrying clothes and other belongings holiday season in the Alpine resorts. ć The when travelling. Also called grip holiday season on the North Italian coast hold up up / həυld p/ verb 1. to lift, to sup- lasts about three months. holiday village port ć The roof is held up by those pillars. 2. holiday village / hɒlidei vilid / noun to make someone or something late ć The TOURISM a specially built village of small planes were held up by fog. ć The traffic con- houses for holidaymakers, usually on the sea ditions will hold up deliveries. or near a lake or river hold-up hollandaise sauce hold-up / həυld p/ noun a delay ć Long hollandaise sauce / hɒləndeiz sɔs/ hold-ups are expected as the air-traffic con- noun SAUCES, ETC. a sauce for meat, fish or trollers go on strike. vegetables, made of egg yolks, butter, lemon hold valet valet / həυld v lei/ noun a place juice and sometimes vinegar hollowware where a guest’s laundry is kept until he or hollowware / hɒləυweə/ noun CATERING she collects it metal or china dishes from which food is holiday holiday / hɒlidei/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT served a day on which no work is done because of home /həυm/ noun 1. the place where a national or religious law 2. ENTERTAINMENT person lives ć Please send the letter to my a period when an employee does not work, home address, not my office. 2. ˽ home but rests, goes away and enjoys himself or country the country where a person lives herself ć to take a holiday or to go on holiday ‘…people are far more appreciative of our efforts ć We always go on holiday or take our holi- to provide freshly prepared, home-cooked meals’ days in June. ć When is the manager taking [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] his holidays? ć My head waiter is off on hol- home address həυm ə dres home address / | / noun the iday tomorrow. ć He will be away on holiday address of a house or flat where someone for two weeks. (NOTE: The US English is lives ć Please send the tickets to my home vacation.) ˽ the job carries five weeks’ address. holiday one of the conditions of the job is homebound / həυmbaυnd/ adjective that you have five weeks’ paid holiday each moving or travelling towards home year home consumption holiday camp həυm kən home consumption / | holiday camp / hɒlidei k mp/ noun smpʃən/ noun same as domestic con- ENTERTAINMENT a permanent facility where sumption people spend holidays in cabins and enjoy home-cooked meals organised entertainment and sport home-cooked meals / həυm kυkt holiday centre milz holiday centre / hɒlidei sentə/ noun / plural noun CATERING meals cooked on the premises or which are intended to TOURISM a town or area which is popular for holidays appear to be cooked on the premises home fries holiday entitlement hɒlidei in home fries / həυm fraiz/ plural noun US holiday entitlement / | tait(ə)lmənt/ noun the number of days’ FOOD potatoes which have been boiled, paid holiday which an employee has the sliced and then fried homemade həυm meid right to take homemade / | / adjective holiday home home / hɒlidei həυm/ noun made at home and not bought from outside ć ć TOURISM a small house or flat, used by a fam- a pot of homemade marmalade The restau- ily for their holidays rant offers homemade soup and roasts. holidaymaker / hɒlideimeikə/ noun ‘‘homemade’ should be made at home, using tra- ditional methods, prepared from first ingredients somebody who is on holiday ć In August the to final dish on the premises. If you buy frozen town is full of holidaymakers. pastry and put a tin of meat into it, you cannot sell holiday pay pay / hɒlidei pei/ noun salary it as ‘homemade’’ [Food Standards Agency] homestay which is still paid during the holiday homestay / həυmstei/ noun TOURISM a holiday period period / hɒlidei piəriəd/ noun visit to stay in a private house ć We can the time when people take their holiday ć arrange homestays in several houses in the The restaurant will be closed for the holiday residential neighbourhood. period. homeward / həυmwəd/ adjective going holiday resort hɒlidei ri zɔt ć holiday resort / | / noun towards the home country homeward flight TOURISM a place where people often go on ć homeward journey holiday homewards / həυmwədz/ adverb holiday season holiday season / hɒlidei siz(ə)n/ noun towards the home country ć journey home- TOURISM the time of year when most people wards 151 hospitality box
hominy hominy / hɒmini/ noun US FOOD ground English, the plural ‘hors-d’oeuvres’ can be maize which can be cooked in milk or water used, although not in French.) homogenisation hə mɒd ənai COMMENT: Hors-d’oeuvres can simply homogenisation /| | zeiʃ ə n consist of pâté, prawns, radishes, etc., or ( ) /, homogenization noun the treat- can be a more complicated dish, such as ment of milk so that the cream does not sep- a salad with scallops, or hard-boiled eggs arate with mayonnaise. Several items can be homogenise hə mɒd ənaiz served together as ‘mixed hors-d’oeu- homogenise /| / verb vres’, and in some restaurants are brought CATERING to mix various parts until they to the table on an hors-d’oeuvre trolley. become a single whole, especially to treat hors-d’oeuvre trolley ɔ dv trɒli milk so that the cream does not separate hors-d’oeuvre trolley / | / homogenised milk hə mɒd ənaizd noun CATERING a trolley with various hors- homogenised milk / | d’oeuvres, from which the guest can choose milk horse / noun BEVERAGES milk which has hɔs been treated so that the cream is evenly horse / / noun a large animal used for riding or for pulling vehicles ć You can hire mixed through the liquid ć I prefer homoge- horses to go into the mountains. nised milk, although it doesn’t have cream horseback hɔsb k ˽ on top. horseback / / noun on horse- honey hni back riding a horse ć There were ten police- honey / / noun FOOD a sweet sub- men on horseback outside the football ć stance produced by bees Yoghurt served ground. with honey is a popular Greek dessert. horse-drawn hɔs drɔn honeycomb hnikəυm horse-drawn / / adjective honeycomb / / noun a con- ENTERTAINMENT pulled by a horse ć holidays struction of wax cells in which bees store in Ireland in horse-drawn caravans ć A honey horse-drawn sleigh met them at the hotel. ć honeydew melon honeydew melon / hnidju melən/ You can go for rides in the woods in horse- noun FRUIT a type of melon which has yel- drawn sleighs. horseradish low skin and pale green flesh horseradish / hɔsr diʃ/ noun SAUCES, honeymoon honeymoon / hnimun/ noun TOURISM ETC. a plant with a large root which is grated a holiday taken by a husband and wife imme- to make a sharp sauce diately after their wedding í verb to go on a COMMENT: Horseradish sauce is very honeymoon sharp, similar to hot mustard. It is served honeymoon couple couple / hnimun with meat, particularly beef, and also with kp ə l smoked fish, such as smoked eel. Jewish ( ) / noun two people on their honey- cuisine uses a type of red horseradish moon sauce flavoured with beetroot. honeymoon suite hni mun swit horse-riding honeymoon suite / | / horse-riding / hɔs raidiŋ/ noun SPORT noun HOTELS a specially decorated suite of the activity of riding horses for pleasure ć We rooms for honeymoon couples often go horse-riding in the summer. ć The honeypot site site / hnipɒt sait/ noun a hotel offers horse-riding holidays in the place that attracts a large number of tourists mountains. ı pony-trekking hospitable hop hɒ spitəb ə l hop /hɒp/ noun 1. AIR TRAVEL a short trip, hospitable / | ( ) / adjective wel- especially in an aircraft ć It’s only a short coming and friendly to guests ć The people ć hop from London to Paris. 2. FOOD a bitter in the village were very hospitable. As a fruit used in making beer ć Hops are used to rule, Americans are very hospitable people. hospitable climates hɒ spitəb ə l give the bitter flavour to British beer. (NOTE: hospitable climates / | ( ) Hops are not used in sweeter continental klaiməts/ plural noun a system of keeping beers.) energy bills down while still providing a hopping / hɒpiŋ/ noun the act of making comfortable environment for guests hospitality hɒspi t liti short trips from one place to another hospitality / | / noun friendly horizontal integration ć horizontal integration / hɒrizɒnt(ə)l and welcoming treatment given to guests inti reiʃ ə n The town is famous for its old-fashioned | ( ) / noun BUSINESS the process of joining together similar companies in the American hospitality. ‘…respondents said hospitality was not taken same type of business, or of taking over seriously as a profession and still had a reputation another company in the same line of busi- for unsociable hours, poor salaries and lack of ness benefits’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] hors-d’oeuvre ɔ dvrə hospitality box hɒspi t liti bɒks hors-d’oeuvre / / noun CATER- hospitality box / | / ING cold food served at the beginning of a noun ENTERTAINMENT a special closed area meal (NOTE: Hors-d’oeuvre is a French at a function where corporate guests can be word, meaning ‘outside the main work’. In entertained ć They can organise any enter- hospitality industry 152 tainment, from cocktail parties and hospital- receive guests as they enter a restaurant and ity boxes in sports venues to prestigious show them to their tables
hot occasions such as Royal Ascot. hot /hɒt/ adjective 1. very warm ć The hospitality industry hɒspi t ləti hospitality industry / | guests complain that the rooms are too hot in indəstri/ noun HOTELS all the companies the daytime and too cold at night. ć The involved in providing services for guests, drinks machine sells coffee, tea and hot soup. e.g. hotels, inns and restaurants, considered ć Switch on the air-conditioner if you find as a group the room too hot. ć Travellers in hot coun- hospitality management hɒspi hospitality management / | tries are advised to take light clothes. ˽ t liti m nid mənt/ noun HOTELS the room with hot and cold running water a organisation of hotels, restaurants and other room with a washbasin, providing both hot guest services ć Applicants for the job need and cold water from taps 2. having a very a degree in Hospitality Management. strong and spicy taste ć This lime curry is hospitality pad hɒspi t liti p d hospitality pad / | / particularly hot. noun CATERING hot-air balloon hɒt eə bə lun a small portable electronic hot-air balloon / | / noun pad on which a waiter or waitress can key AIR TRAVEL a very large balloon which rises orders for food or drink which are then into the air as the air inside it is heated, with relayed to the kitchen people travelling in a basket attached under- hospitality suite hɒspi t ləti swit hospitality suite / | / neath ć For my birthday, my father took me noun BUSINESS a set of special reception for a ride in a hot-air balloon.
hot box rooms for entertaining business guests in a hot box / hɒt bɒks/ noun an insulated hotel or conference centre, or at a TV or storage trolley for plates with hot food radio station hot buffet hospitality tray hɒt bυfei hɒspi t liti trei hot buffet / / noun CATERING a hospitality tray / | / noun buffet with hot dishes to choose from a set of items such as an electric kettle, cups, hot chocolate milk and tea or coffee provided in a hotel hot chocolate / hɒt tʃɒklət/ noun BEV- room to enable guests to make a hot drink ERAGES a hot drink made of powdered choc- host /həυst/ noun 1. a person who has olate hot cross bun invited guests ć He was the host at the reun- hot cross bun / hɒt krɒs bn/ noun ion. ć The waiter presented the bill to the BREAD, ETC. a spiced bun, with a cross on top guest, not to the host. 2. BARS the landlord of of it, eaten at Easter time, and especially on a hotel or inn, also sometimes of a restaurant Good Friday ˽ hot cupboard ‘mine host’ old-fashioned or humorous hot cupboard / hɒt kbəd/ noun CATER- way of referring to the landlord of an inn í ING a special cupboard for keeping food hot verb ˽ to host a conference or a meeting to hot dog hot dog / hɒt dɒ / noun FOOD a snack be the place where a conference is held ć made of a hot frankfurter sausage in a long Geneva is hosting the IATA conference this bun ć You can buy hot dogs at the food stall year. ć Barcelona hosted the Olympic games by the station. ˽ hot dog bun long thin bread in 1992. hostel hɒst ə l roll suitable for serving a sausage in hostel / ( ) / noun TOURISM a building hotel həυ tel providing rooms for students, etc. ˽ a stu- hotel / | / noun TOURISM a building dent hostel a building providing cheap lodg- where travellers can rent a room for a night, ings for students or eat in a restaurant, or drink in the bar, and hosteller non-residents can eat and drink also ć The hosteller / hɒst(ə)lə/ noun someone who hotel is situated across the river from the stays at hostels while travelling for pleasure, Houses of Parliament. ć He is a hotel man- especially a young person who stays at youth ager in Moscow. (NOTE: Although most peo- hostels hostelling hɒst ə liŋ ple say a hotel, some people still use the hostelling / ( ) / noun the practice older form an hotel.) ˽ the hotel business, of staying at hostels, especially youth hos- the hotel industry, the hotel trade the busi- tels, while travelling for pleasure ć She did not know hostelry ness of running hotels hostelry / hɒst(ə)lri/ noun BARS an inn ć anything about the hotel trade when she We stayed at an old hostelry down by the started her business. river. (NOTE: Hostelry is an ‘old-fashioned’ ‘…the hotel operator has called in the receiver word, suggesting that the inn is very tradi- after failing to come to terms with trading diffi- tional.) culties coupled with a fall in hotel property val- hostess hostess / həυstis/ noun 1. TRAVEL a ues’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] hotel accommodation həυ tel ə woman who looks after passengers or clients hotel accommodation / | | kɒmə deiʃ ə n 2. US CATERING a woman whose job it is to | ( ) / noun rooms available in 153 hour
ć hotel premises həυ tel premisiz hotels All hotel accommodation has been hotel premises / | / booked up for the exhibition. noun HOTELS a building which houses a Hotel & Catering International & Catering Management Association International Man- hotel hotel school həυ tel skul agement Association noun an interna- hotel school / | / noun tional organisation which represents hotels, HOTELS a college where students study hotel caterers, restaurants, fast-food outlets, pubs, management educational institutions, hospitals and all hotel security həυ tel si kjυəriti hotel security / | | / noun professionals involved in the hospitality HOTELS actions taken to protect a hotel industry. Abbr HCIMA against theft or fire hotel bar hotel tax həυ | tel bɑ HOTELS həυ tel t ks hotel bar / / noun the hotel tax / | / noun BUSINESS a bar in a hotel, usually open to non-residents local government tax added to the basic rate as well as to guests staying at the hotel for a hotel room hotel bus hotel transfer həυ| tel bs həυ tel tr nsf hotel bus / / noun ROAD hotel transfer / | / noun TRAVEL a special bus belonging to a hotel, TRAVEL transport from an airport or railway which takes guests between the hotel and station to a hotel various destinations, often the airport or rail- hotelware həυ telweə hotelware / | / noun CATERING way station cups, saucers and plates specially made for hotel chain həυ tel tʃein hotel chain / | / noun BUSI- hotel and restaurant use ć The factory manu- NESS a group of hotels belonging to the same factures several grades of hotelware. company hotline / hɒtlain/ noun a phone line for hotel division həυ tel di vi ə n hotel division / | | ( ) / noun giving urgent messages, or placing urgent BUSINESS a division of a large company orders ć Call the ticket hotline for reserva- which runs hotels ć their profitable but slow- tions. hotplate growing hotels division hotplate / hɒtpleit/ noun CATERING a hôtel garni həυ tel ɑ ni hôtel garni / | | / noun HOTELS piece of metal heated usually by electricity, a building with furnished rooms or apart- used to cook food or to keep it hot hotpot ments to let for periods of time, but usually hotpot / hɒtpɒt/ noun FOOD a meat stew with no restaurant, similar to an ‘apartment with sliced potatoes on top, cooked in the hotel’ oven hotel group həυ tel rup hotel group / | / noun BUSI- COMMENT: ‘Lancashire hotpot’ is a stew of NESS a large public company which owns a lamb chops, onions and carrots, cooked in chain of hotels the oven with sliced potatoes on top. hotelier həυ teliei ‘Mongolian hotpot’ is a very hot broth, in a hotelier / | / noun HOTELS some- special container in the centre of the table, body who owns or manages a hotel ć Seaside into which guests dip thin slices of meat to hoteliers say that the season has been poor be cooked. hot tub so far. hot tub / hɒt tb/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a ‘…hoteliers are emerging from the recession large container full of hot water in which with a new energy and enthusiasm for their several people can sit at the same time ć The brands, marketing and customer service’ hotel has a heated outdoor pool and a hot [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] hotel inspector tub. həυ tel in spektə hot-water bottle hotel inspector / | | / hot-water bottle /hɒt wɑtə bɒt(ə)l/ noun 1. a person who visits a hotel to assess noun a leakproof bag filled with hot water what grade it should have 2. a person from which is placed in a bed to warm it an official body who visits hotels to check hoummos hυməs that they are observing health, hygiene and hoummos / / noun FOOD same as fire regulations hummus hour hotelkeeper həυ tel kipə hour /aυə/ noun 1. a period of time lasting hotelkeeper / | | / noun ć HOTELS same as hotelier sixty minutes An hour’s ski lesson costs hotelman ˽ həυ telmən $25.00. to work a thirty-five hour week hotelman / | / noun HOTELS to work seven hours a day each weekday ˽ somebody who owns or works in a hotel the restaurant staff work an eight-hour hotel occupancy rate həυ tel hotel occupancy rate / | day they work for eight hours a day, e.g. ɒkjυpənsi reit/ noun a figure that shows from 8.30 to 4.30, or from 16.00 to 24.00 2. how many of the rooms in a hotel are used at sixty minutes of work ć She earns £4 an a particular time or over a particular period hour. ć We pay waiters £6 an hour. ˽ to pay hotel plate həυ tel pleit hotel plate / | / noun CATERING by the hour to pay people a fixed amount of heavy EPNS cutlery, still used in some hotel money for each hour worked ć The chamber- restaurants maids are paid by the hour. hourly 154 hourly / aυəli/ adverb per hour whose larvae can destroy clothes and blan- hourly-paid workers workers / aυəli peid kets, etc., kept in cupboards house phone wkəz/ plural noun workers paid at a fixed house phone / haυs fəυn/ noun HOTELS rate for each hour worked a telephone which links different rooms in a hourly rate rate / aυəli reit/ noun the amount hotel, but is not connected to an outside line of money paid for an hour worked ć Call room service on the house phone. house /haυz/ noun 1. a building in which Also called internal phone house porter people live ć We rented a house by the sea house porter / haυz pɔtə/ noun for the summer holidays. 2. BUSINESS a com- HOTELS a porter at the main entrance to a pany or business 3. a restaurant, hotel, bar or hotel or large restaurant club ˽ drinks are on the house drinks are house special special / haυs speʃ(ə)l/ noun being offered free by the landlord or inn- CATERING a special dish for which a restau- keeper í verb to provide a place for some- rant is famous house swap body or something to stay or be kept ć The house swap / haυz swɒp/ noun TOURISM art gallery is housed in a former cinema. ć an arrangement where two families The group of students will be housed with exchange houses for a holiday Japanese families. house-swapping / haυs swɒpiŋ/ noun housecraft haυskrɑft housecraft / / noun HOTELS TOURISM the activity of exchanging houses skill at looking after a house or hotel with someone living in another country house doctor haυz dɒktə house wine house doctor / / noun MEDI- house wine / haυs wain/ noun BEVER- CAL a doctor who is on call to treat guests AGES a cheaper wine which a restaurant buys who become ill in a hotel in bulk, often with its own label on it house fly haυs flai hovercraft house fly / / noun a common fly hovercraft / hɒvəkrɑft/ noun SHIPS AND living in houses, which carries bacteria and BOATS a vehicle which moves over water or other microorganisms onto food and can land on a cushion of air ć We are taking the spread disease by laying its eggs in decaying hovercraft from Dover to Calais. meat and vegetables HSE household goods HSE abbreviation Health and Safety Exec- haυshəυld υdz household goods / / utive plural noun items which are used in the HTST method method / eitʃ ti es ti meθəd/ home housekeeper CATERING same as high temperature short haυskipə housekeeper / / noun HOTELS time method somebody employed to look after the rooms hub hub /hb/ noun 1. the centre of a wheel in a hotel, be in charge of the cleaning staff, where it is connected to the axle ć The and make sure that linen is washed and ready housekeeping haυskipiŋ spokes of a wheel meet at the hub. 2. AIR housekeeping / / noun TRAVEL a central airport, from which domes- HOTELS the work of looking after the rooms tic flights called ‘spokes’ connect to interna- ć in a hotel Housekeeping in one of the most tional flights ć Chicago is the American hub physically demanding jobs in hotels. for United Airlines. 3. BUSINESS a business ‘…housekeeping tends to be a department that is centre ć Frankfurt is hoping to take the place forgotten about. But it is very important, and gives employees a wonderful opportunity to con- of the City of London as the financial hub of tribute to a department that makes the most Europe. money for the hotel’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] ‘Orlando International Airport will become the housekeeping department department hub for Vacation Express, the largest tour opera- haυskipiŋ di pɑtmənt tor in the south of the USA. It is planned that the / | / noun HOTELS airport will then link six eastern and mid-western the department in a hotel which deals with cities and five Caribbean destinations’ [Airliner looking after the rooms, especially cleaning World] and providing linen human relations hjumən ri human relations / | house laundry house laundry / haυs lɔndri/ noun leiʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun BUSINESS relations HOTELS a laundry which is part of a hotel, so between people, especially between manag- that the dirty linen is not sent out for washing ers and staff, or between staff and customers housemaid haυsmeid human resources hjumən ri sɔsiz housemaid / / noun HOTELS a human resources / | / woman or girl who looks after the cleaning plural noun BUSINESS the workers which a of a hotel room company has available, seen from the point houseman houseman / haυsmən/ noun US HOTELS of view of their skills and experience a man who does general jobs in a hotel humid / hjumid/ adjective damp, con- house moth house moth / haυs mɒθ/ noun a small taining moisture vapour ć The climate in the moth which sometimes lives in houses and summer is hot and humid. ć I don’t like 155 hypermarket
huss humid weather – I much prefer a hot dry cli- huss /hs/ noun SEAFOOD a large sea fish. mate. Also called dogfish humidifier hju midifaiə hydro humidifier / | / noun a device hydro / haidrəυ/ noun a hotel, resort or for adding moisture to dry air, often used in clinic offering hydrotherapy or other treat- centrally heated buildings where the air ments involving water remains very dry ć We switch the humidifier hydrocooling haidrəυ kuliŋ hydrocooling / | / noun on at night because the central heating CATERING the process of chilling food, espe- makes the air too dry. humidify hju midifai cially fruit and vegetables, by putting them humidify / | / verb to make in chilled water, which stops the process of ć something damp The flat needs to be ripening. ı refrigerate humidified in winter because the heating hydrofoil haidrəυfɔil dries the air so much. hydrofoil / / noun SHIPS AND humidity hju miditi BOATS a boat which has aerodynamic wing- humidity / | / noun a measure- like structures which allow it to skim fast ment of how much water vapour is contained over water ć The temperature is 32° with 90% hydrotherapy in the air haidrəυ θerəpi humidity. hydrotherapy / | / noun a humidity control hju midəti kən type of physiotherapy where the patients are humidity control / | | ć trəυl/ noun a method of making the air put in hot baths or are encouraged to swim humidity remain at a particular level, often a health spa offering beauty treatment, by adding moisture to the air circulating in hydrotherapy, etc. Compare thalassother- apy central heating systems hygiene humidor haid in humidor / hjumidɔ/ noun a special box hygiene / / noun 1. actions to for keeping cigars fresh, and preventing keep people and places clean and healthy ć them from drying out The inspectors’ report criticised the hygiene hummus in the kitchen. 2. the science of health ć Food hummus / hυməs/ noun FOOD a thick paste made by combining mashed chickpeas, handlers have to maintain strict personal hygiene. tahini, oil, lemon juice and garlic hygienic hurricane hai d inik hurricane / hrikən/ noun a violent trop- hygienic / | / adjective 1. clean ical storm with extremely strong winds, in and safe because all germs have been ć the Caribbean or Eastern Pacific Ocean ć destroyed Don’t touch the food with dirty The hurricane damaged properties all along hands – it isn’t hygienic. 2. producing or fos- the coast. (NOTE: In the Far East, this is tering healthy conditions hygienically hai d inikli called a typhoon.) hygienically / | / adverb in a husky sledging sledging / hski sled iŋ/ noun hygienic way hypermarket SPORT the sport of riding on sledges pulled hypermarket / haipəmɑkit/ noun a very by huskies ć Are you going husky sledging in large supermarket, usually on the outskirts of Canada? a large town I
IAPA ice skate IAPA abbreviation AIR TRAVEL International ice skate / ais skeit/ noun SPORT a boot Airline Passengers’ Association with a sharp blade for sliding on ice ć You
IATA IATA abbreviation International Air Trans- can hire ice skates at the rink. ice skating port Association ice skating / ais skeitiŋ/ noun SPORT ice ice /ais/ noun 1. water which is frozen and the sport or activity of skating on ice with has become solid ć Can we have some ice for skates fitted with blades ice station the drinks, please? 2. FOOD ice cream ć She ice station / ais steiʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELS ordered a strawberry ice. 3. frozen water, as a place in US hotels where you can get ice a surface for e.g. skating í verb 1. to add ice for the ice bucket in your room ć The ice sta- to something, such as a drink ć She asked for tion is along the corridor from your room.
icing a glass of iced water. 2. CATERING to put icing / aisiŋ/ noun FOOD a covering of icing on a cake ć She ordered a dozen cup sugar and flavouring, spread over a cake or cakes to be iced with chocolate icing. biscuits iceberg lettuce aisb letis icing sugar iceberg lettuce / / noun a icing sugar / aisiŋ ʃυ ə/ noun FOOD a large round lettuce with a tight head of pale fine powdered white sugar, mixed with water crisp juicy leaves or egg white and flavouring, used to cover icebox icebox / aisbɒks/ noun 1. the part of a cakes or biscuits
ID refrigerator for making or storing ice in 2. ID / ai di/ noun a document or card that CATERING a box containing ice to keep food proves that you are who you say you are ć or drink cool 3. US a refrigerator Have you got any ID on you? ice bucket ais bkit ID card ice bucket / / noun CATERING a ID card / ai di kɑd/ noun a card which container of crushed ice and water in which shows a photograph of the holder, with the a wine bottle is placed to keep cool. Also name, date of birth and other details ć Show called wine bucket your ID card when entering the Ministry. ć ice cream ice cream / ais krim/ noun DAIRY a mix- In some European countries you are legally ture of cream, eggs, sugar and flavouring or required to carry an ID card around with of milk, sugar, water and flavouring, frozen you.
IDD until quite hard ć She ordered a strawberry IDD abbreviation international direct dial- ice cream. ć What flavours of ice cream do ling you have? ideal ai diəl ice cream soda ais krim səυdə ideal / | / adjective perfect, very good ice cream soda / / noun for something ć The cottage is an ideal place BEVERAGES a sweet fizzy drink mixed with for birdwatching. ć This is the ideal site for ice cream a new swimming pool. ice cube ice cube / ais kjub/ noun CATERING a lit- Ideal Home Exhibition ai diəl həυm Ideal Home Exhibition / | tle block of ice, used to cool a drink eksibiʃən/ noun an annual exhibition in ice lolly ice lolly / ais lɒli/ noun DESSERTS a mix- London showing new houses, new kitchens, ture of water and flavouring, frozen until new products for the home, etc. solid with a stick in it (NOTE: The US Eng- identification ai dentifi keiʃ ə n identification / | | ( ) / noun lish is popsicle.) 1. the act of discovering or stating who ice maker ice maker, icemaker noun a machine for someone is or what something is 2. a docu- making large quantities of ice ment which shows who someone is ć The ice rink ice rink / ais riŋk/ noun SPORT a special manager asked him for identification. identity ai dentiti area of ice for ice skating or playing ice identity / | / noun someone’s name hockey. Also called skating rink and personal details 157 import levy identity document ai dentiti identity document /| country on the numbers of immigrants who dɒkjυmənt/ noun a document which are allowed to come to it ć Many countries shows who someone is, e.g. a passport have imposed immigration controls. IFTO immigration office imi reiʃ ə n IFTO abbreviation International Federation immigration office / | ( ) of Tour Operators ɒfis/ noun an office dealing with immi- IHRA abbreviation International Hotel and grants immunisation imjυnai zeiʃ ə n Restaurant Association immunisation / | ( ) /, ill /il/ adjective sick, not well ˽ to be taken immunization noun MEDICAL treatment to ill to become sick suddenly ć One of the give a person protection against an infection, guests was taken ill during the night and we either by injecting an antiserum or by giving had to call the doctor. the body the disease in such a small dose that illegal i li ə l the body does not develop the disease, but illegal /| ( ) / adjective not legal, against the law produces antibodies to counteract it ć Check illegal connection i li ə l kə what immunisation you need before you illegal connection /| ( ) | nekʃən/ noun a connection between flights travel. that would not allow a traveller enough time ‘…no particular immunization is required for travellers to the United States, Europe, Australia to change planes or New Zealand’ [British National Formulary] illegal immigrant i li ə l imi rənt immunisation centre illegal immigrant / | ( ) / imjυnai immunisation centre / | noun somebody who has entered a country zeiʃ(ə)n sentə/ noun MEDICAL a clinic illegally and wants to settle there where travellers can get immunisation illegally i li əli illegally / | / adverb in an illegal way before travelling ć immunise He was accused of illegally importing immunise / imjυnaiz/ verb MEDICAL to arms into the country. give someone protection against an infection illicit i lisit illicit / | / adjective not legal, not per- ć I was immunised against tetanus three mitted ć illicit sale of alcohol ć trade in years ago. (NOTE: You immunise someone illicit alcohol against a disease.) illness illness / ilnəs/ noun sickness ć A lot of the import noun / impɔt/ 1. an article or type staff are absent because of illness. of goods brought into a country from abroad immediate i midiət immediate / | / adjective 1. hap- 2. BUSINESS same as importation í verb ć im pɔt pening at once He wrote an immediate let- / | / BUSINESS to bring goods from ter of complaint. ć Your order will receive abroad into a country for sale ć The company immediate attention. 2. ˽ immediate family imports television sets from Japan. ć This member a close family member, e.g. son, car was imported from France. ć The union daughter, wife or husband, parent or grand- organised a boycott of imported cars. Com- parent pare export immediately i midiətli immediately / | / adverb at once ‘European manufacturers rely heavily on ć As soon as he heard the news he immedi- imported raw materials which are mostly priced ately phoned his wife. ć Can you phone in dollars’ [Duns Business Month] importation impɔ teiʃ ə n immediately the chalet becomes vacant? importation / | ( ) / noun BUSI- immigrant / imi rənt/ noun somebody NESS the act of bringing goods from abroad ć who comes to a country to settle ć Immi- into a country for sale The importation of grants are rushing to Germany because the arms is forbidden. import ban economy is booming. Compare emigrant import ban / impɔt b n/ noun a law for- immigrate / imi reit/ verb to come into a bidding imports ć The government has country to settle. Compare emigrate imposed an import ban on arms. import duty immigration imi reiʃ ə n import duty / impɔt djuti/ noun same immigration / | ( ) / noun 1. the act of settling in a new country ć The govern- as customs duty importing im pɔtiŋ ment is encouraging immigration because of importing / | / BUSINESS adjective the shortage of qualified staff in key indus- that brings in or buys goods from other coun- tries. Compare emigration 2. ˽ Immigra- tries ć oil-importing countries ć an import- tion the section of an airport where new ing company í noun same as importation ć arrivals have to show their passports ć He The importing of arms into the country is was stopped at Immigration. ć You will need illegal. import levy to show all these documents when you go import levy / impɔt levi/ noun BUSI- through Immigration. NESS a tax on imports, or, especially in the immigration control imi reiʃ ə n immigration control / | ( ) EU, a tax on imports of farm produce from kən trəυl | / noun restrictions placed by a outside the EU import licence 158 import licence licence / impɔt lais(ə)ns/, work by paying higher commissions or import permit / impɔt pmit/ noun bonuses ć Incentive schemes are boosting BUSINESS a document which allows goods to production. incentive travel in sentiv tr v ə l be imported incentive travel / | ( ) / imports imports / impɔts/ plural noun BUSINESS noun AIR TRAVEL a travel scheme which goods brought into a country from abroad for gives cheap or free flights to someone who sale ć Imports from Poland have risen to has earned them, e.g. to a salesperson for $1m a year. increased sales incentive trip import surcharge in sentiv trip import surcharge / impɔt stʃɑd / incentive trip / | / noun BUSI- noun BUSINESS an extra duty charged on NESS a journey or holiday awarded to an imported goods, to try to prevent them from employee to encourage him or her to work being imported and to encourage local man- better ufacture inch /intʃ/ noun a measurement of length improve im pruv NOTE improve / | / verb to make some- equalling 2.54cm ( : This is usually writ- thing better or to become better ć We are try- ten in or " after figures: 2in or 2".) incidental expenses insident ə l ik ing to improve our image with a series of TV incidental expenses / ( ) | commercials. ć The general manager has spensiz/ plural noun FINANCE small promised that the bus service will improve. ć amounts of money spent at various times, in They hope to improve the cash flow position addition to larger amounts by asking for payment in advance. ć We hope include in klud include / | / verb to count something the cash flow will improve or we will have along with other things ć The charge difficulty in paying the suppliers’ bills. ˽ bar includes VAT. ć The total comes to £1,000 takings have improved sharply during the including service. ć The total is £140 not first quarter more money has been taken including insurance and handling charges. ć over the bar during the first quarter of the The room is £40 including breakfast. ć Serv- year ice is not included in the bill. improved inclusive im| pruvd ć in klusiv improved / / adjective better inclusive / | / adjective counting Improved service has resulted in another something in with other things ć The total star in the hotel’s grade. comes to £700, inclusive of VAT. ˽ the con- improvement im pruvmənt improvement / | / noun 1. ference runs from the 12th to the 16th the act of getting better ć There has been no inclusive it starts on the morning of the 12th improvement in the train service. ć Hotel and ends on the evening of the 16th inclusive charge in klusiv tʃɑd bookings are showing a sharp improvement inclusive charge / | /, ć in klusiv sm over last year. 2. something which is better inclusive sum / | / noun a The new annexe is a great improvement over charge which includes all costs the old hotel. inclusive tour in klusiv tυə inclusive tour / | / noun in in /in/ abbreviation inch TOURISM a package holiday, where the price inaugural flight i nɔ jυrəl flait inaugural flight / | / noun includes travel, hotel accommodation and AIR TRAVEL the first flight over a new route, meals and is cheaper than it would be if each the first flight of a new aircraft, etc. item were bought separately. Abbr IT income inbound / inbaυnd/ adjective returning to income / inkm/ noun money which you the home country ć The inbound flights all receive income tax leave on the hour. ć The copilot flew the income tax / inkm t ks/ noun BUSI- inbound leg from Durban to London. Com- NESS a tax on income pare outbound incoming call call / inkmiŋ kɔl/ noun a inbound tourism tourism / inbaυnd phone call coming into a building from tυəriz(ə)m/ noun tourism by visitors to the someone outside home country incoming mail mail / inkmiŋ meil/ noun incentive in sentiv incentive / | / noun BUSINESS mail which comes into an office something which encourages someone to incoming tour tour / inkmiŋ tυə/ noun work better TOURISM a group of tourists who are arriving incentive bonus in sentiv bəυnəs incentive bonus / | /, at their destination, taking the place of in sentiv peimənt incentive payment / | / another group which is just leaving noun BUSINESS extra pay offered to an incorrect inkə rekt incorrect / | / adjective wrong, employee to make him or her work better not correct ć The details of the tour were incentive scheme in sentiv skim incentive scheme / | / incorrect and the publicity had to be noun BUSINESS a plan to encourage better changed. 159 infectious virus hepatitis incorrectly inkə rektli individually-wrapped individ uəli incorrectly / | / adverb individually-wrapped / wrongly, not correctly ć The suitcase was r pt/ adjective with each piece of produce incorrectly labelled. wrapped in its own wrapping ć The meat increase / inkris/ noun 1. growth, the arrives from the butcher in individually- fact of becoming larger ć increase in tax or wrapped portions. tax increase ć increase in price or price individual travel travel / individ uəl increase ć Profits showed a 10% increase or tr v(ə)l/ noun TOURISM the activity of trav- an increase of 10% on last year. ˽ increase elling alone, or with a family group, but not in the cost of living a rise in the annual cost in a group organised by a tour company of living 2. a higher salary ć increase in pay indoor / indɔ/ adjective situated inside a or pay increase ć increase in salary or salary building increase ć The government hopes to hold indoor pool indoor pool / indɔ pul/ noun a swim- salary increases to 3%. 3. ˽ on the increase ming pool which is indoors and usually has growing larger, becoming more frequent ć ć heated water Overseas travel is on the increase. Stealing indoors in dɔz from shops is on the increase. í verb 1. to indoors / | / adverb inside a building grow bigger or higher ć The number of pack- ć Since it is raining, we will hold the recep- age holidays sold has increased by 20% over tion indoors. industrial dispute in dstriəl di the last year. ć Profits have increased faster industrial dispute / | | than the increase in the rate of inflation. ć spjut/ noun an argument between man- The price of oil has increased twice in the agement and workers. Also called labour past week. ˽ to increase in size or in value dispute industrial training in dstriəl treiniŋ to become larger or more valuable 2. to make industrial training / | / a level or amount higher ć Room charges noun the training of new employees to work were increased on January 1st. ć The com- in an industry pany have increased their fares by 10%. industry industry / indəstri/ noun BUSINESS a busi- incubation period iŋkjυ beiʃ ə n incubation period / | ( ) ness activity that many people and compa- piəriəd/ noun MEDICAL a period during nies are involved in ˽ the travel industry all which a virus develops in your body after companies and services dealing with travel infection, before the symptoms of the dis- and tourism, e.g. trains, buses, planes, travel ease appear ć The incubation period for agents and hotels measles is 12–14 days. inedible in edib ə l | independent inedible / ( ) / adjective not fit to indi pendənt independent / | / adjective be eaten ć The food was so burnt that it was 1. not owned by a group, or not controlled by inedible. the state ć The big chains are squeezing the inexpensive inik spensiv inexpensive / | / adjective independent hotels out of the market. 2. not ć cheap, not expensive needing or not relying on anyone else inexpensively inik spensivli She’s eighteen and wants to be independent inexpensively / | / adverb of her family. without spending much money ć You can independent audit indipendənt still eat quite inexpensively in Greece. independent audit / infant passenger ɔdit/ noun same as external audit infant passenger / infənt p sind ə/ independent traveller traveller / indipendənt noun a child under 2 years of age infect in fekt tr v(ə)lə/ noun TOURISM a traveller who infect / | / verb MEDICAL to contami- organises his or her own trips, without buy- nate someone or something with microor- ing package holidays ganisms that cause disease or toxins ć The indicator board board / indikeitə p n(ə)l/, disease infected his liver. ć His whole arm indicator panel noun TRAVEL a large device soon became infected. infection in fekʃən with letters or words on moving strips, used infection / | / noun MEDICAL the to show information about arrivals and entry or introduction into the body of micro- departures at railway stations and airports organisms, which then multiply indirect tax infectious in fekʃəs indirect tax / indairekt t ks/ noun infectious / | / adjective MEDICAL BUSINESS a tax such as VAT paid to someone possible to transfer from one person to who then pays it to the government another ć This strain of flu is highly infec- individual indi vid uəl tious. ć Chickenpox is infectious, so children individual / | / noun one sin- gle person ć We aim to cater for the private who have it must be kept away from others. infectious virus hepatitis í in fekʃəs individual as well as for groups. adjective infectious virus hepatitis / | single, belonging to one person ć We sell vairəs hepətaitis/ noun MEDICAL same as individual portions of ice cream. hepatitis A infest 160 infest in fest infusion in fju ə n infest / | / verb (of parasite, vermin) infusion / | ( ) / noun BEVERAGES a to be present in large numbers drink made by pouring boiling water on a dry infestation infe steiʃ ə n infestation / | ( ) / noun the substance such as a herb tea or a powdered state of having large numbers of parasites or drug ć Instead of coffee could I have a cam- vermin ć The inspector reported cockroach omile infusion? ć My grandmother drinks a infestation in the kitchens. herbal infusion every evening before bed to inflexible in fleksib ə l help her get to sleep. inflexible / | ( ) / adjective not ingredient in ridiənt possible to change ingredient / | / noun CATERING inflexible ticket in fleksib ə l tikit an item used in making a dish of food ć All inflexible ticket / | ( ) / noun TRAVEL a ticket which cannot be the ingredients for the barbecue can be changed for another bought locally. ć The ingredients are listed in-flight in flait on the packet. in-flight / / adjective AIR TRAVEL inhabitant in h bit ə nt during a flight inhabitant / | ( ) / noun some- in-flight catering in flait keitəriŋ body who lives in a place ć The local inhab- in-flight catering / / itants do not like noisy tourists in summer. noun AIR TRAVEL food served during a flight in-house in-flight entertainment in haυs in flait entə in-house / / adverb, adjective in-flight entertainment / | working inside a company’s building ć the teinmənt/ noun AIR TRAVEL a film which in-house staff ć We do all our catering in- passengers can watch, music which they can house. listen to or games which they can play during in-house training in haυs treiniŋ a long-distance flight in-house training / / in-flight service in flait svis noun BUSINESS training given to staff at their in-flight service / / noun place of work AIR TRAVEL service given to passengers dur- injure ind ə ing a flight injure / / verb MEDICAL to hurt some- influx inflks body in a fight or accident ć Six people were influx / / noun the rapid entry of a injured in the car crash. ć crowd of people an influx of tourists in injury ind əri summer injury / / noun MEDICAL a hurt or ć inform in fɔm wound She received severe back injuries in inform / | / verb to tell someone the accident. (NOTE: The plural form is inju- ć details of something Please inform the ries.) group that the coach will leave the hotel at inland inlənd 10.30. inland / / adjective, adverb away information infə meiʃ ə n from the coast of a country information / | ( ) / noun inland port / inlənd pɔt/ noun details which explain something ć a piece of inland port a port on ć a river or canal information to answer a request for infor- Inland Revenue inlənd revənju mation ć Please send me information on or Inland Revenue / / about holidays in the United States. ć Have noun BUSINESS a British government depart- you any information on or about discounts ment which deals with taxes but not duties for groups of more than 10 people? ć I such as VAT. These duties are collected by enclose this leaflet for your information. ć Customs and Excise. (NOTE: The US equiv- For further information, please write to alent is the Internal Revenue Service Department 27. (NOTE: There is no plural (IRS).) inland waterways form: for one item say a piece of informa- inland waterways / inlənd wɔtəweiz/ tion.) plural noun rivers and canals information bureau infə meiʃ ə n in-line skates in lain skeits information bureau / | ( ) in-line skates / / noun bjυərəυ infə /, information office / | SPORT roller skates that run on little wheels meiʃ(ə)n ɒfis/ noun TOURISM same as arranged in a line tourist information office in-line skating skating / in lain skeitiŋ/ noun information desk infə meiʃ ə n desk information desk / | ( ) / SPORT the sport of going on in-line skates inn noun a desk in a hotel, on a ship, at an exhi- inn /in/ noun BARS a building where alco- bition, etc., where you can ask for informa- holic drinks are served, and which also has tion accommodation for visitors who wish to stay infrastructure infrə strktʃə ć infrastructure / | / noun the night We stayed in a little inn in the large-scale public systems and services, such mountains. inner as roads and railways, that are necessary for inner / inə/ adjective inside ć The capital a country’s economy to function properly has an inner ring road. infuse in fjuz inner city inə siti infuse / | / verb to soak tea or herbs inner city / / noun the central part in liquid to extract the flavour or other qual- of a large town ć Inner city hotels are most ities from them convenient, but can be noisy. 161 instant tea innkeeper inkipə insecticide in sektisaid innkeeper / / noun BARS some- insecticide / | / noun a liquid body who runs an inn or powder which kills insects ć They sprayed inoculate i nɒkjυleit inoculate / | / verb MEDICAL to the bedrooms with insecticide. introduce vaccine into a person’s body in inside cabin cabin / insaid k bin/ noun a order to make the body create antibodies, so cabin with no window or porthole protecting the person against a disease ć The inside lane inside lane / insaid lein/ noun ROAD baby was inoculated against diphtheria. TRAVEL the track nearest the side of the road, (NOTE: You inoculate someone with or used by slower-moving vehicles, or by vehi- against a disease.) inoculation i nɒkjυ leiʃ ə n cles planning to turn off the road. Also called inoculation / | | ( ) / noun MED- slow lane ICAL 1. the act of inoculating somebody 2. an insipid in sipid injection to stop somebody catching a dis- insipid / | / adjective CATERING ć ease ć Has the baby had a diphtheria inocu- without much taste This sauce has no taste lation? ć Make sure you have the right inoc- – it’s really insipid. inspect in spekt ulations before you go to the Far East. inspect / | / verb to examine some- inquire in kwaiə thing in detail ć to inspect a kitchen or a toi- inquire / | / verb to ask questions about something ć The chef inquired if any- let ć to inspect the accounts of a hotel ć to thing was wrong. ć She inquired about inspect a bedroom to see if it has been APEX fares to Canada. ˽ ‘inquire within’ cleaned inspection in spekʃ ə n ask for more details inside the office or shop inspection / | ( ) / noun a close inquire into in kwaiər intu ć inquire into / | / verb to examination of something to make an investigate, to try to find out about some- inspection or to carry out an inspection of a thing ć We are inquiring into the background kitchen or a toilet ć inspection of a room to of the new chef. see if it has been cleaned ˽ to carry out a inquiries desk in kwaiəriz desk tour of inspection inquiries desk / | / noun to visit various places, a desk in a hotel, train station, conference hotels or restaurants and examine them in hall, etc., where an inquiries clerk sits to detail inspector in spektə answer questions inspector / | / noun an official inquiry in kwaiəri inquiry / | / noun an official ques- who inspects tion ć I refer to your inquiry of May 25th. ć inspectorate in spekt ə rət inspectorate / | ( ) / noun all All inquiries should be addressed to this inspectors department. inspector of weights and measures inquiry office in kwaiəri ɒfis inspector of weights and measures inquiry office / | / noun an in spektər əv weits ən me əz / | / noun office where somebody answers questions BUSINESS a government official who inspects from members of the public in-room technology weighing machines and goods sold in shops in rum tek in-room technology / | to see if the quantities and weights are cor- nɒləd i/ noun HOTELS same as guest rect room technology ć In-room technology is instant instənt very expensive. instant / / adjective referring to in-seat power supply in sit paυə sə food that is quickly and easily prepared, and in-seat power supply / | plai is usually sold in a premixed, precooked or /, in-seat power noun an onboard powdered form power supply that enables passengers to use instant coffee instənt kɒfi laptops or similar machines during the flight instant coffee / / noun 1. insect / insekt/ noun a small animal with FOOD soluble freeze-dried granules or pow- ć six legs and a body in three parts, sometimes der used to make coffee The bedroom has a kettle with tea bags and sachets of instant with wings ć Insects were flying round the coffee. 2. BEVERAGES lamp. ć She was stung by an insect. a drink made from insect bite freeze-dried granules of coffee or from pow- insect bite / insekt bait/ noun MEDICAL a der, over which boiling water is poured ć She sting caused by an insect which punctures made a cup of instant coffee. the skin to suck blood, and in so doing intro- instant purchase excursion fare duces irritants instant purchase excursion fare instənt ptʃis ik skʃ ə n feə COMMENT: Most insect bites are simply / | ( ) / noun irritating, but some patients can be AIR TRAVEL an excursion fare ticket which extremely sensitive to certain types of you purchase over the counter before board- insect bites (such as bee stings). Other ing a flight. Abbr IPEX insect bites can be more serious, as instant tea instənt ti insects can carry the bacteria which pro- instant tea / / noun BEVER- duce typhus, sleeping sickness, malaria, AGES tea made from freeze-dried granules or filariasis, etc. powder, onto which boiling water is poured instruct 162 instruct in ʃυərəns kleim in strkt / | / instruct / | / verb 1. to give an insurance claim order to someone ˽ to instruct someone to noun FINANCE a request to an insurance com- do something to tell someone officially to pany to pay compensation for loss, damage, do something ć He instructed the restaurant injury or death insurance company in ʃυərəns to replace its kitchen equipment. 2. to show insurance company /| someone how to do something ć The hotel kmp(ə)ni/ noun BUSINESS a company fire officer will instruct you in how to evacu- whose business is to receive payments and ate the building if a fire breaks out. pay compensation for loss, damage, injury or instruction in strkʃən death instruction / | / noun some- insurance contract in ʃυərəns thing which explains how something is to be insurance contract /| done or used ˽ to await instructions to wait kɒntr kt/ noun FINANCE an agreement by for someone to tell you what to do ˽ in an insurance company to insure somebody accordance with or according to instruc- or something ˽ insurance cover in ʃυərəns kvə tions as the instructions show failing insurance cover / | / instructions to the contrary unless some- noun FINANCE protection guaranteed by an one tells you to do the opposite insurance policy ć Do you have insurance instructor in strktə cover against theft? instructor / | / noun somebody insurance policy in ʃυərəns pɒlisi who shows how something is to be done ˽ insurance policy / | / aerobics instructor, ski instructor, swim- noun FINANCE a document which shows the ming instructor a person who teaches peo- conditions of an insurance insurance premium in ʃυərəns ple how to do aerobics, to ski or to swim insurance premium /| instrument panel primiəm instrument panel / instrυmənt / noun FINANCE a regular small p n(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL the flat part of payment made by the insured person to the a car in front of the driver, with dials which insurer insurance rates in ʃυərəns reits show speed, etc. insurance rates / | / plu- insulate insjυleit ral noun FINANCE the amount of premium insulate / / verb to protect some- which has to be paid per £1000 of insurance ć thing against e.g. cold, heat or noise All the insure in ʃυə bedrooms are noise-insulated. insure / | / verb BUSINESS to protect ć insulation somebody or something by insurance to insjυ leiʃ ə n insulation / | ( ) / noun 1. the insure a building against fire ć to insure act of protecting something against cold, someone’s life ć to insure baggage against heat or noise 2. material which protects loss ć to insure against bad weather ć to against cold, heat or noise insure against loss of earnings ć He was insurable in ʃυərəb ə l ˽ insurable /| ( ) / adjective insured for £100,000. the life insured the FINANCE possible to insure ć The hotel is a person whose life is covered by a life assur- firetrap and isn’t insurable. ance policy ˽ the sum insured the largest insurance in ʃυərəns amount of money that an insurer will pay insurance / | / noun BUSINESS a under an insurance policy contract stating that, in return for regular insurer in ʃυərə small payments, a company will pay com- insurer / | / noun BUSINESS a com- pensation for loss, damage, injury or death pany which insures intangible assets in t nd ib ə l (NOTE: For life insurance, British English intangible assets /| ( ) prefers to use assurance, assure, sets/ plural noun BUSINESS assets which assurer.) ˽ to take out (an) insurance have a value, but which cannot be seen, such against fire to make a small regular pay- as goodwill, a patent or a trademark integration inti reiʃ ə n ment, so that if a fire happens, compensation integration / | ( ) / noun BUSI- will be paid ˽ to take out (an) insurance on NESS the process of bringing several busi- the building to make a small regular pay- nesses together under a central control ment, so that if the building is damaged com- intensive in tensiv intensive / | / adjective involving pensation will be paid ˽ the damage is cov- a concentrated effort or the use of a lot of ered by the insurance the insurance energy and materials ˽ inter- company will pay for the damage to pay inter- /intə/ prefix between the insurance on a car to pay premiums to interchange intətʃeind insure a car interchange / / noun ROAD insurance agent TRAVEL a large road junction where motor- in ʃυərəns eid ənt insurance agent / | /, ways cross ć There was a massive pile-up at in ʃυərəns brəυkə insurance broker / | / the interchange. noun FINANCE somebody who arranges intercity intə siti intercity / | / adjective TRAVEL insurance for clients between two cities ć Intercity rail services insurance claim 163 international law
ć internal auditor in tn ə l ɔditə have been disrupted by ice. Hourly inter- internal auditor / | ( ) / city trains give a good service between Lon- noun BUSINESS a member of staff who audits don and Glasgow. a company’s accounts intercontinental internal flight
intəkɒnti nent ə l in| tn ə l flait intercontinental / | ( ) / internal flight / ( ) / noun adjective AIR TRAVEL between two continents AIR TRAVEL same as domestic flight internal phone intercontinental flight in tn ə l fəυn intercontinental flight internal phone / | ( ) / noun / intəkɒntinent(ə)l flait/ noun AIR TRAVEL HOTELS same as house phone Internal Revenue Service in tn ə l a flight between two continents Internal Revenue Service / | ( ) interest revənju svis intrəst / noun BUSINESS in the interest / / noun 1. a feeling of US, the government department which deals ć wanting to know about something The with tax. Abbr IRS manager takes no interest in the guests. 2. international intə n ʃ ə nəl international / | ( ) / adjective FINANCE a payment made by a borrower for between countries the use of money, calculated as a percentage international access code of the capital borrowed ˽ high or low inter- international access code intən ʃ ə nəl kses kəυd est interest at a high or low percentage 3. / ( ) / noun the BUSINESS part of the ownership of some- first number dialled when making a tele- thing, e.g. money invested in a company giv- phone call to another country International Airline Passengers Association ing a financial share in it ˽ he has a control- International Airline Passengers ling interest in the hotel he owns more than Association noun AIR TRAVEL an organi- 50% of the shares and so can direct how the sation which represents passengers on air- hotel is run ˽ majority interest, minority lines. Abbr IAPA interest a situation where someone owns a International Air Transport Association Air Transport Associ- intən ʃ ə nəl eə tr nspɔt ə majority or a minority of shares in a com- ation / ( ) | pany ć He has a majority interest in a super- səυsieiʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL an organisa- market chain. ˽ to acquire a substantial tion which regulates international air travel. interest in a company to buy a large number Abbr IATA of shares in a company í verb to attract international call call / intən ʃ(ə)nəl kɔl/ someone’s attention ć She tried to interest noun a telephone call to another country the guests in a game of tennis. ˽ interested International Date Line Date Line in wanting to know about or do something ć / intən ʃ(ə)nəl deit lain/ noun a line of The chef is not interested in Greek food. longitude in the Pacific Ocean which indi- interest charges interest charges / intrəst tʃɑd iz/ cates the change in date from east to west international dialling code plural noun BUSINESS the amount of interest international dialling code paid / intən ʃ(ə)nəl daiəliŋ kəυd/ noun a interest-free credit interest-free credit / intrəst fri special series of numbers used to make a call kredit/, interest-free loan / intrəst fri to another country, consisting of the interna- tional access code followed by the country ləυn/ noun FINANCE a credit or loan where code no interest is paid by the borrower international direct dialling interest rate intrəst reit international direct dialling interest rate / / noun FINANCE / intən ʃ(ə)nəl dairekt daiəliŋ/ noun a a percentage charge for borrowing money. system for calling telephone numbers in Also called rate of interest other countries yourself without asking the interior in tiəriə interior / | / noun the inner part of a operator to do it for you. Abbr IDD building international driving licence driving licence interior decorator in tiəriə / intən ʃ ə nəl draiviŋ lais ə ns/ noun interior decorator /| ( ) ( ) dekəreitə in tiəriə di ROAD TRAVEL /, interior designer / | | a driving licence which allows zainə/ noun somebody who designs the you to drive legally in various countries pro- inside of a building, including wall cover- vided you have a valid driving licence from ings, paint colours, furniture, fabrics, etc. your own country international hotel interline intən ʃ ə nəl həυ intəlain international hotel / ( ) | interline / / adjective AIR TRAVEL tel between two airlines / noun HOTELS a hotel which is part of a internal chain which has hotels in several countries, in tn ə l internal / | ( ) / adjective inside and which caters for guests of many different internal audit in tn ə l ɔdit internal audit / | ( ) / noun nationalities international law BUSINESS an audit carried out by a depart- international law / intən ʃ(ə)nəl lɔ/ ment inside the company ć He is the man- noun laws referring to the way countries deal ager of the internal audit department. with each other international money order 164 international money order Inter rail in t reil international money order Inter rail / | / noun a pass that ena- / intən ʃ(ə)nəl mni ɔdə/ noun bles young people to travel free on railways FINANCE same as foreign money order throughout Europe international operator interstate intə steit international operator / intən ʃ(ə)nəl interstate / | / adjective US ɒpəreitə/ noun a telephone operator who TRAVEL between two or more states in the deals with calls to other countries USA ć interstate bus company interview international postal reply coupon postal reply coupon interview / intəvju/ noun 1. a period intən ʃ ə nəl pəυst ə l ri plai ku pɒn spent talking to a person who is applying for / ( ) ( ) | | / noun a document which can be used in a job ć We called six people for interview. ć another country to pay the postage of reply- I have an interview next week or I am going ing to a letter ć He enclosed an international for an interview next week. 2. ENTERTAIN- postal reply coupon with his letter. MENT a period spent asking a person ques- international tourist tourist / intən ʃ(ə)nəl tions on radio or television or for a magazine or newspaper ć The manager gave an inter- tυərist/ noun TOURISM a tourist who visits another country for at least one night’s stay view to the local paper. í verb to talk to a international travel intən ʃ ə nəl person applying for a job to see if they are international travel / ( ) ć tr v ə l suitable We interviewed ten candidates, but ( ) / noun TRAVEL travel between dif- did not find anyone suitable. ferent countries in tray in trei Internet in tray / / noun a container for letters Internet / intənet/ noun an international or memos which have been received and are network allowing people to exchange infor- waiting to be dealt with ć introductory offer mation on computers using telephone lines introductory offer / intrədkt(ə)ri Much of our business is done on the Internet. ɒfə/ noun BUSINESS a special price offered ć Internet sales form an important part of on a new product to attract customers ć our turnover. He searched the Internet for inventory invənt ə ri information on cheap tickets to Alaska. inventory / ( ) / noun 1. espe- Internet access intənet kses cially US BUSINESS the goods kept in a res- Internet access / / noun taurant or hotel, warehouse or shop ć The ć links to the Internet via computer terminals restaurant carries a high inventory. ć Our All business lounges are air-conditioned and aim is to reduce inventory. (NOTE: The usual feature workstations, Internet access, tele- British English is stock.) 2. a list of the con- phones, a bar and light refreshments. tents of a house or hotel or restaurant for sale ‘…it also suggests that, by not capitalizing on or for rent ć to draw up an inventory of fix- guests’ IT interest, the average 150-bedroom ć hotel is missing out on at least £50,000 of reve- tures He checked the kitchen equipment nue a year from pay-per-view movies or metered against the inventory. (NOTE: The plural form Internet access’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] is inventories.) ˽ to agree the inventory to Internet check-in check-in / intənet tʃek in/ agree that all the items on the inventory are noun a procedure in which a passenger there and in the stated condition í verb to checks in for a flight online before departure make a list of stock or contents inventory control interpret invənt ə ri kən in tprit inventory control / ( ) | interpret / | / verb to translate trəυl what someone has said into another lan- / noun US same as stock control invest in vest guage ć The courier knows Greek, so he will invest / | / verb 1. BUSINESS to put interpret for us. money into shares or a business, hoping that interpretation in tpri teiʃ ə n it will produce interest and increase in value interpretation / | | ( ) / noun ć explanatory information to help people He invested all his money in a Chinese res- taurant. ć She was advised to invest in a fast- understand what they are seeing at a place of ˽ interest food franchise. to invest abroad to put interpretation centre money into businesses in overseas countries in tprə interpretation centre /| | teiʃ ə n sentə 2. FINANCE to spend money on something ( ) / noun TOURISM same as which you believe will be useful ć We visitor centre invested in a new oven. ć The hotel has interpreter in tpritə interpreter / | / noun somebody invested in a fleet of courtesy cars. who translates what someone has said into investment in vestmənt investment / | / noun 1. BUSI- another language ć The hotel porter will act NESS the act of placing of money so that it as interpreter. ć We need an Italian inter- will increase in value and produce interest ć preter. investment in hotel property ć to make interpretive centre in tprətiv ć interpretive centre /| investments in travel companies They sentə/ noun TOURISM same as visitor cen- called for more government investment in tre new industries. 2. FINANCE a thing bought 165 itemised invoice with invested money ˽ a long-term or iron 2. clothes, sheets, etc., which need short-term investment an investment which pressing is likely to increase in value over a long or ironing board aiəniŋ bɔd ˽ ironing board / / noun a high short period he is trying to protect his narrow table used for pressing clothes, investments he is trying to make sure that sheets, etc., on the money he has invested is not lost irradiate investment income i reidieit in vestmənt irradiate / | / verb to treat food with investment income /| inkm electromagnetic radiation in order to kill / noun BUSINESS income from germs and slow down the process of ripening investments, e.g. interest and dividends and decay investor in vestə irradiation investor / | / noun FINANCE some- i reidi eiʃ ə n irradiation / | | ( ) / noun CATER- body who invests money ˽ the institutional ING the use of rays to kill bacteria in food investor an organisation such as a pension fund or insurance company with large sums COMMENT: Food is irradiated with gamma ˽ rays from isotopes which kill bacteria. It is of money to invest the small investor, the not certain, however, that irradiated food private investor a person with a small sum is safe for humans to eat, as the effects of of money to invest irradiation on food are not known. In some invisible earnings in vizib ə l niŋz countries irradiation is only permitted as a invisible earnings / | ( ) / treatment of certain foods. plural noun BUSINESS foreign currency IRS earned by a country by providing services, IRS abbreviation US BUSINESS Internal not selling goods Revenue Service island invisible trade in vizəb ə l treid ailənd invisible trade / | ( ) / noun island / / noun a piece of land FINANCE services which are paid for in for- entirely surrounded by water ć Greek island eign currency or earn foreign currency with- holidays ć The Channel Islands are favour- out actually selling a product, e.g. banking, ite holiday destinations. island-hop insurance or tourism island-hop / ailənd hɒp/ verb to travel invoice invoice / invɔis/ noun BUSINESS a note from island to island within the same chain, asking for payment for goods or services especially as part of a holiday island hopping supplied ć your invoice dated November island hopping / ailənd hɒpiŋ/ noun ć ć 10th to make out an invoice for £250 to TOURISM travel from island to island, staying settle or to pay an invoice ć They sent in their only a short time on each one ć Greek island ˽ invoice six weeks late. the total is payable hopping can be a nightmare without an itin- within thirty days of invoice date the total erary. sum has to be paid within thirty days of the IT date on the invoice í verb BUSINESS to send IT abbreviation TOURISM inclusive tour Italian dressing ć i t ljən dresiŋ an invoice to someone to invoice a cus- Italian dressing / | / noun tomer ˽ we invoiced you on November SAUCES, ETC. a salad dressing typically 10th we sent you the invoice on November made with oil and vinegar, garlic and oreg- 10th ano invoice price item invoice price / invɔis prais/ noun BUSI- item / aitəm/ noun 1. a thing ć Do you NESS the price of something as given on an have any items of jewellery in your luggage? invoice, including discount and VAT ć Valuable items should be left with the IPEX IPEX / aipeks/ abbreviation AIR TRAVEL reception desk. ć She declared several items instant purchase excursion fare to the customs. 2. a point on a list ć Items 6 Irish coffee and 7 on the fire drill instructions do not Irish coffee / airiʃ kɒfi/ noun BEVER- apply.
AGES hot coffee, served in a glass, with Irish itemise whiskey added to it and whipped cream itemise / aitəmaiz/ verb to make a poured on top detailed list of things itemised account iron aitəmaizd ə kaυnt iron / aiən/ noun an electric household itemised account / | / instrument for smoothing the creases from noun a detailed record of money paid or clothes ć Each room has an iron and ironing owed itemised bill board. í verb to make cloth smooth using an itemised bill / aitəmaizd bil/ noun a iron piece of paper giving details of each object ironer ironer / aiənə/ noun a large machine for or service and the price itemised invoice ironing big items like sheets and pillowcases itemised invoice / aitəmaizd invɔis/ ironing ironing / aiəniŋ/ noun 1. the work of noun BUSINESS an invoice which lists each pressing clothes, sheets, etc., with an electric item separately itinerary 166 itinerary ai tinərəri ć itinerary / | / noun TOURISM a list tour itinerary by the courier. The itinerary of places to be visited on one journey ć The takes us to six countries in ten days. IYHF members of the group were given a detailed IYHF abbreviation International Youth Hos- tel Federation J
jab jell jab /d b/ noun MEDICAL an injection jell /d el/ verb (of liquid) to become a jelly (informal) ć Have you had your cholera jabs ć Boil the jam until it jells.
jellied yet? jellied / d elid/ adjective FOOD cooked or jacket jacket / d kit/ noun a short coat ć You preserved in a jelly ć jellied eels have to wear a jacket and tie to enter the res- Jell-O Jell-O / d el əυ/ tdmk US DESSERTS a taurant. ć Chef’s jackets are mostly white, trademark for a type of sweet food made of and worn with blue checked trousers. jacket potato gelatine, water and fruit flavouring, etc. d kit pə teitəυ jacket potato / | / noun (NOTE: The British English is jelly.) FOOD same as baked potato jelly d eli jacuzzi jelly / / noun 1. FOOD a semi-solid sub- jacuzzi, jacuzzi bath tdmk a trademark for stance, especially a type of sweet food made a type of bath with jets which circulate the of gelatine, water and fruit flavouring, etc. ć water and keep it bubbling ć The health club The children had fish fingers and chips fol- has two jacuzzis and a whirlpool. lowed by jelly and ice cream. (NOTE: The jalapeño jalapeño / h ləpeinəυ/ noun a small hot plural form is jellies. In the USA this is often pepper that is picked when green and is used called by a trademark, Jell-O.) 2. CATERING extensively in Mexican cooking a type of preserve made of fruit juice boiled jam jam /d m/ noun 1. CATERING a sweet food with sugar ć roast lamb served with mint made with fruit and sugar ć Each table has jelly 3. US FOOD a sweet preserve, made little pots of jam and honey. ć Help yourself with fruit and sugar ć She loves peanut but- at the buffet to individual packs of butter and ter and blackcurrant jelly sandwiches. jam. 2. a blockage which prevents something (NOTE: The British English is jam.) í jelly baby moving verb to stop working, to be jelly baby / d eli beibi/ noun FOOD a blocked ć The traffic lights failed and the sweet of coloured jelly, shaped like a little traffic was jammed for miles. ć The switch- baby ć She gave the little girl a bag of jelly board was jammed with calls. (NOTE: jam- babies. ming – jammed) jelly bean d eli bin jambalaya d mbə laijə jelly bean / / noun US FOOD a jambalaya / | / noun FOOD a sweet of coloured jelly, shaped like a bean Creole dish of rice with a mixture of fish and jelly mould d eli məυld meat such as shrimps, chicken, ham and jelly mould / / noun CATER- spicy sausage ING a shape for making jelly jelly roll jar /d ɑ/ noun a pot, usually glass, for jelly roll / d eli rəυl/ noun US BREAD, keeping food in ć There was a jar of marma- ETC. a cake made by rolling a thin sheet of lade on the breakfast table. sponge cake covered with jam (NOTE: The java / d ɑvə/ noun US coffee, especially British English is Swiss roll.) Jerusalem artichoke d ə rusələm brewed coffee as opposed to instant coffee Jerusalem artichoke / | Java ɑtitʃəυk Java / d ɑvə/ noun a variety of rich coffee / noun VEGETABLES artichoke jet grown on Java and the surrounding islands jet /d et/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft with jaw jaw /d ɔ/ open-jaw arrangement jet engines í verb TRAVEL to travel by jet jeep ć jeep /d ip/ tdmk ROAD TRAVEL a trademark (informal) She jetted off to Los Angeles for for a strongly built four-wheel-drive vehicle a short holiday. ć Nice airport was busy with used for travelling over rough ground ć The stars jetting in for the Cannes Film Festival. jetbridge convoy of jeeps crossed slowly over the jetbridge / d etbrid / noun AIR TRAVEL bridge. same as airbridge jeep safari d ip sə fɑri jet foil d et fɔil jeep safari / | / noun an jet foil / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS organised sightseeing tour or excursion in a a boat which skims fast over water, propelled jeep or other four-wheel-drive vehicle by gas turbine engines jet lag 168 jet lag d et l job satisfaction d ɒb s tis f kʃən jet lag / / noun AIR TRAVEL a tired job satisfaction / | / state after flying by jet aircraft across several noun a feeling which employees have of time zones ć She suffered dreadful jet lag being happy in their place of work and after the flight from New York. pleased with the work they do jet-propelled aircraft job security d et prə| peld d ɒb si kjυəriti jet-propelled aircraft / job security / | / noun a eəkrɑft/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft with feeling which employees have that they have jet engines a right to keep their jobs, or that they can stay jet set set / d et set/ noun wealthy people in their jobs until they retire who frequently travel by jet ć What a party! job sharing sharing / d ɒb ʃeəriŋ/ noun a situa- – All the international jet set were there. tion where a job is done by more than one jet-setter jet-setter / d et setə/ noun a member of person, each working part-time the jet set job specification specification / d ɒb jetty jetty / d eti/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a land- spesifikeiʃ(ə)n/ noun a very detailed ing stage for smaller boats ć There were two description of what is involved in a job boats tied up to the jetty. (NOTE: The plural job title title / d ɒb tait(ə)l/ noun the name form is jetties.) ć jetway given to a person doing particular work jetway / d etwei/ noun AIR TRAVEL same Her job title is ‘Chief Reservations Clerk’. as airbridge job vacancies d ɒb veikənsi jewel d uəl job vacancies / / plural jewel / / noun a valuable stone such noun jobs which are available and need peo- as a diamond ć She decided it was safer to ple to do them lock up her jewels in the hotel safe. jog jewellery jog /d ɒ / noun SPORT a rather slow run, jewellery / d uəlri/ noun ornaments to be especially taken for exercise ć She goes for a worn, made from precious stones or precious jog each morning. í verb 1. ˽ to go jogging, metals, or of imitation stones ć The burglar to jog to run at an easy pace, especially for stole all her jewellery. (NOTE: The US spell- exercise ć He was jogging round the park. ć ing is jewelry.) JFK She goes jogging for half an hour every JFK abbreviation AIR TRAVEL John Fitzger- morning. 2. to shake or to push lightly ć ald Kennedy International Airport When the turbulence started, my neighbour job job /d ɒb/ noun 1. a task, a particular piece jogged my arm and made me spill my drink. of work that has to be done ˽ to do an excel- jogger jogger / d ɒ ə/ noun SPORT somebody lent job (of work) to work extremely well ˽ who jogs for exercise ć Joggers run round to do odd jobs to do general work ć He does the park every morning. odd jobs for us around the hotel. 2. regular jogging d ɒ iŋ paid work ć to apply for a job with an airline jogging / / noun SPORT the activity ć He is looking for a job in the hotel industry. of running at an easy pace for exercise jogging track ć She lost her job when the tourist office jogging track / d ɒ iŋ tr k/ noun closed. ć She got a job in a travel agency. ˽ SPORT a track in the grounds of a hotel, to look for a job to try to find work health farm, etc., where guests can go jog- job analysis d ɒb ə n ləsis ging, without having to run on the street job analysis / | / noun a join detailed examination and report on the duties join /d ɔin/ verb 1. to put things together ć of a job The two bedrooms are joined together to job application d ɒb pli keiʃ ə n ˽ job application / | ( ) / make a suite. 2. to join an association or noun a written request for a job ć You have a group to become a member of an associa- to fill in a job application form. tion or a group ć Two more people will join job classification d ɒb kl sifi the group in Cairo. job classification / | joint keiʃ(ə)n/ noun the work of sorting jobs into joint /d ɔint/ noun 1. MEAT a piece of meat, various categories especially one suitable for roasting ć a joint job description d ɒb di skripʃən of beef ć a bacon joint ˽ a cut off the joint job description / | / noun an official document from the manage- a slice cut from a piece of roast meat 2. a ment which says in detail what a job involves low-class club or restaurant (informal) ć a job evaluation d ɒb iv lju eiʃ ə n hamburger joint í adjective 1. BUSINESS in job evaluation / | ( ) / noun BUSINESS the work of examining dif- which two or more organisations are linked ferent jobs within an organisation to see together 2. for two or more people joint account d ɔint ə kaυnt what skills and qualifications are needed to joint account / | / noun carry them out FINANCE a bank account for two people job of work of work / d ɒb əv wk/ noun a joint bill bill / d ɔint bil/ noun two bills piece of work added together and paid by one person 169 jut joint discussions d ɔint di juke box joint discussions / | juke box / d uk bɒks/ noun ENTERTAIN- skʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun talks between man- MENT a machine which plays records when agement and employees before something is money is inserted done julienne d uli en | jointly julienne / / adjective cut into d ɔintli jointly / / adverb together with one long thin matchstick strips í verb to cut veg- or more other people ć to own a property etables into thin matchstick strips jointly ć The brother and sister manage the jumbo jet jumbo jet / d mbəυ d et/, jumbo family hotel jointly. d mbəυ joint management / / noun AIR TRAVEL the Boeing joint management / d ɔint m nid mənt 747, a very large jet aircraft ć They live close / noun management done by to the airport, with jumbos roaring overhead two or more people ć joint ownership all day long. The airline is buying another d ɔint əυnəʃip joint ownership / / ten jumbo jets to add to its fleet. noun a situation where a property is owned junior d uniə í by several people or companies junior / / adjective lower in rank joint venture d ɔint ventʃə noun the son of the family (humorous) ć joint venture / / noun Harry Markovitz Junior BUSINESS a very large business project where junior clerk two or more companies join together, often junior clerk / d uniə klɑk/ noun a forming a new joint company to manage the clerk, usually young, who has lower status project than a senior clerk junior executive journey d uniə i zekjυtiv journey / d ni/ noun TRAVEL a period of junior executive / | /, travelling that takes you from one place to junior manager / d uniə m nid ə/ another ć He planned his journey to visit all noun BUSINESS a young manager in a com- the capitals of Europe in two weeks. ć The pany junior suite car broke down and we had to complete our junior suite / d uniə swit/ noun journey on foot. HOTELS a large hotel room divided into living jug jug /d / noun a container with a handle, room and bedroom areas used for pouring liquids ć a jug of milk ć junket junket / d ŋkit/ noun BUSINESS an ć There is a jug of water by the bedside. expensive business trip, paid for by a com- Could we have another jug of water, please? jugged hare pany or by a government
d d heə junk food jugged hare / / noun FOOD d ŋk fud hare cooked slowly in a covered dish junk food / / noun CATERING juice d us food of little nutritional value, e.g. high-fat juice / / noun FOOD the liquid inside a processed snacks, eaten between or instead fruit or vegetable, or inside meat or poultry ć of meals ć They just spent their holiday She had a glass of orange juice for breakfast. watching TV and living off junk food. ć I’d like a tomato juice with Worcester justice sauce. ć Make gravy using the meat juices in justice / d stis/ noun 1. fair treatment in the roasting pan. law 2. a magistrate justices’ full on licence juice bar bar / d us bɑ/ noun a café serving justices’ full on licence / d stisiz fυl freshly prepared fruit juices and other ɒn lais(ə)ns/ noun BARS a licence to sell healthy food and drinks any type of alcohol for drinking on the juice extractor d us ik str ktə juice extractor / | / noun premises, such as in a bar or restaurant. Also CATERING a device for extracting juice from called full on licence jut a fruit or vegetable jut /d t/ verb ˽ to jut out over something juicy juicy / d usi/ adjective full of juice ć a to stick out beyond something, usually hori- juicy orange ć slices of juicy roast chicken ć zontally ć The balcony juts out over the main This grapefruit is not very juicy. street. K karaoke k ri əυki kettle ket ə l karaoke / | / noun ENTERTAIN- kettle / ( ) / noun 1. a metal or plastic MENT a type of entertainment, coming origi- container, with a lid and a spout, used for nally from Japan, where people sing to boiling water ć Each bedroom has a kettle, recorded music tea bags and packets of instant coffee. 2. a karaoke machine k ri əυki mə ʃin large container used in a kitchen for boiling karaoke machine / | | / noun ENTERTAINMENT a machine which soup, stew, etc. plays the music of well-known songs, and key /ki/ noun 1. a piece of shaped metal displays the words on a screen so that people used to open a lock 2. a part of a computer can sing along keyboard which you press with your fingers karaoke night k ri əυki nait ć There are sixty-four keys on the keyboard. karaoke night / | / noun key card ENTERTAINMENT a night at a pub or club, key card / ki kɑd/ noun 1. an electronic when people can use the karaoke machine ć card given to a guest at registration, which Friday night is karaoke night in our local acts as a key to their room 2. a card given to pub. a guest on registration, which shows the kayak kayak / kai k/ noun SPORT a type of small number of their room and which they may canoe which is pointed at both ends, and need to show for identification purposes ̈ ı almost completely covered, with only a nar- card row opening for the canoeist ć A group of ‘…staff create key cards for guests using a card kayaks from the canoe club raced up the programming unit, linked to a point of sale sys- tem. The door lock updates itself with the guest river. identity code each time a new card authorized for kayaking kayaking / kai kiŋ/ noun SPORT the that room is used.’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] sport of going in kayaks ć The river is fast- COMMENT: There are two main types of flowing and ideal for kayaking. magnetic key card: the ‘dip’ card, which is kebab ki b b pushed down into a slot and then pulled / | / noun FOOD kebab a dish of pieces out again when the door unlocks, and a of meat, fish or vegetables stuck on a skewer ‘swipe’ card, which you run down a slot to and cooked over a charcoal grill ć a lamb unlock the door. kebab ć a pork kebab key-drop box box / ki drɒp bɒks/ noun a kedgeree kedgeree / ked əri/ noun FOOD a spicy box at reception for guests to put their keys mixture of rice, fish, curry and eggs, tradi- in as they leave the hotel tionally eaten at breakfast key lime pie lime pie / ki laim pai/ noun a pie keeper keeper / kipə/ noun somebody who looks made from thickened sweetened condensed after something ˽ (zoo) keeper somebody milk flavoured with juice from key limes key money who looks after animals in a zoo key money / ki mni/ noun BUSINESS a keg keg /ke / noun BARS a small barrel, espe- premium paid when taking over the keys of a cially an aluminium barrel in which beer is flat or office which you are renting key rack stored with gas mixed in with it key rack / ki r k/ noun HOTELS a board keg beer keg beer / ke biə/ noun BEVERAGES beer with hooks or a series of pigeonholes where which is stored in a keg and served from a room keys are put near the front desk of a pressurised pump hotel kernel kernel / kn(ə)l/ noun FOOD the softer kg abbreviation kilogram edible part inside a nut kidney / kidni/ noun 1. one of a pair of ketchup ketchup / ketʃəp/ noun SAUCES, ETC. organs in animals that extract impurities thick savoury tomato sauce, eaten especially from the blood 2. FOOD this organ used as with fried food ć The children asked for food ć grilled kidneys with bacon hamburgers with ketchup. ć I know someone COMMENT: Lamb’s kidney, ox kidney and who likes ketchup on his omelettes. pig’s kidneys are all used in cooking; they 171 kiwi fruit can be cooked in a red wine sauce, or ants (or commis chefs), porters, plate used in kebabs. The best-known English washers (plongeurs), etc. dishes using kidneys are steak and kidney kitchen assistant kitʃin ə sist ə nt / | / pie or pudding. kitchen assistant ( ) kidney bean kidni bin noun somebody who does general work in a kidney bean / / noun VEGETA- kitchen BLES a type of bean with reddish seeds, kitchen clerk kitʃin klɑk shaped like kidneys, used e.g. in ‘chilli con kitchen clerk / / noun carne’ CATERING the person in the kitchen who kilo kiləυ kilə r m shouts the order from the waiter to the chefs, kilo / /, kilogram / /, kilo- and pins the waiter’s written order on a hook gramme noun a measure of weight equal- relating to the particular table. Also called ć ling one thousand grams She bought a kilo aboyeur ć of tomatoes. You need two kilos of potatoes kitchenette kitʃi net to serve six people. Abbr kg (NOTE: This is kitchenette / | / noun a small usually written kg after figures: 4kg.) kitchen in a corner of a living room ć Each kilometre ki lɒitə studio flat is equipped with a bathroom, kilometre / | / noun a measure of kitchenette and balcony. distance equal to one thousand metres. Abbr kitchen garden kitʃin ɑd ə n km (NOTE: This is usually written km after kitchen garden / ( ) / noun figures: 25km. The US spelling is kilom- a garden where vegetables and fruit are eter.) ˽ the car does fifteen kilometres to grown ć The hotel has its own kitchen gar- the litre the car uses a litre of petrol to travel den. fifteen kilometres kitchen porter porter / kitʃin pɔtə/ noun king prawn king prawn / kiŋ prɔn/ noun SEAFOOD a somebody who carries things about in a type of very large prawn, the type which is kitchen kitchen roll served as scampi kitchen roll / kitʃin rəυl/ noun CATERING king room room / kiŋ rum/ noun a room with a roll of absorbent paper, used e.g. for mop- a king-sized bed ping up spilled liquids and wiping pans king-sized bed king-sized bed / kiŋ saizd bed/, king kitchen staff staff / kitʃən stɑf/ noun the size bed noun a double bed which is wider people who work in a kitchen and longer than normal kitchen utensils kitʃən ju tens ə lz kitchen utensils / | ( ) / kiosk kiosk / kiɒsk/ noun a small wooden shel- plural noun pans, knives, spoons, etc., used ter, for selling goods out of doors ć a news- for work in the kitchen paper kiosk kitchenware kitchenware / kitʃənweə/ noun CATER- kipper kipə kipper / / noun SEAFOOD a smoked ING frying pans, saucepans and other cook- herring, which has been opened up and is flat ing or preparing containers, used in a kitchen COMMENT: Kippers are traditionally eaten kite /kait/ noun SPORT for breakfast, grilled, and then served hot kite a large, often cres- with butter. cent-shaped, device, consisting of fabric kippered stretched over a light frame, used by partici- kippered / kipəd/ adjective CATERING smoked pants in kiteboarding or kitesurfing to give kir kiə propulsion and lift kir / / noun BEVERAGES a drink of cold kiteboarding kaitbɔdiŋ white wine, served with a dash of blackcur- kiteboarding / / noun a sport rant liqueur in which the participants ride on skateboards kir royal kir rɔi jɑl or snowboards with a kite attached to their kir royal / | / noun BEVERAGES bodies to give propulsion and lift kir made with sparkling white wine kite mark kit kite mark / kait mɑk/ noun BUSINESS a kit /kit/ noun TRAVEL clothes and personal equipment, usually packed for travelling mark on goods to show that they meet offi- kitchen kitʃin cial standards kitchen / / noun a room in which kitesurfing kaitbsfiŋ food is prepared before serving ć The kitesurfing / / noun a water inspector found cockroaches in the hotel sport in which the participants ride on surf- kitchens. boards with a kite attached to their bodies to give propulsion and lift COMMENT: The kitchen of a large restau- kiwi fruit rant will be organised in brigades: the chef kiwi fruit / kiwi frut/ noun FRUIT a sub- (or chef de cuisine) is in charge of all sec- tropical woody climbing plant Actinidia tions of the kitchen; various sections (each chinensis which bears brownish oval fruit under a chef de partie) include sauces, with a green juicy flesh. The plant was devel- vegetables, pastries, etc. A clerk (the ‘aboyeur’) takes orders from the waiters oped in New Zealand, and is now grown in and shouts them out to the various sec- many subtropical regions including southern tions. Kitchen staff will also include assist- Europe. Also called Chinese gooseberry Kleenex 172 Kleenex / klineks/ tdmk a trademark for a has to have a heavy handle: the tang is the paper handkerchief ć There is a box of central metal part of the handle, to which wooden or plastic grips are attached with Kleenex in the bathroom. (NOTE: There is a rivets. The tang is the part which gives the plural form Kleenexes which is used when weight to the handle. referring to several handkerchiefs, but the knot knot /nɒt/ noun TRAVEL a unit of measure- word Kleenex can also be used as the plu- ment of speed of ships, aircraft, water cur- ral form: a box of Kleenex.) kloofing klufiŋ rents or wind, equivalent to 1.85km per hour kloofing / / noun SPORT the ć wind speed of 60 knots ć The ship was extreme sport of following the course of a travelling at 23 knots. river through a gorge by climbing, swim- knowledge knowledge / nɒlid / noun the general ming and jumping ˽ km facts or information that people know the km abbreviation kilometre ć It is 2km from Knowledge familiarity with the street plan here to the Post Office. ć The furthest dis- of London, which taxi drivers have to know tance I have travelled by train is 800km. ć by heart, and on which they are tested before The road crosses the railway line about 2km getting their licence (informal) from here. knuckle nk ə l knead nid knuckle / ( ) / noun MEAT a joint on knead / / verb CATERING to press and the leg of an animal fold dough before it is cooked to make bread korma / kɔmə/ noun FINANCE ć Pizza dough must be kneaded for five min- korma in South utes. Asian cooking, a mildly spiced dish of meat, knife naif seafood or vegetables cooked in a cream or knife / / noun an implement with a yoghurt sauce sharp blade, used for cutting and spreading kosher / kəυʃə/ adjective CATERING COMMENT: All chefs say that their knives kosher pre- (each one owns a set of several knives, pared according to Jewish law ć There’s a which they take with them from job to job) kosher restaurant on 21st Street. krona are the most important part of their equip- krona / krəυnə/ noun FINANCE the cur- ment. The best knives are forged (i.e. the rency used in Iceland blade, bolster and centre part of the han- krone dle are made from one piece of metal). A krone / krəυnə/ noun FINANCE the cur- good knife needs to balance easily and so rency used in Denmark and Norway L l /el/ abbreviation litre labour shortage shortage / leibə ʃɔtid / noun a label label / leib(ə)l/ noun 1. a piece of paper or situation where there are not enough card attached to something to show its price, employees to fill jobs labour turnover an address or instructions for use, etc. 2. ˽ labour turnover / leibə tnəυvə/ noun address label a label with an address on it í BUSINESS changes in staff, when some leave verb to attach a label to something ć All hand and others join. Also called employee turn- baggage must be labelled. ˽ incorrectly over, staff turnover lactovegetarian l ktəυved i teəriən labelled parcel a parcel with the wrong lactovegetarian / | / information on the label noun somebody who eats vegetables, grains, labelling / leib(ə)liŋ/ noun the work of fruit, nuts and milk products but not meat or putting labels on products, especially food eggs ladle products, to show what the products contain ladle / leid(ə)l/ noun a spoon with a large or how or where they are made bowl, used for serving soup í verb ˽ to ladle ć COMMENT: Government regulations cover (out) to serve with a ladle She ladled the the labelling of food. The label should soup out into bowls. show not only the price and weight of the lady / leidi/ noun 1. a polite way of refer- food, but also where it comes from, the ring to a woman ć Could you show this lady quality grade, the ingredients, listing the to her table, please? ć There are two ladies main ingredient first, and a sell-by date. ˽ Labor Day waiting for you in reception. 2. ‘ladies’ Labor Day / leibə dei/ noun a US national (toilet) a public toilet for women (informal) holiday celebrated on the first Monday in ć Can you tell me where the ladies or the September ladies’ toilet is? ć The ladies is down the labor union labor union / leibə junjən/ noun US corridor on the right. lady’s finger BUSINESS same as trade union lady’s finger / leidiz fiŋ ə/ noun VEGE- labour labour / leibə/ noun 1. work, especially TABLES same as okra heavy work (NOTE: The US spelling is COMMENT: Also called ‘bhindi’ or ‘gumbo’. labor.) ˽ to charge for materials and Used in Caribbean and Indian cooking; also used in the south of the USA. labour to charge for both the materials used lager lɑ ə in a job and also the hours of work involved lager / / noun BEVERAGES 1. a Ger- ˽ labour is charged at £10 an hour each man type of beer, which is pale yellow in col- hour of work costs £10 2. workers, the work- our, highly carbonated, and relatively sweet ć force (NOTE: The US spelling is labor.) 2. a glass of this beer He came to the bar labour costs and ordered six lagers. labour costs / leibə kɒsts/ plural noun COMMENT: Lager is served cold, and usu- BUSINESS the cost of the staff employed to ally from a pressurized metal keg. It is also make a product or provide a service, not available in bottles and cans. including materials or overheads lagoon lə un lagoon / | / noun an area of sea water labour dispute leibə di spjut labour dispute / | / noun almost completely surrounded by land, espe- same as industrial dispute cially by coral reefs ć You can swim safely in labour force labour force / leibə fɔs/ noun BUSINESS the lagoon, the sharks are out in the ocean. laid same as workforce laid /leid/ lay laid-up table labour laws laws / leibə lɔz/, labour legisla- laid-up table / leid p teib(ə)l/ noun leibə led i sleiʃ ə n CATERING a table which has been prepared tion / | ( ) / noun laws concerning the employment of workers ready for the guests labour-saving leibə seiviŋ ‘…the meal was served course by course on laid- labour-saving / / adjective up tables (the tray appears only for the hot entrée) that makes hard work easier ć a labour-sav- and the bar service was more than generous’ ing device [Business Traveller] lain 174
lain landlady lain /lein/ lie landlady / l ndleidi/ noun 1. a woman lake /leik/ noun a large inland stretch of who owns a property which is let 2. HOTELS fresh water ć Let’s take a boat out on the a woman who runs a public house or hotel landlord lake. ć We can sail across the lake. ć The landlord / l ndlɔd/ noun 1. a person or hotel stands on the shores of Lake Winder- company which owns a property which is let mere. ˽ the Lake District an area of north- 2. HOTELS a man who runs a public house or west England where there are several large hotel lakes landscape / l ndskeip/ noun the coun- lakeside / leiksaid/ adjective situated on tryside and its hills, valleys, woods and the shores of a lake ć a lakeside villa fields, considered as something beautiful to lamb lamb /l m/ noun MEAT meat from a sheep, look at especially from a young sheep ć roast leg of landscape gardening gardening / l ndskeip lamb ć lamb kebabs ć lamb chops ɑd(ə)niŋ/ noun the work of making a gar- COMMENT: Strictly speaking, meat from an den more beautiful by shaping the ground, older sheep is called ‘mutton’, but this planting trees and bushes, making pools and term is rarely used. The commonest forms waterfalls etc. of lamb in British cooking are lamb chops landside or roast lamb. Traditionally, lamb is served landside / l ndsaid/ adjective AIR TRAVEL with mint sauce. referring to the area of the airport before the lamp /l mp/ noun an electric device which security checks, etc. produces light landslide / l ndslaid/ noun a situation lampshade / l mpʃeid/ noun a decora- where large amounts of earth and rock slip tive cover over a light ć The dining room down a hillside ć After the rains, landslides looks very elegant with dark red lampshades. buried several houses. ć Landslides have land land /l nd/ verb 1. TRAVEL to put goods or blocked several roads through the moun- passengers on to land after a voyage by sea tains. land tax or by air ć to land goods at a port ć to land land tax / l nd t ks/ noun BUSINESS a tax passengers at an airport 2. AIR TRAVEL to on the amount of land owned lane come down to the ground after a flight ć The lane /lein/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a narrow plane landed ten minutes late. road, often in the country ć a lane with landau landau / l ndɔ/ noun TOURISM a wide hedges on both sides 2. a part of a road for horse-drawn carriage with a top which can traffic going in a particular direction or at a be lowered, often used for taking tourists on certain speed ć Motorways usually have trips round old towns three lanes on either side. ć One lane of the landing / l ndiŋ/ noun the arrival of an motorway has been closed for repairs. langlauf aircraft on the ground after a flight langlauf / l ŋlaυf/ noun SPORT a German landing card card / l ndiŋ kɑd/ noun 1. noun meaning cross-country skiing langoustine lɒn u stin TRAVEL a card given to passengers who have langoustine / | / noun SEA- passed customs and can land from a ship 2. FOOD a very large prawn language AIR TRAVEL a card given to passengers to fill language / l ŋ wid / noun the words in before passing through immigration and spoken or written by people in a particular passport control country ć The guidebook to the museum is landing charges charges / l ndiŋ tʃɑd iz/ written in three languages: English, German plural noun BUSINESS payments made to a and Japanese. government for the right to put goods on land language school school / l ŋ wid skul/ and for any customs duties payable on the noun a school that offers courses in the goods native language of a country for visitors from landing fees fees / l ndiŋ fiz/ plural noun abroad, or a course in foreign languages for AIR TRAVEL payments made to an airport for people travelling abroad laptop computer l ptɒp kəm pjutə landing there. Airlines usually include the laptop computer / | /, fee in the ticket price. laptop / l ptɒp/ noun a small computer landing rights rights / l ndiŋ raits/ plural which can be held on the knees when sitting noun AIR TRAVEL the right of an airline to ć I take my laptop with me onto the plane so land its aircraft that I can write my reports. ć Each of the landing stage stage / l ndiŋ steid / noun businessmen arrived with one bag and a lap- SHIPS AND BOATS a wooden platform built top. lard out into a river, lake, or the sea for boats to lard /lɑd/ noun FOOD pig fat used in cook- tie up to ing ć You need lard to make the pastry for 175 launch pies. í verb CATERING to cover meat with a hotel after the time when they were bacon, lard or other fat before cooking in the expected or after the date for which they had oven booked ć Most of the tour party arrived on larder larder / lɑdə/ noun CATERING a cool room time, but there were two late arrivals who or cupboard for storing food ć Old houses were delayed in traffic. late availability leit ə veilə biliti often have big larders. late availability / | | / larder chef larder chef / lɑdə ʃef/ noun CATERING noun AIR TRAVEL cheaper airline tickets the chef in charge of cold dishes, salads and which are available when booking close to salad sauces, sandwiches, and who cuts meat the time of departure and fish ready for cooking in the kitchen. late booking booking / leit bυkiŋ/ noun a book- Also called chef garde-manger ing made after the final date allowed larder fridge late cancellation leit k nsə leiʃ ə n larder fridge / lɑdə frid / noun CATER- late cancellation / | ( ) / ING a fridge for keeping food in until needed noun the cancellation of a booking made lardy cake lardy cake / lɑdi keik/ noun BREAD, after the normal time limit late checkout ETC. a type of cake, made with fat and dried late checkout / leit tʃekaυt/ noun fruit and covered with sticky sugar HOTELS a checkout that takes place after the larva / lɑvə/ noun a stage in the develop- time at which hotel guests are usually ment of an insect, after the egg has hatched required to check out latecomer leitkmə but before the animal becomes adult (NOTE: latecomer / / noun somebody The plural form is larvae.) who arrives after others or after the larval / lɑv(ə)l/ adjective referring to lar- appointed time late-night vae late-night / leit nait/ adjective happening lasagne lə z njə late at night ć He had a late-night meeting at lasagne / | /, lasagna noun FOOD flat sheets of pasta, arranged in layers in a the airport. ć There is a late-night bus which leaves at 23.45. dish, often with meat, sauce and cheese, and late-night opening baked in the oven late-night opening / leit nait last call əυp ə niŋ last call / lɑst kɔl/ noun US same as ( ) / noun an extension of the time when a shop is open until late in the evening last orders (informal) late-night shopping last minute late-night shopping / leit nait ʃɒpiŋ/ last minute / lɑst minit/ noun the latest time that it is possible to do something and noun shopping in the late evening, with shops opening much later than usual still be in time latitude last-minute l titjud lɑst minit latitude / / noun a position on the last-minute / / adjective very Earth’s surface measured in degrees north or ć Tour operators are offering tours very late south of the equator at half price or half-price tours to people COMMENT: Together with longitude, lati- making last-minute bookings. tude is used to indicate an exact position last orders last orders / lɑst ɔdəz/ plural noun the on the earth’s surface. Latitude is meas- final orders which a bar or restaurant will ured in degrees, minutes and seconds. accept before closing time ć Last orders: The centre of London is latitude 51°30’N, 10.30 pm. longitude 0°5’W. The lines of latitude are late numbered, and called ‘parallels’, and late /leit/ adjective 1. after the usual or some of them act as national boundaries: expected time 2. at the end of a period of the 49th parallel marks most of the border time ˽ latest date for purchase of APEX between the USA and Canada. tickets the last acceptable date for buying latte / l tei/ noun an espresso coffee with APEX tickets, usually 21 days before the frothy steamed milk ˽ launch date of departure 3. the latest the most launch /lɔntʃ/ verb 1. SHIPS AND BOATS to recent ć He always drives the latest model of put a new boat into the water for the first time car. ć Here are the latest figures for passen- 2. MARKETING to put a new product on the gers carried. ć The latest snow reports are market, usually spending money on advertis- published each day in the papers. í adverb ing it ć The company is spending thousands after the time stated or agreed ć The train of pounds to launch a new travel service. í arrived late, and we missed the connection noun MARKETING the act of putting a new to Paris. ć The plane was two hours late. product on the market ć The launch of the late arrival leit ə raiv ə l late arrival / | ( ) / noun 1. new caravan model has been put back three TRAVEL the arrival of a plane or train after the months. ć The company is geared up for the scheduled time ć We apologise for the late launch of the new package holiday. ć The arrival of the 14.25 Intercity express from management has decided on a September Edinburgh. 2. HOTELS a guest who arrives at launch date. launder 176 launder / lɔndə/ verb to wash clothes, law. ˽ to break the law to do something sheets, etc. ć He asked to have two shirts which is not allowed by law ć She is break- laundered. ing the law by selling goods on Sunday. ć launderette lɔndə ret You will be breaking the law if you try to take launderette / | /, laundromat US / lɔndrəm t/ noun a shop with coin- that computer out of the country without an operated washing machines for public use ć export licence. 3. a general rule I take my washing to the launderette once a laws /lɔz/ plural noun the rules by which a week. country is governed and the activities of peo- laundering / lɔndəriŋ/ noun the washing ple and organisations controlled lay of clothes, sheets, etc. ć A chute from the first lay /lei/ verb to put something down on a floor will speed up the laundering process. surface (NOTE: laying – laid) ˽ to lay the laundress lɔn dres table to get a table ready for guests by laundress / | / noun a woman who washes clothes, sheets, etc., for other people putting out cutlery, glasses, napkins, etc. ć laundry / lɔndri/ noun 1. a room or build- The table was laid for six people, so when ing where clothes are washed ć The hotel’s only five guests arrived the waiter removed sheets and towels are sent to the laundry one of the settings. layby leibai every day. (NOTE: The plural form in this layby / /, lay-by noun ROAD TRAVEL a meaning is laundries.) 2. clothes that need place at the side of a road where vehicles can to be washed ć Please put any laundry into park layover the bag provided and leave it at the desk on layover / leiəυvə/ noun US TRAVEL same your hotel floor. (NOTE: no plural) as stopover laundry bag lazy Susan laundry bag / lɔndri b / noun HOTELS lazy Susan / leizi suz(ə)n/ noun CATER- a special bag in a hotel room, into which you ING a revolving tray, placed in the centre of a can put dirty clothes to be taken to be washed dining table to hold condiments, extra laundry list laundry list / lɔndri list/ noun HOTELS a dishes, hors d’oeuvres, etc. lb printed form provided with a laundry bag, lb /paυndz/ abbreviation pound ć It weighs giving a list of items of clothing which you 26lb. L/C may want to have washed L/C abbreviation FINANCE letter of credit laundry service lɔndri svis lead time laundry service / / noun lead time / lid taim/ noun BUSINESS the HOTELS a service in a hotel which takes away time between placing an order and receiving dirty clothing and returns it washed and the goods ironed leaflet liflət laundry staff leaflet / / noun MARKETING a sheet of lɔndri stɑf laundry staff / / noun the paper giving information about something or staff who run the laundry service used to advertise something ć to mail leaflets lavatory lavatory / l vətri/ noun 1. a room with a or to hand out leaflets describing services ć toilet, usually with a flushing bowl for get- They sent a leaflet mailing to 20,000 ting rid of waste matter from the body ć The addresses. lavatories are situated at the rear of the lean /lin/ adjective referring to meat with plane. ć There is a gentlemen’s lavatory on little fat í noun same as lean meat the ground floor. 2. a bowl with a seat and a lean meat lean meat / lin mit/ noun MEAT meat flushing system, for getting rid of waste mat- with very little fat ć Animals are bred to pro- ter from the body ć The drink was so awful duce lean meat. ć Venison is a very lean form that I poured it down the lavatory. lavatory attendant of meat. l vətri ə tendənt lease lavatory attendant / | / lease /lis/ noun a written contract for let- noun somebody who is on duty in a public lavatory ting or renting a building, or a piece of land lavatory paper l vətri peipə or a piece of equipment for a period against lavatory paper / / noun payment of a fee ˽ the lease expires or runs same as toilet paper out in 1999 the lease comes to an end in laver laver, laver bread noun VEGETABLES sea- 1999 ˽ on expiration of the lease when the weed, used as a breakfast food in Wales lease comes to an end í verb 1. to let or rent law /lɔ/ noun 1. one of the rules by which a a building, a piece of land or a piece of country is governed and the activities of peo- equipment for a period ć to lease offices to ple and organisations are controlled 2. ˽ small firms ć to lease equipment 2. to use a inside the law, within the law obeying the building, a piece of land or a piece of equip- laws of a country ˽ against the law, outside ment for a period and pay a fee ć to lease the law not according to the laws of a coun- hotel premises from an insurance company ć try ć The company is operating outside the All the airline’s aircraft are leased. 177 leisure leasehold / lishəυld/ noun, adjective, left-hand / left h nd/ adjective belong- adverb the right to live in or use property on ing to the left side ć The subtotals are in the the basis of a lease ć to buy a property lease- left-hand column of the bill. ć He keeps the hold ć The company has some valuable personnel files in the left-hand drawer of his leaseholds. desk. left luggage office leaseholder / lishəυldə/ noun some- left luggage office / left l id ɒfis/ body who use or lives in property on the noun TRAVEL a room at a railway station, basis of a lease coach station, ferry terminal or airport where leasing / lisiŋ/ noun 1. the letting or rent- suitcases, bags and parcels can be left. Also ing a building, a piece of land or a piece of called baggage room (NOTE: The US Eng- equipment for a period ć an aircraft leasing lish is baggage room.) leftovers company 2. the use of a building, a piece of leftovers / leftəυvəz/ plural noun what is land or a piece of equipment for a period not used, especially food which has not been after paying a fee ć to run a copier under a eaten ć The children will eat the leftovers leasing agreement tomorrow morning. leg leave le leave /liv/ noun permission to be away leg / / noun 1. one of the parts of the body from work ˽ six weeks’ annual leave six with which a person or animal walks. ı leg- weeks’ holiday each year í verb to go away room 2. a stage of a journey ć The last leg of from a place ć He left his hotel early to go to the trip goes from Paris to the final destina- the airport. ć The next plane leaves at 10.20. tion, Amsterdam. legal currency (NOTE: leaving – left) legal currency / li (ə)l krənsi/ noun leave out leave out / liv aυt/ verb not to include ć FINANCE money which can be legally used in She left out the date on the cheque. ć The a country legal expenses li ə l ik spensiz brochure leaves out all details of travelling legal expenses / ( ) | / arrangements from the airport to the hotel. plural noun money spent on fees paid to law- lectern / lektn/ noun yers lectern a stand with a slop- legal tender ing surface on which you can put a book or legal tender / li (ə)l tendə/ noun papers from which you are going to read FINANCE coins or notes which can be legally aloud in public ć The conference room is used to pay a debt ć These notes are not legal equipped with a lectern. tender any more. legionnaires’ disease lecture lid ə neəz di lektʃə legionnaires’ disease / | | lecture / / noun a talk on a particular ziz subject given to people such as students / noun MEDICAL a bacterial disease sim- lecture tour ilar to pneumonia lecture tour / lektʃə tυə/ noun TOURISM COMMENT: The disease is thought to be a tour with lectures on the places or buildings transmitted in droplets of moisture in the visited and the paintings or other objects air, and the bacterium is often found in seen ć The museum has a programme of lec- central air-conditioning systems. It can be ture tours on 20th-century art. ć The group fatal to old or sick people, and so is espe- went on a lecture tour of sites in Greece. cially dangerous if present in a hospital. leg of lamb lee le əv l m lee /li/ noun the sheltered side of a hill or leg of lamb / / noun MEAT the ship ć They rested on the lee of the hill, so as leg of a sheep, considered as food ć a slice of to be out of the wind. roast leg of lamb legroom leek le rum leek /lik/ noun VEGETABLES a vegetable legroom / /, leg room, leg-room related to the onion, with a white stem and noun TRAVEL the amount of space available long green leaves ć a bowl of leek soup for the legs of a person sitting down, as leeward between the rows of seats in a cinema or air- leeward / liwəd/ adjective, adverb SHIPS craft or inside a car ć There’s not much leg- AND BOATS on or to the sheltered side of a room in tourist class. ship, i.e. not the side onto which the wind is ‘…virtually every airline’s Boeing 747 will seat blowing ć We anchored to the leeward of the passengers ten abreast (3–4–3) with a tight 31–33 island. ć The boat tied up on the leeward inches of legroom’ [Business Traveller] legume side of the jetty. Compare windward legume / le jum/ noun VEGETABLES a left left /left/ adjective opposite of right ć The seed, pod, or other part of a plant such as a flight destinations run down the left side of pea or bean, used as food the page. ć They put the subtotals in the left leisure / le ə/ noun free time to do what column, and the final figure is at the bottom you want ˽ at your leisure when there is an of the right-hand column. ı leave (NOTE: On opportunity, without hurrying ships and aircraft, the left side is called the ‘…when hiring a car in Europe for three days or port side.) more, never overlook the so-called ‘holiday rate’ leisure centre 178 in the belief that it is intended for leisure custom- lemon-flavoured filling, topped with soft ers only’ [Business Traveller] meringue leisure centre lei ə sentə lemon sole leisure centre / / noun lemon sole / lemən səυl/ noun SEAFOOD ENTERTAINMENT a public building that pro- a common flatfish used as food vides the space and equipment for recrea- lemon squash squash / lemən skwɒʃ/ noun tional activities such as sports, games and BEVERAGES a drink made of concentrated hobbies leisure club lemon juice and water le ə klb lemon-squeezer leisure club / / noun ENTER- lemon-squeezer / lemən skwizə/ TAINMENT a club where hotel guests can use noun CATERING a device for pressing slices leisure facilities, usually without payment ć of lemon, to make the juice run out The price includes the use of the hotel leisure lemon tea lemən ti club. lemon tea / / noun BEVERAGES black tea, served in a glass with a slice of ‘…a leisure club, including a 14-metre pool, spa pool, sauna, steam room, gym and sunbeds’ lemon and sugar lemon thyme [Evening Standard] lemon thyme / lemən taim/ noun leisure complex complex / le ə kɒmpleks/ SAUCES, ETC. a variety of thyme which noun ENTERTAINMENT a series of buildings smells of lemon with various leisure facilities length /leŋθ/ noun a measurement of how leisure facilities le ə fə silətiz long something is from end to end ˽ a stay leisure facilities / | / plural noun ENTERTAINMENT facilities for enjoying of some length quite a long stay yourself, e.g. a swimming pool, putting length of service of service / leŋθ əv svis/ green, or cinema noun BUSINESS the number of years some- leisure industry industry / le ə indəstri/ noun one has worked for a company length of stay all the companies that provide goods and length of stay / leŋθ əv stei/ noun services used during people’s leisure time, HOTELS the number of days a guest stays in a such as holidays, cinema, theatre and amuse- hotel lentil ment parks lentil / lentil/ noun VEGETABLES the small leisurely / le əli/ adjective without hurry- round dried yellow or green seed of a plant of ing ć The group toured the museum at a lei- the pea family, used as food, especially in surely pace. ć We enjoyed a leisurely lunch soups and stews ć a bowl of lentil soup ć before going round the Prado. fried sea bass and lentils let leisure pursuits le ə pə sjuts /let/ verb leisure pursuits / | / plural let to allow someone to use a noun ENTERTAINMENT hobbies, things you house or office in return for payment (NOTE: do during your free time, for relaxation or letting – let) ˽ to let a cottage to allow enjoyment someone to use a cottage for a period against leisure traveller ˽ leisure traveller / le ə tr v(ə)lə/ noun payment of rent holiday flats to let fur- nished flats which are available to be leased TOURISM somebody who is going on holiday and is not travelling on business by people on holiday í noun a period during ć lemon lemən which somebody leases a property They lemon / / noun FRUIT the yellow edi- took the house on a short let. ble fruit of an evergreen citrus tree, with let-out clause let-out clause / let aυt klɔz/ noun BUSI- sour-tasting flesh and juice ć a gin and tonic NESS a section in a contract which allows with a slice of lemon in it ć She ordered a lemon sorbet. someone to avoid doing something in the ć lemonade He added a let-out clause to the lemə neid contract lemonade / | / noun BEVERAGES effect that the payments would be revised if 1. a drink made from fresh lemon juice, the exchange rate fell by more than 5%. sugar and water 2. a ready-made fizzy drink, letter letter / letə/ noun 1. a piece of writing sent flavoured with lemon, also used to mix with from one person to another to pass on infor- beer to make shandy ć Can I have a glass of mation ˽ circular letter a letter sent to many lemonade with ice, please? ˽ lemon curd people 2. to acknowledge receipt by let- lemən kd lemon curd / / noun FOOD a ter to write a letter to say that something has preserve made with eggs and lemons, used to been received 3. a written or printed symbol spread on bread representing a language sound or part of a lemon grass lemon grass / lemən rɑs/ noun sound, e.g. A, B, C ć Write your name and SAUCES, ETC. a green lemon-flavoured herb, address in block letters or in capital letters. used especially in Thai cooking letterbox / letəbɒks/ noun 1. same as lemon meringue pie lemən mə r ŋ ć lemon meringue pie / | postbox There’s a letterbox at the corner pai/ noun DESSERTS pastry filled with of the street. 2. a hole in a front door through 179 lie which the postman pushes letters ć The Sun- to demand payment of a tax or an extra pay- day paper is too big to go through the letter- ment, and to collect it ć to levy a duty on the box. import of luxury items ć The government has letterhead letterhead / letəhed/ noun BUSINESS the decided to levy a tax on imported cars. ˽ to name and address of a company printed at levy members for a new club house to ask the top of a piece of notepaper members of the club to pay for the new letter of acknowledgement of acknowledgement / letər əv building ək nɒlid mənt ‘…royalties have been levied at a rate of 12.5% | / noun a letter which says that something has been received of full production’ [Lloyd’s List] liaison letter of application li eiz ə n letər əv pli liaison / | ( ) / noun a thickening agent letter of application / | keiʃ(ə)n/ noun a letter in which someone used in soups and sauces, e.g. egg yolks or applies for something flour library letter of appointment letər əv ə laibrəri letter of appointment / | library / / noun 1. a place where pɔintmənt/ noun a letter in which someone books are stored to be read, borrowed or con- is appointed to a job sulted 2. a collection of things such as books letter of complaint letər əv kəm or records ć Passengers can use the ship’s letter of complaint / | pleint/ noun a letter in which someone library. ć The hotel has an excellent library complains of romantic novels. licence letter of credit of credit / letə əv kredit/ noun licence / lais(ə)ns/ noun an official docu- FINANCE a document issued by a bank on ment which allows someone to do some- behalf of a customer authorising payment to thing. ı off-licence, on licence (NOTE: The a supplier when the conditions specified in US spelling is license.) the document are met. Abbr L/C ˽ irrevoca- license / lais(ə)ns/ noun US same as ble letter of credit a letter of credit which licence í verb to give someone official per- cannot be cancelled mission to do something ć The store is letter of reference of reference / letər əv licensed to sell beers, wines and spirits. ć ref(ə)rəns/ noun BUSINESS a letter in which The club is licensed for music. ˽ licensed a former employer recommends someone for hotel, licensed restaurant a hotel or restau- a new job rant which has a licence to sell alcohol letting letting / letiŋ/ noun the business of leasing licensed premises premises / lais(ə)nst property premisiz/ noun CATERING a shop, restau- letting agency agency / letiŋ eid ənsi/ noun an rant or public house which has a licence to office which deals in property to let sell alcohol letting agent letiŋ eid ənt licensee lais ə n si letting agent / / noun an licensee / ( ) | / noun BARS some- agent who is responsible for letting accom- body who has a licence, especially a licence modation to visitors, and receives a fee or to sell alcohol commission from the owners for this service license plate plate / lais(ə)ns pleit/ noun US a letting bedrooms letiŋ bedrumz letting bedrooms / / plate on a car, with its number (NOTE: The plural noun bedrooms which are let, as British English is number plate.) opposed to private bedrooms where the licensing / lais(ə)nsiŋ/ noun referring to owner and staff sleep ć The pub has 20 en- licences ć a licensing agreement ć licensing suite letting bedrooms. laws ‘…the guest house has 3 letting bedrooms plus four private bedrooms’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] COMMENT: In England and Scotland, pubs lettuce letis and bars can serve alcohol throughout the lettuce / / noun VEGETABLES a green day, from 10.30 to 11 p.m., though not all salad plant are open as long as this; some only open COMMENT: The commonest varieties of for the full day on Fridays and Saturdays. lettuce in Europe have relatively soft Hotels can serve drinks to residents at any green leaves: round lettuces, and tall cos time. In the USA and Canada, local dis- lettuces (or Romaine) are the commonest tricts can vote to allow the sale of alcohol, in the United Kingdom. Lettuces are not and some vote to ban it altogether (these always green: Italian varieties, such as are said to be ‘dry’). lollo rosso, have red leaves. In the United licensing hours hours / lais(ə)nsiŋ aυəz/ plu- States, iceberg lettuces, with stiff crunchy leaves, are preferred. ral noun BARS the hours of the day when levy levi alcohol can be sold levy / / noun money which is demanded lichee lai tʃi and collected by the government (NOTE: The lichee / | / noun FRUIT same as litchi lie plural form is levies.) ˽ levies on luxury lie /lai/ verb to be in a position ć The town items taxes on luxury items í verb BUSINESS lies at the end of the valley. life assurance 180 life assurance laif ə ʃυərəns ˽ life assurance / | / noun ness, the opposite of darkness candlelight same as life insurance light given out by a candle 2. an electric bulb life belt belt, life buoy noun a ring which can which gives light ć a bedside light ć There is float, used to throw to someone who has an overhead light in the bathroom. í adverb fallen into water ć They threw life belts to the ˽ to travel light to travel with very little lug- passengers from the sinking ferry. (NOTE: gage ć If you’re hitching across Australia, The US English is life preserver.) it’s best to travel light. lighthouse lifeboat lifeboat / laifbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS lighthouse / laithaυs/ noun SHIPS AND a boat used to rescue passengers from sink- BOATS a tall building on a coast containing a ing ships light to guide ships lighting-up time lifeguard / laif ɑd/ noun somebody who lighting-up time / laitiŋ p taim/ noun is on duty on a beach or at a swimming pool, the time at which street lamps and car lights and who rescues people who get into diffi- have to be switched on ć In the autumn, culty in the water ć Lifeguards have raised lighting-up time is earlier each day. red flags to show that the sea is dangerous. ć light pen pen / lait pen/ noun a pen with a tip Two lifeguards came to rescue us. which is sensitive to light and can ‘read’ life insurance laif in ʃυərəns life insurance / | / noun lines or images and transfer them to a com- FINANCE an insurance policy which pays a puter, used to read bar codes on products lightship sum of money when someone dies lightship / laitʃip/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS life jacket life jacket / laif d kit/ noun 1. SHIPS a ship which carries a large light to guide AND BOATS a jacket with blocks of light ships, acting as a floating lighthouse material which allows it to float, provided light show show / lait ʃəυ/ noun a form of for sailors and passengers on boats ć Chil- entertainment in which coloured lights move dren must all wear life jackets on the river. 2. and flash in time with recorded music lime AIR TRAVEL a jacket which can be inflated lime /laim/ noun FRUIT a green citrus fruit and will make the wearer float in water, pro- similar to, but smaller than, a lemon vided by airlines for each passenger ć lime juice lime juice / laim d us/ noun BEVERAGES Instructions for donning the life jacket are in 1. the juice of a lime 2. a concentrated drink the pocket in front of your seat. (NOTE: The which tastes of lime US English is life preserver.) lime pickle life preserver laim pik ə l laif pri zvə lime pickle / ( ) / noun SAUCES, life preserver / | / noun US ETC. a very hot-tasting Indian condiment same as life belt, life jacket lime tea life raft lime tea / laim ti/ noun BEVERAGES a life raft / laif rɑft/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a construction which can float, carried by a drink made from the dried flowers of the lime tree ship, and used to carry passengers if the ship limit limit sinks limit / / noun the point at which some- lift /lift/ noun 1. thing ends, or where you can go no further lift a machine which takes peo- limo ple or goods from one floor to another in a limo / liməυ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as building ć He took the lift to the 27th floor. ć limousine (informal) limousine limə zin The guests could not get to their rooms when limousine / | / noun ROAD TRAVEL the lift broke down. (NOTE: The US English a large luxurious car ˽ limousine transfer to is elevator.) 2. ˽ to give someone a lift to hotel the transfer of passengers from an air- allow a pedestrian to ride in your car or lorry port to their hotel in a limousine, provided ć Do you want a lift? ć Several people free by the hotel or airline í limousine service limə zin svis stopped to offer us lifts. verb 1. to go away limousine service / | / ć The fog had lifted by lunchtime. 2. to take noun HOTELS service to and from a hotel or away, to remove ć to lift trade barriers ć The airport by limousine line government has lifted the ban on imports line /lain/ noun 1. a long thin mark ć paper from Japan. ć The minister has lifted the with thin blue lines ć I prefer notepaper embargo on the export of computers to East without any lines. ć She drew a thick line European countries. across the bottom of the column to show lift attendant lift ə tendənt lift attendant / | / noun which figure was the total. 2. a row of written HOTELS somebody, usually a young man, or printed words 3. a wire along which tele- who operates a lift phone messages pass ˽ the line is bad it is light light /lait/ adjective not heavy ć You need difficult to hear clearly what someone is say- light clothing for tropical countries. ć He ing ˽ the line is engaged the person is only has a light holdall with him. (NOTE: already speaking on the phone ˽ the chair- light – lighter – lightest) í noun 1. bright- man is on the other line the chairman is 181 listings speaking on his or her second telephone 4. end of a meal, with liqueurs, brandy, cigars, US a row of people or vehicles waiting one etc. behind the other (NOTE: The British English liquid / likwid/ noun a substance which is queue.) ˽ to stand in line to wait in a line flows easily like water, and which is neither with other people 5. to put a lining in some- a gas nor a solid í adjective neither gas nor thing solid, flowing easily ć In the desert you must lined lined /laind/ adjective 1. with lines on it ć take plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration. a pad of A4 lined paper 2. ˽ lined with trees, liquid assets assets / likwid sets/ plural tree-lined with trees along both sides ć the noun BUSINESS cash, or investments which tree-lined avenues of Phnom Penh can be quickly converted into cash line management line management / lain m nid mənt/ liquidise / likwidaiz/, liquidize verb noun BUSINESS the organisation of a busi- CATERING to reduce fruit or vegetables to liq- ness where each manager is responsible for uid ć Liquidise the oranges and carrots. doing what their superior tells them to do liquidiser / likwidaizə/, liquidizer noun linen liquidiser linin linen / / noun 1. a cloth made from CATERING a machine which liquidises ć Put flax ć He was wearing a linen jacket. 2. ˽ the oranges and carrots in the liquidiser. (household) linen sheets, pillowcases, liquidity li kwiditi liquidity / | / noun BUSINESS liquid tablecloths, etc. linen cupboard assets, or the fact of having enough liquid linen cupboard / linin kbəd/ noun a assets to meet your needs cupboard for keeping linen liquidity crisis li kwiditi kraisis / | / noun linen keeper liquidity crisis linin kipə linen keeper / / noun HOTELS BUSINESS a situation where somebody does somebody who is in charge of the linen in a not have enough liquid assets hotel, and makes sure it is clean and ready liquor liquor / likə/ noun 1. BARS alcohol 2. for use when needed linen room CATERING liquid produced in cooking linin rum liquor licence linen room / / noun HOTELS a liquor licence / likə lais(ə)ns/ noun room where clean linen is kept liner CATERING a document given by the Magis- liner / lainə/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a trates’ Court allowing someone to sell alco- large passenger ship 2. CATERING a dish on hol which another dish is placed containing food liquor store store / likə stɔ/ noun US a shop ready for serving lining which sells alcohol (NOTE: The British Eng- lining / lainiŋ/ noun a layer of material lish is off-licence.) used to cover the inner surface of something, list /list/ noun 1. several items written one especially a piece of clothing ć a jacket with after the other ć to add an item to a list ć to a lining of silk í link cross an item off a list 2. a catalogue verb link /liŋk/ noun something which connects to write several items one after the other ć to two things or places í verb to join or to list products by category ć to list representa- attach something to something else ć to link tives by area ć The guidebook lists twenty- bonus payments to productivity ć His salary five cheap hotels in the Bournemouth area. ć listed building is linked to the cost of living. All rooms are listed building / listid bildiŋ/ noun a linked to the main switchboard. linoleic acid building which is considered important linoleic acid / linəυliik sid/ noun because of its architecture or associations, CATERING one of the essential fatty acids, and which cannot be demolished or altered found in grains and seeds without the consent of the local authority liqueur li kjυə, li k Listeria liqueur / | | / noun BEVERAGES a li stiəriə Listeria / | / noun MEDICAL bacteria strong sweet alcohol, made from fruit or found in some prepared foods and in domes- herbs ć a glass of raspberry liqueur tic animals, which can cause infections such COMMENT: Liqueurs are served after a as meningitis meal as a digestif. The most popular are COMMENT: Listeria can be present in Bénédictine, Chartreuse, Cointreau, ready-prepared meals which are Drambuie, Grand Marnier, Kirschwasser, reheated; it also occurs in cooked meats Sambucca, Tia Maria. and ready-made salads. Listeria is killed liqueur chocolate li kjυə tʃɒklət liqueur chocolate / | / by heating to at least 70°C. listings noun FOOD a small chocolate containing a listings / listiŋz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a liqueur filling ć My favourite liqueur choco- published list of information about events lates are the ones with cherries in brandy. such as films, plays and concerts ć Cinema liqueur trolley li kjυə trɒli liqueur trolley / | / noun listings are found on the back page of the CATERING a trolley brought to the table at the local paper. list price 182
list price liver pâté list price / list prais/ noun the price of liver pâté / livə p tei/ noun FOOD a something as marked in a catalogue or list. cooked paste made from livers of animals ć Also called catalogue price chicken-liver pâté livery litchi lai tʃi laitʃi livery / livəri/ noun 1. special clothing litchi / | /, lichee, lychee / / noun FRUIT a subtropical fruit from China worn by the employees of an organisation ć with a hard red skin and a soft white juicy Every employee has to wear the hotel’s dis- pulp surrounding a hard shiny brown seed tinctive livery. 2. BUSINESS a special design literature used to show that something belongs to an literature / lit(ə)rətʃə/ noun written infor- organisation ć British Airways have changed mation about something ć Please send me the livery of all their planes. literature about your tours to Italy. livery cab litre livəri k b litə livery cab / / noun US ROAD litre / / noun a unit of measurement for TRAVEL a limousine-style cab, which is avail- liquids, equal to 1000 millilitres (NOTE: This able for telephone booking, as opposed to is usually written l after figures: 25l. The US the ordinary ‘yellow cabs’ ˽ living spelling is liter.) the car does fifteen kilo- liviŋ metres to the litre or fifteen kilometres per living / / noun money that you need ć litre the car uses one litre of petrol to travel for things such as food and clothes He fifteen kilometres earns his living from selling postcards to litter tourists. litə living room litter / / noun rubbish on streets or in living room / liviŋ rum/ noun a room in ć public places The council tries to keep the a house for general use ć They were sitting in main street clear of litter. the living room watching TV. litterbasket litəbɑskit living standards litterbasket / / noun a special living standards / liviŋ st ndədz/ plu- basket for rubbish ral noun the quality of people’s home life, litterbin litterbin / litəbin/ noun a special metal looking at factors such as the amount of food container for rubbish ć The men from the or clothes that they buy and the size of the council come to empty the litter bins every family car morning. Lloyd’s register register / lɔidz red istə/ noun Little Gem Little Gem / lit(ə)l d em/ noun HOTELS SHIPS AND BOATS a classified list showing the highest award given by RAC inspectors details of all the ships in the world load to guesthouses load /ləυd/ noun ROAD TRAVEL goods which live ˽ live adjective /laiv/ carrying an electric cur- are transported in a vehicle load of a truck rent ć Do not touch the live wires. í verb or of a container goods carried by a truck or ˽ /liv/ to have your home in a place ć They live container í verb 1. to load a truck or a in the centre of Paris. ć Where do you live? ship to put goods into a truck or a ship for live in liv in transporting ć a truck loaded with boxes ć a live in / / verb to live in the building ship loaded with iron 2. (of ship, aircraft) to ć where you work Most of the restaurant take on cargo ć The ferry will start loading staff live in. in 15 minutes. live-in liv in load-carrying capacity live-in / / adjective living in the build- load-carrying capacity / ləυd k riiŋ ing where they work ć We have six live-in kə p siti | / noun ROAD TRAVEL the amount of staff. goods which a truck is capable of carrying live-in doctor load factor live-in doctor / liv in dɒktə/ noun MED- load factor / ləυd f ktə/ noun TRAVEL ICAL a doctor who lives in a hotel and is the number of seats in a bus, a train or an air- employed by the hotel to treat guests who craft which are occupied by passengers who become ill have paid the full fare lively loading lively / laivli/ adjective very active ć It’s loading / ləυdiŋ/ noun the act of putting the liveliest nightspot in town. goods into a ship, aircraft or vehicle live off loading dock live off / liv ɒf/ verb to earn money from ć loading dock / ləυdiŋ dɒk/ noun SHIPS The whole population of the village lives off AND BOATS the part of a harbour where ships tourism. can load or unload loaf liver liver / livə/ noun 1. an organ in the body loaf /ləυf/ noun BREAD, ETC. a large single which helps the digestion by producing bile piece of bread, which is cut into slices before 2. MEAT an animal’s liver used as food ˽ being eaten calf’s liver, lamb’s liver, ox liver, pig’s liver loan /ləυn/ noun money which has been liver from a calf, a lamb, an ox or a pig lent ˽ bank loan money lent by a bank ˽ COMMENT: The traditional English way of short-term loan, long-term loan loans eating liver is fried with bacon and onions. which have to be repaid within a few weeks 183 loin or some years ˽ interest on a loan interest with a key ć The lock is broken on the safe. ć which the borrower has to pay on the money She left her room key in the lock. ć I have for- borrowed í verb to lend ć The furniture has gotten the combination of the lock on my been loaned by the museum. briefcase. ć We changed the locks on the lobby / lɒbi/ noun the main entrance hall of doors after a set of keys were stolen. 2. SHIPS a hotel, large restaurant or theatre AND BOATS a section of a canal or river with lobster lobster / lɒbstə/ noun SEAFOOD a shellfish barriers which can be opened or closed to with a long body, two large claws, and eight control the flow of water, so allowing boats legs, used as food to move up or down to different levels í verb COMMENT: Lobster can be served cold to close something with a key, so that it can- (with mayonnaise, as ‘lobster salad’), and not be opened ć The manager forgot to lock in this case the customer is provided with the door of the reception office. ć The petty a pick and a pair of crackers to break the cash box was not locked. shell. Lobster is also served hot without its locker / lɒkə/ noun shell, for example as ‘lobster Newburg’ or locker a small cupboard for cooked and served in its open shell as, for personal belongings which you can close example, ‘lobster Thermidor’. with a key ć Luggage lockers can be rented lobster bisque bisque / lɒbstə bisk/ noun at the airport. ć You will need a 20p coin for FOOD a thick rich soup made with lobster the lockers at the swimming pool. lock-in lobster chowder lɒk in lobster chowder / lɒbstə tʃaυdə/ noun lock-in / / noun BARS a session of FOOD milk soup made with lobster ć We had after-hours drinking inside a pub lock-up garage a bowl of lobster chowder. lock-up garage / lɒk p rid / noun local / ləυk(ə)l/ adjective relating to a HOTELS a garage attached to a hotel, which is place or district near where you are or where locked at night lock-up premises you live í noun BARS the nearest pub to lock-up premises / lɒk p premisiz/ where someone lives (informal) ć He took us noun BUSINESS a restaurant or shop which all to his local for lunch. has no living accommodation and which the ‘…each cheque can be made out for the local proprietor locks at night when it is closed lodge equivalent of £100 rounded up to a convenient lodge /lɒd / noun 1. TOURISM a small figure’ [Sunday Times] house in the country used for parties of hunt- ‘EC regulations insist that customers can buy ers or ramblers 2. a type of motel, especially cars anywhere in the EC at the local pre-tax price’ [Financial Times] one where buildings are made of wood, and local authority ləυk ə l ɔ θɒriti are, or appear to be, simple and rustic í verb local authority / ( ) | / noun an elected section of government which runs TOURISM to rent a room in a boarding house lodge hotel lɒd həυ tel a small area of the country such as a town or lodge hotel / | / noun 1. a county large main hotel building in a park or sports local call call / ləυk(ə)l kɔl/ noun a tele- complex 2. a hotel with rooms in separate phone call to a number in the same area as wooden or rustic buildings lodger the person making the call lodger / lɒd ə/ noun somebody who rents local labour ć local labour / ləυk(ə)l leibə/ noun BUSI- a room She has taken in three lodgers for NESS workers recruited near a business, not the summer. lodging brought in from somewhere else lodging / lɒd iŋ/ noun accommodation lodgings locally / ləυk(ə)li/ adverb in the area near lodgings / lɒd iŋz/ plural noun rented a hotel, restaurant or office ć We recruit all rooms ć Are you still looking for lodgings or our restaurant staff locally. have you found somewhere to stay? loganberry local time local time / ləυk(ə)l taim/ noun the time loganberry / ləυ ənb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a of day in a particular area ć It will be 1 a.m. soft red fruit, a cross between a blackberry local time when we land. and a raspberry locate ləυ keit ˽ loggia lɒd iə locate / | / verb to be located to be loggia / / noun (in southern Europe) in a particular place ć The hotel is conven- a covered gallery which is open on one side logo iently located near the motorway. ˽ cen- logo / ləυ əυ/ noun BUSINESS a symbol, trally located located in the centre of a town design or group of letters used by a company ć We are staying in a centrally located hotel. as a distinctive mark on its products and in location ləυ keiʃ ə n ć location / | ( ) / noun a place advertising The hotel group uses a small where something is ć The hotel is in a very pine tree as its logo. loin central location. loin /lɔin/ noun MEAT a cut of meat taken lock lock /lɒk/ noun 1. a device for closing a between the neck and the leg ć We had roast door or box so that it can be opened only loin of pork for dinner. lollo rosso 184
lollo rosso lollo rosso / lɒləυ rɒsəυ/ VEGETABLES a tre of London is latitude 51°30’N, longitude type of lettuce with curly red-tipped leaves 0°5’W. long lease long lɒŋ lis long /lɒŋ/ adjective for a large period of long lease / / noun a lease which time ć The hot season is very long. ˽ in the runs for fifty years or more long-range weather forecast long term over a long period of time long-range weather forecast / lɒŋ long-distance / lɒŋ distəns/ adjective reind weðə fɔkɑst/ noun a forecast travelling or extending to a point that is far covering a period of more than five days away ahead long-standing customer long-distance call call / lɒŋ distəns kɔl/ long-standing customer /lɒŋ noun a telephone call to a number which is st ndiŋ kstəmə/ noun BUSINESS some- in a different zone or area. Also called trunk body who has been a customer for many call years long-stay long-distance flight flight / lɒŋ distəns long-stay / lɒŋ stei/ adjective referring to flait/ noun AIR TRAVEL a flight to a destina- a stay of weeks or months tion which is a long way away long-stay car park car park / lɒŋ stei kɑ pɑk/ long-distance footpath footpath / lɒŋ distəns noun TRAVEL a car park, especially at an air- fυtpɑθ/ noun TOURISM a path laid out by port, for people who will leave their cars an official organisation, which goes for a there for several days or weeks very long way long-stay guest guest / vizitə/, long-stay long-distance skiing skiing / lɒŋ distəns visitor noun HOTELS somebody who stays in skiiŋ/ noun SPORT skiing for long dis- a hotel for some weeks or months, rather tances following marked tracks across coun- than just a few days try long-term / lɒŋ tm/ adjective planned long-distance ski trail ski trail / lɒŋ distəns to last for a long time ć a long-term project ski treil/ noun SPORT a marked path for like building a new tunnel through the Alps skiers over a long distance long-term car park car park / lɒŋ tm kɑ long drink long drink / lɒŋ driŋk/ noun BEVERAGES pɑk/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as long- 1. a drink with a lot of liquid, such as a drink stay car park long weekend lɒŋ wik end of spirits (gin, whisky, etc.) to which soda long weekend / | / noun the water, tonic water, fruit juice, etc., is added period from Friday to Monday loo 2. a drink of beer, cider, shandy, diluted fruit loo /lu/ noun a toilet (informal) ć Where’s juice, etc. the loo? ć She’s gone to the loo. (NOTE: This long-grain rice long-grain rice / lɒŋ rein rais/ noun is the term which is used most often in Brit- FOOD rice with long grains used in savoury ain.) dishes loose /lus/ adjective not packed or pack- long-haul long-haul / lɒŋ hɔl/ adjective relating to aged together ˽ to sell sth loose to sell e.g. travel or transport over long distances biscuits, sweets, flour or sugar in small quan- long-haul flight flight / lɒŋ hɔl flait/ noun tities which are separately weighed, not in AIR TRAVEL a long-distance flight, especially packets one between continents loose change change / lus tʃeind / noun long-haul market market / lɒŋ hɔl mɑkit/ money in coins loose tea noun AIR TRAVEL the market for long-haul loose tea / lus ti/ noun BEVERAGES tea flights ć The long-haul market is booming. which is not in teabags long-haul visitors lɒŋ hɔl vizitəz lorry long-haul visitors / / lorry / lɒri/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a large vehi- plural noun TOURISM visitors who come cle used to transport goods. Also called from other continents truck longhouse lɒŋhaυs lorry driver longhouse / / noun a communal lorry driver / lɒri draivə/ noun ROAD dwelling place, especially on the island of TRAVEL somebody who drives a lorry Borneo lose luz longitude lose / / verb 1. not to have something longitude / lɒŋ itjud/ noun a position any more ˽ to lose customers to have fewer on the Earth’s surface measured in degrees customers ć Their service is so slow that they east or west have been losing customers. 2. to have less ˽ COMMENT: Longitude is measured from the pound has lost value the pound is worth Greenwich (a town in England, just east of less ˽ to lose weight to become thinner ć London) and, together with latitude, is used to indicate an exact position on the She spent a week at a health farm trying to earth’s surface. Longitude is measured in lose weight. 3. to drop to a lower price ć The degrees, minutes and seconds. The cen- dollar lost two cents against the yen. 4. ˽ to 185 luggage claim lose your way to get lost, to be unable to find low-alcohol / ləυ lkəhɒl/ adjective the way to where you were going BEVERAGES containing very little alcohol ć loss /lɒs/ noun 1. not having something I’m driving, so I’ll have a low-alcohol lager. low-alcohol beer which you had before ć She reported the loss low-alcohol beer / ləυ lkəhɒl biə/ of her passport to the police. 2. having less noun BEVERAGES beer containing very little money than before, not making a profit ˽ the alcohol company suffered a loss the company did low-cal / ləυ k l/ adjective same as low- not make a profit ˽ at a loss making a loss, calorie not making any profit ć The company is low-calorie / ləυ k ləri/ adjective con- trading at a loss. ć He sold the shop at a loss. taining very few calories or fewer calories ˽ to cut one’s losses to stop doing something than normal ć She’s on a low-calorie diet. low-cost which was losing money low-cost / ləυ kɒst/ adjective cheap ć lost lost /lɒst/ adjective that cannot be found ˽ low-cost accommodation to get lost to lose your way, to be unable to low-cost travel travel / ləυ kɒst tr v(ə)l/ ć find the way to where you were going They noun TRAVEL cheap travel got lost in the fog and mountain rescue teams lower berth berth / ləυə bθ/ noun a bottom had to be sent out to find them. lost and found office bed lost and found office / lɒst ən faυnd lower deck ləυə dek ɒfis lower deck / / noun ROAD / noun US same as lost property TRAVEL the ground level section of a double- office decker bus lost property lɒst prɒpəti low-fat lost property / / noun per- low-fat / ləυ f t/ adjective CATERING con- sonal belongings which have been lost by taining very little fat ć Do you have any low- their owners fat yoghurt? lost property office lost property office /lɒst prɒpəti low-grade / ləυ reid/ adjective of not ɒfis/ noun an office which collects objects very good quality low season which people have left behind and keeps low season / ləυ siz(ə)n/ noun TOURISM them until the owners claim them. Also same as off-season ć Tour operators urge called lost and found office (NOTE: The more people to travel in the low season. ć US English for this is lost and found Air fares are cheaper in the low season. office.) loyal toast / lɔiəl təυst/ noun lounge loyal toast a toast to lounge /laυnd / noun a comfortable room the Queen, at the end of a banquet in a hotel, cruise liner, etc. COMMENT: The loyal toast is drunk before lounge bar bar / laυnd bɑ/ noun a bar in a coffee is served, and after it, guests are pub or hotel which is more comfortable than allowed to smoke. The loyal toast comes the public bar, and where the drinks may be before speeches and other toasts. During the time when toasts are being called and slightly more expensive speeches made, waiters make sure that ‘British Airways is to open a £1.6 million lounge guests’ glasses are filled. at Heathrow for arriving passengers. The lounge, LRV which is claimed to be the first of its kind in the LRV abbreviation AIR TRAVEL light refresh- world, will enable passengers to freshen up after ment voucher luge an overnight intercontinental flight with a shower luge /lu / noun SPORT a sledge for down- while a valet irons their clothes’ [The Times] hill competition racing, on which two or ‘…business passengers departing Heathrow Ter- more people lie on their backs, with their feet minal 3 with hand luggage only, can avoid the going first queues and hurry straight through to the airline’s luggage l id new airside lounge to check in’ [Business Trav- luggage / / noun TRAVEL suitcases eller] or bags for carrying clothes when travelling low low /ləυ/ adjective small, not high ć Low (NOTE: There is no plural form: to show one overhead costs keep the room price low. ć suitcase, etc., you can say a piece of lug- We try to keep our wages bill low. ć By gage. Note also that US English uses bag- restricting the choice of dishes, the restau- gage more often than luggage.) luggage allowance l id ə laυəns rant can keep its prices lower than those of luggage allowance / | / the competition. ć The pound is at a very low noun AIR TRAVEL the weight of luggage rate of exchange against the dollar. ć Our which an air passenger is allowed to take free aim is to buy at the lowest price possible. when they travel. Also called free luggage (NOTE: low – lower – lowest) ˽ low sales a allowance small amount of money produced by sales ˽ luggage claim claim / l id kleim/ noun low volume of sales a small number of items TRAVEL a place in an airport where luggage sold comes off the plane onto a carousel to be luggage lift 186 claimed by the passengers. Also called bag- lunch together and listen to someone make a gage claim speech after the meal luggage lift luncheon meat luggage lift / l id lift/ noun HOTELS a luncheon meat / lntʃən mit/ noun special lift for taking guests’ luggage up to MEAT a tinned meat loaf containing mostly different floors of a hotel. Also called bag- minced pork gage lift luncheon voucher voucher / lnʃtən vaυtʃə/ luggage lockers luggage lockers / l id lɒkəz/ plural noun CATERING a ticket given by an noun TRAVEL series of small cupboards in employer to an employee in addition to their e.g. an airport or railway station where pas- wages, which can be exchanged for food in a sengers can leave luggage locked away restaurant safely lunch hour hour / lntʃ aυə/, lunchtime luggage rack luggage rack / l id r k/ noun RAIL / lntʃtaim/ noun the time when people TRAVEL a device above the seats in a train for have lunch ć a series of lunchtime concerts holding luggage. Also called baggage rack in the public gardens ć The office is closed luggage reclaim reclaim / l id rikleim/ during the lunch hour or at lunchtimes. noun TRAVEL same as luggage claim luscious / lʃəs/ adjective sweet and juicy luggage stand luggage stand / l id st nd/ noun luxurious l zjυəriəs luxurious / | / adjective very HOTELS a special low bench for holding lug- comfortable ć The guest rooms have been gage in a hotel room. Also called baggage refurnished with luxurious carpets and fit- stand tings. ć Business class is not as luxurious as luggage trolley luggage trolley / l id trɒli/ noun first class. TRAVEL a trolley at an airport, railway station, luxury / lkʃəri/ noun an expensive thing ferry terminal, etc. on which passengers can which is not necessary but which is good to put their luggage. Also called baggage trol- have ć a black market in luxury articles ley, baggage cart luxury goods lkʃəri υdz lukewarm luk wɔm luxury goods / / plural lukewarm / | / adjective slightly noun expensive items which are not basic ć warm, not hot enough The bathwater is necessities ć only lukewarm. We sent back the coffee luxury hotel lkʃəri həυ tel because it was lukewarm. luxury hotel / | / noun lunch HOTELS a very good hotel, with luxurious lunch /lntʃ/ noun CATERING a meal eaten ć rooms and higher prices in the middle of the day The hours of work luxury rating lkʃəri reitiŋ are from 9.30 to 5.30 with an hour off for luxury rating / / noun lunch. ć The chairman is out at lunch. ć The HOTELS a rating system which grades hotels restaurant serves 150 lunches a day. ć Take according to their comfort luxury suite your seats for the first sitting for lunch. luxury suite / lkʃəri swit/ noun luncheon / lntʃən/ noun same as lunch HOTELS a series of extremely comfortable (formal) ć Luncheon is served in the small rooms in a hotel, apartment block or on a dining room from 12.30 to 2 p.m. (NOTE: The ship lychee word luncheon is usually used in formal lychee / laitʃi/ noun FRUIT same as litchi lyophilise lai ɒfilaiz menus.) lyophilise / | / verb CATERING to luncheon club club / lntʃən klb/ noun a freeze-dry, a method of preserving food by group of people who meet regularly to eat freezing it rapidly and drying in a vacuum M m abbreviation metre or mile or million to put a letter in the mail ć The cheque was macaroni m kə rəυni lost in the mail. ć The invoice was put in the macaroni / | / noun FOOD short thick tubes of pasta, often served with a mail yesterday. ć Mail to some of the islands cheese sauce in the Pacific can take six weeks. Also called macaroon m kə run post ˽ by mail using the postal services, not macaroon / | / noun BREAD, ETC. a small sweet almond biscuit sending something by hand or by messenger macchiato ˽ m ki ɑtəυ by sea mail sent by post abroad, using a macchiato / | / noun BEVER- ship ˽ we sent the order by first-class mail AGES a drink of espresso coffee with a small by the most expensive mail service, designed amount of steamed milk on top ć mackerel 2. Has m krəl to be faster letters sent or received mackerel / / noun SEAFOOD a sea the mail arrived yet? ć Your cheque arrived fish with dark flesh, eaten grilled or smoked in yesterday’s mail. ć My assistant opens my and also used for canning ć We had smoked mail as soon as it arrives. ć The receipt was mackerel as a starter. in this morning’s mail. í verb to send some- macrobiotic m krəυbai ɒtik macrobiotic / | / adjec- thing by post ć to mail a letter confirming the tive referring to a vegan diet of seeds, grains, booking ć We mailed our confirmation last and organically grown fruit and vegetables, Wednesday. said to prolong life and balance the body’s mailbox / meilbɒks/ noun 1. one of sev- systems eral boxes where incoming mail is put in a mad cow disease m d kaυ di ziz mad cow disease / | / large building, or a box for putting letters and noun same as bovine spongiform enceph- packages in which you want to post 2. an alopathy address where e-mail messages are received made to measure meid tə me ə mailing list made to measure / / mailing list / meiliŋ list/ noun same as adjective made specially to fit ć He has his address list clothes made to measure. mail rack meil r k madras mə drɑs mail rack / / noun HOTELS a rack madras / | / noun FOOD a fairly hot where letters for guests or occupants are put curried dish made with meat, spices, chillies, main mein ć and lentils main / / adjective most important ć ć maggot m ət main post office main dining room main maggot / / noun the soft-bodied, lounge ć main bar legless larva of a fly, such as a bluebottle, main course / mein kɔs/, main dish warble fly or fruit fly ć The meat was cov- main course ered in maggots. noun CATERING the largest and most impor- maid meid tant part of a meal maid / / noun 1. a girl or woman who main deck mein dek helps in the house, especially doing cleaning main deck / / noun SHIPS AND and serving at meals ć The maid forgot to BOATS the deck with the most important change the towels. 2. HOTELS same as cham- facilities, such as the restaurant and bars main door bermaid ć The chalet has a daily maid to do main door, main entrance noun HOTELS the cleaning. the most important door or entrance to a maiden flight flight / meid(ə)n flait/, maiden hotel main office voyage / meid(ə)n vɔiid / noun TRAVEL main office / mein ɒfis/ noun same as the first flight by an aircraft or first voyage head office by a ship ć The ‘Titanic’ sank on her maiden main post office post office / mein pəυst ɒfis/ voyage across the Atlantic in 1912. noun a large post office in a big town, which maiden name name / meid(ə)n neim/ noun handles all the services available through the surname of a woman before she married post offices. Also called central post office mail /meil/ noun 1. a system of sending let- main road road /mein rəυd/, main thorough- ters and parcels from one place to another ć fare noun ROAD TRAVEL an important road, mainstream tourism 188 used by a lot of traffic ć The hotel is noisy as make /meik/ verb 1. to prepare or to do ˽ it stands at the crossing of two main roads. to make the beds to tidy the beds after they mainstream tourism tourism / meinstrim have been slept in 2. ˽ to make a call to use tυəriz(ə)m/ noun tourism to well-estab- the telephone ˽ to make a deposit to pay lished holiday destinations using ordinary money as a deposit ˽ to make a payment to means of transport and not requiring special pay arrangements make up up / meik p/ verb ˽ to make up a Main Street Street / mein strit/ noun US the room to prepare a room in a hotel for the most important street in a town, where the next guest, by cleaning it, putting clean shops and banks are (NOTE: In British Eng- sheets and pillowcases on the bed and lish, this is High Street.) putting fresh towels, shampoo and soap in maintain mein tein the bathroom ˽ to make up the beds to put maintain / | / verb 1. to keep something in good working order ć to main- clean sheets and pillowcases on beds makeup tain good relations with one’s customers ć to makeup / meikp/ noun cosmetic prod- maintain contact with a courier overseas by ucts, e.g. lipstick, foundation and eye phone 2. to make something stay the same ć shadow, used on the face malaria mə leəriə The restaurant has maintained the same vol- malaria / | / noun MEDICAL a ume of business in spite of the recession. mainly tropical disease caused by a parasite maintenance / meintənəns/ noun 1. which enters the body after a bite from the actions intended to keep things going or female anopheles mosquito ć Some people working ć maintenance of contacts ć main- going on holiday to African countries come tenance of supplies 2. the work of keeping a back with malaria. machine in good working order COMMENT: Malaria is a recurrent disease maintenance contract meintənəns which produces regular periods of shiver- maintenance contract / ing, vomiting, sweating and headaches as kɒntr kt/ noun BUSINESS a contract by the parasites develop in the body; the which a company keeps a piece of equip- patient also develops anaemia. Malaria ment in good working order ć We offer a full can be treated with Chloroquine, although maintenance service. Also called service some types of malaria are resistant to the contract drug. Such cases are treated with quinine. maintenance staff Prevention of malaria is not 100% certain, maintenance staff / meintənəns stɑf/ but travellers to Africa, the Middle East, noun people employed to keep something in India, the Far East and Central and South good working condition America should take a course of drugs maître d’hôtel metrədəυ tel before, during and after their trip. | maître d’hôtel / /, maître malarious mə leəriəs metrə di malarious / | / adjective MEDICAL d’ US / | / noun CATERING the per- son in charge of a restaurant, who is respon- referring to a region where malaria is sible for all the service and takes orders him- endemic mall self from customers ć The maître d’hôtel mall /mɔl/ noun US same as shopping showed us to our table. Also called head mall malt waiter malt /mɔlt/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a grain maître d’hôtel de carré meitrə dəυ maître d’hôtel de carré / | which has been prepared for making beer or tel d k rei/ noun CATERING a chief waiter whisky by being allowed to sprout and then who is in charge of a station, and takes the dried 2. US same as malted milk orders from customers. Also called station malted / mɔltid/ adjective tasting of malt malted milk head waiter malted milk / mɔltid milk/ noun BEV- maize maize /meiz/ noun FOOD a widely grown ERAGES 1. dried milk powder, flavoured with cereal crop. Also called corn (NOTE: The US malt 2. a drink made by adding fresh milk to English is corn.) this powder malt whisky COMMENT: In Europe only a small propor- malt whisky / mɔlt wiski/ noun BEVER- tion of the crop is sold for human con- AGES a whisky made from barley which has sumption as ‘corn on the cob’. Maize is the only grain crop which was introduced from been allowed to sprout and then dried manage the New World into the Old World, and it manage / m nid / verb 1. to direct, to be owes its name of Indian corn to the fact in charge of ć She manages a restaurant. ć that it was cultivated by American Indians He manages one of our hotel chains. 2. ˽ to before the arrival of European settlers. It is manage property to look after rented prop- the principal crop grown in the United ˽ States; in Mexico it is the principal food of erty for the owner 3. to manage to to be the people, being coarsely ground into able to do something ć Did you manage to flour from which tortillas are made. catch the train? ć She managed to confirm 189 map six flight bookings and take three phone calls local pub. ć The manager of our New York all in two minutes. hotel is in London for a series of meetings. management manageress m nid ə res management / m nid mənt/ noun 1. manageress / | / noun a BUSINESS the work of being in charge of a woman in charge of a shop or department ć ć managerial m nə d iəriəl business to study management good managerial / | / adjective management or efficient management ć bad referring to managers ć managerial staff ˽ to management or inefficient management ć a be appointed to a managerial position to management graduate or a graduate in man- be appointed a manager agement 2. a group of managers or directors managing director m nəd iŋ dai managing director / | ć The management has decided to give an rektə/ noun BUSINESS a director who is in overall pay increase. charge of the whole company management accountant management accountant mandatory meeting meeting / m ndət(ə)ri m nid mənt ə kaυntənt / | / noun BUSI- mitiŋ/ noun a meeting which everyone has NESS an accountant who prepares financial to attend information for managers so that they can mandolin m ndə lin mandolin / | / noun CATERING a take decisions kitchen tool for slicing vegetables, consist- management accounts management accounts ing of adjustable blades in a frame m nid mənt ə kaυnts mangetout / | / plural noun BUSI- mangetout / mɒn tu/ noun VEGETABLES NESS financial information such as sales, a variety of pea in which the whole pod is expenditure, credit, and profitability, pre- eaten pared for a manager so that he or she can take mango mango / m ŋ əυ/ noun FRUIT a tropical decisions management committee fruit, which is large, yellow or yellowish- management committee green with a soft orange pulp surrounding m nid mənt kə miti / | / noun a committee the very large flat seed which manages a club, block of flats, pen- mango chutney chutney / m ŋ əυ tʃtni/ sion fund, etc. noun SAUCES, ETC. a spicy chutney made management consultant management consultant from mangoes, eaten with Indian dishes ć m nid mənt kən sltənt / | / noun BUSI- They served mango chutney with the curry. mangosteen NESS somebody who gives advice on how to mangosteen / m n əstin/ noun FRUIT manage a business a fruit that has a dark shiny rind and a soft management contract management contract / m nid mənt sweet white flesh kɒntr kt/ noun HOTELS a contract with a Manhattan m n h t ə n Manhattan / | ( ) / noun BEVER- person or group of people to run a hotel, res- AGES a cocktail of rye whisky, Italian ver- taurant, etc., for a fee which is fixed in mouth and angostura bitters advance for a particular period of time manifest m nifest management course manifest / / noun TRAVEL a list management course / m nid mənt of goods, cargo, or passengers kɔs manpower / noun BUSINESS a training course for manpower / m npaυə/ noun the workers managers employed in a business or industry or who management team management team / m nid mənt are available to be employed ˽ manpower tim/ noun BUSINESS a group of managers shortage, shortage of manpower lack of working together workers management techniques management techniques manpower planning planning / m npaυə m nid mənt tek niks / | / plural noun BUSI- pl niŋ/ noun planning to obtain the right NESS ways of managing a business number of employees in each job management trainee management trainee / m nid mənt manpower requirements requirements / m npaυə trei ni | ri kwaiəmənts / noun BUSINESS somebody being | / plural noun the number of trained to be a manager employees needed management training training / m nid mənt manufacturer’s recommended price recommended treiniŋ/ noun BUSINESS training for staff price / m njυf ktʃərəz rekəmendid who want to be managers which makes them prais/ noun BUSINESS the price which a study problems and work out ways of solv- manufacturer suggests the product should be ing them sold at on the retail market, though it is often manager / m nid ə/ noun 1. the head of reduced by the retailer. Abbr MRP. Also a department in a company ć personnel man- called recommended retail price map ager ć sales manager ć purchasing manager map /m p/ noun a diagram of a town or 2. somebody in charge of a hotel, inn, branch country as if seen from above ć The hotel has or shop ć Mr Smith is the manager of our maps of the centre of the town. ć Do you MAP 190
marital status have any maps of the region? ć I’ll draw you marital status / m rit(ə)l steitəs/ noun a map of the town, otherwise you can easily the state of being married, single, divorced, get lost. widowed or separated MAP maritime MAP abbreviation HOTELS modified Amer- maritime / m ritaim/ adjective referring ican Plan to the sea and ships maple syrup meip ə l sirəp maritime law maple syrup / ( ) / noun maritime law / m ritaim lɔ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a sweet syrup made from the SHIPS AND BOATS laws referring to ships, sap of the sugar maple tree ports and conduct at sea maraschino m rə ʃinəυ marjoram maraschino / | / noun FOOD a marjoram / mɑd ərəm/ noun SAUCES, cherry preserved in liqueur, used to decorate ETC. a herb used in Mediterranean cooking, a drink or cake especially pizzas marble mɑb ə l mark marble / ( ) / noun a very hard type mark /mɑk/ noun a sign put on an item to of stone which can be polished so that it show something í verb to make a mark or ć shines The entrance hall has a marble write on something ć to mark a product ‘for floor. export only’ ć an article marked at £1.50 ć Mardi Gras Mardi Gras / mɑdi rɑ/ noun ENTER- to mark the price on something
mark down TAINMENT a festival at the beginning of Lent mark down / mɑk daυn/ verb to reduce celebrated in many Catholic countries with the price of something ć The holiday pack- Shrove elaborate festivals. Also called age has been marked down to £224. ć We Tuesday have marked all prices down by 30% for the margarine mɑd ə rin margarine / | / noun FOOD a sale. ˽ to mark down a price to reduce the mixture of animal or vegetable fat which is price of something ć The holiday package used instead of butter has been marked down to £224. ć We have marge marge /mɑd / noun FOOD same as mar- marked all prices down by 30% for the sale. mark-down garine (informal) mark-down / mɑk daυn/ noun 1. a margin margin / mɑd in/ noun BUSINESS the dif- reduction of the price of something 2. a per- ference between the money received when centage amount by which a price is lowered selling a product and the money paid for it ć We have used a 30% mark-down to fix the marginal pricing pricing / mɑd in(ə)l sale price. market praisiŋ/ noun BUSINESS basing the selling market / mɑkit/ noun 1. a place, often in price of a product on its variable costs of pro- the open air, where farm produce is sold ć duction plus a margin, but excluding fixed fish market ć flower market ć open-air mar- costs ket ˽ antiques market a series of shops or marina mə rinə marina / | / noun SHIPS AND BOATS stalls under one roof where antiques are sold a harbour with floating jetties where a large 2. BUSINESS demand for or possible sales of number of pleasure boats can be tied up ć a particular type of product ć The market for Her yacht was moored in the marina. fly-drive holidays has risen sharply. ć We marinade have 20% of the British caravan market. ć marinade / m rineid/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a mixture of wine and herbs in which meat or There is no market for expensive package tours in November. 3. ˽ the black market fish is soaked before cooking í verb CATER- a ING to soak meat or fish in a mixture of wine system of buying and selling goods in a way and herbs ć Marinade the meat for twelve which is not allowed by law, as in a time of rationing ć There is a flourishing black mar- hours before cooking. ˽ marinate m rineit ket in spare parts for cars. to pay black- marinate / / verb CATERING market prices to pay high prices to get items same as marinade which are not easily available 4. ˽ up mar- marinated marinated / m rinteitid/ adjective ket, down market more expensive or less CATERING soaked in a mixture of wine and expensive ˽ to go up market, to go down herbs before being cooked ć Anchovies are market to make products which appeal to a not cured but are marinated in-house. wealthy section of the market or to a wider, marine park mə rin pɑk í marine park / | / noun TOUR- less wealthy, section of the market verb to ISM a natural park created on the bottom of sell something ć This product is being mar- the sea, as on a tropical reef, where visitors keted in all European countries. market day go into observation chambers under the sea market day / mɑkit dei/ noun a day to look at the fish and plant life when a market is regularly held ć Tuesday is marital / m rit(ə)l/ adjective referring to market day, so the streets are closed to traf- marriage fic. 191 mashed potatoes market dues dues / mɑkit djuz/ plural increase a price ć These prices have been noun rent for a stall in a market marked up by 10%. mark-up market forces forces / mɑkit fɔsiz/ plural mark-up / mɑk p/ noun 1. an increase in noun BUSINESS influences on the sales of a the price of something ć We put into effect a product 10% mark-up of all prices in June. 2. BUSI- marketing mɑkitiŋ NESS an amount added to the cost price to marketing / / noun techniques ˽ used in selling a product, e.g. packaging and give the selling price we work to a 3.5 advertising times mark-up or to a 350% mark-up we marketing department mɑkitiŋ di take the unit cost and multiply by 3.5 to give marketing department / | pɑtmənt the selling price / noun BUSINESS the department marmalade mɑməleid in a company which specialises in ways of marmalade / / noun SAUCES, ETC. jam made of oranges, or other citrus selling a product ˽ marketing manager fruit such as lemon or grapefruit Seville marketing manager / mɑkitiŋ m nid ə orange marmalade marmalade made with / noun MARKETING somebody in bitter oranges charge of a marketing department marketing mix COMMENT: Marmalade is eaten with toast marketing mix / mɑkitiŋ miks/ noun at breakfast, and not at any other time of MARKETING a combination of elements that day. marquee mɑ ki make up marketing, e.g. price, distribution marquee / | / noun ENTERTAINMENT and advertising a very large tent, used for wedding recep- market leader leader / mɑkit lidə/ noun tions, prize-givings, etc. ć The wedding BUSINESS the company with the largest mar- reception was held in a marquee in the gar- ket share ć We are the market leader in self- den. marquise mɑ kiz catering packages to Spain. marquise / | / noun 1. a cold market opportunities mɑkit ɒpə market opportunities / | French dessert consisting of whipped cream tjunitiz/ plural noun BUSINESS the possi- folded into fruit-flavoured ice 2. a French bility of finding new sales in a market dessert consisting of either a rich chocolate market penetration mɑkit peni mousse or a spongy chocolate cake, or a market penetration / | treiʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS same as market combination of chocolate mousse and cake marrow share marrow / m rəυ/ noun VEGETABLES a market price large green cylindrical vegetable with market price / mɑkit prais/ noun BUSI- spongy white flesh from a plant of the melon NESS the price at which a product can be sold market research mɑkit ri stʃ family (NOTE: Usually marrows are picked market research / | / noun when very small; at this stage they are BUSINESS the work of examining the possible called courgettes or zucchini.) sales of a product before it is put on the mar- marsala mɑ sɑlə ket marsala / | / noun BEVERAGES a market segment sweet Italian wine mɑkit se mənt marshmallow market segment / / mɑʃ m ləυ marshmallow / | / noun FOOD noun a section of a market defined by partic- a soft spongy sweet made from sugar syrup, ular criteria market share egg whites, and flavouring market share / mɑkit ʃeə/ noun BUSI- martini mɑ tini martini / | / noun BEVERAGES a NESS the percentage of a total market which drink made of gin or vodka and dry or sweet the sales of a company cover ć We hope our vermouth new product range will increase our market marzipan mɑzip n share. Also called market penetration marzipan / / noun FOOD a paste market square mɑkit skweə made from ground almonds, sugar and egg, market square / / noun a used to cover a fruit cake before icing or to square where a market is held ć The hotel is make individual little sweets in the square opposite the town hall. masala mə sɑlə market survey masala / | / noun FOOD a mixture of mɑkit svei market survey / / noun spices ground into a paste, used to flavour MARKETING a general report on the state of a South Asian dishes, or a dish flavoured with market this kind of a paste market town mɑkit taυn mash market town / / noun TOUR- mash /m ʃ/ noun FOOD mashed potatoes ISM a town which has a regular market (informal) ć a plate of sausage and mash or market trend market trend / mɑkit trend/ plural bangers and mash í verb CATERING to crush noun MARKETING gradual changes taking food to a soft paste place in a market mashed potatoes m ʃt pə teitəυz mashed potatoes / | / mark up mark up / mɑk p/ verb to increase the plural noun FOOD potatoes which have been price of something ˽ to mark a price up to peeled, boiled and then crushed with butter mass 192 and milk until they form a soft cream. Also mat /m t/ noun a small piece of carpet or called creamed potatoes woven straw, etc., used as a floor covering mass m s mature mə tʃυə mass / / noun 1. a large group of peo- mature / | / verb to develop a fuller ple 2. a large number or quantity of things ć flavour over time í adjective old enough to We have a mass of letters or masses of letters have acquired the maximum flavour to write. ć They received a mass of inquiries maximum load load / m ksiməm ləυd/ or masses of inquiries after the TV commer- noun the largest weight of goods which a cials. lorry or aircraft can carry massage m sɑ Maximum Permitted Mileage massage / / ENTERTAINMENT Maximum Permitted Mileage noun noun an act of rubbing the body to relieve AIR TRAVEL the distance calculated according pain or to improve circulation ć She went to to the IATA mileage allowance for a direct the sauna for a massage and a bath. í verb flight between two towns. Abbr MPM to rub someone’s body to relieve pain or to Mayday Mayday / meidei/ noun TRAVEL an interna- improve circulation masseur tional signal to show that you are in distress m s masseur / | / noun a man who mas- ć The ship sent out a Mayday call. ˽ the air- sages ć The health club employs a qualified craft captain put out a Mayday the captain masseur. ć A session with the masseur leaves radioed a message to air traffic control to say you feeling really fit. the aircraft was in danger masseuse m sz mayo masseuse / | / noun a woman who mayo / meiəυ/ noun same as mayonnaise massages mayonnaise meiə neiz mass leisure m s le ə mayonnaise / | / noun SAUCES, mass leisure / / noun the eve- ETC. a sauce for cold dishes, made of oil, ryday leisure pursuits of the majority of a eggs and lemon juice or vinegar ć Would you population like some mayonnaise on your salad? ć We mass marketing mass marketing / m s mɑkitiŋ/ noun bought tuna mayonnaise sandwiches. MARKETING marketing which aims at reach- COMMENT: Mayonnaise is served with ing large numbers of people cold boiled eggs (oeufs mayonnaise), with mass media mass media / m s midiə/ noun ENTER- cold lobster (lobster mayonnaise), and TAINMENT the various means of communicat- other cold dishes; it is also used as a base for other sauces, such as tartare sauce, ing information to the public, e.g. television, Thousand Island dressing, etc. radio and newspapers, considered together MC mass tourism m s tυəriz ə m MC abbreviation ENTERTAINMENT Master of mass tourism / ( ) / noun Ceremonies TOURISM tourism involving large numbers of MCA em si ei people MCA / / abbreviation CATERING master mɑstə Master of Culinary Arts master / / adjective main, which mead mid controls ć the master copy of the guest list mead / / noun BEVERAGES an alcoholic master bedroom mɑstə bedrum drink made from honey master bedroom / / meal mil noun the main bedroom meal / / noun CATERING 1. food eaten at master franchise ć master franchise / mɑstə fr ntʃaiz/ a particular time of day Full board includes three meals: breakfast, lunch and noun BUSINESS the main franchise for an ć area, from which other outlets are sub- fran- dinner. You can have your meals in your chised room at a small extra charge. 2. roughly ı master key mɑstə ki ground flour. wholemeal flour master key / / noun the main meal service mil svis key which opens all doors in a building meal service / / noun AIR Master of Ceremonies mɑstə əv TRAVEL the serving of meals on a plane Master of Ceremonies / meal time meal time / mil taim/ noun CATERING the serəməniz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT some- body who introduces the speakers at a din- time when a meal is usually served ć Meal ner, or at some official meeting. Abbr MC times are shown on the noticeboard. measure Master of Culinary Arts me ə Master of Culinary Arts / mɑstə əv measure / / noun 1. a way of calcu- BEVERAGES klin(ə)ri ɑts/ noun CATERING an award lating size or quantity 2. a serv- ing of alcohol or wine when served by the made every four years by the Academy of ˽ Culinary Arts to senior restaurant personnel. glass to give short measure to serve Abbr MCA smaller quantities of alcohol than is allowed ı ‘…the Master of Culinary Arts (MCA) has been by law. inspector of weights and meas- awarded to just 20 chefs and restaurant managers ures í verb to find out the size or quantity of since its inception in 1987’ [Caterer & Hotel- something ć to measure the size of a package keeper] ˽ to be measured for a suit to have your master switch switch / mɑstə switʃ/ noun a measurements, e.g. arm length, chest, waist, switch which controls all other switches taken by a tailor when making a suit for you 193 melon measurements me əmənts medical certificate medik ə l sə measurements / / plural medical certificate / ( ) | noun size represented in inches or centime- tifikət/ noun MEDICAL a document signed tres ć to take down a customer’s measure- by a doctor to show that an employee has ments been ill measuring tape me əriŋ teip medical inspection medik ə l in measuring tape / / noun medical inspection / ( ) | same as tape measure spekʃ(ə)n/ noun MEDICAL an examination meat meat /mit/ noun FOOD food from an ani- of a place of work to check that the condi- mal’s body ˽ the meat course the main tions will not make the employees ill medical insurance medik ə l in course in a meal, consisting of meat and veg- medical insurance / ( ) | etables ʃυərəns/ noun MEDICAL insurance which COMMENT: The names of different types of pays the cost of medical treatment, espe- meat are different from the names of the cially when travelling abroad animals from which they come. Full-grown medium midiəm cows or bulls give ‘beef’; calves give ‘veal’; medium / / adjective CATERING pigs give ‘pork’, or if salted, ‘bacon’ and cooked so that the meat is brown on the out- ‘ham’; sheep and lambs give ‘lamb’; deer side but slightly pink and moist inside give ‘venison’. Only the birds (chicken, medium-haul / midiəm hɔl/ adjective duck, goose, and turkey) give meat with AIR TRAVEL covering a distance longer than a the same name. In menus, meat is often referred to by its French name: agneau (= short-haul flight, but not as long as an inter- lamb), boeuf (= beef), porc (= pork), jam- continental flight bon (= ham), etc. medium-term / midiəm tm/ adjec- meatball meatball / mitbɔl/ noun FOOD a small tive for a period of one or two years ball of minced meat with flavourings ć meat- meet /mit/ verb 1. to come together with balls in tomato sauce someone ć to meet a tour party at the airport meat extender mil ik stendə ć ć meat extender / | / noun to meet an agent at her hotel We’re meet- CATERING any edible material or mixture ing our relatives at 2.00 at the main station. added to meat preparations to increase their 2. to be satisfactory for e.g. needs or require- bulk ments (NOTE: meeting – met) ˽ to meet the meat loaf meat loaf / mit ləυf/ noun FOOD a solid demand for a new service to provide a new block of minced meat, vegetables and fla- service which has been asked for ˽ we will vourings cooked and usually served hot try to meet your price we will try to offer a meat products mit prɒdkts price which is acceptable to you meat products / / plural meeting mitiŋ noun CATERING foods made from meat, e.g. meeting / / noun a coming together pies, sausages and pâtés of a group of people ć The staff meeting will médaillon medaiɒn be held in the lounge. médaillon / / noun a round thin meeting place slice of meat or other food meeting place / mitiŋ pleis/ noun a media midiə ˽ room or area where people can meet media / / noun the media, the meeting point mass media the various means of communi- meeting point / mitiŋ pɔint/ noun cating information to the public, e.g. televi- TRAVEL a point at an airport or railway station sion, radio and newspapers, considered as a where people can arrange to meet meeting room group ć The restaurant has attracted a lot of meeting room / mitiŋ rum/ noun same interest in the media or a lot of media inter- as conference room est. meet with with / mit wið/ verb US to come media coverage coverage / midiə kv(ə)rid / together with someone ˽ I hope to meet noun reports about something in the media ć with him in New York I hope to meet him in We got good media coverage for the launch New York of the new tour guide. Melba sauce sauce / melbə sɔs/ noun medical medical / medik(ə)l/ noun referring to the SAUCES, ETC. raspberry sauce melba toast study or treatment of illness melba toast / melbə təυst/ noun BREAD, medical aid medical aid / medik(ə)l eid/ noun 1. ETC. a toast made by grilling a slice of bread treatment of someone who is ill or injured, once, then slicing it in half and grilling it given by a doctor. ı first aid 2. medical sup- again quickly, so as to produce a sort of plies and experts sent to a country after a dis- cracker melon aster melon / melən/ noun FRUIT a sweet round medical assistance medik ə l ə medical assistance / ( ) | or cylindrical fruit with flesh varying from sist(ə)ns/ noun help given by a doctor or green to orange or white ć We had melon and nurse Parma ham as a starter. melt 194 COMMENT: Melon may be served as a first on the menu so as to produce a profit, but not course (sometimes with Parma ham), or so high as to deter customers as a dessert. The fruit can be cut into merchandising mtʃəndaiziŋ wedges or halves, with the seeds merchandising / / noun removed. The hole in a half melon can MARKETING the work of organising the dis- have port poured into it. play and promotion of goods for sale merchant melt melt /melt/ noun an open toasted sandwich, merchant / mtʃənt/ noun BUSINESS 1. a usually with cheese melted on top business person who buys and sells goods, member especially imported goods, in bulk for retail member / membə/ noun 1. somebody sale ć wine merchant 2. a company or shop who belongs to a group or a society 2. BUSI- which accepts a particular type of credit card NESS an organisation which belongs to a for purchases ć group or a society the member countries of merchant number mtʃənt nmbə the EC ć the member companies of ABTA merchant number / / ménage noun FINANCE the number of the merchant, me nɑ ménage / | / noun CATERING the printed at the top of the report slip when cleaning and preparing of a restaurant for depositing credit card payments guests (NOTE: ménage comes from the meringue mə r ŋ meringue / | / noun DESSERTS a French noun meaning ‘housework’.) mixture of whipped egg white and caster meningitis menin d aitis meningitis / | / noun MEDI- sugar, dried slowly in the oven CAL inflammation of part of the brain, where COMMENT: Small individual meringues the patient has violent headaches, fever, and can be served with cream or fruit salad; stiff neck muscles, and can become delirious meringue mixture can also be spread on ˽ aseptic meningitis a relatively mild viral top of a fruit pie before cooking. meshuval mə ʃυvəl form of meningitis meshuval / | / noun BEVERAGES COMMENT: Meningitis is a serious viral or wine which has been boiled to make it bacterial disease which can cause brain kosher. ı kosher damage and even death. The bacterial ‘…although a few Champagne houses already form can be treated with antibiotics. produce kosher Champagnes, Nicolas Feuillatte men’s room men’s room / menz rum/ noun espe- is the first Champagne brand to offer a meshuval cuvée. Meshuval wine undergoes a special vinifi- cially US a public toilet for men cation close to the pasteurisation process that menu menu / menju/ noun CATERING a printed enables it to be served by non-religious individu- list of food available in a restaurant ć The als’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] mess breakfast menu is displayed on each table. ć mess /mes/ noun a place where service- The menu changes every week. ć Some spe- men or policemen live and eat cial dishes are not on the menu, but are writ- message / mesid / noun information ten on a special board. ć The dinner menu which is sent to someone ć I will leave a starts at £30 per person. message with the receptionist. ć Can you COMMENT: The normal menu for a three- give Mr Smith a message from his wife? ć He course meal (lunch or dinner) will consist says he never received the message. of an hors d’oeuvre, starter or soup, fol- message board board / mesid bɔd/, mes- lowed by a main course of fish, meat or a sage rack noun a special board or rack vegetarian dish, then a dessert or cheese. More elaborate menus will have a fish or where messages are put messenger pasta course as well as a meat course, messenger / mesind ə/ noun somebody and a dessert as well as cheese. Note that who brings a message ć She sent the package in English menus, the dessert course by special messenger or by motorcycle mes- comes before the cheese, while in French senger. menus, the cheese comes before the des- messing sert. messing / mesiŋ/ noun ENTERTAINMENT menu card menju kɑd arrangements for providing food, accommo- menu card / / noun CATER- dation and leisure activities for servicemen ING a card placed on the table at a formal din- mess manager mes m nid ə ner, showing the dishes which will be served mess manager / / noun menu holder somebody in charge of catering, housekeep- menju həυldə menu holder / / noun a ing, etc., in a mess little metal or plastic holder for a menu on a metal detector met ə l di tektə metal detector / ( ) | / noun table a device that sounds an alarm if it senses that menu planning menu planning / menju pl niŋ/ noun metal is present and is used to check whether CATERING planning menus for special occa- people are carrying weapons or other dan- sions, as well as for daily use gerous objects, e.g. at airports menu pricing menju praisiŋ meteorological mitiərə lɒd ik ə l menu pricing / / noun meteorological / | ( ) / CATERING the work of giving prices to dishes adjective referring to weather or climate 195 middle management Meteorological Office mitiərə metropolitan metrə pɒlit ə n Meteorological Office / | metropolitan / | ( ) / adjec- lɒd ik(ə)l ɒfis/, Met Office /met ɒfis/ tive referring to the whole of a large town ć noun a central government office which Metropolitan New York covers 200 square analyses weather reports and forecasts the miles. meunière mni eə weather meunière / | / adjective CATERING meteorological station mitiərə meteorological station / | referring to e.g. fish that is dredged in flour, lɒd ik(ə)l steiʃ(ə)n/ noun a research sta- fried in butter, and sprinkled with lemon tion which notes weather conditions juice and chopped parsley meteorologist mitiə rɒləd ist meze metsə meteorologist / | / noun meze / / noun FOOD an assortment of a scientist who specialises in the study of the snacks, e.g. stuffed vine leaves, small pas- weather and the atmosphere tries, or grilled sausages, served with drinks meteorology mitiə rɒləd i as an appetiser or a light meal in Greece and meteorology / | / noun the science of studying the weather and the Southwest Asia mezzanine atmosphere mezzanine / metsənin/ noun a floor meter / mitə/ noun 1. a device for count- between the ground floor and the first floor ć ing how much of something has been used 2. The chalet has an open-plan living room US same as metre with a mezzanine bedroom above. mezze metered Internet access metsə metered Internet access / mitəd mezze / / noun FOOD same as meze mg intənet kses/ noun HOTELS access to the mg abbreviation milligram Internet via the telephone in a guest’s room, mi abbreviation mile mice which is paid for by the guest mice /mais/ mouse method Michelin method / meθəd/ noun a way of doing Michelin / miʃəl n/ noun CATERING a something ć What is the best method of pay- French tyre company, which produces guide ment? ć What method of payment do you books and awards stars to the best restau- prefer? rants methylated spirits methylated spirits / meθəleitid Michelin star star / miʃəlin stɑ/ noun spirits/, meths /meθs/ noun CATERING CATERING an award made to the very best alcohol, stained purple, used as fuel in small restaurants, graded from one to three stars burners to keep food hot at table, or for cook- microbrewery mairəυ bruəri microbrewery / | / noun ing particular dishes at table BARS a small brewery that produces special- metre metre / mitə/ noun a measure of length ised beers in small quantities, often selling equalling 3.4 feet (NOTE: This is usually writ- them on the premises microwave ten m after figures: The case is 2m wide by microwave / maikrəweiv/ CATERING 3m long. The US spelling is meter.) noun an oven which heats by using very metric metric / metrik/ adjective using the metre short-wave radiation ć Put the pie in the as a basic measurement ˽ the metric system microwave for two minutes to heat it up. í a system of measuring using metres, litres verb to heat a dish in a microwave (informal) and grams ć The pie isn’t very hot – can you microwave metric ton ton / metrik tn/, metric tonne it a bit more? noun 1000 kilograms ‘…among the 300 frequent travellers questioned, metro metrəυ microwave ovens were cited as the single most metro / / noun RAIL TRAVEL an important item in a hotel room’ [Caterer & underground railway system, or overground Hotelkeeper] tram system ć the Paris metro microwaveable, microwavable adjec- COMMENT: The Paris underground railway tive CATERING possible to cook in a micro- was called the ‘métropolitain’, shortened wave ć frozen microwaveable TV dinners to ‘le métro’ or ‘the metro’ in English, and mid- this name is used in several other coun- mid- /mid/ prefix middle ˽ from mid-1998 tries, including Newcastle in the UK and from the middle of 1998 ć The hotel is Brussels in Belgium. In Germany, under- closed until mid-July. ground railways are called ‘U-Bahn’. The middle lane mid ə l lein London underground railway is called the middle lane / ( ) / noun ROAD ‘underground’, or simply, the ‘tube’. In TRAVEL a track in the centre of a three-lane North American, an underground railway carriageway is called a ‘subway’. middle management management / mid(ə)l metropolis mi trɒpəlis m nid mənt metropolis / | / noun a very / noun BUSINESS the depart- large town ć The plan will provide an inte- ment managers of a company who carry out grated transport system suitable for a mod- the policy set by the directors and organise ern metropolis. the work of a group of workers mid-month 196 mid-month / mid mnθ/ adjective taking of puff pastry with a filling of cream and place in the middle of the month jam, topped with icing sugar or icing mid-range millet mid-range / mid reind / adjective ˽ a millet / milit/ noun FOOD a common cereal mid-range hotel a hotel which is neither crop grown in many of the hot, dry regions of very expensive and luxurious nor very cheap Africa and Asia, where it is a staple food and simple milligram / mili r m/, milligramme midweek mid wik mili r m midweek / | / adjective, adverb / / noun one thousandth of a gram happening in the middle of the week ć If you (NOTE: This is usually written mg after fig- travel midweek, the fares are higher than if a ures.) Saturday night is included. ˽ midweek bar- millilitre / mililitə/ noun one thousandth gain break a special holiday package for the of a litre (NOTE: This is usually written ml middle of a week after figures. The US spelling is milliliter.) mild millimetre mild /maild/ noun BEVERAGES formerly, a millimetre / milimitə/ noun one thou- type of brown beer, which is less alcoholic sandth of a metre (NOTE: This is usually writ- and sweeter than ‘bitter’ í adjective 1. not ten mm after figures. The US spelling is sharp or strong-tasting ć yoghurt-based millimeter.) sauces are milder ć We’ll choose the mildest million / miljən/ noun the number curry on the menu. Opposite hot 2. not 1,000,000 ć The company lost £10 million severe, as of weather ć Winters in the south on the North American route. ć Our turnover of the country are usually milder than in the has risen to $13.4 million. ć The museum north. (NOTE: milder – mildest) had over one million visitors in its first year. mile mile /mail/ noun a measure of length equal- (NOTE: Million can be written m after fig- ling 1.625 kilometres (NOTE: This is usually ures: $5m (say ‘five million dollars’).) ˽ mince written m after figures.) the car does mince /mins/ noun MEAT meat, usually twenty-five miles to the gallon, twenty-five beef, which has been ground into very small miles per gallon the car uses one gallon of pieces or into a paste ć She asked for a pound petrol to travel twenty-five miles of mince. í verb CATERING to grind meat into mileage mileage / mailid / noun TRAVEL the dis- very small pieces or into a paste ć a pound of tance travelled in miles minced beef or minced pork (NOTE: The US mileage allowance mailid ə laυəns mileage allowance / | / English for minced beef and mince is noun BUSINESS money paid per mile as ground beef.) mincemeat expenses to someone who uses their own car mincemeat / minsmit/ noun FOOD a for business travel mixture of dried fruit, suet, nuts and spices, milk milk /milk/ noun DAIRY a white liquid pro- used to make pies at Christmas time mince pie duced by female mammals for feeding their mince pie / mins pai/ noun FOOD a small young, especially the milk produced by cows pie, filled with mincemeat, eaten at Christ- í verb to take the milk from an animal mas time, usually hot milk bar milk bar / milk bɑ/ noun CATERING a bar mincer / minsə/, mincing machine minsiŋ mə ʃin which serves milk, other milk products such / | / noun CATERING a as ice cream, and non-alcoholic drinks machine for grinding up meat into very small milk chocolate chocolate / milk tʃɒklət/ noun pieces ć Badly cleaned mincers are a source FOOD a sweet pale brown chocolate made of contamination. (NOTE: The US English is with milk a grinder.) milk products mine host milk products / milk prɒdkts/ plural mine host / main həυst/ BARS host noun CATERING milk and other foodstuffs mineral water water / min(ə)rəl wɔtə/ noun produced from it, which are sold for human BEVERAGES water which comes naturally consumption e.g. liquid milk, butter, cheese, from the ground and is sold in bottles cream, ice cream, condensed milk and milk COMMENT: There are thousands of types powder of mineral water, each with different prop- milkshake milkshake / milkʃeik/ noun BEVERAGES a erties. From France, the commonest are Evian, Vichy, Perrier, Badoit, etc.; from drink made from milk mixed with flavouring Italy: San Pelligrino; from Belgium: Spa and sometimes ice cream water, etc. British waters include Malvern, mill /mil/ verb 1. to grind grain or seed by Ashbourne, Highland Spring. 2. minestrone mini strəυni machine to whisk or shake something minestrone / | / noun FOOD a such as cream or chocolate until it is foamy soup of Italian origin made of vegetables, millefeuille mil fɔi millefeuille / | / noun DESSERTS a beans, pasta and herbs and served with dessert or pastry consisting of several layers grated parmesan cheese 197 mobile shop mini- /mini/ prefix very small miss /mis/ verb 1. not to catch a bus, plane minibar mini bɑ or train because you arrive late ć You will minibar / | / noun HOTELS a small refrigerator in a hotel bedroom, with drinks have to hurry if you don’t want to miss the in it which are paid for on checking out of the plane. ć He missed the bus and had to wait hotel thirty minutes for the next one. 2. not to meet minibar key somebody, e.g. because you arrive late ˽ he minibar key / minibɑ ki/ noun HOTELS a small key given to a guest with the room missed the person he was supposed to key, used to open a locked minibar meet by ten minutes he arrived ten minutes minibus minibs after the person left, or he left ten minutes minibus / / noun ROAD TRAVEL a before the person arrived small bus, which carries approximately ten Miss mis passengers, often used to take passengers Miss / / noun a title given to a woman ć from an airport to a hotel or vice versa who is not married Miss Smith is our minicab receptionist. mini k b mistake minicab / | / noun ROAD TRAVEL a mi steik mistake / | / noun a wrong action or small car, used as a taxi ˽ minimarket mini mɑkit wrong decision to make a mistake to do minimarket / | / noun a very something wrong ć The shop made a mistake small self-service store and sent the wrong items. ć There was a mis- minor official mainə ə fiʃ ə l minor official / | ( ) / noun take in the address. ć She made a mistake in somebody in a low position in a government addressing the letter. ˽ by mistake in error, department ć Some minor official tried to wrongly ć They sent the wrong items by mis- stop my request for building permission. take. ć She put my letter into an envelope for mint mint /mint/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a common France by mistake. misunderstanding misndə herb Mentha used in cooking as a flavouring, misunderstanding / | and to flavour commercially made sweets st ndiŋ/ noun a situation where somebody COMMENT: Mint is widely used in British does not understand what another person is cooking to flavour vegetables, such as saying or doing, which can lead to an argu- new potatoes or boiled peas. It is also ment ć There was a misunderstanding over used as a garnish for iced drinks. In Medi- terranean cooking it is used in lamb my tickets. mixed grill dishes, such as keftedes. mixed grill / mikst ril/ MEAT a dish con- mint jelly mint jelly / mint d eli/ noun SAUCES, sisting of grilled chops or steaks of various ETC. jelly made from apples flavoured with kinds of meat, usually with grilled sausages, mint, served with lamb bacon, mushrooms and tomatoes mixer mint julep miksə mint julep / mint d ulip/ noun US BEV- mixer / / noun BEVERAGES a non- ERAGES an alcoholic drink made from rye alcoholic drink, e.g. tonic water or ginger whiskey or brandy and sugar over crushed ale, used in a cocktail along with alcohol ice, garnished with leaves of mint ml abbreviation millilitre mint sauce mm mint sauce / mint sɔs/ noun SAUCES, mm abbreviation millimetre ETC. chopped mint mixed with vinegar and mobile / məυbail/ adjective able to move sugar, the traditional accompaniment in Brit- or be moved í noun a mobile phone ć I’ll ain to roast lamb call him on his mobile. ć He gave me the mirror / mirə/ noun a piece of glass with a number of his mobile. metal backing which reflects an image ˽ mobile home home / məυbail həυm/ noun a bathroom mirror a mirror in a bathroom large caravan in which people can live per- miscellaneous charges order charges order noun manently, and which is permanently based in AIR TRAVEL a voucher given by an airline a special park (NOTE: The US English is also which can be used to pay for meals or trailer.) accommodation at the airline’s expense COMMENT: Many ‘mobile homes’ are not mise en place en place / miz ɒn pl s/ noun mobile at all, but are firmly fixed in caravan parks.
CATERING 1. the act of setting out chairs, mobile phone tables and linen in a restaurant, ready for mobile phone / məυbail fəυn/ noun a customers 2. the act of preparing ovens, small telephone which you can carry around pans, etc., in a kitchen, ready to start cooking ć The sound is bad because I’m calling on for the day 3. the act of preparing the basic my mobile phone. ingredients for sauces, chopping vegetables, mobile shop shop / məυbail ʃɒp/ noun etc., ready for cooking (NOTE: mise en CATERING a van fitted out like a small shop place comes from the French phrase which travels round selling meat, fish, gro- meaning ‘putting in place’.) ceries or vegetables mocha 198
mocha money belt mocha / mɒkə/ noun 1. BEVERAGES a money belt / mni belt/ noun a belt with dark-brown strong-tasting coffee from a purse attached, which is worn round the Yemen and some other countries on the Ara- waist to prevent theft bian peninsula 2. FOOD a flavouring or drink moneylender mni lendə moneylender / | / noun BUSI- made by mixing coffee and cocoa NESS somebody who lends money at interest mode məυd money order mode / / noun a way of doing some- money order / mni ɔdə/ noun FINANCE thing. ı à la mode a document which can be bought for sending modem / məυdem/ noun a device which money through the post monkey nut links a computer to the telephone lines, so as monkey nut / mŋki nt/ noun NUTS to send data ć You’ll need a modem to con- same as peanut nect to the Internet. monopoly mə nɒpəli modem point monopoly / | / noun MARKETING a məυdem pɔint modem point / / noun a situation where one person or company con- special telephone point where a modem can trols all the market in the supply of a product be plugged in ć The hotel has 120 bedrooms, ć to have the monopoly of alcohol sales or to all with modem points. have the alcohol monopoly ć The hotel is in mode of payment mode of payment / məυd əv peimənt/ a monopoly situation – it is the only hotel in noun FINANCE the way in which a payment is town. ć The company has the absolute made, e.g. by cash or cheque monopoly of imports of French wine. moderate moderate / mɒd(ə)rət/ adjective not very monosodium glutamate glutamate expensive ć The room rate is quite moderate / mɒnəυsəυdiəm lutəmeit/ noun in winter. CATERING a substance added to processed moderately priced priced / mɒd(ə)rətli food to enhance the flavour, but causing a praist/ adjective not very expensive reaction in hypersensitive people. ı Chinese modified American Plan mɒdifaid ə restaurant syndrome modified American Plan / | merikən pl n monsoon mɒn sun / noun HOTELS a room rate monsoon / | / noun 1. a season of which includes breakfast and one other meal, wind and rain in tropical countries ć At last either lunch or dinner. Abbr MAP the monsoon brought relief after the hot dry molasses mə l siz molasses / | / noun US FOOD a summer. 2. a wind which blows in opposite thick dark-brown syrup produced when directions according to the season, espe- sugar is refined (NOTE: The British English is cially the wind blowing north from the treacle.) Indian Ocean in the summer ć They sailed mold /məυld/ noun, verb US same as north with the monsoon. Montezuma’s revenge mouldy Montezuma’s revenge / mɒntizuməz moldy ri vend moldy / məυldi/ adjective US same as | / noun MEDICAL diarrhoea which mould affects people travelling in foreign countries mollusc as a result of eating unwashed fruit or drink- mollusc / mɒləsk/ noun FOOD an animal ing water which has not been boiled (humor- with a shell, e.g. an oyster or a snail ć Edible ous) molluscs such as clams are often made into monument mɒnjυmənt soup. (NOTE: The US spelling is mollusk.) monument / / noun 1. a monastery / mɒnəst(ə)ri/ noun a group stone, building or statue, built in memory of someone who is dead ć They put up a monu- of buildings where monks live or lived ć The old monastery has been completely modern- ment to the people from the village who died in the war. ˽ the Monument a tall column ised and turned into a luxury hotel. ć Women tourists are not allowed to visit some Greek put up in the City of London to commemo- monasteries. rate the Great Fire of 1666 2. a building money mni which is very old money / / noun coins and notes used moonlight munlait ˽ for buying and selling ˽ to earn money to moonlight / / (informal) noun have a salary ˽ to lose money to make a loss, to do a moonlight flit to go away at night, not to make a profit ˽ the hotel has been los- leaving behind responsibilities such as ing money for months the hotel has been unpaid bills í verb to do a second job for operating at a loss ˽ to get your money back cash, often in the evening, as well as a regu- to get a refund of money which you have lar job moonlighter paid out ˽ to make money to make a profit moonlighter / munlaitə/ noun some- ˽ to put money down to pay cash, espe- body who moonlights (informal) moonlighting cially as a deposit ć He put £25 down and moonlighting / munlaitiŋ/ noun doing paid the rest in instalments. ˽ they are a second job (informal) ć He makes thou- worth a lot of money they are valuable sands a year from moonlighting as a chef. 199 motor insurance moor /mυə/ noun a large area of poor land sometimes have a small restaurant. covered with grass and small bushes ć The Larger motels may have swimming pools and other facilities, but they are usually Lake District is wild country, full of moors used for single-night stays. í and forests. verb SHIPS AND BOATS to motion sickness motion sickness / məυʃ(ə)n siknəs/ attach a boat to something ć The boat was ć noun MEDICAL same as travel sickness moored to the river bank. He rowed up to motivate məυtiveit the jetty and moored his boat with a piece of motivate / / verb to encourage rope. someone to do something, especially to work mooring well ć It’s the job of the chef to motivate his mooring / mυəriŋ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS team. ˽ highly motivated eager ć The staff a place where a boat is moored ć The boat had been moved to new moorings. are all highly motivated and keen to tackle moorings the new job. / mυəriŋz/ noun SHIPS AND moorings ‘…if we don’t motivate and update our staff, we BOATS 1. a place where a boat is moored ć can’t deliver to our clients. Coming up with new The boat had been moved to new moorings. ideas for attracting, retaining and motivating staff 2. ropes used to attach a boat ć We cast off is a constant headache for all employers in the our moorings and rowed out into the river. hospitality industry’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] motivation morning məυti veiʃ ə n morning / mɔniŋ/ noun the first part of motivation / | ( ) / noun the day, before 12 o’clock ć There are six encouragement to do something, especially flights to Frankfurt every morning. ć She to work well ć The staff lack motivation – took the morning train to Edinburgh. hence the poor sales. ć Staff recruitment, morning call call / mɔniŋ kɔl/ noun a retention and motivation is extremely impor- phone call or knock on the door to wake tant. someone up in the morning ć He asked for ‘…our ongoing investment in training is crucial to retaining the motivation of our staff’ an early morning call at 6.15. Also called [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] motor early morning call məυtə í morning coffee motor / / noun same as car verb mɔniŋ kɒfi morning coffee / / noun ENTERTAINMENT to travel in a car for pleasure BEVERAGES coffee served with biscuits as a ć We motored down to the coast. mid-morning snack motor caravan məυtə k rəv n morning dress motor caravan / / mɔniŋ dres morning dress / /, morning noun ROAD TRAVEL a van with the back part suit / mɔniŋ sut/ noun clothes for men made into a caravan, containing e.g. bunk consisting of a black tail coat, light grey beds, kitchen equipment and a table, in waistcoat and striped black and grey trou- which people can drive around during the sers, worn by men at formal occasions such day and park to stay overnight motor home as weddings / məυtə həυm/ noun ROAD mosquito motor home mɒ skitəυ mosquito / | / noun a small fly- TRAVEL a large very well-equipped motor ing insect which bites people and animals caravan and sucks their blood ć I was woken up by a motor hotel məυtə həυ tel motor hotel / | / noun same mosquito buzzing round my head. ć Mosqui- as motel toes can be carriers of diseases such as motoring assistance məυtəriŋ ə motoring assistance / | malaria. (NOTE: The plural form is mosqui- sist ə ns/ noun ROAD TRAVEL toes.) ( ) help given to ć mosquito net mɒ skitəυ net a motorist who has broken down You’d be mosquito net / | / noun a wise to take out motoring assistance insur- thin net spread over a bed to prevent mosqui- ance cover before you go. toes biting at night motoring organisation məυtəriŋ mosquito repellent mɒ skitəυ ri motoring organisation / mosquito repellent / | | ɔ ənaizeiʃ ə n pelənt ( ) / noun ROAD TRAVEL an / noun MEDICAL a substance which is organisation which represents the interests sprayed or applied to the skin, to keep off of motorists, and provides services to motor- mosquitoes ists motel məυ tel motel / | / noun HOTELS a hotel for COMMENT: Motoring organizations provide car drivers, with special parking places near breakdown services for their members, to the rooms ć They checked into the motel and many other services, such as insur- last Saturday. ć The hotel is full, but there is ance, travel information, etc. The main a motel just out of town near the motorway motoring organizations in the UK are the AA, the RAC, and the RSAC; in Germany, junction. Also called motor hotel, motor the ADAC; in the USA, the AAA. inn, motor lodge motor inn motor inn / məυtə in/ same as motel COMMENT: Motels are found on main motor insurance məυtər in ʃυərəns roads, and often on the outskirts of towns. motor insurance / | / They usually offer comfortable rooms, and noun FINANCE same as car insurance motorist 200
motorist motorist / məυtərist/ noun ROAD TRAVEL Mountain bikes are great for going along somebody who drives a car ć Motorists are country paths. mountainboarding maυntin bɔdiŋ warned of long delays on all roads leading to mountainboarding / | / the coast. noun SPORT the sport of travelling down motor lodge lodge / məυtə lɒd / same as hillsides on a board similar to a skateboard motel but with bigger wheels mountain climber motorway maυntin klaimə motorway / məυtəwei/ noun ROAD mountain climber / / TRAVEL a main road, with few entrances and noun SPORT somebody who climbs moun- exits, constructed for high-speed long-dis- tains for pleasure mountain climbing tance travel ć We drove south along the new mountain climbing / maυntin motorway. ć You will get there faster if you klaimiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity of climb- take the motorway. ć There is a lot of traffic ing mountains for pleasure mountaineer maυnti niə on the motorway on bank holidays. (NOTE: mountaineer / | / noun SPORT Motorways in the UK are indicated by the somebody who climbs mountains as a sport letter M and a number, e.g. the M25 is the ć Three mountaineers were killed by the ava- motorway that runs in a circular route lanche. mountaineering maυnti niəriŋ around London.) mountaineering / | / noun COMMENT: Called in various ways in differ- SPORT the sport of climbing mountains. Also ent countries: in France: ‘autoroute’; in called climbing Germany ‘Autobahn’; in Italy: ‘autostrada’, mountain guide maυntin aid etc. In the USA, the term ‘motorway’ is not mountain guide / / noun a used, and the roads are called ‘thruway’, local person who leads groups of people ‘expressway’ or ‘turnpike’. climbing mountains mountain hut motorway services services / məυtəwei mountain hut / maυntin ht/ noun a svisiz/ plural noun ROAD TRAVEL a facil- small wooden or stone shelter on a mountain ity next to a motorway, where drivers can mountainous / maυntinəs/ adjective buy petrol, shop, eat in a choice of restau- having mountains ć It is a mountainous rants, and in some cases, find hotel accom- region, and very good for bird-watching. ć modation Parts of Scotland are very mountainous. mountain rescue ‘…the motorway services operator has admitted mountain rescue / maυntin reskju/ that it has a rat problem at one of its service sta- noun a service which provides experienced tions’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] climbers to help people in difficulties on motorway services operator motorway services operator mountains məυtəwei svisiz ɒpəreitə mountain rescue service / / noun mountain rescue service / maυntin ROAD TRAVEL a company which runs motor- reskju svis/ noun a group of trained way services people who are on duty to help climbers and mould mould /məυld/, mold US noun 1. CATER- skiers who get into difficulties on mountains ING mountain resort maυntin ri zɔt a hollow shape into which a liquid is mountain resort / | / poured, so that when the liquid becomes noun TOURISM a holiday town in the moun- hard it takes that shape 2. a greyish-green tains powdery fungus ć Throw the bread away – it mountain sickness sickness / maυntin siknəs/ í has got mould on it. verb to shape some- noun MEDICAL same as altitude sickness thing (NOTE: The US spelling is mold.) mountain stream / maυntin strim/ moulded chocolates mountain stream moulded chocolates / məυldid noun a little river in the mountains tʃɒkləts mountain trail / plural noun FOOD chocolates mountain trail / maυntin treil/ noun a which are made in moulds, not hand-dipped path through mountains mouldiness mouldiness, moldiness US noun the mouse /maυs/ noun a small animal with a state of being mouldy long tail, often living in holes in the walls of mouldy mouldy / məυldi/ adjective covered with houses (NOTE: The plural form is mice.) mould (NOTE: The US spelling is moldy.) mousetrap / maυstr p/ noun a device mountain / maυntin/ noun an area of for catching and killing mice when they have very high land that often rises steeply to a become a pest ć moussaka mu sɑkə sharp peak They spent August climbing in moussaka / | / noun FOOD a the mountains. Greek dish, made of aubergines and minced mountain bike bike / maυntin baik/ noun meat in layers mousse SPORT a specially strong bike with thick mousse /mus/ noun DESSERTS a light tyres, designed for riding over rough ground food made of whipped egg whites and cream but not necessarily used on mountains ć with a gelatine base, flavoured with fruit, 201 mushroom
mulled wine vegetables, fish or shellfish and served as a mulled wine / mld wain/ noun BEVER- cold dessert or as a starter ć You can have AGES red wine and brandy heated together chocolate mousse for dessert. ć We had with sugar and spices. Also called Glühwein mullet salmon mousse as a starter. mullet / mlit/ noun SEAFOOD a small sea mousseline mousseline / musəlin/ noun SAUCES, fish ETC. a French noun meaning a type of light mulligatawny mli ə tɔni mulligatawny / | / noun FOOD hollandaise sauce made with whipped cream a hot soup made with curry and egg whites multi-city / mlti siti/ adjective referring mouth-watering mouth-watering / maυθ wɔtəriŋ/ to travel in which people visit several cities adjective looking and smelling so delicious in the course of a trip that it makes your mouth water ć a plate of multigrain / mlti rein/ adjective refer- mouth-watering cream cakes ring to bread that is made from several differ- movie movie / muvi/ noun usually US ENTER- ent types of grain TAINMENT moving pictures shown at a cin- multigym mlti d im multigym / | / noun ENTERTAIN- ć We go to the movies most ema or on TV MENT an apparatus on which you can do weekends. exercises and weight training ć The hotel has ‘…it also suggests that, by not capitalizing on the very latest multigym in its fitness centre. guests’ IT interest, the average 150-bedroom multinational mlti n ʃ ə nəl hotel is missing out on at least £50,000 of reve- multinational / | ( ) / noun nue a year from pay-per-view movies or metered BUSINESS a company which has branches or Internet access’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] subsidiary companies in several countries ć movie theater theater / muvi θiətə/ noun US The hotel chain has been bought by one of ENTERTAINMENT a place where films are the big multinationals. multiple shown (NOTE: The British English is cin- multiple / mltip(ə)l/ adjective many í ema.) noun BUSINESS a company with stores in mozzarella mɒtsə relə mozzarella / | / noun a rubbery several different towns white unsalted Italian cheese used in salads, multiple entry visa entry visa / mltip(ə)l entri cooking, and especially on pizza vizə/ noun a visa allowing someone to mpg empi d i mpg / | / abbreviation miles per enter a country as often as they like gallon multiple store store / mltip(ə)l stɔ/ noun MPM abbreviation Maximum Permitted one store in a chain of stores multipot Mileage multipot / mltipɒt/ noun CATERING a Mr Mr / mistə/ noun a title given to a man ć Mr large tea or coffee urn, in which the liquid Smith is the hotel manager. can be prepared in advance and then kept hot MRP multi-terrain biking emɑ| pi mlti tə rein MRP / / abbreviation manufac- multi-terrain biking / | turer’s recommended price baikiŋ/ noun SPORT the sport of riding Mrs / misiz/ noun a title given to a married bikes over different types of terrain ć muscovado mskə vɑdəυ woman The guide is Mrs Smith. muscovado / | / noun FOOD Ms /məz, miz/ noun a title given to a a dark-brown sugar made by evaporating the woman where it is not known if she is mar- molasses from sugar-cane juice museum mju ziəm ried, or where she does not wish to indicate museum / | / noun ENTERTAIN- if she is married or not ć Ms Smith is the cou- MENT a building in which a collection of val- rier. uable or rare objects are put on show ć We MSA MSA abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL motorway will visit the Victoria and Albert Museum service area this afternoon. ć The Natural History MSG abbreviation monosodium glutamate Museum has a special exhibition of dino- mud /md/ noun wet earth saurs. mushroom mud bath mʃrum mud bath / md bɑθ/ noun ENTERTAIN- mushroom / / noun VEGETA- MENT a therapeutic treatment where a person BLES a small white fungus which grows wild is covered in hot mud in fields, but is usually grown commercially muesli ć muesli / mjuzli/ noun FOOD a breakfast in mushroom farms bacon and grilled food of flakes of cereal, dried fruit, etc., mushrooms for breakfast ć Do you want eaten with milk fried mushrooms with your steak? ć She muffin ordered a mushroom omelette. muffin / mfin/ noun BREAD, ETC. 1. a small round flat bun eaten warm with butter COMMENT: In the UK, mainly white mush- rooms are used in cooking. In other parts ć We toasted some muffins for tea. ć They of Europe, very many types of mushroom had blueberry muffins for breakfast. 2. US a are eaten, and are either picked wild or small sweet cake that often contains fruit bought in markets. You need to know music festival 202 which types of mushroom are good to eat, made paste in jars or tubes. In England, it those which have an unpleasant taste, is eaten mainly with beef, ham, pork pies, and those which are poisonous. In Eng- sausages, etc. French and German mus- lish, the word ‘fungus’ is used for all types tards are milder and there are very many of mushroom which are not the common different varieties of mustard with flavour- white variety. ings such as cider, garlic, herbs, etc. music festival mustard and cress music festival / mjuzik festiv(ə)l/ mustard and cress / mstəd ən kres/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a series of concerts noun VEGETABLES seedlings of white mus- and recitals given over a short period of time tard and garden cress plants, usually sold mussel mussel / ms(ə)l/ noun SEAFOOD a small growing in small plastic boxes, used in sal- shellfish, with a blue shell ć We always eat ads and as a garnish. ı cress mussels when we’re in Belgium. muster station muster station / mstə steiʃ(ə)n/ noun COMMENT: The usual way of eating mus- sels is as ‘moules marinière’, where the SHIPS AND BOATS a place where passengers mussels are cooked quickly with onions, on a ship must gather in an emergency mutton parsley and white wine. mutton / mt(ə)n/ noun MEAT meat from a mustard mustard / mstəd/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a fully-grown sheep (NOTE: The word is not very spicy yellow condiment, eaten with much used, as most meat from sheep is meat ć Would you like some mustard on your called lamb even when it comes from an beef sandwich? older animal.) COMMENT: English mustard is yellow and mycoprotein maikəυ prəυtin mycoprotein / | / noun a can be extremely strong. It is either sold as powder made from finely ground seeds of food, especially a meat substitute, made by the mustard plant, which is then mixed fermenting a fungus and heating, draining with water to make a paste, or as ready- and texturing the resultant product N
naan narrow-bodied aircraft naan /nɑn/ noun FOOD same as nan narrow-bodied aircraft / n rəυ bɒdid nacho eəkrɑft/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft with nacho / n tʃəυ/ noun FOOD a tortilla chip, a narrow body, less than 5 metres wide usually eaten in quantity covered with national melted cheese, salsa, or sliced pickled jala- national / n ʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective belonging peño peppers to the people of a particular country í noun name neim somebody from a particular country ć The name / / noun a word used to call a passenger list included nationals of seven person or a thing ć What is the name in her countries. ć passport? His first name is John, but I am national airline n ʃ ə nəl eəlain not sure of his other names. ˽ under the national airline / ( ) / name of using a particular name ć They reg- noun AIR TRAVEL the most important airline istered under the names of Mr and Mrs in a country, often seen as a symbol for the Smith. country itself National Forest name tag n ʃ ə nəl fɒrist neim t National Forest / ( ) / name tag / / noun a label with noun a large area of forest owned and man- ć a name printed on it Visitors to the factory aged by the government for the nation are given name tags. nationality n ʃə n liti nam pla nationality / | / noun the status n m plɑ nam pla / / noun SAUCES, ETC. of being a citizen of a state ˽ he is of British a thin sauce of fermented fish, which has a nationality he is a British citizen strong flavour and smell and a salty taste and National Nature Reserve National Nature Reserve / n ʃ(ə)nəl is widely used in Southeast Asian cookery neitʃə ri zv | / noun nan a nature reserve desig- nan /n n/ noun a flat round or oval bread nated by the Nature Conservancy Council served with South Asian food for the protection of plants and animals liv- napkin napkin / n pkin/ noun ˽ (table) napkin a ing in it square piece of cloth used to protect clothes national park park / n ʃ(ə)nəl pɑk/ noun a and wipe your mouth at meal times. Also large area of unspoilt land, owned and man- called serviette aged by the government for recreational use COMMENT: Napkins are usually placed on by the public the table as part of the setting, either sim- National Trust Trust / n ʃ(ə)nəl trst/ noun ply folded in the centre of the setting (on TOURISM an organisation in England and the show plate, if there is one) or folded into elaborate shapes, like fans, etc. Wales which preserves historic buildings, napperon parks and special areas of natural beauty. napperon / n pərɒn/ noun a small square Abbr NT tablecloth, placed over a larger tablecloth to National Trust for Scotland Trust for Scotland keep it clean. Also called slip cloth / n ʃ(ə)nəl trst fə skɒtlənd/ noun TOUR- narrow narrow / n rəυ/ adjective not wide ISM an organisation similar to the National narrowboat narrowboat / n rəυbəυt/ noun SHIPS Trust that is based in Scotland nationwide AND BOATS an especially long narrow boat, nationwide / neiʃ(ə)nwaid/ adjective all built for travelling on canals ć The company over a country ć We offer a nationwide deliv- offers two-week narrowboat holidays. ery service. ć The new camping van is being narrow-bodied / n rəυ bɒdid/ adjec- launched with a nationwide sales campaign. narrow-bodied natural n tʃ ə rəl tive AIR TRAVEL having a narrow body, as natural / ( ) / adjective coming opposed to a wide body from nature, not made by human beings ć ‘…the new seating provides a five across (2–3) the pure natural goodness of fresh apple layout on narrow-bodied planes like the A320, juice compared with the current six across (3–3) lay- ‘…processes such as freezing, pasteurization and out’ [Business Traveller] sterilization do not accord with consumer expec- natural heritage 204
near miss tations of natural foods’ [Food Standards near miss / niə mis/ noun ROAD TRAVEL Agency] an incident where two vehicles come very natural heritage natural heritage / n tʃ(ə)rəl heritid / close by accident and almost crash into each noun geographical features, wildlife and other plant life that are thought of as being valua- neat /nit/ adjective with no water or any ble to a country and interesting to visitors other liquid added ć a glass of neat whisky ć nature neitʃə nature / / noun the world of plants I prefer my whisky neat. (NOTE: US English and animals only uses straight in this meaning.) Nature Conservancy Council Nature Conservancy Council neck /nek/ noun 1. a part of the body con- neitʃə kən sv ə nsi kaυns ə l / | ( ) ( ) / noun necting the head to the shoulders 2. MEAT an official body in the UK, established in this part of an animal eaten as food ˽ best 1973, which takes responsibility for the con- end of neck a joint of lamb consisting of the servation of wild animals and plants. Abbr ribs nearest the neck NCC neckerchief neckerchief / nekətʃif/ noun CATERING nature reserve neitʃə ri zv nature reserve / | / noun a a scarf worn by chefs round the neck to pre- special area where the wildlife is protected vent sweat falling on food being prepared. ı nature tourism tourism / neitʃə tυəriz(ə)m/ toque nectarine noun travel to unspoiled places to experience nectarine / nektərin/ noun FRUIT a fruit and enjoy nature like a peach with a smooth skin nature trail nature trail / neitʃə treil/ noun TOURISM negative cash flow cash flow / ne ətiv k ʃ a path through a park or the countryside with fləυ/ noun BUSINESS a situation where more signs to draw attention to important and money is going out of a company than is interesting features, such as plants, trees, coming in birds or animals neighbourhood / neibəhυd/, neighbor- naturism naturism / neitʃəriz(ə)m/ noun TOURISM hood US noun 1. a district and its people ć a belief in the physical and mental advan- The hotel is pleasantly situated in a quiet tages of going about naked. Also called nud- neighbourhood. 2. ˽ in the neighbourhood ism of near to in space or amount ć There are naturist / neitʃərist/ adjective, noun three hotels in the neighbourhood of the con- TOURISM a person who believes in not wear- ference centre. ć They spent in the neigh- ing clothes outside. Also called nudist bourhood of £12,000 on redecorating the naturist beach beach / neitʃərist bitʃ/ noun restaurant. nestle TOURISM a beach where people are allowed nestle / nes(ə)l/ verb to be in a sheltered or to not wear clothes. Also called nudist comfortable position ć a chalet nestling in beach the hills ć The cottage nestles at the bottom nautical nautical / nɔtik(ə)l/ adjective SHIPS AND of the valley. net BOATS referring to ships and the sea net /net/ adjective 1. BUSINESS after all nautical mile mile / nɔtik(ə)l mail/ noun deductions have been made ć net pay ć net TRAVEL a unit of measurement of distance loss (NOTE: The spelling nett is sometimes used at sea and in the air, equalling 1.852 kil- used on containers.) 2. ˽ terms strictly net ometres payment has to be the full price, with no dis- navel orange orange / neiv(ə)l ɒrind / noun a count allowed net cash flow sweet seedless orange with a small bump at net cash flow / net k ʃ fləυ/ noun the top enclosing a smaller secondary fruit FINANCE the difference between the money navigator navigator / n vi eitə/ noun 1. AIR coming in and the money going out net margin TRAVEL a member of the flight deck crew, the net margin / net mɑd in/ noun BUSI- person who calculates the distances and NESS the percentage difference between direction taken by the aircraft 2. ROAD received price and all costs, including over- TRAVEL somebody who deals with the maps, heads net price signs and timing for a car rally driver net price / net prais/ noun BUSINESS a NCC abbreviation Nature Conservancy price which cannot be reduced by a discount net profit Council net profit / net prɒfit/ noun BUSINESS a neap tide neap tide / nip taid/ noun SHIPS AND result where income from sales is more than BOATS a tide which occurs at the first and last all expenditure net receipts net ri sits quarters of the moon, when the difference net receipts / | / plural noun between high and low water is less than nor- BUSINESS the total money taken after deduct- mal ing commission, tax and discounts 205 nightstand
net salary night audit net salary / net s ləri/ noun BUSINESS night audit / nait ɔdit/ noun HOTELS the salary which is left after deducting tax and act of checking at night which rooms are national insurance contributions occupied, and reconciling these with guest net sales net sales / net seilz/ plural noun BUSI- accounts night bell NESS sales less damaged or returned items night bell / nait bel/ noun HOTELS a bell net turnover net tn əυvə net turnover / | / noun BUSI- outside a hotel, which you ring to wake up NESS turnover before VAT and after trade the porter during the night after the front discounts have been deducted door has been locked night clerk net weight net weight / net weit/ noun BUSINESS night clerk / nait klɑk/ noun HOTELS the weight of goods after deducting the somebody who is on duty at the reception weight of the packing material and container desk during the night network nightclub network / netwk/ noun 1. a system of nightclub / naitklb/ noun ENTERTAIN- things such as roads or railways connecting MENT a club only open at night ć Our daugh- different places ć the Belgian railway net- ter will only come with us on holiday if we go work or rail network 2. a system of comput- to a resort with lots of nightclubs. ers which are connected together ć You can night duty duty / nait djuti/ noun a period of book at any of our hotels throughout the work done at night ć She is on night duty country using our computer network. three days a week. new potatoes nju pə teitəυz night ferry new potatoes / | / plural night ferry / nait feri/ noun SHIPS AND noun VEGETABLES small potatoes picked at BOATS a boat which travels during the night night flight the beginning of the season night flight / nait flait/ noun AIR TRAVEL news news /njuz/ noun spoken or written infor- a flight which takes place during the night mation about what has happened ˽ it’s in the night life night life / nait laif/ noun ENTERTAINMENT news it is of topical interest the entertainment available in a town at night newspaper njuzpeipə newspaper / / noun a daily or ć The place is dead – there’s no night life. ć weekly paper containing news and informa- The beaches are fine, but the night life is very tion ć Newspapers are available in the resi- dull. ć night light dents’ lounge. Do you want a newspaper night light / nait lait/ noun a weak elec- with your morning tea? ć He ordered a tric light which gives a faint light and is used newspaper and a call at 6.45. next to light passages, stairs or a child’s room at next /nekst/ adjective 1. (in time) coming night ć When’s the next plane for Paris? ć night manager after night manager / nait m nid ə/ noun The next train to London leaves in ten min- ˽ HOTELS somebody in charge of a hotel dur- utes’ time. 2. (in space) adjoining the ing the night room next door to mine the room next to night out nait aυt mine ć She’s in the room next door to her night out / / noun an evening ć parents. ć There was a lot of noise in the spent outside the home They’re planning to room next door or in the next-door room dur- have a night out tomorrow. night porter ing the night. night porter / nait pɔtə/ noun HOTELS a NGO NGO abbreviation BUSINESS non-govern- porter who is on duty at a hotel during the mental organisation night, answering calls from guest rooms as niche niʃ well as dealing with any late arrivals niche / / noun BUSINESS a special place night rate nait reit in a market, occupied by one company night rate / / noun a cheap rate niche market niʃ mɑkit for telephone calls made at night niche market / / noun BUSI- night safe nait seif NESS a market for a very special product or night safe / / noun a safe with a service, which can be exploited by only a special door in the outside wall of a bank, few suppliers ć Holidays in the Antarctic are where money and documents can be depos- a niche market. ited when the bank is closed night shift nickel nait ʃift nickel / nik(ə)l/ noun US FINANCE a five- night shift / / noun a shift worked cent coin ć Can you lend me a nickel? during the night ć He works the night shift. nightspot night /nait/ noun 1. the period of time from nightspot / naitspɒt/ noun ENTERTAIN- evening to morning 2. HOTELS a night spent MENT an entertainment place open at night, in a hotel ć The tour ends with a three-night e.g. a nightclub ć It’s the most expensive stay in Madrid. 3. ENTERTAINMENT an nightspot in town. evening’s entertainment ˽ a night on the nightstand / naitst nd/ noun a table town an evening spent enjoying yourself in next to a bed, often with a telephone, note- the restaurants, theatres, bars, etc. of a town pad, glass and water jug night-time 206 night-time / nait taim/ noun the period non- /nɒn/ prefix not whe it is night non-alcoholic drink drink / nɒn lkəhɒlik nightwatchman nait wɒtʃmən nightwatchman / | / noun a driŋk/ noun BEVERAGES a drink which does man who guards a building at night. Also not contain alcohol called watchman non-budget hotel nɒn bd it həυ non-budget hotel / | nil nil /nil/ noun zero, nothing tel/ noun HOTELS an up-market hotel, not nil return nil ri tn ć nil return / | / noun BUSINESS a catering for budget visitors They aim to report showing no sales, income or tax raise more than £30m through the sale of the nip nip /nip/ noun BARS a single measure of non-budget hotels. non-business guest alcohol ć Scotch: £1 per nip non-business guest / nɒn biznis NITB est NITB abbreviation TOURISM Northern Ire- / noun BUSINESS a hotel guest who is a land Tourist Board private individual and not on a business trip nondairy no /nəυ/ adjective, adverb showing the neg- nondairy / nɒndeəri/ adjective referring ative ˽ no admission, no admittance to ingredients or foods that contain no dairy entrance not allowed ˽ no entry you cannot products and can be substituted for them, go in ˽ no parking do not leave your car e.g. some kinds of margarine here ˽ no smoking do not smoke here ˽ a nonfat / nɒnf t/ adjective without fat sol- ‘no smoking’ sign a sign to show that smok- ids, or with the fat content removed ing is not allowed ć The captain has nonfattening nɒn f t ə niŋ nonfattening / | ( ) / adjective switched on the ‘no smoking’ sign. ˽ ‘no not likely to cause a gain in weight vacancies’ a sign to show that the hotel or non-food items items / nɒn fud aitəmz/ guesthouse is full no-claims bonus plural noun items for sale which are not no-claims bonus /nəυ kleimz bəυnəs/ food, such as cigarettes, hotel rooms, etc. noun FINANCE the reduction of premiums on non-governmental organisation organisation an insurance policy because no claims have nɒn vənment ə l ɔ ənai zeiʃ ə n / ( ) | ( ) / been made no-frills noun BUSINESS an organisation such as a nəυ frilz no-frills / / adjective simple, charity or voluntary agency, which is not with no special luxuries funded by a government, but which works on no-frills airline no-frills airline / nəυ frilz eəlain/ noun an international as well as a national level. AIR TRAVEL an airline flying planes with sim- Abbr NGO ple cabins and not offering meals or drinks COMMENT: Oxfam, the Red Cross, during flights Médecins sans Frontières and other no-frills chain chain / nəυ frilz tʃein/ noun NGOs work in many countries to bring aid to people in need. HOTELS a chain of simple restaurants or nonperishable nɒn periʃəb ə l hotels, without bars or room service nonperishable / | ( ) / adjec- noise /nɔiz/ noun a loud, usually unpleas- tive referring to food products that remain ant sound ć The noise of the street kept us edible, without spoiling, for long periods awake at night. ć Noise readings of 90–95 without special storage, e.g. in a refrigerator decibels are unacceptable. í noun a non-perishable item of food non-refundable noise abatement notice nɒn ri fndəb ə l nɔiz ə non-refundable / | ( ) / noise abatement notice / | beitmənt nəυtis/ noun a court order tell- adjective not possible to refund non-refundable deposit nɒn ri ing someone to reduce the levels of noise non-refundable deposit / | fndəb ə l di pɒzit which they make ć He pleaded guilty on six ( ) | / noun a deposit which counts of breaching a noise abatement will not be refunded under any circum- notice. stances noisette nwɑ set non-resident nɒn rezidənt noisette / | / noun a piece of boned non-resident / / noun, and rolled meat, especially the neck or loin adjective 1. HOTELS (somebody who is) not of lamb staying in a hotel 2. (somebody who is) not noisy / nɔizi/ adjective making a lot of living in a place non-resident entry visa noise, or affected by a lot of noise ć The best non-resident entry visa / nɒn rooms are quiet, and overlook a garden: rezidənt entri vizə/ noun TOURISM a unfortunately, the hotel also has some rooms visa allowing a person who is not a resident overlooking a noisy crossroads. ć She asked of a country to go into that country for her room to be changed, because it was non-revenue passenger passenger / nɒn too noisy. revənju p sind ə/ noun AIR TRAVEL a nominal rent rent / nɒmin(ə)l rent/ noun a passenger who travels free, e.g. an employee very small rent of the airline 207 notice
non-smoker northerner non-smoker / nɒn sməυkə/ noun some- northerner / nɔð(ə)nə/ noun somebody body who does not smoke ć There is a spe- who lives in or comes from the northern part cial section of the restaurant for non-smok- of a country ers. Northern Ireland Tourist Board Ireland Tourist Board non-smoking room nɔð ə n aiələnd tυərist bɔd non-smoking room / nɒn sməυkiŋ / ( ) / noun rum/ noun a room in which smoking is not TOURISM an organisation which promotes allowed tourism in Northern Ireland and promotes non-stick nɒn stik tourism to Northern Ireland from other parts non-stick / / adjective CATERING of the UK. Abbr NITB covered with a substance which prevents northernmost northernmost / nɔð(ə)nməυst/ adjec- food from sticking when cooking tive furthest north non-stop nɒn stɒp northward non-stop / / adjective, adverb northward / nɔθwəd/ adjective, adverb TRAVEL travelling from departure point to towards the north destination without stopping ć a non-stop northwards / nɔθwədz/ adverb towards flight to Tokyo ć to fly to Tokyo non-stop the north non-transferable nɒn tr ns north-west non-transferable / | north-west / nɔθ west/ adverb the frəb(ə)l/ adjective TRAVEL impossible to direction between west and north í noun the transfer to another person ć Almost all air- part of a country to the north and west ć The line tickets are non-transferable. North-West of England is wetter than the noodles noodles / nud(ə)lz/ plural noun FOOD flat east coast. ć We can expect rain when the strips of pasta ć I ordered spicy meatballs wind blows from the north-west. ć The old with noodles. ć We started with chicken noo- castle stood to the north-west of the cathe- dle soup. dral. north-westerly COMMENT: Noodles are widely used in ori- north-westerly / nɔθ westəli/, north- ental cooking, as well as in many western western / nɔθ westən/ adjective referring dishes. to the north-west, especially towards or from Nordic skiing Nordic skiing / nɔdik skiiŋ/ noun the north-west no-show SPORT competitive cross-country skiing and no-show / nəυ ʃəυ/ noun HOTELS some- ski-jumping body who has booked a room in a hotel or a norm table in a restaurant or a seat on an aircraft norm /nɔm/ noun the usual or standard and does not come ć Seats were still availa- pattern north ble on the aircraft because there were sev- north /nɔθ/ noun 1. one of the points of eral no-shows. the compass, the direction to which a com- no-smoking policy policy / nəυ sməυkiŋ pass needle points 2. the northern part of a pɒlisi/ noun a policy that smoking is not country í adjective relating to the north ć allowed in a place ć We have been saying the north coast of Scotland í adverb towards that the pub went bankrupt because of its no- the north ć Drive north along the motorway smoking policy. for ten miles. note /nəυt/ noun 1. a very short letter, or a northbound northbound / nɔθbaυnd/ adjective very brief written or printed document 2. going towards the north ć The northbound same as bank note ć a £10 note (NOTE: The carriageway of the motorway is closed. US English is bill.) north-east notepaper north-east / nɔθ ist/ adverb in a direc- notepaper / nəυtpeipə/ noun 1. writing tion between north and east ć They were paper for letters ć There is some hotel note- travelling north-east at the time. ć Our bed- paper in the drawer of the desk in the bed- room windows faced north-east. í noun the room. 2. US rough paper for writing notes notice part of a country to the north and east ć The notice / nəυtis/ noun 1. advance informa- North-East of England will have snow show- tion or warning about something ć You must ers. give at least 24 hours’ notice of cancellation. north-easterly ˽ north-easterly / nɔθ istəli/, north- at short notice giving only a few hours’ nɔθ istən warning ć She found it difficult to get a hotel eastern / / adjective referring ˽ to the north-east, especially towards or from room at short notice. without notice with- the north-east out giving any warning ć The train times northerly nɔðəli were changed without notice. 2. a piece of northerly / / adjective 1. towards writing giving information, usually put in a the north 2. blowing from the north place where everyone can see it ć The cou- northern northern / nɔð(ə)n/ adjective from, of or rier pinned a notice on the hotel notice- in the north board. noticeboard 208 noticeboard / nəυtisbɔd/ noun a board the staff will be retiring this year. ć A number fixed to a wall where notices can be put up ć of guests fell ill after the banquet. 3. a writ- Did you see the list of tours on the notice- ten figure ć account number ć seat number board? ć phone number or telephone number ć He notifiable disease nəυtifaiəb ə l di was sitting in seat number 6A, but he had a notifiable disease / ( ) | ziz/ noun MEDICAL a serious infectious dis- ticket for 12B. í verb to mark or identify ease which, in the UK, has to be reported by something with a number ć The seats are a doctor to the Department of Health so that numbered from the front of the aircraft to the steps can be taken to stop it spreading back. ć I refer to your invoice numbered COMMENT: The following are notifiable dis- 1234. eases: cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, COMMENT: Flight numbers are identified encephalitis, food poisoning, jaundice, with the airline code (in letters) followed by malaria, measles, meningitis, ophthalmia a series of figures. neonatorum, paratyphoid, plague, polio- numbered account nmbəd ə kaυnt numbered account / | / myelitis, relapsing fever, scarlet fever, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus, noun FINANCE a bank account, usually in whooping cough, yellow fever. Switzerland, which is referred to only by a notify / nəυtifai/ verb to inform someone number, the name of the person holding it officially ć The local doctor notified the being kept secret number plate Health Service of the case of cholera. (NOTE: number plate / nmbə pleit/ noun ROAD notifies – notifying- notified. Note also TRAVEL one of two plates on a vehicle, one on that you notify someone of something.) the front and one on the back, which shows Notting Hill Carnival Hill Carnival / nɒtiŋ hil/ noun the individual number of the vehicle ć The ENTERTAINMENT a big carnival held every thieves had changed the van’s number year in August in Notting Hill, in the west of plates. numerical order ć nju merik ə l ɔdə London Thousands of people take part in numerical order / | ( ) / the Notting Hill Carnival every year. noun arrangement by numbers nought nursery nought /nɔt/ noun zero, nothing ˽ nursery / ns(ə)ri/ noun a room or build- nought-per cent finance interest-free credit ing where babies or young children are nourishing nourishing / nriʃiŋ/ adjective providing looked after ć There is a children’s nursery the substances that people need to grow and on ‘C’ Deck. nursery slope be healthy nursery slope / ns(ə)ri sləυp/ plural nourishment nourishment / nriʃmənt/ noun food or noun snow-covered mountain slopes where the valuable substances in food that help people learn to ski
nut people to grow and be healthy nut /nt/ noun FOOD a fruit with an edible nouvelle cuisine nuvel kwi zin nouvelle cuisine / | / centre inside a hard shell ˽ to crack nuts to noun CATERING a type of French cooking open the shells to get at the edible centres which aims at less heavy traditional dishes nut allergy nut allergy / nt ləd i/ noun an allergy and attractive presentation and often served to nuts, often quite serious in very small portions nutcracker nt nt kr kə / | / noun CATERING nt abbreviation night ć Stay 5 nts, only pay nutcracker for 4. a device for cracking the shells of nuts nut cutlet NT nt ktlət NT / en ti/ abbreviation National Trust nut cutlet / / noun FOOD a veg- nudism etarian cake, patty, or burger made from nudism / njudiz(ə)m/ noun TOURISM chopped nuts and other vegetable ingredi- same as naturism nudist njudist ents mixed together and sometimes formed nudist / / noun, adjective TOUR- into the shape of a meat chop or cutlet ISM same as naturist nutmeg nudist beach nutmeg / ntme / noun SAUCES, ETC. the nudist beach / njudist bitʃ/ noun seed of a tropical tree, grated and used as a TOURISM naturist beach same as ć nudist colony njudist kɒləni spice Add some grated nutmeg to the cake nudist colony / / noun mixture. TOURISM a club or camp for those who want nutmeg grater ntme reitə to go about naked nutmeg grater / / noun number nmbə CATERING a small device on which a nutmeg number / / noun 1. the quantity of is rubbed, to produce fine nutmeg powder ć people or things The number of passengers nutrient njutriənt carried has increased over the last year. ć nutrient / / noun, adjective a The number of days of rain is very small. ć substance that provides nourishment The number of tickets sold was disappoint- nutriment / njutrimənt/ noun some- ing. 2. ˽ a number of some ć A number of thing which is nourishing 209 nutty nutrition nju triʃ ə n nutritive nutrition / | ( ) / noun 1. the way nutritive / njutrətiv/ noun a food which in which food affects health ć a scheme to is necessary for growth í adjective provid- improve nutrition in the poorer areas 2. the ing food or nourishment study of food ć We are studying nutrition as nut roast nut roast / nt rəυst/ noun FOOD a vege- part of the food science course. nutritionist nju triʃ ə nist tarian loaf made from chopped or ground-up nutritionist / | ( ) / noun a per- nuts with onions, herbs, and seasonings, son who specialises in the study of nutrition bound with breadcrumbs and baked ć and advises on diets The nutritionist nutshell warned me not to eat too much red meat. nutshell / ntʃel/ noun the hard outer cov- nutritious nju triʃəs ering of a nut nutritious / | / adjective provid- nutty ing food which is necessary for growth ć Ice nutty / nti/ adjective tasting of or contain- cream is not a very nutritious food. ing nuts ć a nutty chocolate bar O oatcake occupation ɒkjυ peiʃ ə n oatcake / əυtkeik/ noun BREAD, ETC. a occupation / | ( ) / noun 1. dry biscuit made of oatmeal, often served same as occupancy 2. a person’s job or pro- with cheese or eaten for breakfast fession occupational pension oatmeal oatmeal / əυtmil/ noun FOOD coarse flour occupational pension ɒkjυpeiʃ ə nəl penʃə made from oats / ( ) / noun BUSINESS a pension which is paid by the company by COMMENT: Oatmeal is used to make por- ridge. which an employee has been employed occupation density oats ɒkjυ peiʃ ə n occupation density / | ( ) oats /əυts/ plural noun FOOD a cereal food, densiti/ noun HOTELS the number of people grown in northern European countries in a hotel or restaurant, shown as a ratio of COMMENT: Oats are widely grown and the floor area used in Scotland, where the most com- occupy mon use for them is in making porridge occupy / ɒkjυpai/ verb to live in or work and biscuits. in ć All the rooms in the hotel are occupied. obligatory ə bli ət ə ri ć The company occupies three floors of an obligatory / | ( ) / adjective neces- office block. (NOTE: occupies – occupying sary according to the law or rules ć Is the – occupied) medical examination obligatory? ocean observation car əυʃ ə n ɒbzə veiʃ ə n kɑ ocean / ( ) / noun a large area of sea / | / observation car ( ) COMMENT: The oceans are: the Atlantic, noun RAIL TRAVEL a special wagon with a the Pacific, the Indian, the Antarctic (or glass roof, so that passengers can enjoy the Southern) and the Arctic. mountain scenery oceanarium əυʃə neəriəm oceanarium / | / noun TOUR- occasional ə kei ə n ə l occasional /| ( ) ( ) / adjective ISM a type of large saltwater aquarium where happening sometimes, but not very often marine animals are kept ocean terminal occasional labour ə kei ə n ə l ocean terminal / əυʃ(ə)n tmin(ə)l/ occasional labour /| ( ) ( ) leibə/ noun US workers hired for a short noun TRAVEL the main building at a port period (NOTE: The British English is casual where passengers arrive and depart odd labour.) odd /ɒd/ adjective 1. (of an amount) occasional licence ˽ ə kei ə n ə l almost, not exactly a hundred-odd occasional licence /| ( ) ( ) approximately one hundred 2. one of a group lais(ə)ns/ noun BARS a licence to sell alco- ˽ an odd shoe one shoe of a pair ˽ we have hol at a given place and time only occupancy a few odd boxes left we have a few boxes occupancy / ɒkjυpənsi/ noun the fact of left out of the total shipment living, working or staying in a property such odd-job-man / ɒd d ɒb m n/ noun a ˽ as a house, an office or a hotel room with man who does general work, such as repairs, immediate occupancy empty and available in a building or on an estate to be moved into straight away oddments / ɒdmənts/ plural noun items ‘…hotel occupancies in the high tariff B or four- left over star hotels recorded an average occupancy of off ɒf 88.5 per cent for the first half of this year, com- off / / adjective 1. CATERING not on the pared with the previous year’s 84 per cent’ menu any more ć Liver is off today. 2. not [South China Morning Post] good, rotten ć That fish smells a bit off. ć The occupancy rate occupancy rate / ɒkjυpənsi reit/ noun milk has gone off. ć I’m afraid these prawns HOTELS same as room occupancy ć During are off. 3. away from work ć We have quite a the winter months the occupancy rate was few staff off today. í preposition a particular down to 50%. distance from or quite close to ć They spent ‘…while occupancy rates matched those of 1984 their holiday on an island off the coast of in July, August has been a much poorer month Brittany. ć The restaurant is just off the High than it was the year before’ [Economist] Street. 211 off the bone
off-airport car rental firm off-airport car rental firm / ɒf eəpɔt officials, especially when making a request ˽ kɑ rent(ə)l fm/ noun a rental firm the official exchange rate the exchange rate which is not based within an airport and so which is imposed by the government ć The can offer cheaper rates official exchange rate is ten to the dollar, but offal you can get twice that on the black market. í offal / ɒf(ə)l/ noun MEAT the inside parts of an animal when used as food, e.g. liver, kid- noun somebody working in a government department ć Airport officials inspected the ney or intestines (NOTE: There is no plural shipment. ć Government officials stopped form. The US English is variety meats.) offer the import licence. offer / ɒfə/ noun 1. a statement that you are officially ə fiʃ ə li officially / | ( ) / adverb according to willing to pay a particular amount of money ˽ what is said in public ć Officially, you are not to buy something we are open to offers we supposed to take money out of the country. are ready to discuss the price which we are ˽ ˽ Compare unofficially asking cash offer an offer to pay in cash official return ə fiʃ ə l ri tn or near offer, or nearest offer or an offer of official return / | ( ) | / noun a price which is slightly less than the price BUSINESS an official report official strike ć ə fiʃ ə l straik asked The car is for sale at £2,000 or near official strike / | ( ) / noun offer. 2. a statement that you are willing to BUSINESS a strike which has been approved sell something for a particular amount of by the main office of a union ˽ off-licence money í verb 1. to offer someone a job to off-licence / ɒf lais(ə)ns/ noun 1. a shop tell someone that he can have a job in your which sells alcohol for drinking away from company ć He was offered a job as a recep- the shop (NOTE: The US English is package tionist. 2. to say that you are willing to pay a store.) 2. BARS a licence to sell alcohol to be particular amount of money for something ć drunk away from the place where it is bought She offered £200 for the carpet. 3. to say that off-peak off-peak / ɒf pik/ adjective not during you are willing to sell something ć They are the busiest time ˽ during the off-peak offering cheap weekend tours to European period at the time when business is less busy cities. off-peak tariff office off-peak tariff / ɒf pik t rif/, rate / ɒfis/ noun 1. BUSINESS office a set of /reit/ noun lower charges applied when a rooms where a company works or where ˽ service is not busy business is done 2. for office use only that off-piste skiing ɒf pist skiiŋ must only be used in an office, usually said off-piste skiing / / noun of a part of a form which must only be filled SPORT skiing away from the marked tracks. in by the people in the office which issues the Compare on-piste skiing off-season form 3. BUSINESS a room where someone off-season / ɒf siz(ə)n/ adjective hap- works and does business ć Come into my pening during the time of year when fewer office. ć The manager’s office is on the third people are travelling or using facilities í floor. 4. a government department ˽ the For- noun TOURISM the time of year when there eign Office the ministry dealing with foreign are fewer travellers, and so fares and room affairs ć Foreign Office officials asked to see prices are cheaper ć Tour operators urge the prisoners. more people to travel in the off-season. ć Air office hours office hours / ɒfis aυəz/ plural noun the fares are cheaper in the off-season. Also time when an office is open ć Do not tele- called low season off-season tariff phone during office hours. off-season tariff / ɒf siz(ə)n t rif/, office space reit office space / ɒfis speis/ noun a space rate / / noun TOURISM cheaper fares and available for offices or occupied by offices ć room prices which are charged when there We are looking for extra office space. are fewer travellers offshore office staff offshore / ɒfʃɔ/ adjective, adverb on an office staff / ɒfis stɑf/ noun people who island or in the sea near to the coast ć an off- work in offices. Also called clerical staff official shore floating casino ə fiʃ ə l offshore wind official / | ( ) / adjective relating to an ɒf ʃɔ wind offshore wind / | / noun a organisation, especially one which is part of wind which blows from the coast towards the a government or some other authority ć He is onshore wind ć sea. Compare travelling on official business. He left offi- off the beaten track ɒf ðə bit ə n cial documents in his car. ć She received an off the beaten track / ( ) official letter of explanation. ˽ speaking in tr k/ adjective in a place which is not usu- an official capacity speaking as a person ally visited by many people with special knowledge or responsibilities ˽ off the bone the bone / ɒf ðə bəυn/ adjective to go through official channels to deal with CATERING with the bones removed off-the-road 212 off-the-road / ɒf ðə rəυd/ adjective ally on duty but may be called to do a job, if referring to a destination or sight not visited needed by the average tourist one-way / wn wei/ adjective involving off the tourist the trail tourist trail / ɒf ðə tυərist or allowing travel in only one direction. treil/ adjective not in a place which is usu- Abbr OW ally visited by many tourists one-way fare fare / wn wei feə/ noun Ogen melon melon / əυ ən mel(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL same as single fare one-way street FRUIT a type of melon which has yellowish one-way street / wn wei strit/ noun skin striped with green, and pale yellow flesh ROAD TRAVEL a street where the traffic is oil oil /ɔil/ noun FOOD a thick smooth-running allowed to go only in one direction ć The liquid of various kinds used in cooking í shop is in a one-way street, which makes it verb to put oil on ć Oil the tin before putting very difficult for parking. the dough in. one-way ticket ticket / wn wei tikit/ noun COMMENT: The commonest cooking oil is TRAVEL same as single ticket onion made from sunflower seeds; many others onion / njən/ noun VEGETABLES a strong- exist, such as olive oil, walnut oil, etc. smelling vegetable with a round white bulb ć oiliness / ɔilinəs/ noun the state of being fried onion rings oily on licence licence / ɒn lais(ə)ns/ noun a licence oily / ɔili/ adjective like oil, containing oil to sell alcohol for drinking on the premises, or covered with oil ć Oily fish such as mack- e.g. in a bar or restaurant online ɒn lain erel or sardines are good for you. online / | /, on line, on-line adverb okra okra / ɒkrə/ noun VEGETABLES a vegetable through a direct link to a computer network with a green pod used in soups. Also called or the Internet ć The sales office is online to gumbo 1, lady’s finger the airline’s headquarters. ć You need to COMMENT: Also called ‘bhindi’, ‘gumbo’ or know the password to access the data online. ‘lady’s finger’. Used in Caribbean and ˽ to book online to book a ticket or make a Indian cooking; also used in the south of reservation by connecting to the company’s the USA. computer system ć You can book your own old age pension old age pension / əυld eid penʃən/ ticket online. ˽ an on-line travel company a noun a state pension given to men over 65 or travel company which does its business women over 60. Also called retirement online pension, pension ‘…when it come to booking business travel, most olive olive / ɒliv/ noun FRUIT a small black or people still opt for an agency or in-house travel green fruit from a Mediterranean tree, which arranger rather than going online’ [Evening Standard] is crushed to produce oil and is also eaten as o.n.o. food o.n.o. abbreviation or near offer on-piste skiing olive oil on-piste skiing / ɒn pist skiiŋ/ noun olive oil / ɒliv ɔil/ noun FOOD oil made from olives SPORT skiing along marked tracks. Compare omelette ɒmlət off-piste skiing omelette / / noun FOOD a dish made onshore ɒnʃɔ of beaten eggs, cooked in a frying pan and onshore / / adjective towards the coast folded over before serving. Various fillings onshore wind ɒnʃɔ wind may be added. ć I had a cheese omelette and onshore wind / / noun a chips for lunch. (NOTE: The US spelling is wind which blows from the sea towards the omelet.) coast. Compare offshore wind on-site ɒn sait COMMENT: The commonest forms of ome- on-site / / adjective on the lette are cheese omelette and ham ome- premises ć The on-site courier is completely lette. A Spanish omelette is made with reliable. onion, tomato, peppers, potatoes, etc., on-the-rocks / ɒn ðə rɒks/ served in a and is not folded over, but served flat. on-airport car rental firm glass with ice cubes ɒn eəpɔt onward on-airport car rental firm / onward / ɒnwəd/ adjective next, further kɑ rent ə l fm/ noun ROAD TRAVEL ( ) a forward ć Passengers with onward connec- car rental firm with its base inside an airport tions should check at the transit desk on complex, which is more convenient for trav- arrival. ellers, although the rates may be higher onward destination ɒnwəd desti on board ɒn bɔd onward destination / | on board / / on a ship, plane or neiʃ(ə)n/ noun the next destination after train arriving here on-call time on-call time / ɒn kɔl taim/ noun the ‘…arriving passengers move from the arrival time during which an employee is not actu- gate, down one floor to pick up their bags, and 213 operational planning out of the door to their onward destination, via open space space / əυpən speis/ noun an area their chosen method of ground transportation’ of land which has no buildings or trees on it [Airliner World] ć onward flight The parks provide welcome open space in ɒnwəd flait onward flight / / noun AIR the centre of the city. TRAVEL a flight to the next destination open ticket / əυpən tikit/ noun TRAVEL on-your-own package open ticket a on-your-own package / ɒn jɔ əυn ticket which can be used on any date p kid open up / noun TRAVEL arrangements made open up / əυpən p/ verb ˽ to open up a by a travel agency for an independent travel- new air route to start flying a regular service ler who only wants the airline reservation on a route where such a service has not oper- and a hotel ated before open əυpən open-view kitchen open / / adjective doing business, open-view kitchen / əυpən vju ć not closed Most slopes are open on Sunday kitʃin/ noun CATERING a kitchen where the mornings. ć Our offices are open from 9 to 6. customers can watch the chefs at work ć a ć They are open for business every day of the restaurant with an open-view kitchen built week. í verb 1. BUSINESS to start a new busi- around a rôtisserie ness working ć She has opened a shop in the opera opera / ɒp(ə)rə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT 1. a High Street. ć We have opened an office in dramatic performance with music, in which 2. ć London. to start work, to be at work The the words are partly or wholly sung ć We are information office opens at 9 a.m. ć We open going to see the new production of an opera 3. for business on Sundays. to make some- by Britten. ć ‘The Marriage of Figaro’ is one ć thing begin officially The new hotel was of Mozart’s best-known operas. 2. a com- opened by the Minister of Tourism. ć We are pany which performs operas opening a new courier service to Japan. opera glasses ɒp ə rə lɑsiz open-air əυpən eə opera glasses / ( ) / plural open-air / / adjective in the noun ENTERTAINMENT small binoculars for open, not in a building ć an open-air per- looking at performers on the stage formance of ‘Twelfth Night’ ć an open-air opera house opera house / ɒp(ə)rə haυs/ noun concert in Central Park open bar ENTERTAINMENT a theatre in which operas open bar / əυpən bɑ/ noun a bar at a are performed party, wedding, or other social function operate / ɒpəreit/ verb to make a machine where the drinks are served free of charge work ć He knows how to operate the glass- open-cap mushroom open-cap mushroom / əυpən k p washer. mʃrum/ noun VEGETABLES a large flatter ‘…the company gets valuable restaurant loca- type of mushroom tions which will be converted to the family-style open cheque cheque / əυpən tʃek/ noun restaurant chain that it operates and franchises throughout most parts of the US’ [Fortune] FINANCE same as uncrossed cheque operating profit ɒpəreitiŋ prɒfit open deck əυpən dek operating profit / / open deck / / noun TOURISM noun BUSINESS a result where sales from the top deck of a bus without a roof, to allow normal business activities are higher than the tourists to see and take photographs more costs easily operation ɒpə reiʃ ə n opening time operation / | ( ) / noun 1. BUSI- əυp ə niŋ taim opening time / ( ) / noun the NESS a business organisation and work ć The time when a shop or office starts work company’s tour operations in West Africa. ć open-jaw arrangement əυpən d ɔ ə open-jaw arrangement / | He is in charge of our hotel operations in reind mənt/ noun AIR TRAVEL 1. a system Northern Europe. 2. ˽ in operation work- where a passenger flies to one airport on the ing, being used ć The computerised booking outward flight and returns from another air- system will be in operation by June. ć The port, having travelled between the two by new schedules came into operation on June bus, train, car, etc. 2. a system where a pas- 1st. operational ɒpə reiʃ ə nəl senger leaves from one airport on the out- operational / | ( ) / adjective 1. ward trip and returns to another on the return referring to how something works 2. ˽ the trip, or flies to one airport and then returns system became operational on June 1st the from another airport system started working on June 1st open sandwich open sandwich / əυpən s nwid / operational costs costs / ɒpəreiʃ(ə)nəl noun FOOD one slice of bread with meat, kɒsts/ plural noun BUSINESS same as run- cheese or some other filling on it ning costs open sea operational planning open sea / əυpən si/ noun SHIPS AND operational planning / ɒpəreiʃ(ə)nəl BOATS an area of sea away from land, with pl niŋ/ noun BUSINESS planning how a no islands or rocks business is to be run operations director 214 operations director ɒpə reiʃ ə nz dai operations director / | ( ) | rect? 3. BUSINESS an official request for rektə/ noun BUSINESS somebody in charge goods to be supplied ć to give someone an of the way in which a company works order or to place an order with someone for operative / ɒp(ə)rətiv/ adjective ˽ to twenty loaves of bread ˽ to fill, to fulfil an become operative to start working ć The order to supply items which have been new ticketing system has been operative ordered ˽ terms: cash with order condi- since June 1st. tions of sale showing that payment has to be operator ˽ operator / ɒpəreitə/ noun 1. somebody made in cash when the order is placed on ć ć order ordered but not delivered This item who works a machine a keyboard operator ˽ 2. same as telephonist ć switchboard oper- is out of stock, but is on order. items avail- ator ć to call the operator or to dial the oper- able to order only items which will be man- ator ć to place a call through or via the oper- ufactured only if someone orders them 4. ator CATERING food or drink which a customer operator-controlled call has asked for in a restaurant ć This is not my operator-controlled call / ɒpəreitə kən trəυld kɔl order. ć We only had twenty orders for the | / noun a telephone call chef’s special. ˽ to take an order (of a where the operator makes the connection, waiter) to write down the dishes and drinks usually charged at a higher rate í option which a guest orders verb 1. BUSINESS to ɒpʃən option / / noun 1. a choice or ask for goods to be supplied ć The hotel has another possibility ć The tour offers several ordered a new set of dining room furniture. ć options as half-day visits. When you hire a 2. CATERING to ask for food or drink in a res- car, you have the option of a two-door or taurant ć He ordered a full English break- ˽ four-door model. 2. option to purchase, to fast. sell a possibility to buy or sell something order book ɔdə bυk within a period of time order book / / noun a record of optional ɒpʃ ə n ə l orders optional / ( ) ( ) / adjective possible order taker to add if the customer wants ć The insurance order taker / ɔdə teikə/ noun CATERING cover is optional. a person whose job is to take orders for e.g. optional extras extras / ɒpʃ(ə)n(ə)l ekstrəz/ food or drink that is to be served or delivered plural noun items which can be added for an to customers Ordnance Survey extra charge, e.g. a visit to a market when on Ordnance Survey / ɔdnəns svei/ a tour noun formerly, a British government agency, orange orange / ɒrind / noun FRUIT a sweet citrus now a public company, which is responsible fruit with a reddish-yellow skin ć roast duck for producing detailed maps of the UK ć We and orange sauce ć We saw orange trees used an Ordnance Survey map to plot our growing in California. ć She asked for an route. oregano ɒri ɑnəυ orange sorbet. oregano / | / noun SAUCES, ETC. COMMENT: The orange’s nutritional value a common herb, used in Italian dishes such is due mainly to its high vitamin C content; as pizzas it is eaten as fresh fruit or used for juice organic ɔ nik and for making preserves. Blood oranges organic / | / adjective cultivated are coloured by the presence of anthocy- naturally, without any chemical fertilisers or anins; mandarin oranges such as satsu- pesticides mas and tangerines have loose peel. The COMMENT: Organic farming uses natural Seville orange is a bitter orange, grown in fertilizers and rotates the raising of ani- Spain and used to make marmalade. mals with crop farming. orange marmalade orange marmalade / ɒrind organically grown organically grown, organically pro- mɑməleid/ noun SAUCES, ETC. marmalade made from oranges, usually bitter oranges duced adjective grown or produced natu- order ɔdə rally, without any chemical fertilisers or pes- order / / noun 1. a state of neatness ticides and tidiness or a logical arrangement of organic farming ɔ nik fɑmiŋ things such as records, filing cards or organic farming / | / invoices ˽ alphabetical order arrangement noun a method of farming which does not by the letters of the alphabet A, B, C, etc. 2. involve using chemical fertilisers or pesti- a state of working properly ˽ machine in cides organisation ɔ ənai zeiʃ ə n full working order a machine which is organisation / | ( ) /, ready and able to work properly ˽ the tele- organization noun 1. a way of arranging phone is out of order the telephone is not something so that it works efficiently 2. a working ˽ is all the documentation in group or institution which is arranged for order? are all the documents valid and cor- efficient work 215 outward organisation chart ɔ ənai outdoor catering aυtdɔ keitəriŋ organisation chart / | outdoor catering / / zeiʃ(ə)n(ə)l tʃɑt/ noun BUSINESS a dia- noun CATERING catering for large numbers gram of people working in various depart- of people in the open air, as at sporting ments, showing how a company or office is events, shows, etc. organised outdoors aυt dɔz outdoors / | / adverb in or to the organise organise / ɔ ənaiz/, organize verb to open air ć The concert will be held outdoors arrange something so that it works effi- if the weather is good. í noun the open air ciently ć to organise a tour of Egypt ‘…the initiative is aimed at encouraging interest organised / ɔ ənaizd/, organized in outdoor pursuits for those who have never adjective arranged in advance ć They went experienced the outdoors’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors] on an organised tour of Sicily. outgoing call organised labour aυt əυiŋ kɔl ɔ ənaizd leibə outgoing call / / noun a organised labour / / phone call going out of a building to some- noun BUSINESS workers who are members of one outside trade unions outgoing mail organiser outgoing mail / aυt əυiŋ meil/ noun organiser / ɔ ənaizə/, organizer noun ć mail which is sent out somebody who arranges things efficiently out of season aυt əv siz ə n Address any queries about the venue to the out of season / ( ) / adjec- conference organiser. tive FOOD more expensive because the grow- orienteering ɔriə ntiəriŋ ing season is over and it has to be imported, orienteering / | / noun SPORT the sport of finding your way through rough or which is not found on menus because the time for growing it is over terrain which you do not know, using maps outside aυtsaid and compasses ć He skis with the orienteer- outside / / adverb, adjective not in ing team. a company’s office or building ˽ to send origin work to be done outside to send work to be origin / ɒrid in/ noun TRAVEL where í ˽ something comes from, or the place where a done in other offices preposition outside traveller has started his or her journey office hours, outside restaurant hours original ə rid ən ə l when the office or restaurant is not open original / | ( ) / adjective 1. new outside broadcast outside broadcast / aυtsaid and different ć She produced some very orig- brɔdkɑst inal ideas for the design of the new town cen- / noun ENTERTAINMENT a radio tre. 2. that is not a copy ć I kept the original or television programme recorded in the invoice and sent a copy. 3. first, or made for open air, not in a studio outside cabin the first time ć Bath is the home of the orig- outside cabin / aυtsaid k bin/ noun inal Bath Oliver. SHIPS AND BOATS a cabin with a window or originate ə rid ineit porthole ć We asked for an outside cabin. ć originate / | / verb to come from or to start from We booked an inside cabin since there were ounce aυns no outside cabins left. ounce / / noun a measure of weight outside caterer aυtsaid keitərə equalling 28 grams (NOTE: This is usually outside caterer / / written oz after figures: 14oz.) noun CATERING a person or company who outboard motor aυtbɔd məυtə supplies food and drink to be consumed in a outboard motor / / different place noun SHIPS AND BOATS an engine which is outside catering aυtsaid keitəriŋ attached to the outside of a boat ć If there’s outside catering / / not enough wind to sail the yacht we will noun CATERING the work of preparing food have to use the outboard motor. to be eaten in a different place outside lane outbound aυt said lein outbound / aυtbaυnd/ adjective going outside lane / | / noun ROAD away from the home base ć The outbound TRAVEL the track nearest the centre of a road, flight departs at 09.15. ć The captain flew used by the fastest- moving vehicles. Also the outbound leg from London to Durban. called fast lane outside line Compare inbound outside line / aυtsaid lain/ noun a line outbreak outbreak / aυtbreik/ noun MEDICAL a from an internal office telephone system to series of cases of a disease which start sud- the main telephone exchange out tray denly ć Tourists have been advised to drink out tray / aυt trei/ noun a container for only bottled water, as there is an outbreak of letters or memos which have been dealt with typhoid fever or a typhoid outbreak in the and are ready to be sent out town. outward / aυtwəd/ adjective going away outdoor aυt dɔ ć outdoor / | / adjective in the open air from the home base On the outward voy- ć The hotel offers all sorts of outdoor activi- age the ship will call in at the Canary ties. Islands. outward-bound 216 outward-bound aυtwəd baυnd overdone əυvə dn outward-bound / / adjec- overdone / | / adjective CATER- tive SHIPS AND BOATS sailing away from its ING having been cooked too long ć I com- home port plained because my steak was overdone. outward mission aυtwəd miʃ ə n overdue əυvə dju outward mission / ( ) / overdue / | / adjective not paid noun BUSINESS a visit by a group of busi- on time ˽ interest payments are three nesspeople to a foreign country weeks overdue interest payments should ouzo ouzo / uzəυ/ noun BEVERAGES a Greek have been made three weeks ago alcoholic drink flavoured with aniseed over easy easy / əυvər izi/ adjective US oven oven / v(ə)n/ noun CATERING an enclosed CATERING an egg fried on both sides. Com- box which can be heated for cooking ć The pare sunny side up overfly ć əυvə flai kitchen has three large gas ovens. Cook the overfly / | / verb AIR TRAVEL to fly vegetables in a microwave oven. over a country ovenproof v ə n pruf overhead əυvəhed ovenproof / ( ) | / adjective overhead / / adjective above CATERING possible to put into a hot oven one’s head without it being damaged by the heat ć The overhead budget budget / əυvəhed bd it/ potatoes are served in an ovenproof bowl. noun BUSINESS a plan of probable overhead ovenware ovenware / vənweə/ noun CATERING costs dishes which can be put in a hot oven without overhead costs costs / əυvəhed kɒsts/, being damaged by the heat əυvəhed ik overhead expenses / | over- /əυvə/ prefix more than ˽ shop which spensiz/, overheads / əυvəhedz/ plural caters for the over-60s a shop which has noun BUSINESS same as running costs goods which appeal to people who are more overhead reading light reading light / əυvəhed than sixty years old ridiŋ lait/ noun AIR TRAVEL a small light overboard overboard / əυvəbɔd/ adverb SHIPS AND directly over a passenger’s head in an aircraft ˽ overheads BOATS from a boat into the water man overheads / əυvəhedz/ plural noun BUSI- overboard! someone has fallen into the NESS same as running costs water! overland əυvə l nd / | / adjective, adverb overbook overland əυvə bυk overbook / | / verb to book more across land, as opposed to over the sea ć an people than there are rooms or seats availa- overland journey to China ć They went down ble ć The hotel or the flight was overbooked. the river in small boats, and then went over- overbooking əυvə bυkiŋ ć overbooking / | / noun the fact land for a day to reach the safari station. of booking more people than there are rooms They took the overland route to Egypt. or seats available overload əυvə ləυd overload / | / verb to put too overcapacity əυvəkə p siti ć overcapacity / | / noun heavy a load on something With so many TOURISM the state of having more seats or people trying to get on board, there was a space than there are travellers or guests danger of the boat being overloaded. overlook əυvə lυk ‘…with the present overcapacity situation in the overlook / | / verb 1. to look out airline industry the discounting of tickets is wide- over ć We want a room which overlooks the spread’ [Business Traveller] overcast gardens, not one overlooking the car park. 2. overcast / əυvəkɑst/ adjective dull or not to notice something, or not to penalise or cloudy punish somebody for something ć In this overcharge noun / əυvətʃɑd / a charge instance we will overlook the delay. which is higher than it should be ć to pay overnight əυvə nait overnight / | / adverb for the í əυvə tʃɑd back an overcharge verb / | / to whole night ć We will stay overnight in ask too much money ć They overcharged us France on our way to Italy. ć They stay in the for meals. ć We asked for a refund because boat overnight, and make trips ashore at we had been overcharged. each port. í adjective lasting all night ć overcook əυvə kυk overcook / | / verb CATERING to They took an overnight flight back from cook something so long that it loses its fla- China. ć There are three sleeping cars on the vour and texture overnight express. overcrowded əυvə kraυdid overpass əυvəpɑs overcrowded / | / adjective overpass / / noun ROAD TRAVEL containing too many people ć We need to a place where one road is built over another. travel in the middle of the day to avoid the Compare underpass overcrowded commuter trains. overrider / əυvəraidə/, overriding com- overdo əυvə du əυvəraidiŋ kə miʃ ə n overdo / | / verb CATERING to cook mission / | ( ) /, over- əυvə raid food for too long ride / | / noun a special extra com- 217 oz mission which is paid on top of other owner of the chain of hotels. ˽ goods sent at commissions owner’s risk a situation where the owner has overripe əυvə raip overripe / | / adjective too ripe to insure the goods while they are being and past its best flavour and texture transported ˽ cars parked here at owner’s overseas adjective / əυvəsiz/ relating to risk if a car parked here is damaged or sto- í əυvə siz len, the owner will have to claim on his or foreign countries noun / | / for- eign countries ć The profits from overseas her insurance owner-managed hotel are far higher than those of the home divi- owner-managed hotel / əυnə m nid d həυ tel sion. | / noun HOTELS a hotel overseas call call / əυvəsiz kɔl/ noun a which is owned and managed by the same phone call to another country person owner-manager overseas money order money order / əυvəsiz owner-manager / əυnə m nid ə/ mni ɔdə/ noun FINANCE same as foreign noun HOTELS somebody who owns a hotel or money order restaurant and manages it owner-occupier overseas trade trade / əυvəsiz treid/ noun owner-occupier / əυnər ɒkjυpaiə/ BUSINESS trade with foreign countries. Also noun somebody who owns and lives in a called external trade, foreign trade property ownership overseas travel travel / əυvəsiz tr v(ə)l/ ownership / əυnəʃip/ noun the fact of noun TOURISM travel to other countries owning something oxtail overseas visitor visitor / əυvəsiz vizitə/ oxtail / ɒksteil/ noun MEAT the tail of a cow noun a visitor from another country. Also or bull, used in stews or to make oxtail soup called foreign visitor oxygen bar bar / ɒksid ən bɑ/ noun a place overtake əυvə teik overtake / | / verb ROAD TRAVEL similar to a café where customers can pay to to go faster than another vehicle on the road breathe in oxygen through a face mask for its and pass it to get in front ć The road is too reviving effects oyster narrow to overtake. ć The coach overtook oyster / ɔistə/ noun SEAFOOD a shellfish, our car on the motorway. with two rough, roundish shells overtime overtime / əυvətaim/ BUSINESS noun COMMENT: Oysters are usually served hours worked more than the usual working raw, opened, with the flat half of the shell time ć Overtime is paid at one and a half removed; they are usually served with lemon and slices of brown bread and but- times the standard rate. í adjective working ter. Traditionally, Guinness or dry cham- more than the usual working day ć Overtime pagne can be served with oysters, though pay is calculated at one and a half times the nowadays a dry white wine is more usual. standard rate. ć They worked overtime when In restaurants oysters are served by the the hotel was full. dozen or half-dozen. British oysters are overweight əυvə weit only available between September and overweight / | / adjective heav- April, leading to the belief that they may ier than the allowed weight limit only be eaten ‘when there is an ‘r’ in the ovolactovegetarian əυvəυla ktəυ ovolactovegetarian / | month’. ved i teəriən oyster bar | / noun a vegetarian who eats oyster bar / ɔistə bɑ/ noun CATERING a eggs and dairy products, but no products that bar serving oysters, white wine, and usually involve the killing of animals other types of shellfish OW OW abbreviation TRAVEL one-way oyster sauce sauce / ɔistə sɔs/ noun a salty own /əυn/ verb to have or possess some- bottled sauce flavoured with oysters, used in thing ć He owns 50% of the shares in the Chinese cooking oz hotel chain. ˽ a state-owned airline airline oz abbreviation ounce ć According to the which belongs to the state recipe I need 12oz flour and 5oz butter. owner owner / əυnə/ noun somebody who owns (NOTE: Say ‘twelve ounces of flour’, ‘five something ć a restaurant owner ć She’s the ounces of butter’.) P
pack packet pack /p k/ noun 1. same as packet ˽ pack packet / p kit/ noun a wrapping, con- of items items put together in a container for tainer or box ć Empty cigarette packets lit- selling ć a pack of cigarettes ć a pack of bis- tered the floor of the compartment. packing case cuits ć a pack of envelopes ˽ items sold in packing case / p kiŋ keis/ noun a large packs of 200 sold in boxes containing 200 wooden box for carrying items which can be items 2. a rucksack, a bag carried on the easily broken pad back. ı backpack í verb 1. TRAVEL to put pad /p d/ noun CATERING a small terminal things into a case for travelling ć Did you with keys, linked to a central computer, remember to pack your winter underwear? ć allowing orders to be keyed directly by a He didn’t pack his toothbrush. ć We’re leav- waiter or waitress ing tonight, and you haven’t finished packing ‘…pads are part of a network, so that in outlets yet. 2. to put things into a container for sell- with two or more pads, servers can move from ing or sending ć to pack goods into cartons pad to pad, and their orders move with them. Orders entered on any pad can be transmitted to ć The biscuits are packed in plastic wrap- kitchen or bar printers’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] pers. paddle steamer steamer / p d(ə)l stimə/ noun package package / p kid / noun 1. goods packed SHIPS AND BOATS a steam-driven boat which and wrapped for sending by mail ć The Post moves forward with two large paddle Office does not accept bulky packages. ć The wheels, one on either side ć An old paddle goods are to be sent in airtight packages. 2. steamer runs tours across the lake. Compare a number of different things or operations sternwheeler paella pai elə grouped together and considered as a single paella / | / noun FOOD a Spanish dish item ć a package of financial incentives for of cooked rice with fish, shellfish and vege- the staff ć Free use of the swimming pool and tables in it page sauna is part of the package. page /peid / HOTELS noun also pageboy package deal package deal / p kid dil/ noun a deal a young man who takes messages and carries where several items are agreed at the same luggage in a hotel í verb to call someone to time the reception desk or to answer a telephone ć package holiday call in a hotel He is not in his room, so we p kid hɒlidei package holiday / / will page him in the restaurant. noun TOURISM pager a holiday where the travel, the pager / peid ə/ noun a small portable accommodation and sometimes meals are all radio which makes a tone when it receives a included in the price and paid for in advance message. Also called radiopager ć The travel company is arranging a pack- COMMENT: Pagers are used in many situ- age trip to the international computer exhi- ations: to call members of staff to take bition. incoming messages on an outside line, to package plan p kid pl n call a doctor to an emergency, etc. Some package plan / / noun pagers have small screens on which short HOTELS a rate which includes the use of other written messages can be displayed. facilities or services, e.g. meals, tennis les- paid-up capital capital / peid p k pit(ə)l/ sons or massages, as well as accommodation noun BUSINESS the amount of money paid packed lunch packed lunch / p kt lntʃ/ noun for the issued share capital CATERING cold food, such as sandwiches, palace / p lis/ noun a large ornate build- fruit, etc., packed in a box or basket for eat- ing, in which a king or nobleman lives ć ing when travelling ć The party took packed Blenheim Palace is the home of the Duke of lunches went they set off on their walk in the Marlborough. ć Buckingham Palace was mountains. ć We will ask the hotel to prepare opened to the public for the first time in packed lunches for us tomorrow. 1993. 219 paraglider
pan-fried COMMENT: Note that a ‘palace’ would pan-fried / p n fraid/ adjective CATERING often be called ‘château’ in French, and in cooked in shallow oil or fat in a frying pan ć German, ‘Schloss’. See note at CASTLE. palm oil pan-fried fillets of sole palm oil / pɑm ɔil/ noun FOOD an edible panini pə nini panini / | / plural noun BREAD, ETC. oil produced from the seed or fruit of an oil Italian white bread rolls, or sandwiches palm palm tree made with them palm tree / pɑm tri/ noun a large tropi- panoramic p nə r mik panoramic / | / adjective cal plant with branching fern-like leaves, looking out over a large area or commanding producing fruits which give oil and other a wonderful view of scenery ć a panoramic ˽ coconut palm, date palm foodstuffs a view from the top of the tower ć There is a palm which produces coconuts or dates panoramic restaurant on the top floor of the paludism paludism / p ljudizm/ noun MEDICAL hotel. same as malaria pantry / p ntri/ noun 1. cool cupboard or COMMENT: Paludism is a recurrent dis- room for keeping food in ć My grandmother ease which produces regular periods of shivering, vomiting, sweating and head- didn’t own a refrigerator and kept all her aches as the parasites develop in the food in the pantry. 2. CATERING (in a restau- body; the patient also develops anaemia. rant) a small room where dirty plates, glasses pamper / p mpə/ verb to make sure that and cutlery are put after being cleared from someone is very comfortable and very well the table, and where hot plates, cruets, etc., treated and has everything he or she wishes can be kept for service to guests’ tables. Also for called service room pantryman pan p ntrim n pan /p n/ noun CATERING a metal cooking pantryman / / noun CATER- container with a handle ING somebody who deals with the dirty panada pə nɑdə dishes and glasses in a restaurant pantry panada / | / noun CATERING a very papaya pə paiə thick paste of flour and a liquid such as milk papaya / | /, pawpaw noun FRUIT a or stock, used as a base for sauces, or for greenish-yellow tropical fruit with a soft binding for stuffing pulp which is eaten raw paper pancake peipə pancake / p nkeik/ noun BREAD, ETC. a paper / / noun 1. thin, often white, thin soft flat cake made of flour, milk and material, which you write on, and which is eggs ć We ate pancakes and maple syrup for used for wrapping or to make books, news- breakfast. papers and magazines 2. a newspaper ć The Pancake Day p nkeik dei cottage was advertised in our local paper. ć Pancake Day / / noun the Check in the paper to find out the times of Tuesday before Lent starts, when pancakes high tides. ć are traditionally eaten You must have pan- paper money peipə mni cakes on Pancake Day. Also called Shrove paper money / / noun Tuesday FINANCE money in notes, not coins paper napkin peipə n pkin COMMENT: It is the last day before Lent, paper napkin / / noun a and so a day when feasts are held. In Brit- napkin made from paper ain, pancakes are traditionally eaten on paper towel towel / peipə taυəl/ noun absorb- Pancake Day, usually with lemon and ent paper used for drying the hands, wiping sugar, but also with other sweet fillings. In ć France and French-speaking countries, spilled liquids, etc. There is a paper towel the festival is called ‘Mardi Gras’; it is cel- dispenser in the bathroom. pappardelle p pɑ delə ebrated particularly in Brazil. pappardelle / | / noun FOOD pancetta p n tʃetə pancetta / | / noun MEAT a salt- pasta in the shape of broad flat ribbons paprika cured and spiced form of belly of pork, used paprika / p prikə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a in Italian dishes red spice made from powdered sweet pep- panel / p n(ə)l/ noun 1. a group of people pers (NOTE: Paprika is used in Central who answer questions or who judge a com- European cooking, such as goulash.) parador petition ć She’s on the panel that will inter- parador / p rədɔ/ noun HOTELS in Spain, view candidates for the post. 2. a flat piece of a hotel operated by the national government something such as wood or metal, which and usually located in a castle, monastery, forms part of something ć Unscrew the panel convent, or other historic site paraglider at the back of the washing machine. paraglider / p rə laidə/ noun SPORT a panettone p nə təυni panettone / | / noun BREAD, large glider formed like a segment of a para- ETC. a tall Italian yeast cake flavoured with chute, under which the pilot hangs in a har- vanilla and dried and candied fruits, tradi- ness, holding onto a bar which is used for tionally eaten at Christmas steering. ı hang-glider paragliding 220
paragliding paragliding / p rə laidiŋ/ noun SPORT to the bone to keep our prices low they the sport of flying a paraglider. ı hang-glid- have been reduced as much as possible ing parfait / pɑfei/ noun a rich dessert con- parallel / p rəlel/ noun an imaginary line sisting of frozen whipped cream or rich ice running round the earth, linking points at an cream flavoured with fruit parings equal distance from the equator parings / peəriŋz/ plural noun CATERING COMMENT: The parallels are numbered pieces of peel or skin cut off a fruit, vegeta- and some of them act as national bounda- ble, etc. ries: the 49th parallel marks most of the park /pɑk/ noun an open space with grass border between the USA and Canada. ı í parapente p rəpɒnt and trees. national park verb ROAD parapente / / noun SPORT a TRAVEL to leave your car in a place while you modified parachute used for paraskiing and are not using it ć The rep parked her car out- paragliding, similar to a hang-glider side the shop. ć You cannot park here during parasailing parasailing / p rəseiliŋ/ noun SPORT a the rush hour. ć Parking is difficult in the sport in which somebody wearing a para- centre of the city. chute rises high into the air at the back of a park and fly and fly / pɑk ən flai/ verb to leave moving motorboat and is towed along your car at the airport while you are away on parascending parascending / p rəsendiŋ/ noun a trip parking SPORT a sport in which somebody wearing parking / pɑkiŋ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL the an open parachute is towed along by a speed- act of leaving your car in a place while you boat or land vehicle, rises into the air, and are not using it, or places where cars can be descends independently using the parachute left ć There is plenty of free parking behind parasite / p rəsait/ noun a plant or ani- the conference centre. ˽ ‘no parking’ do not mal which lives on or inside a host plant or leave your car here animal and derives its nourishment and other parking attendant pɑkiŋ ə tendənt parking attendant / | / needs from it ć Many diseases are carried by noun ROAD TRAVEL somebody who looks parasites. after a car park, telling people where to park, COMMENT: The commonest parasites guarding the empty vehicles, collecting pay- affecting animals are lice on the skin and ment, etc. various types of worms in the intestines. parking facilities pɑkiŋ fə silitiz Many diseases of humans (such as parking facilities / | / malaria and amoebic dysentery) are plural noun ROAD TRAVEL arrangements for caused by infestation with parasites. parking cars, either in a covered or open car Viruses are parasites on animals, plants park ć The hotel has parking facilities for 60 and even on bacteria. cars. parasitic p rə sitik parking lights parasitic / | / adjective MEDICAL parking lights / pɑkiŋ laits/ plural noun referring to parasites ć fleas and other para- same as side lights sitic insects ć a parasitic plant parking lot parking lot / pɑkiŋ lɒt/ noun US ROAD paraskiing p rəskiiŋ paraskiing / / noun SPORT the TRAVEL a car park sport of skiing off high mountains and parking space space / pɑkiŋ speis/ noun a descending through the air using a parapente space for parking a single car ć The restau- parasol parasol / p rəsɒl/ noun a light umbrella rant has six parking spaces allocated in the to protect you from the rays of the sun public car park next door. paratyphoid fever p rə taifɔid parking ticket paratyphoid fever / | parking ticket / pɑkiŋ tikit/ noun a fivə/ noun MEDICAL an infectious disease piece of paper showing that you have parked which has similar symptoms to typhoid and illegally and must pay a fine is caused by bacteria transmitted by humans park keeper keeper / pɑk kipə/ noun a keeper or animals who looks after a park, especially a town COMMENT: There are three forms of para- park typhoid fever, known by the letters A, B, park ranger pɑk wɔd ə n and C. They are caused by three types of park ranger / ( ) /, park war- bacterium, Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and den noun somebody who looks after a forest C. TAB injections give immunity against or national park parkway paratyphoid A and B, but not against C. parkway / pɑkwei/ noun US ROAD parboil parboil / pɑbɔil/ verb CATERING to half- TRAVEL a highway with a grass strip in the cook food in boiling water middle with trees and shrubs pare peə Parmesan pɑmi z n pare / / verb 1. CATERING to cut the skin Parmesan / | / noun DAIRY a or peel off a fruit, vegetable, etc. 2. to cut pale yellow hard Italian cheese, often served back expenses ˽ margins have been pared grated as a garnish on pasta dishes 221 passion fruit parquet floor floor / pɑkei flɔ/ noun a floor 2. a group of people doing something surface made of small pieces of wood, stuck together ć Parties of tourists walking round down and polished ć Ladies with high heels the gardens. ć A party of four arrived for a should wear slippers when visiting the house booking we did not have. pass to avoid damaging the parquet floors. pass /pɑs/ noun TRAVEL 1. a lower area parsley parsley / pɑsli/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a between two mountain peaks ć The trail green herb with either curly or flat leaves, crosses nine major passes. 2. a bus or train used in cooking as a flavouring or garnish ć season ticket, or a permit to go in or out of a Sprinkle some chopped parsley on top of the building, etc. ć A monthly pass costs less salad. than four weekly passes. ı airpass, railpass parsley sauce sauce / pɑsli sɔs/ noun í verb to go past ć You pass the Post Office SAUCES, ETC. a white sauce, flavoured with on your left as you go to the station. parsley, served with fish ‘…the snow tends to lie on the passes well into parsnip pɑsnip July’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors] parsnip / / noun VEGETABLES a passage plant whose long white root is eaten as a veg- passage / p sid / noun 1. a long narrow etable corridor ć The toilets are at the end of the ć COMMENT: Parsnips are eaten roasted passage. Go down the passage and turn (with roast beef and roast potatoes) or can left for the dining room. 2. SHIPS AND BOATS be boiled and made into a purée. They are a voyage by ship ˽ to work your passage to not eaten in most European countries, work on a ship so as to get a free voyage to a except in Britain. particular destination part exchange pɑt iks tʃeind passata part exchange / | / noun pə sɑtə passata / | / noun SAUCES, ETC. a an arrangement where an old product is thick tomato sauce with a rough texture, given by a buyer to a seller as part of the pay- sometimes flavoured with herbs ment for a new one ć to take a car in part passenger p sind ə exchange passenger / / noun TRAVEL participant pɑ tisipənt somebody who travels in a plane, bus, taxi, participant / | / noun some- train, car or ship, but is not the driver or a body who takes part in something member of the crew participate pɑ tisipeit passenger facility charge participate / | / verb to take part passenger facility charge / p sind ə ć Not all the hotels in the chain are partici- fə siliti tʃɑd | / noun US AIR TRAVEL a pating in this special Christmas offer. partie charge added to each ticket, levied by air- pɑti partie / / noun CATERING a specialised ports and collected by airlines as a way of section of a restaurant kitchen, making paying for the cost of airports. Abbr PFC sauces, pastries, etc. passenger ferry p sind ə feri partition pɑ tiʃ ə n passenger ferry / / noun partition / | ( ) / noun a thin wall SHIPS AND BOATS a ferry which carries only between two spaces, especially splitting a passengers large room into two ć There’s only a thin passenger manifest passenger manifest / p sind ə partition between the bedrooms, so we can m nifest hear everything that is said in the room next / noun TRAVEL a list of passengers í on a ship or plane door. verb to divide by means of a partition passenger name record p sind ə ć Part of the old dining room has been parti- passenger name record / tioned off to make a small function room. neim rekɔd/ noun an electronic record partridge / pɑtrid / noun a large brown which identifies every airline passenger and and grey bird, shot for sport and food, in sea- provides information on their itinerary and son between September 1st and February 1st travel reservations. Abbr PNR passenger terminal part-time pɑt taim passenger terminal / p sind ə part-time / / adjective, adverb tmin ə l not for a whole working day ć She has a ( ) / noun AIR TRAVEL the main part-time job at the hotel reception desk. ć building at an airport or port for people passenger train We employ several people part-time at week- passenger train / p sind ə trein/ noun ends. RAIL TRAVEL a train which carries only pas- part-timer / pɑt taimə/ noun somebody sengers, as opposed to freight trains which who works part-time carry only goods passing trade party pɑsiŋ treid party / pɑti/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT a passing trade / / noun special occasion when several people meet, BUSINESS customers who walk or drive past usually in someone’s house ć We’re having a a restaurant or hotel, and decide to stop and party on New Year’s Eve. ć A number of eat or stay the night, without having booked passion fruit Christmas parties are already booked. ć She passion fruit / p ʃ(ə)n frut/ noun FRUIT invited twenty friends to her birthday party. a purple fruit with a hard case filled with passito 222 juicy pulp and many seeds. Also called gra- an hour, and then cooling rapidly. This has nadilla the effect of killing tuberculosis bacteria. passito p sitəυ Pasteurisation is used principally in the passito / | / noun dried grapes for preservation of milk, though cheese made making sweet wines from unpasteurised milk is thought to have passport / pɑspɔt/ noun an official doc- a better flavour. pasteurise ument with your photograph and various pasteurise / pɑstʃəraiz/ verb CATERING personal details, proving that you are a citi- to heat food to destroy bacteria ć The gov- zen of a country ć We had to show our pass- ernment is telling people to drink only pas- ports at the customs post. ć His passport is teurised milk. out of date. ć The immigration officer ‘…a recommendation that caterers use pasteur- stamped my passport. ized eggs for products such as mayonnaise, passport control pɑspɔt kən trəυl mousse and ice cream. In addition, lightly cooked passport control / | / dishes such as meringue, hollandaise sauce and noun AIR TRAVEL a place where passengers’ Welsh rarebit should not be served to the elderly, passports are checked ć We had to wait for sick, babies or pregnant women’ [Caterer & half an hour in passport control. Hotelkeeper] pastis passport number number / pɑspɔt nmbə/ pastis / p sti/ noun BEVERAGES a French noun a serial number which is unique to each alcoholic drink, flavoured with aniseed pastrami p strɑmi passport pastrami / | / noun MEAT passport photo photo / pɑspɔt fəυtəυ/ smoked and strongly seasoned beef, usually noun TRAVEL a small photograph of a per- prepared from a shoulder cut, that is served son’s face, used in passports or on season cold in thin slices pastry tickets pastry / peistri/ noun BREAD, ETC. 1. a pass through through / pɑs θru/ verb to go paste made of flour, fat and water which is through something ć The road passes used to make pies 2. a sweet cake made of through the national park. ˽ we’re just pastry filled with cream or fruit pastry case passing through we are on our way to some- pastry case / peistri keis/ noun FOOD a where else ˽ to pass through customs to go piece of pastry used to line a dish and filled through a customs checkpoint either before or after baking pastry chef pasta peistri ʃef pasta / p stə/ noun FOOD a type of food pastry chef / / noun CATERING made from flour from durum wheat and a chef who specialises in preparing pastries shaped into forms such as lasagne, macaroni, and sweet dishes. Also called chef pâtissier pastry fork noodles, ravioli and spaghetti ć Spaghetti, pastry fork / peistri fɔk/ noun CATERING macaroni, etc., are all types of pasta. ć I’ll same as cake fork pasty just have some pasta and a glass of wine. pasty / p sti/ noun FOOD a small pie made (NOTE: There is no plural form: some pasta, with meat or vegetables wrapped in a pastry a bowl of pasta. Pasta takes a singular case and cooked verb: The pasta is very good here.) PA system system / pi ei sistəm/ same as pub- COMMENT: Pasta is available both dried lic address system and freshly made. It can be coloured in pâté p tei various ways, flavoured with basil, spin- pâté / / noun MEAT a paste made of ach, tomato, etc. There are a large cooked meat or fish finely minced ć I’ll start number of different forms of pasta and with chicken liver pâté. ć He brought some they form a basic part of Italian cooking. pâté home with him from France. paste pâté de foie gras paste /peist/ noun 1. FOOD thin glue, usu- pâté de foie gras / p tei də fwɑ ally made of flour and water 2. a soft sub- rɑ/ noun MEAT a fine pâté made from stance í verb to stick with glue ć The posters goose or duck liver advertising the bullfight are pasted onto path /pɑθ/ noun a narrow way for walking, shop windows. cycling or riding pasteurisation pɑstʃərai zeiʃ ə n pathway pɑθwei pasteurisation / | ( ) /, pathway / / noun a track for walk- pasteurization noun CATERING heating ing along ć A concrete pathway connects the food or food products to destroy bacteria, but two buildings. ć patisserie p tisəri without changing the flavour very much patisserie / | / noun 1. BREAD, Pasteurisation kills off harmful bacteria. ETC. sweet pastries or cakes 2. a shop which COMMENT: Pasteurisation is carried out by sells these pastries or cakes heating food for a short time at a lower patron patron / peitrən/ noun BUSINESS a cus- temperature than that used for sterilisa- tion: the two methods used are heating to tomer, especially a regular one, of a pub or 72°C for fifteen seconds (the high-temper- restaurant, or a visitor to a theatre ć Patrons ature short-time method) or to 65° for half are asked not to smoke in the auditorium. ć 223 pay slip
pay cheque The car park is for the use of hotel patrons pay cheque / pei tʃek/ noun FINANCE a only. monthly cheque which pays a salary to a patty patty / p ti/ noun FOOD a small flat indi- worker pay day vidual cake made from minced meat, vegeta- pay day / pei dei/ noun BUSINESS the day bles, or other food on which wages are paid to employees, usu- pavlova p v ləυvə ally Friday for employees paid once a week, pavlova / | / noun DESSERTS a and during the last week of the month for large circle of meringue filled with fruit and employees who are paid once a month whipped cream pay desk pay desk / pei desk/ noun a place in a COMMENT: Named after the Russian balle- store where you pay for the goods bought rina, Anna Pavlova (1885–1931). pay down pei daυn ˽ pawpaw / / verb to pay pɔpɔ pay down pawpaw / / FRUIT same as papaya money down to make a deposit ć She paid PAX PAX /p ks/ abbreviation TRAVEL passen- £50 down and the rest in monthly instal- gers ments. paying pay peiiŋ pay /pei/ noun salary or wage, the money paying / / adjective 1. giving or pro- given to someone for regular work ˽ holi- viding money 2. making a profit ć It is a pay- ˽ days with pay a holiday which an employee ing business. it is not a paying proposi- can take by contract and for which he or she tion it is not a business which is going to is paid í verb 1. to give money to buy an make a profit paying guest item or a service ć They paid £1,000 for the paying guest / peiiŋ est/ noun 1. a first-class tickets. ć How much did you pay person who stays with a family in their home to have your suit cleaned? ˽ to pay in and pays a rent 2. a person who stays at a advance to give money before you receive boarding house and pays for room and board payload the item bought or before the service has payload / peiləυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL the been completed ć You have to pay a deposit load of an aircraft which produces income, in advance when buying a made-to- measure i.e. the passengers and cargo suit. ˽ to pay in instalments to give money payment / peimənt/ noun 1. the act of for an item or service by giving small giving money for something 2. money paid ć payment by results peimənt bai ri amounts regularly We are paying for our payment by results / | holidays in instalments of £50 a month. ˽ to zlts/ noun BUSINESS a method of paying a pay by credit card to pay by using a credit worker in which the amount of money he or card, and not a cheque or cash ˽ to pay the she receives increases with the amount of difference to pay an amount which is the dif- work done or goods produced ference between two prices ć The second- payment in full in full / peimənt in fυl/ noun class fare is £35.00 and first-class £49.00, FINANCE payment of all money owed. Also but you can move to first-class if you are called full payment willing to pay the difference. 2. to give some- payment on account peimənt ɒn ə payment on account / | body money for work done ć The restaurant kaυnt/ noun FINANCE payment of part of the staff have not been paid for three weeks. ć money owed We pay good wages for skilled workers. ć payment on invoice peimənt ɒn ˽ payment on invoice / How much do they pay you per hour? to be invɔis/ noun FINANCE payment as soon as paid by the hour to get a fixed amount of an invoice is received money for each hour worked 3. to give payment receipt peimənt ri sit payment receipt / | / noun money which is owed or which has to be paid FINANCE a piece of paper showing that ć to pay a bill ć to pay an invoice ć to pay money has been received duty on imports (NOTE: paying – paid) pay-per-view film pei p vju film payable pay-per-view film / / peiəb ə l payable / ( ) / adjective due to be noun ENTERTAINMENT a film which is availa- paid ˽ electricity charges are payable by ble on the room TV, but which the guest is the tenant the tenant, not the landlord, must charged for watching pay for the electricity ‘…it also suggests that, by not capitalizing on payable in advance peiəb ə l in əd guests’ IT interest, the average 150-bedroom payable in advance / ( ) | vɑns hotel is missing out on at least £50,000 of reve- / adjective FINANCE due to be paid nue a year from pay-per-view movies or metered before you receive the item bought or before Internet access’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] the service has been finished payphone / peifəυn/ noun a public phone payable on demand peiəb ə l ɒn di payable on demand / ( ) | where you insert money to make a call pay slip mɑnd/ adjective FINANCE due to be paid pay slip / pei slip/ noun BUSINESS a piece when payment is asked for of paper showing the full amount of an pea 224 pecan pikən, pi k n employee’s pay, and the money deducted as pecan / | / noun NUTS a tax, pension and insurance contributions sweet nut from a tree which grows in the pea pea /pi/ noun VEGETABLES a climbing plant south of the USA pecan pie with round green seeds that are eaten as veg- pecan pie / pikən pai/ noun DESSERTS a etables pie made from corn syrup, cornflour, and COMMENT: Peas are available fresh in pecans season, or frozen or canned. Peas can be pecorino pekə rinəυ pecorino / | / noun DAIRY a served out of their pods, or the whole pod hard pungent Italian cheese made from ewe’s is cooked rapidly as ‘mangetout’. peach milk peach /pitʃ/ noun FRUIT a juicy fruit with pectin pectin / pektin/ noun CATERING a sub- a soft hairy yellow or red-and-yellow skin stance in fruit which helps jam to set and sweet yellow flesh ć We had peaches pedal ped ə l and cream for dessert. pedal / ( ) / noun a lever worked by your foot ć If you want to stop the car put COMMENT: Peaches grow particularly in Mediterranean areas, though they can be your foot down on the brake pedal. pedal bin grown as far north as southern England. pedal bin / ped(ə)l bin/ noun rubbish bin The fruit are large and juicy, with a downy with a lid worked by a pedal pedalo skin; they cannot be kept for any length of pedalo / pedələυ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS time. Peaches are divided into two groups: the freestone (where the flesh is not a type of little boat, with seats for two people attached to the stone), and the clingstone. who make it go forward by pedalling to turn The nectarine is a form of peach with a paddle wheels (NOTE: The plural form is smooth skin. pedalos.) peach Melba pedestrian pə destriən peach Melba / pitʃ melbə/ noun DES- pedestrian / | / noun somebody SERTS a dessert of sliced peaches with ice who goes about on foot pedestrian crossing pi destriən cream and raspberry sauce pedestrian crossing /| peak /pik/ noun 1. the top of a mountain 2. krɒsiŋ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a place marked the highest point with white lines where pedestrians can cross peak period period / pik piəriəd/ noun the a road. Also called zebra crossing pedestrian precinct pə destriən period of the day when most electricity is pedestrian precinct /| used or when most traffic is on the roads prisiŋkt/ noun same as shopping pre- peak rate pik reit cinct peak rate / / noun the most peel pil expensive tariff for something such as a tele- peel / / noun FOOD the outer skin of a phone call fruit, or the skin of a potato ć Oranges have peak season a thick peel. ć Lemon peel is used as flavour- peak season / pik siz(ə)n/ noun same ing. í verb CATERING to take the skin off a as high season (US) ć peanut fruit or vegetable Peel the potatoes and cut peanut / pint/ noun NUTS a nut which into chunks. grows in the ground in pods like a pea. Also peeler / pilə/ noun a tool for taking the called monkey nut skins off fruit or vegetables COMMENT: Roasted salted peanuts are peelings piliŋz commonly served as a cocktail snack. peelings / / plural noun CATERING peanut butter bits of skin from vegetables or fruit pint btə Peking duck peanut butter / / noun FOOD pikiŋ dk a paste made from crushed peanuts Peking duck / / noun FOOD pear peə duck cooked in the Chinese style with a pear / / noun FRUIT a fruit with a green- sweet brown glaze, eaten with pancakes and ish or yellowish skin and soft white flesh raw onions COMMENT: Pears are commonly used as pence pence /pens/ penny dessert fruit, also for cooking. In the UK, penne William’s Bon Chrétien, Conference and penne / penei/ noun FOOD short tube- Doyenné du Comice are popular dessert shaped pasta cut diagonally at the ends penny varieties, while William’s is also commonly penny / peni/ noun FINANCE 1. a small used for canning. Pears are also used for coin, of which one hundred make a pound fermenting to make perry. pearl barley (NOTE: This is usually written p after figures: pl bɑli pearl barley / / noun FOOD 26p (say ‘twenty-six pee’). The plural is grains of barley used in cooking pennies or pence.) 2. US a small coin, one pebble pebble / peb(ə)l/ noun a small round stone cent (informal) ć There’s no sand on the beach – it’s all peb- pension / penʃən/ noun 1. money paid bles. regularly to someone who no longer works pebbly pebbly / pebli/ adjective covered with peb- 2. / pɒ˜sjɑ˜/ TOURISM a guesthouse or board- bles ć The beach is pebbly. ing house 225 perishables pension contributions contributions / penʃən a rate of ˽ per hour, per day, per week, per kɒntri bjuʃ ə nz ć | ( ) / plural noun BUSINESS year for each hour, day, week or year The money paid regularly by a company or rate is £5 per hour. ć He makes about £250 employee to be saved up to make a pension per month. ˽ we pay £10 per hour we pay pension entitlement penʃən in £10 for each hour worked ˽ the car was pension entitlement / | tait(ə)lmənt/ noun the amount of pension travelling at twenty-five miles per hour at which someone has the right to receive on a speed which covered 25 miles in one hour their retirement ˽ per head, per person, per capita for each pension plan plan / penʃən pl n/, pension person ć Allow £15 per head for lunch. ć The scheme / penʃən skim/ noun FINANCE a total cost for the tour comes to £150 per per- plan worked out by an insurance company son. per cent which arranges for an employee to pay part per cent /pə sent/ adverb out of each of his or her salary over many years and hundred, for each hundred ˽ 10 per cent ten receive a regular payment when he or she in every hundred ć What is the increase per retires cent? ć 12 per cent is added to the bill for penthouse / penthaυs/ noun a flat on the service. ć The airline has reduced the top floor of a high building ć The family has number of seats in Business Class, so booked the penthouse suite for two weeks. increasing the leg room by about 15%. percentage pepper pə sentid pepper / pepə/ noun 1. SAUCES, ETC. a percentage / | / noun an amount condiment, made from the crushed seeds of shown as part of one hundred percentage discount ć pə sentid dis the pepper plant Add salt and pepper to percentage discount / | | taste. ˽ black pepper, white pepper, green kaυnt/ noun a discount calculated at an pepper, pink pepper different types of pep- amount per hundred percentage increase pə sentid per which are commonly available 2. same percentage increase /| as capsicum ć Add salt and pepper to taste. inkris/ noun an increase calculated at an í verb to sprinkle with pepper amount per hundred COMMENT: There are two types of ground percentage of occupancy pə sentid percentage of occupancy / | pepper: black and white (the white is not əv ɒkjυpənsi as strong as the black). The pepper vege- / noun HOTELS same as room table is either green, yellow or red. It is occupancy ć During the winter months the also called ‘sweet pepper’ to distinguish it occupancy rate was down to 50%. from the chilli pepper. percentage point pə sentid pɔint percentage point / | / peppercorn peppercorn / pepəkɔn/ noun SAUCES, noun 1 per cent perch ETC. a dried seed of the pepper plant perch /ptʃ/ noun SEAFOOD a type of peppered steak peppered steak / pepəd staik/ noun freshwater fish FOOD a steak covered with crushed pepper- percolate / pkəleit/ verb to filter corns before cooking through peppermill peppermill / pepəmil/ noun CATERING a percolation pkə leiʃ ə n percolation / | ( ) / noun the device which twists to crush peppercorns peppermint act of making e.g. coffee by filtering peppermint / pepəmint/ noun SAUCES, percolator percolator / pkəleitə/ noun CATERING a ETC. a flavouring prepared from the oil of a coffeemaker where the water boils up mint plant pepperpot pepəpɒt through a tube and filters through ground pepperpot / / noun CATERING a coffee pot with holes on the lid, filled with ground COMMENT: In a percolator, the coffee is pepper boiled again and again, as opposed to COMMENT: In the UK, a pepper pot has expresso-type coffeemakers where the several holes in it, sometimes in the shape hot water only rises once. of the letter ‘P’ to differentiate it from the period / piəriəd/ noun ć salt cellar; in the USA, the pepper pot will period a length of time have only one hole while it is the salt cellar for a period of time or for a period of months which has several. or for a six-year period ć Bookings for the pepper salami pepə sə lɑmi holiday period are down on last year. pepper salami / | / noun period of validity piəriəd əv və liditi MEAT salami with crushed peppercorns cov- period of validity / | / ering the outside noun BUSINESS the length of time for which peppery peppery / pepəri/ adjective CATERING a document may be used lawfully perishable tasting of pepper ć a very peppery soup perishable / periʃəb(ə)l/ adjective per /p, pə/ preposition 1. ˽ as per CATERING likely to go bad quickly perishables according to ć as per the attached schedule perishables / periʃəb(ə)lz/ plural noun ˽ as per invoice as stated in the invoice 2. at CATERING perishable food perishable stores 226 perishable stores periʃəb ə l stɔz personnel psə nel perishable stores / ( ) / personnel / | / noun BUSINESS the noun CATERING a storeroom for food which people who work in a particular place or for can go bad quickly, such as meat and fruit a particular company ć the personnel of the permission pə miʃ ə n ć permission / | ( ) / noun the fact of hotel or the hotel personnel We are looking being allowed to do something ˽ to give for experienced personnel for our tourist someone permission to do something to information office. ˽ the personnel depart- allow someone to do something ć She asked ment the section of the company which permission of the manager or she asked the deals with the staff personnel management manager’s permission to take a day off. personnel management / psənel permit permit noun / pmit/ an official docu- m nid mənt/ noun BUSINESS the organis- ment which allows someone to do something ing and training of staff so that they work ˽ export permit, import permit an official well and profitably document which allows goods to be exported personnel manager psə nel personnel manager / | í pə mit or imported verb / | / to allow some- m nid ə psə nel /, personnel officer / | one to do something ć This document per- ɒfisə/ noun the head of the personnel mits you to import twenty-five cases of wine. department (NOTE: This has been replaced ć The ticket permits three people to go into in some cases by human resources: the exhibition. human resources manager, human perry perry / peri/ noun BEVERAGES an alcoholic resources department.)
person-to-person call drink made from pear juice person-to-person call / ps(ə)n tə person person / ps(ə)n/ noun a human being ps(ə)n kɔl/ noun a telephone call where personal / ps(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective refer- you ask the operator to connect you with a ring to one person named person personal assets peso personal assets / ps(ə)n(ə)l sets/ peso / peisəυ/ noun FINANCE the currency plural noun moveable assets which belong to used in Mexico and many other countries a person such as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, personal call call / ps(ə)n(ə)l kɔl/ noun 1. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Philippines and a telephone call not related to business 2. a Uruguay pest telephone call where you ask the operator to pest /pest/ noun a plant, animal or insect connect you with a named person ć Staff are which causes problems ć a spray to remove not allowed to make personal calls during insect pests office hours. COMMENT: The word is a relative term: a personal effects ps ə n ə l i fekts personal effects / ( ) ( ) | / pest to one person may not be a pest to plural noun same as personal property another, so foxes are pests to chicken (formal) ć The hotel does not accept liability farmers, but not to naturalists. pest control pest kən trəυl for any loss of personal effects of delegates pest control / | / noun attending the conference. action to restrict the spread of pests by kill- personal hygiene hygiene / ps(ə)n(ə)l ing them pesticide haid in/ noun actions to keep yourself pesticide / pestisaid/ noun a poisonous clean and healthy, e.g. washing your body, substance used to destroy pests hands and hair often, and keeping your COMMENT: There are three basic types of clothes clean pesticide. 1. organochlorine insecticides, personal message message / ps(ə)n(ə)l which have a high persistence in the envi- mesid / noun a message for a particular ronment of up to about 15 years (DDT, dieldrin and aldrin). 2. organophosphates, person which have an intermediate persistence of personal organiser personal organiser / ps(ə)n(ə)l several months (parathion, carbaryl and ɔ ənaizə/ noun a very small pocket com- malathion). 3. carbamates, which have a puter in which you can enter details of low persistence of around two weeks names, addresses, telephone numbers, (Temik, Zectran and Zineb). Most pesti- cides are broad-spectrum, that is they kill appointments and meetings. Also called all insects in a certain area and may kill electronic organiser other animals like birds and small mam- personal property property / ps(ə)n(ə)l mals. Pesticide residue levels in food in prɒpəti/ noun items which belong to a per- the UK are generally low. Pesticide resi- dues have been found in bran products, son ć The storm caused considerable dam- bread and baby foods, as well as in milk age to personal property. ć The management and meat. Where pesticides are found, the is not responsible for property left in the levels are low and rarely exceed interna- hotel rooms. tional maximum residue levels. 227 photocopy
pesto pesto / pestəυ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a sauce His secretary phoned to say he would be late. or paste made by crushing together basil ć She phoned the reservation through to the leaves, pine nuts, oil, Parmesan cheese, and hotel. ć The travel agency phoned to say that garlic the tickets were ready for collection. ć She pet /pet/ noun an animal kept in the home phoned room service to order some coffee. ć to give pleasure, e.g. a cat or dog ć Pets are It’s very expensive to phone Singapore at this ˽ not allowed into the restaurant. ć This little time of day. to phone about something to sign in the directory indicates hotels which make a telephone call to speak about some- welcome pets. thing ć She phoned about the table he had petits fours pə ti fɔ reserved for 8 p.m. ˽ to phone for some- petits fours / | / plural noun FOOD very small cakes and biscuits, often contain- thing to make a telephone call to ask for ing marzipan, served with coffee after a meal something ć He phoned for a taxi. phone back petrol fəυn b k petrol / petrəl/ noun ROAD TRAVEL liquid, phone back / / verb to make a made from petroleum, used to drive a car phone call in reply to another ć The manager engine ć The car is very economic on petrol. is in a meeting, can you phone back in about ć ć We are looking for a car with a low petrol half an hour? Mr Smith called while you consumption. (NOTE: The US English is were out and asked if you would phone him gasoline or gas.) back. phone book petrol station fəυn bυk petrol station / petrəl steiʃ(ə)n/ noun a phone book / / noun a book place where you can buy petrol ć He stopped which lists names of people and businesses at a petrol station to get some petrol before in alphabetical order with their telephone going on to the motorway. numbers and addresses ć Look up her petrol tank ć petrol tank / petrəl t ŋk/ noun a con- address in the phone book. He looked up tainer built into a car, for holding petrol the number of the company in the phone Pet Travel Scheme book. Also called telephone directory Pet Travel Scheme, ‘pet passport’ phone booking fəυn bυkiŋ noun a scheme by which cats and dogs can phone booking / / noun a be brought into the UK from Europe without reservation made by phone of something having to spend six months in quarantine such as a room in a hotel, a table in a restau- ć (NOTE: Before arrival the animal must be rant, etc. Phone bookings must be con- checked for worms and ticks, and then has firmed in writing. phone booth a microchip implanted, giving it a unique phone booth / fəυn buð/, phone box number. The animal is then vaccinated / fəυn bɒks/ noun a small cabin for a public against rabies and has to have regular telephone blood tests after arrival to check if the vac- phone call call / fəυn kɔl/ noun a conversa- cine has taken.) tion with someone on the telephone petty cash petty cash / peti k ʃ/ noun FINANCE phonecard / fəυnkɑd/ noun a plastic small amounts of money card which you can buy at a post office, and PFC PFC abbreviation AIR TRAVEL passenger insert into a special slot in a public telephone facility charge booth to make a phone call pheasant pheasant / fez(ə)nt/ noun a large bird phone link link / fəυn liŋk/ noun same as tel- with a long tail, shot for sport and food and ephone line in season from October 1st to February 1st phone number number / fəυn nmbə/ noun a COMMENT: The male bird is brightly col- series of numbers that you press on a tele- oured and larger than the female. They ć are usually sold as a pair or ‘brace’ – that phone to contact a particular person He is, one male and one female. keeps a list of phone numbers in a little black phone book. ć The phone number is on the hotel phone /fəυn/ noun a telephone, a machine notepaper. ć Can you give me your phone used for speaking to someone ć We had a ˽ number? new phone system installed last week. by photocopier fəυtəυkɒpiə phone using the telephone ć to place an photocopier / / noun a order by phone ˽ to be on the phone to be machine which makes a copy of a document speaking to someone by telephone ć She has by photographing and printing it photocopy been on the phone all morning. ć He spoke photocopy / fəυtəυkɒpi/ noun a copy of to the manager on the phone. ˽ to make a a document made by photographing and phone call to dial and speak to someone on printing it ć Make six photocopies of the let- the telephone í verb ˽ to phone a person, a ter. í verb to make a copy of a document by place to call someone or a place by tele- photographing and printing it ć She photo- phone ć Don’t phone me, I’ll phone you. ć copied the town plan. photocopying 228
photocopying pickup truck photocopying / fəυtəυkɒpiiŋ/ noun the pickup truck / pikp trk/ noun ROAD act of copying a document by photographing TRAVEL a type of small van with an open area and printing it ˽ there is a mass of photo- for transporting goods picnic copying to be done there are many docu- picnic / piknik/ noun 1. TOURISM an ments waiting to be photocopied excursion with a meal eaten in the open air ć photocopying bureau bureau / fəυtəkɒpiiŋ We have organised a picnic in the woods. 2. bjυərəυ/ noun an office which photocopies CATERING a meal eaten outdoors í verb to eat documents for companies which do not pos- a picnic ć Picnicking is not allowed in the sess their own photocopiers botanical gardens. (NOTE: picnicking – pic- photocopying service service / fəυtəυkɒpiiŋ nicked) picnic area svis/ noun a service that makes photo- picnic area / piknik eəriə/ noun CATER- copies for customers ć The business centre ING a place where people can have a picnic picnicker has a photocopying service. picnicker / piknikə/ noun CATERING physical map map / fizik(ə)l m p/ noun a somebody who goes on a picnic ć The river diagram showing mountains, rivers and bank is a favourite spot for picnickers. other geographical features picnic lunch lunch / piknik lntʃ/ noun physician fi ziʃ ə n CATERING physician / | ( ) / noun US a doctor lunch eaten in the open air, taken (formal) ć Consult your physician before with you in a bag, box or basket pie taking this medicine. ć The tour will be pie /pai/ noun FOOD a cooked dish of pastry accompanied by a qualified physician. with a filling of meat or fruit, eaten hot or pichet pichet / piʃei/ noun CATERING a small jug cold ć a slice of veal and ham pie ć apple pie for serving carafe wine, usually holding a with ice cream quarter-litre or half-litre pie chart chart / pai tʃɑt/ noun a diagram pick /pik/ noun 1. the act of choosing, or where information is shown as a circle cut up the thing, person or place chosen ˽ take into sections of different sizes pied-à-terre pi ei dɑ teə your pick choose what you want ˽ the pick pied-à-terre / | | / noun a small of the bunch, of the group the best item in flat or studio, used by someone as a tempo- the group 2. CATERING a small metal tool, rary place to live ć She lives in the country like a long needle, used to remove flesh from but has a pied-à-terre in London. pier shellfish or from nutshells, or to break up ice pier /piə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a con- ć a lobster pick í verb to choose something struction going out into the water, used as a ć The board picked the finance director to landing place for ships succeed the retiring MD. ć The Association pigeon / pid ən/ noun a fat grey bird has picked Paris for its next meeting. which is common in towns ć Let’s go and pickle pickle / pik(ə)l/ noun FOOD vegetables pre- feed the pigeons in Trafalgar Square. ı wood served in vinegar í verb CATERING to pre- pigeon serve e.g. vegetables in vinegar ˽ pickled pigeonhole / pid ənhəυl/ noun one of a gherkins, pickled onions, pickled walnuts series of small spaces for filing documents or gherkins, onions or walnuts preserved by for putting letters for delivery to separate soaking in vinegar and herbs rooms or for collection ć There was a mes- pick up up / pik p/ verb 1. to take a passen- sage in his pigeonhole when he returned to ger into a vehicle ć He picked up two hitch- the hotel. pilaff hikers at the entrance to the motorway. ć The pilaff / pil f/, pilau noun FOOD an Eastern coach will call to pick up passengers at the dish of rice with vegetables, herbs and hotel. 2. to get better, to improve ć business spices, and sometimes with meat ć We had or trade is picking up lamb pilaff. pickup and delivery service pilchard pickup and delivery service / pikp pilchard / piltʃəd/ noun SEAFOOD a small ən di liv ə ri svis | ( ) / noun BUSINESS a fish similar to a herring, sold in tins pilgrim service which takes goods from the ware- pilgrim / pil rim/ noun TOURISM some- house and delivers them to the customer body who travels to an important religious pickup point pickup point / pikp pɔint/ noun TRAVEL place ć a coach carrying a group of 50 pil- a place where a group of people arranges to grims to Lourdes ć Pilgrims travel to Mecca be collected by a coach, etc. in specially chartered planes. pick-up station pilgrimage pick-up station / pik p steiʃ(ə)n/ pilgrimage / pil rimid / noun TOURISM a noun CATERING the place in a kitchen where journey to an important religious place ć The the prepared meals are left ready for the church is organising a pilgrimage to Rome in waiters to collect and deliver them April. 229 place of work
pillar box piste pillar box / pilə bɒks/ noun (in Britain) a piste /pist/ noun SPORT a track for skiing pit cylindrical red metal container into which pit /pit/ noun CATERING the stone in some mail is put to be collected and delivered ć fruit such as cherries, plums, peaches, or There’s a pillar box at the corner of the dried fruit such as prunes and dates. ı pitted street. pitch pitʃ pillow pitch / / verb (of a ship) to move up and pillow / piləυ/ noun a soft cushion on a bed down lengthwise. Compare roll which the head lies on when the person is pitcher pitcher / pitʃə/ noun CATERING a large jug, lying down ć I like to sleep with two pillows. pillowcase often used to serve beer or cocktails pillowcase / piləυkeis/, pillowslip pith piθ piləυslip pith / / noun CATERING the soft white / / noun a cloth bag to cover a pil- material under the skin of a lemon, orange or ć low The maids change the room and put other citrus fruit clean sheets and pillowcases on the beds pitta bread pitə bred every morning. pitta bread / / noun BREAD, pilot pailət ETC. flat white unleavened bread, served pilot / / noun 1. TRAVEL somebody with Greek and Turkish food ć who flies a plane The pilot reported bad pitted pitid visibility over the airport. ı captain, copilot pitted / / adjective CATERING having 2. a test which, if successful, will then be had the stone taken out ć pitted dates pizza expanded into a full operation ć The hotel pizza / pitsə/ noun FOOD an Italian group set up a pilot project to see if the pro- savoury dish, consisting of a flat round piece posed staff training scheme was efficient. ć of dough cooked with tomatoes, onions, He is directing a pilot scheme for training cheese, and often sliced meat or vegetables unemployed young people. on top. ı deep pan pizza pizzeria pimento pi mentəυ pi pitsə| riə CATERING pimento / | /, pimiento US / | pizzeria / / noun a res- mjentəυ/ noun VEGETABLES same as taurant which sells pizzas pizzeria chef pitsə riə ʃef sweet pepper pizzeria chef / | / noun pin /pin/ noun a small thin sharp metal CATERING a chef who prepares pizzas in a object with a round piece at the top, used for restaurant fastening things such as pieces of cloth or place /pleis/ noun 1. where something is or paper í verb ˽ to pin up a notice to attach a where something happens ˽ to take place to notice to a wall or noticeboard with pins happen ć The meeting will take place in the pineapple pineapple / pain p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT a conference room. 2. a position in a competi- fruit of a tropical plant, which has a tough tion ć Three companies are fighting for first knobbly skin, pale yellow flesh, and leaves place in the package holiday market. 3. a job sprouting from the top ć He was offered a place with a restaurant pink gin chain. ć She turned down three places before pink gin / piŋk d in/ noun BEVERAGES a drink made by putting a little Angostura bit- accepting the one we offered. í verb 1. to put ters into a glass, swirling it round and pour- something somewhere ć The soup spoon is placed on the right-hand side of the place ing it out, then adding gin ˽ pint paint setting. to place a contract to decide that pint / / noun BEVERAGES a measure of a particular company will have the contract liquids equalling one eighth of a gallon ć to do work ˽ to place something on file to Two pints of bitter, please. ć The recipe takes file something ˽ to place an order to order half a pint of milk. something ć He placed an order for 250 tins COMMENT: A British pint is equal to 0.568 of instant coffee. 2. ˽ to place staff to find of a litre; an American pint is equal to ˽ how are you placed for 0.473 of a litre. The pint is also used to jobs for staff measure seafood, such as prawns or work? have you enough work to do? placemat mussels. placemat / pleism t/ noun CATERING a pip pip /pip/ noun CATERING a small seed piece of cloth, cork, etc., which a person’s pipe plate is put on to protect the table where pipe /paip/ verb CATERING to squeeze soft there is no tablecloth. Also called table mat food mixture through a small tube, so as to place of birth pleis əv bθ make decorative shapes ć Duchesse potatoes place of birth / / noun the are piped into spiral shapes and cooked. town where a person was born place of issue pistachio pleis əv iʃu pistachio, pistachio nut noun NUTS a place of issue / / noun the small green tropical nut, eaten salted as an town where a passport was issued appetiser or used as a flavouring in sweet place of work of work / pleis əv wk/ noun the dishes, especially ice cream ć She had pista- place, e.g. an office or a hotel, where a per- chio ice cream for dessert. son works place setting 230
place setting place setting / pleis setiŋ/ noun CATER- ‘…buildings are closely regulated by planning ING a set of knives, forks, spoons, glasses, restrictions’ [Investors Chronicle] planning permission pl niŋ pə etc., for one person planning permission / | places of interest miʃ ə n places of interest / pleisiz əv intrəst/ ( ) / noun BUSINESS an official docu- plural noun TOURISM buildings or parts of the ment allowing a person or company to con- ć countryside which are interesting to visit ć a struct new buildings The group was ć tour to visit places of interest in south Italy ć refused planning permission. We are wait- There are lots of places to visit within 50 ing for planning permission before we can miles of central London. start building the cinema. ć The land is to be plaice pleis sold with planning permission for a motel. plaice / / noun SEAFOOD a flat white plantain pl ntein sea fish ć fried fillets of plaice (NOTE: The plantain / / noun VEGETABLES plural form is plaice.) the name given to various types of large plain chocolate chocolate / plein tʃɒklət/ noun banana used for cooking, which have a lower FOOD a dark, bitter chocolate sugar content than dessert bananas plat du jour plain flour plɑ du ɔ plain flour / plein flaυə/ noun FOOD flour plat du jour / / noun CATER- that has had no baking powder added to it ING a special dish prepared for the day and plain yoghurt not listed in the printed menu (NOTE: plat du plain yoghurt / plein jɒ ət/ noun DAIRY a yoghurt without any sweetening or flavour- jour comes from the French phrase mean- ing ‘dish of the day’.) ing plate plan pleit plan /pl n/ noun 1. an idea or description plate / / noun a flat dish for putting food on of how you intend to do something 2. a draw- plateau ing which shows how something is arranged plateau / pl təυ/ noun CATERING a French or how something will be built ć The design- noun meaning large dish with a display of ers showed us the first plans for the new food (NOTE: The plural form is plateaux.) ˽ hotel. í verb to arrange how you are going to a plateau de fromages a large plate with a do something (NOTE: planning – planned) selection of cheeses plated ˽ to plan for an increase in visitors to the plated / pleitid/ adjective CATERING music festival to change a way of doing served on plates ˽ plated six-course meal a things because you think there will be more meal of six courses, each served ready on the visitors to the music festival plate plane plane /plein/ noun AIR TRAVEL same as aer- ‘…the competition gave chefs just 30 minutes to oplane ć I intend to take the 5 o’clock plane prepare, cook and present two plated portions of ć a free-interpretation dish centred on a boneless to New York. He could not get a seat on loin of lamb’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] Tuesday’s plane, so he had to wait until plated cover plated cover / pleitid kvə/ noun Wednesday. ć There are twenty planes a day CATERING part of a meal served on a plate from London to Paris. plateful planetarium pl ni teəriəm plateful / pleitfυl/ noun the quantity held planetarium / | / noun by a plate ENTERTAINMENT a domed building in which plate rack pleit r k you sit and watch as pictures of the stars are plate rack / / noun CATERING a projected against the ceiling ć We visited the device for holding several plates side by side planetarium with a school party. as in a dishwasher plate room plane ticket pleit rum plane ticket / plein tikit/ noun AIR plate room / / noun CATERING TRAVEL a ticket which allows a passenger to a room in a hotel where plates, glasses and travel by plane cutlery are stored, ready for use in the restau- planner / pl nə/ noun 1. somebody who rant plate service plans something, especially what buildings plate service / pleit svis/ noun are to be built in an area 2. a chart or note- CATERING a type of restaurant service, where book where you can write down the dates of the food is put onto the plate before the plate future events is carried to each guest platform planning planning / pl niŋ/ noun 1. BUSINESS the platform / pl tfɔm/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a work of organising how something should be high pavement in a station, running along- done, especially how a company should be side the track, where passengers can get on run to make increased profits ˽ long-term or off trains ć The train for Birmingham planning, short-term planning making leaves from Platform 12. ć The ticket office is plans for a long or short period 2. ˽ the plan- on Platform 2. ning department the section of a local gov- platinum card card / pl tinəm kɑd/ noun ernment office which deals with requests for BUSINESS a credit card issued to very impor- planning permission tant customers with a high level of income, 231 poisonous which gives privileges such as a higher longer and egg-shaped, the variety most usu- spending limit, but also costs more than ordi- ally used for canning nary credit cards p.m. / pi em/, P.M. US abbreviation refer- platter platter / pl tə/ noun 1. CATERING a large ring to the period between midday and mid- flat serving plate ć A huge joint of meat was night, in the afternoon or in the evening ć carried in on a platter. 2. CATERING a large The train leaves at 6.50 p.m. ć If you phone plate of prepared food, arranged in a decora- New York after 8 p.m. the calls are at a tive way ˽ cheese platter, seafood platter, cheaper rate. shellfish platter large plate with various pn abbreviation per night ć PNR cheeses, fish or shellfish We ordered a sea- PNR abbreviation AIR TRAVEL passenger food platter. name record play plei PO play / / verb to take part in an enjoyable PO abbreviation post office activity, especially a game, simply for the poach poach /pəυtʃ/ verb CATERING to cook sake of amusement something, e.g. eggs without their shells or playground playground / plei raυnd/, play area fish, in gently boiling liquid ć sole poached noun ENTERTAINMENT an area, especially in white wine ć poached egg round a building, where children can play poached egg / pəυtʃt e / noun FOOD an There is a children’s play area near the egg which is taken out of its shell and cooked motel. whole in boiling water, usually eaten on toast playing cards playing cards / pleiiŋ kɑdz/ plural at breakfast noun ENTERTAINMENT ordinary cards, pocket / pɒkit/ noun a small bag attached marked in either diamonds, hearts, clubs, to the inside of a piece of clothing to hold spades money, keys and other small articles plongeur plɒn point plongeur / | / noun CATERING a point /pɔint/ noun 1. a place or position 2. French noun meaning person who washes ˽ the dollar gained two points the dollar dishes in a restaurant increased in value against another currency plonk plonk /plɒŋk/ noun BEVERAGES inferior by two hundredths of a cent í verb ˽ to point wine (informal) ć I bought a bottle of Span- out to show ć The report of the fire depart- ish plonk from the supermarket. ment points out the mistakes made by the plough plough /plaυ/ snowplough builders of the hotel. ć He pointed out that ploughman’s lunch lunch / plaυmənz lntʃ/ the bookings for the Christmas season were noun FOOD a cold lunch, typically served in better than in previous years. a pub, consisting of a plate of bread, cheese, ‘…banks refrained from quoting forward pickle or chutney, and a pickled onion US/Hongkong dollar exchange rates as premi- pluck ums of 100 points replaced discounts of up to 50 pluck /plk/ verb CATERING to take the points’ [South China Morning Post] ć point of sale feathers off a bird, before it is cooked Ask point of sale / pɔint əv seil/ noun MAR- the butcher to pluck the pheasants for you. KETING a place where a product is sold, e.g. a plug plug /pl / noun 1. a device at the end of a shop. Abbr POS wire for connecting a machine to the elec- point-of-sale material material / pɔint əv seil tricity supply 2. a flat round rubber object mə tiəriəl | / noun MARKETING display mate- which covers the hole in a bath or sink ć rial used to advertise a product where it is There is no plug in my bath. 3. ˽ to give a being sold. Also called POS material plug to a new leisure centre poison to publicise a poison / pɔiz(ə)n/ noun MEDICAL a sub- new leisure centre (informal) 4. same as ˽ stance which can kill or harm when eaten, socket í verb 1. to plug in to connect a drunk, breathed in or touched ˽ poison ivy, machine to the electricity supply ć The TV poison oak North American plants whose was not plugged in. 2. MARKETING to publi- leaves can cause a painful and itchy rash if cise or advertise something (informal) ć touched í verb MEDICAL to kill or harm They ran six commercials plugging holidays someone or something with poison in Spain. (NOTE: plugging – plugged) poisoning pɔiz ə niŋ plum plm poisoning / ( ) / noun MEDICAL plum / / noun FRUIT a gold, red or pur- killing or harming someone or something ple fruit with a smooth skin and a large stone with a poison plum pudding plm pυdiŋ poisonous plum pudding / / noun DES- poisonous / pɔiz(ə)nəs/ adjective MEDI- SERTS a rich fruit pudding, cooked by steam- CAL full of poison ć Some mushrooms are ing and usually eaten at Christmas good to eat and some are poisonous. plum tomato plm tə mɑtəυ plum tomato / | / noun COMMENT: The commonest poisons, of VEGETABLES a variety of tomato which is which even a small amount can kill, are poivre 232 arsenic, cyanide and strychnine. Many politely pə laitli politely / | / adverb in a pleasant common foods and drugs can be poison- way ć She politely answered the guests’ ous if taken in large doses. Common household materials such as bleach, glue questions. polyunsaturated fat and insecticides can also be poisonous. polyunsaturated fat Some types of poisoning, such as Salmo- / pɒlins tʃəreitid f t/ noun CATERING a nella, can be passed to other people fatty acid capable of absorbing more hydro- through lack of hygiene. gen, typical of vegetable and fish oils ć Veg- poivre poivre / pwɑvrə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a etable oils and fish oils are polyunsaturated. French noun meaning pepper polyvinyl chloride chloride / pɒlivinil klɔraid/ polar bear polar bear / pəυlə beə/ noun a big white noun a type of plastic that is not biodegrada- bear which lives in the snow near the North ble, used for floor coverings, clothes, shoes, Pole ć The explorers were attacked by polar pipes, etc. Abbr PVC pomegranate bears. pomegranate / pɒmi r nit/ noun FRUIT pole pole /pəυl/ noun a long wooden or metal a fruit with yellowish pink or red skin, ć rod masses of seeds and sweet red flesh Pome- polenta granate juice stains badly. pə lentə pony polenta / | / noun FOOD in Italian pony / pəυni/ noun a small horse ć My best cooking, fine yellow maize meal cooked to a friend lets me ride her pony sometimes. mush with water or stock, sometimes set, (NOTE: The plural form is ponies.) sliced, and served baked or fried pony-trekking pəυni trekiŋ police escort pony-trekking / / noun pə lis i skɔt police escort / | | / noun a SPORT the activity of riding ponies in the group of policemen who escort someone ć country for pleasure ć We often go pony- The president had a police escort to the air- trekking in the summer. ć The hotel offers port. pony-trekking holidays in the mountains. ı policy policy / pɒlisi/ noun 1. a set of decisions or horse-riding rules on the general way in which something pool /pul/ noun 1. same as swimming should be done (NOTE: The plural form is pool 2. ENTERTAINMENT a game similar to policies.) 2. a contract between an insur- snooker poolroom ance company and a person or organisation poolroom / pulrum/ noun US ENTER- that wants insurance ˽ an accident policy an TAINMENT a public room where you can play insurance which will pay if an accident pool ˽ pool table occurs all-risks policy an insurance policy pool table / pul teib(ə)l/ noun ENTER- which covers risks of any kind, with no TAINMENT a table on which pool is played exclusions ˽ a comprehensive, an all-in poor poor /pɔ/ adjective 1. with little or no policy an insurance policy which covers you ˽ money ć It is one of the poorest countries in against all risks which are likely to happen the world, but the scenery is magnificent. 2. contingent policy a policy which pays out not very good ć We all complained about the only if something happens, such as if the per- poor service in the hotel coffee lounge. ć son named in the policy dies before the per- Poor turnround time of aircraft can affect son due to benefit ˽ to take out a policy to schedules. ć The restaurant is okay but has sign the contract for an insurance and start poor air-conditioning or poor noise insula- paying the premiums ć She took out a life tion. insurance policy or a house insurance pol- poorly pɔli ć icy. poorly / / adverb badly The recep- ć policy holder tion area is poorly laid out. The tour was policy holder / pɒlisi həυldə/ noun poorly planned. ˽ poorly paid staff staff FINANCE somebody who is insured by an with low wages insurance company popcorn popcorn / pɒpkɔn/ noun FOOD corn seed polish polish / pɒliʃ/ noun a substance used to which is heated, sometimes with sugar, until make things shiny (NOTE: The plural form is it bursts, eaten as a snack and often served in polishes.) í verb to rub something to make large cardboard containers at cinemas and it shiny ć She polished the table until it fairgrounds ć We always buy a carton of shone. ć Each bedroom has a mending kit popcorn when we go to the cinema. poppadom and a shoe polishing kit. poppadom / pɒpədɒm/ noun BREAD, polite pə lait ETC polite / | / adjective pleasant towards . a thin round crisp Indian pancake, fried other people, not rude ć We stipulate that our or grilled Popsicle salesgirls must be polite to customers. ć We Popsicle / pɒpsik(ə)l/ tdmk US FOOD a had a polite letter from the hotel manager. trademark for a mixture of water and fla- 233 POS material ć port installations pɔt instə vouring, frozen until solid with a stick in it port installations / | I keep some Popsicles in the freezer for the leiʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun TRAVEL the buildings kids. (NOTE: The British English is ice lolly.) and equipment of a port popular portion popular / pɒpjυlə/ adjective liked by portion / pɔʃ(ə)n/ noun CATERING a small many people ć This is our most popular quantity, especially enough food for one per- resort. ć The South Coast is the most popular son ć We serve ice cream in individual por- area for holidays. ˽ popular prices prices tions. ć Foil-wrapped butter portions are which are low and therefore liked served in a dish of ice. pork pɔk portion control pɔʃ ə n kən trəυl pork / / noun MEAT fresh meat from portion control / ( ) | / pigs, as opposed to cured meat, which is noun CATERING keeping a check on the bacon or ham (NOTE: There is no plural amount of food served by splitting it up into form.) individual portions, e.g. by serving butter in COMMENT: Roast pork is traditionally small individual packets or pots port of call served with apple sauce and sage and port of call / pɔt əv kɔl/ noun SHIPS onion stuffing. In some countries pork and other meat from pigs is not eaten as it is AND BOATS a port at which a ship often stops port of embarkation pɔt əv imbɑ considered unclean by the religion of the port of embarkation / | country (this applies to the Muslim and keiʃ(ə)n/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a port at Jewish religions). which you get onto a ship pork pie port of entry pork pie / pɔk pai/ noun FOOD minced port of entry / pɔt əv entri/ noun a pork in a pastry case, usually eaten cold ć place where passengers and goods may enter Let’s buy a pork pie to eat on the picnic. a country under the supervision of customs porridge porridge / pɒrid / noun FOOD oatmeal officials, e.g. a port or an airport ć p.o.s. piəυ es cooked in water She had a bowl of por- p.o.s. / | /, POS abbreviation MAR- ridge for breakfast. KETING point of sale COMMENT: Porridge is served at break- posada pə sɑdə posada / | / noun HOTELS in a fast; in Scotland it is traditionally served Spanish-speaking country, a hotel, pension, with salt, but elsewhere it is served with sugar and milk or cream. or hostel posh porridge oats pɒʃ porridge oats / pɒrid əυts/ plural noun posh / / adjective expensive and attrac- FOOD oats which have been crushed ready to tive, or suitable for special occasions be made into porridge (informal) ć He took us for lunch to one of port the poshest restaurants in town. pɔt position port / / noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a har- pə ziʃ ə n bour, a place where ships come to load or position / | ( ) / noun 1. a situation or state of affairs ˽ what is the cash posi- unload ć the port of Rotterdam ˽ to call at a port to stop at a port to load or unload cargo tion? what is the state of the company’s cur- rent account? 2. a site, the place where a or drop or taken on passengers 2. BEVERAGES building is ć The hotel occupies a central a dessert wine from Portugal, usually served position in the town. ć The restaurant’s lake- after a meal 3. SHIPS AND BOATS the left- side position makes it very popular in sum- hand side of a ship when facing the bow, also mer. 3. a job, or a rank in an organisation ć used of the left-hand side of an aircraft ć port authority to apply for a position as hotel manager pɔt ɔ θɒriti port authority / | / noun We have several positions vacant in our BUSINESS an organisation which runs a port front-of-the-house area. ć All the vacant port charges port charges / pɔt tʃɑd iz/, port positions have been filled. ć She retired from dues plural noun SHIPS AND BOATS pay- her position in the corporate reservations ments which a ship makes to the port author- department. ˽ he is in a key position he has ity for the right to use the port an important job 4. (at a bank, post office, porter pɔtə check-in) a separate place where a customer porter / / noun 1. AIR TRAVEL some- is dealt with ˽ ‘position closed’ a notice to body who carries luggage for travellers at an show that a counter is not open airport, a railway station, in a hotel, etc. positive cash flow pɒzitiv k ʃ fləυ (NOTE: In the USA and Canada they are positive cash flow / / called ‘redcaps’, because they wear red noun BUSINESS a situation where more caps as part of their uniform.) 2. a person money is coming into a company than is who is on duty at the entrance to a building going out POS material pi əυ es mə tiəriəl and checks on or helps people who want to POS material / | / come in or go out 3. BEVERAGES a type of noun MARKETING same as point-of-sale dark sweet beer brewed from malt material post 234
post postcode post /pəυst/ noun 1. a system of sending postcode / pəυstkəυd/ noun letters and letters and parcels from one place to another numbers used to indicate a town or street in ć He put the letter in the post. ć The cheque an address (NOTE: The US English is ZIP was lost in the post. ć Post to the Falkland code.) poster Islands can take up to a week. Also called poster / pəυstə/ noun MARKETING a large mail ˽ by post using the postal services, not notice or advertisement to be stuck up on a sending something by hand or by messenger wall ć In the underground we saw posters ć to send the tickets by post ˽ we sent the advertising holidays in Spain. order by first-class post by the most expen- poste restante pəυst restɑnt sive mail service, designed to be faster ˽ to poste restante / / noun a send a reply by return of post to reply by system where letters can be addressed to the next post service ˽ letter post, parcel someone at a post office, where they can be collected ć Send any messages to ‘Poste post a service for sending letters or parcels Restante, Athens’. (NOTE: The US English 2. letters and parcels that are sent and ć ć for this is General Delivery.) received Has the post arrived yet? My post-free assistant opens the post as soon as it arrives. post-free / pəυst fri/ adverb without ć The receipt was in this morning’s post. ć having to pay any postage ć The timetable is The tickets did not arrive by first post this obtainable post-free from the airline offices. postmark morning. 3. a job, paid work in a company ć postmark / pəυstmɑk/ noun a mark She is going to apply for a post as cashier. ć stamped by the post office on a letter, cover- We have three posts vacant. ć All our posts ing the postage stamp, to show that the post have been filled. ć We advertised three posts office has accepted it, and giving the name of in the ‘Hotel Gazette’. Also called position the post office or town and the date ć a letter í verb 1. to send a letter or parcel ć We with a London postmark í verb to stamp a posted our confirmation of the booking last letter with a postmark ć The letter was post- Wednesday. 2. ˽ to post up a notice to put a marked New York. notice on a wall or on a noticeboard ć The post office office / pəυst ɒfis/ noun 1. a build- courier posted up a list of ski runs which ing where you can do such things as buying were open. stamps, sending letters and parcels and pay- postage postage / pəυstid / noun payment for ing bills ˽ sub-post office a small post sending a letter or parcel by post ć What is office, often part of a shop 2. ˽ the Post the postage to New Zealand? Office a national organisation which deals postage paid postage paid / pəυstid peid/ adjective with sending letters and parcels ć Post Office words printed on an envelope to show that officials or officials of the Post Office ć A the sender has paid the postage even though Post Office van comes to collect the mail. there is no stamp on it ‘…travellers cheques cost 1% of their face value postage stamp pəυstid st mp and can be purchased from any bank, main post postage stamp / / noun offices, travel agents and several building socie- a small piece of gummed paper which you ties’ [The Sunday Times] buy from a post office and stick on a letter or Post Office box number Office box number / pəυst ɒfis parcel so it can be sent through the post bɒks nmbə/ noun a reference number postal postal / pəυst(ə)l/ adjective referring to used when asking for mail to be sent to a post the post office. Abbr P.O. box number postal charges postal charges / pəυst(ə)l tʃɑd iz/, post-paid / pəυst peid/ adjective with postal rates plural noun money to be paid the postage already paid ć The price is £5.95 for sending letters or parcels by post ć Postal post-paid. charges are going up by 10% in September. postpone pəυst pəυn postpone / | / verb to arrange postal order postal order / pəυst(ə)l ɔdə/ noun for something to take place later than FINANCE a document which can be bought at planned ć He postponed the meeting for a a post office for sending small amounts of week. ć They asked if they could postpone money through the post payment until the cash situation was better. postbox pəυstbɒks postponement pəυs pəυnmənt postbox / / noun a public box postponement / | / noun into which mail is put to be collected and the act of arranging for something to take delivered. Also called letterbox 1 place later than planned ć I had to change my postcard postcard / pəυstkɑd/ noun a piece of appointments because of the postponement cardboard for sending a message by post of the board meeting. post room (NOTE: With a picture on one side it is called post room / pəυst rum/ noun a room in a picture postcard.) an office where the post is sorted and sent to 235 precinct each department or collected from each pound /paυnd/ noun 1. a measure of department for sending weight, equal to about 450 grams ć to sell pot /pɒt/ noun a container made of glass, oranges by the pound ć a pound of oranges metal or clay ć Can we have a pot of tea for ć Oranges cost 50p a pound. ć She weighs two, please? í verb to put in a pot 140 pounds. (NOTE: In the USA, body weight potable / pɒtəb(ə)l/ adjective clean and is given in pounds, while in Britain it is given safe to drink ć The hotel has a potable water in stones; pound is usually written lb after supply. figures: 25lb.) 2. FINANCE the currency used potage pɒ tɑ in the UK and many other countries (NOTE: potage / | / noun FOOD thick soup, This is usually written £ before the figure: especially one made from vegetables ˽ potato £25.) a ten-pound note a banknote for ten pə teitəυ potato / | / noun VEGETABLES a pounds vegetable that grows from the roots of a pound sterling sterling / paυnd stliŋ/ noun plant, has a brown skin and white flesh, and FINANCE the official term for the unit of can be eaten boiled, roasted, fried or baked ć money used in the UK Do you want any more potatoes? ć We’re poussin poussin / pus n/ noun MEAT a chicken having roast lamb and potatoes for Sunday reared to be eaten when very young and ten- lunch. der COMMENT: In Britain potatoes were tradi- powdered paυdəd tionally eaten at every main meal, along powdered / / adjective CATERING with another vegetable, such as cabbage, crushed so that it forms a fine dry dust ć a tin carrots, peas, etc. The potato is an impor- of powdered milk ć an omelette made with tant source of carbohydrate, but nowa- powdered eggs days is replaced at some meals by pasta, powder room / paυdə rum/ noun rice or bread. More than a dozen different powder room a varieties are grown commercially in Brit- women’s toilet in a public place such as a ain, and some are better than others for restaurant or shop different cooking purposes. power / paυə/ noun electricity used to potato peeler pə teitəυ pilə potato peeler / | / noun drive machines or devices power pack CATERING a special tool for peeling potatoes power pack / paυə p k/ noun a portable and other vegetables source of electricity pothole / pɒthəυl/ noun 1. a hole in rock power point point / paυə pɔint/ noun a wall worn away by water ć They were exploring a plug which supplies electricity ć There is a pothole in the Mendip Hills. 2. ROAD TRAVEL power point for shavers in the bathroom. ć a hole in a road surface ć The council still Each bedroom has a safe large enough for a hasn’t filled in the potholes in our street. laptop and with in-built power point for potholer potholer / pɒthəυlə/ noun SPORT some- recharging. pp body who climbs down inside pot-holes as a pp abbreviation HOTELS per person pppn sport ć Several potholers were trapped in the pppn abbreviation HOTELS per person per cave by a flash flood. night potholing PR potholing / pɒthəυliŋ/ noun SPORT the PR abbreviation MARKETING public rela- sport of climbing down inside pot-holes ć tions ć a PR man ć the PR department praline We spent the weekend potholing in the lime- praline / preilin/ noun FOOD a sweet stone hills. made of crushed nuts and caramelised sugar potluck pɒt lk ˽ prawn potluck / | / noun to take potluck prawn /prɔn/ noun SEAFOOD a type of to take whatever food is served, with no pos- shellfish, like a large shrimp ć She ordered a sibility of choice prawn curry and rice. ć I had a prawn and potted potted / pɒtid/ adjective CATERING cooked mayonnaise sandwich. or preserved in a vessel such as a pot or jar prawn cocktail cocktail / prɔn kɒkteil/ noun potted shrimps shrimps / pɒtid ʃrimps/ plural FOOD a starter consisting of shelled prawns noun FOOD shrimps which have been cooked in mayonnaise and tomato dressing, served and put in a small pot with melted butter, in a glass pre- served with lemon and brown bread and but- pre- /pri/ prefix before or in front of. ı pre- ter booked, prepay, pre-theatre menu poultry pre-booked poultry / pəυltri/ noun MEAT a general pre-booked / pri bυkt/ adjective term for domestic birds kept for meat and booked in advance egg production, e.g. chickens, turkeys, ducks precinct / prisiŋkt/ noun US an adminis- etc. (NOTE: The word is mainly used in trative district in a town ć the 10th precinct butchers’ shops and recipe books.) police station precipitation 236 precipitation pri sipi teiʃ ə n prep counter prep kaυntə precipitation / | | ( ) / noun prep counter / / noun water which falls from clouds as rain, snow CATERING a metal counter on which food is or hail ć Precipitation in the mountain areas prepared is higher than in the plains. pre-plated / pri pleitid/ adjective precook pri kυk precook / | / verb CATERING to cook CATERING put on the plates in the kitchen food completely or partially in advance, before being served especially before it is sold, so that it only ‘…a classier food and beverage service will be on need minimal cooking or reheating before it offer. The airline will be experimenting with is eaten chefs on board to serve food as meals will no predict pri dikt longer arrive pre-plated’ [Business Traveller] predict / | / verb to say in advance pre-plating pri pleitiŋ what will happen pre-plating / / noun CATER- pre-existing pri i zistiŋ ING a type of service where food is served pre-existing / | / adjective ready on the plate existing from before, already present pre-register pri red istə pre-existing condition pri i zistiŋ pre-register / / verb pre-existing condition / | kən diʃ ə n HOTELS to register a guest before he or she | ( ) / noun MEDICAL an illness from actually checks into the hotel which someone was already suffering when pre-registration pri red i streiʃ ə n he or she took out a medical insurance policy pre-registration / | ( ) / preheat pri hit noun HOTELS the registration of guests preheat / | / verb CATERING to heat before they actually check into the hotel, so an oven, dish, or other item before using it premises as to save time when a group of guests arrive premisiz premises / / plural noun a build- all together ing and the land it stands on ˽ on the presentation prez ə n teiʃ ə n presentation / ( ) | ( ) / noun premises in the building ć There is a doctor 1. the act of showing something, e.g. a docu- on the premises at all times. ˽ premium free admission on presentation of primiəm ment premium / / noun 1. same as the card you do not pay to go in if you show insurance premium 2. a special prize 3. this card 2. a demonstration or exhibition of BUSINESS the amount to be paid to a landlord a proposed plan ć The manufacturer made a or a tenant for the right to take over a lease ć presentation of her new product line to pos- ć flat to let with a premium of £10,000 sible hotel customers. ć We have asked two Annual rent: £8,500, premium: £25,000. 4. PR firms to make presentations of proposed an extra charge publicity campaigns. premium cabin premium cabin, premium section noun preservative pri zvətiv preservative / | / noun CATER- AIR TRAVEL part of a plane where the passen- ING a substance, e.g. sugar or salt, added to gers have special service, usually the first- food to preserve it by slowing natural decay class section caused by bacteria ć The label says that the premium offer premium offer / primiəm ɒfə/ noun jam contains no artificial preservatives. MARKETING a free gift offered to attract more preserve pri zv preserve / | / noun FOOD a food customers consisting of fruit or vegetables, cooked and premium quality premium quality / primiəm kwɒliti/ kept in jars or cans for future use, e.g. jam or adjective top quality ć The hamburger chain marmalade ć Small pots of grapefruit pre- says it only uses premium-quality beef. serve were on the breakfast table. í verb premium rate premium rate / primiəm reit/ noun CATERING to treat something such as food so HOTELS a special rate for high-quality rooms that it keeps for a long time premix premix / primiks/ noun a product consist- pre-service / pri svis/ adjective ing of previously mixed ingredients or ele- CATERING before a meal is served ments pre-service checks checks / pri svis prepaid pri peid prepaid / | / adjective paid in tʃeks/ plural noun CATERING checks to advance make sure that the tables and food are ready, prepaid reply card pripeid ri plai prepaid reply card / | before the meal is served kɑd preserving pan pri sviŋ p n / noun MARKETING a stamped addressed preserving pan / | / noun card which is sent to someone so that they CATERING a very large pan for making jam or can reply without paying the postage chutney prepay pri pei press prepay / | / verb to pay in advance press /pres/ noun 1. newspapers and mag- (NOTE: prepaying – prepaid) azines ˽ the local press newspapers which prepayment pri peimənt ˽ prepayment / | / noun pay- are sold in a small area of the country the ment in advance ˽ to ask for prepayment of national press newspapers which are sold in a fee to ask for the fee to be paid before the all parts of the country 2. CATERING a device work is done or machine for crushing fruit or vegetables to 237 prime extract the juice ć garlic press í verb 1. to than usual ˽ discount price the full price iron the creases from clothes 2. CATERING to less a discount ˽ holidays in the £6–700 crush fruit or seeds to extract juice or oil price range different types of holidays, sell- press conference conference / pres kɒnf(ə)rəns/ ing for between £600 and £700 2. ˽ to noun MARKETING a meeting where newspa- increase in price to become more expensive per and TV reporters are invited to hear news ć Petrol has increased in price or the price of of e.g. a new product, a takeover bid or a petrol has increased. ˽ to increase prices, to court case raise prices to make items more expensive ˽ press cutting pres ktiŋ to cut prices to make items suddenly press cutting / / noun a piece ˽ cut out of a newspaper or magazine, which cheaper to lower prices, to reduce prices refers to an item which you find interesting to make items cheaper í verb to give a price ć pressing service presiŋ svis to a product We sell mainly package tours pressing service / / noun priced at under £200. ˽ competitively same as valet service press release priced sold at a low price to compete with a pres ri lis press release / | / noun MAR- rival product or service ˽ the company has KETING a sheet giving news about something priced itself out of the market the company which is sent to newspapers and TV and has raised its prices so high that its products radio stations so that they can use the infor- do not sell mation price control prais kən trəυl / | / noun pressure cooker price control preʃə kυkə pressure cooker / / noun BUSINESS legal measures to stop prices rising CATERING a type of pan with a tight-fitting too fast lid, which cooks food rapidly under pressure price cutting / prais ktiŋ/ noun BUSI- pressure steaming price cutting preʃə stimiŋ pressure steaming / / NESS a sudden lowering of prices noun CATERING a method of cooking vegeta- price differential prais difə renʃəl price differential / | / bles or meat in which a purpose-built noun BUSINESS the difference in price steamer is used to create steam under high between products in a range ć pressure so that the food cooks rapidly price fixing prais fiksiŋ Pressure steaming is much quicker than price fixing / / noun BUSI- steaming in the usual way. NESS an illegal agreement between compa- pressure steam oven nies to charge the same price for competing pressure steam oven / preʃə stim v ə n products ( ) / noun CATERING a special oven price freeze prais friz where food can be steamed under pressure price freeze / / noun BUSINESS pressurisation preʃərai zeiʃ ə n a period when prices are not allowed to be pressurisation / | ( ) /, increased pressurization noun AIR TRAVEL a system price label price label / prais leib(ə)l/, price tag where the pressure inside an aircraft is prais t prais tikit increased for the comfort of the passengers / /, price ticket / / pressurise noun a label which shows a price preʃərai zeiʃ ə n price list pressurise / | ( ) /, pressu- price list / prais list/ noun BUSINESS a rize verb AIR TRAVEL to increase the pressure sheet giving prices of goods for sale inside an aircraft to keep a safe and comfort- price per person able environment, even at very high altitude price per person / prais p ps(ə)n/ ć the pressurised cabin noun the price for one adult price range COMMENT: Jet passenger aircraft fly at price range / prais reind / noun BUSI- very high altitudes for reasons of fuel NESS a series of prices for similar products economy. At around 30,000 to 40,000 feet from different suppliers the air is very cold and too thin to breathe. price war prais wɔ To make a safe and comfortable environ- price war / / noun BUSINESS a ment for passengers and crew, warm air is competition between companies to get a pumped into the cabin to increase the larger market share by cutting prices temperature and pressure. pricing / praisiŋ/ noun the work of decid- pre-theatre menu menu / pri θiətə menju/ ing on the prices at which products are to be noun CATERING a special dinner menu of sold light dishes, prepared for quick service to primavera primə veərə primavera / | / adjective customers who are going on to the theatre CATERING made with an assortment of fresh after dinner spring vegetables, especially sliced as an prevention pri venʃən prevention / | / noun the act of accompaniment to pasta, meat or seafood stopping something from happening prime /praim/ adjective most important, price price /prais/ noun 1. money which has to first-rate ć a fish restaurant in a prime sea- be paid to buy something ˽ bargain price a front location ć A prime Soho nightclub is very cheap price ˽ cut price a cheaper price for sale. prime costs 238 prime costs costs / praim kɒsts/ plural noun private property property / praivət prɒpəti/ BUSINESS the cost of sales plus the cost of noun buildings or land which belong to a pri- staff vate person and not to the public principal private sector principal / prinsip(ə)l/ noun BUSINESS 1. private sector / praivət sektə/ noun a person or company which is represented by BUSINESS all companies which are owned by an agent ć The agent has come to London to private shareholders, not by the state ć The see his principals. 2. money invested or bor- leisure centre is funded completely by the rowed on which interest is paid ć to repay private sector. ć Salaries in the private sec- principal and interest tor have increased faster than in the public. private transfer print praivət tr nsf print /print/ noun words made on paper private transfer / / a with a machine ˽ to read the small print, transfer from an airport to a hotel by a car the fine print on a contract to read the con- rather than in a bus with other people private view ditions of a contract which are often printed private view / praivət vju/, private very small so that people will not be able to viewing noun ENTERTAINMENT a preview of read them easily í verb 1. to make letters on an exhibition for a group of invited guests PRO paper with a machine ć printed agreement ć PRO abbreviation MARKETING public rela- printed regulations 2. to write capital letters tions officer ć procedure prə sid ə or letters which are not joined together procedure / | / noun a method for Please print your name and address on the doing something top of the form. process prəυ ses ˽ process / | / verb 1. to process printer / printə/ noun a machine which figures to sort out numbers to make them prints from instructions given by a computer easily understood ć The sales figures are system, as in a kitchen, where orders are being processed by our accounts depart- instructed by a keypad and the printer prints ment. ć Flight data is being processed by our tickets for each item of food ordered computer. 2. to deal with something in the print out out / print aυt/ verb to print infor- usual routine way ć to process a flight reser- mation from a computer through a printer vation or an insurance claim ć Claims for private missing baggage are processed in our insur- private / praivət/ adjective 1. belonging to one person, not to everyone ˽ room with ance department. 3. CATERING to treat food private bath room with a bathroom attached in a way so that it will keep longer or become to it, which is only used by the occupant of more palatable COMMENT: Food can be processed in the room and by no one else 2. belonging to many different ways: some of the com- individuals, but not to the state or the general monest are drying, freezing, canning, bot- public ˽ ‘private’ belonging to a person, and tling and chilling. not open to the public (notice) ć To see the processed cheese prəυsesid tʃiz processed cheese / | / manager, knock at the door marked ‘pri- noun DAIRY a product made by beating and vate’. 3. not holding an official position in a mixing one or more types of cheese and add- government ć a private citizen ć a private ing colouring, flavouring and emulsifiers ˽ processed meats individual the private sector all compa- processed meats / prəυsest mits/ nies which are owned by private sharehold- plural noun MEAT products made from meat ers, not by the state private enterprise that has been treated in some way, e.g. bacon private enterprise / praivət or sausages entəpraiz processing / noun BUSINESS businesses processing / prəυsesiŋ/ noun 1. the which are owned by private shareholders, work of sorting information 2. ˽ the not by the state ć The theme park is funded processing of a claim for insurance the by private enterprise. work of dealing with a claim for insurance private grounds private grounds / praivət raυndz/ through the usual office routine in the insur- plural noun HOTELS gardens round a hotel, ance company which can only be used by the guests, and processor / prəυsesə/ noun a machine or not by the public person that processes private hotel praivət həυ tel product private hotel / | / noun product / prɒdkt/ noun an item of goods HOTELS a hotel which is family owned and that is made or a service that is offered run, in which the proprietor may refuse to professional prə feʃ ə n ə l professional / | ( ) ( ) / adjective accept someone as a guest 1. referring to one of the professions ć The private ownership ownership / praivət əυnəʃip/ accountant sent in his bill for professional noun BUSINESS a situation where a company services. ć We had to ask our lawyer for pro- is owned by private shareholders fessional advice on the contract. 2. expert or 239 promotional
profit centre skilled ć Her work is very professional. ć profit centre / prɒfit sentə/ noun BUSI- They did a very professional job in designing NESS a person or department which is con- the new reception area. 3. doing work for sidered separately for the purposes of calcu- money ć a professional tennis player í noun lating a profit a skilled person, or a person who does skilled profiterole prə fitərəυl profiterole / | / noun DESSERTS work for money ć A golf professional is a small ball of choux pastry filled with cream attached to the hotel. and usually served with chocolate sauce professional body prə feʃ ə n ə l profit margin professional body / | ( ) ( ) profit margin / prɒfit mɑd in/ noun bɒdi / noun BUSINESS an organisation repre- BUSINESS the percentage difference between senting members who work in one of the sales income and the cost of sales professions, such as lawyers, doctors or profit-sharing / prɒfit ʃeəriŋ/ noun accountants BUSINESS an arrangement where employees professional qualifications prə professional qualifications / | get a share of the profits of the company they feʃ ə n ə l kwɒlifi keiʃ ə nz ( ) ( ) | ( ) / plural work for ć The company runs a profit-shar- noun BUSINESS documents showing that ing scheme. someone has successfully finished a course programme / prəυ r m/ noun 1. a plan of study which allows him or her to work in of things which will be done ć the pro- one of the professions gramme of events during the music festival proficiency prə fiʃ ə nsi proficiency / | ( ) / noun skill in 2. ENTERTAINMENT a printed list of items in doing something ć She has a certificate of an entertainment ć a theatre programme 3. proficiency in English. ć To get the job he ENTERTAINMENT a show or item on TV or had to pass a proficiency test. radio ć Did you see the travel programme on proficient prə fiʃ ə nt Italy last night? ć There’s a new food pro- proficient / | ( ) / adjective skilled, capable of doing something well ć She is gramme starting tonight. (NOTE: [all senses] quite proficient in English. The US spelling is program.) prohibit profit prəυ hibit prohibit / | / verb to ban or forbid profit / prɒfit/ noun BUSINESS money something ć Women wearing shorts are pro- gained from a sale which is more than the ˽ hibited from visiting the monastery. money spent to make a profit to have prohibitive prəυ hibitiv more money as a result of a deal ˽ to move prohibitive / | / adjective MAR- into profit to start to make a profit ć The res- KETING referring to a price that is so high that taurant is breaking even now, and expects to you cannot afford to pay it ć The cost of move into profit within the next two months. travel to the Far East is prohibitive. projector prə d ektə ˽ to show a profit to make a profit and state projector / | / noun an apparatus it in the company accounts ć We are showing for making pictures appear on a screen ć The a small profit for the first quarter. projector broke down so we couldn’t see the profitability prɒfitə biliti end of the film. profitability / | / noun BUSI- promote prə məυt NESS 1. ability to make a profit 2. the amount promote / | / verb 1. to give some- of profit made as a percentage of costs one a better job ć He was promoted from chef profitable prɒfitəb ə l de rang to head waiter. 2. MARKETING to use profitable / ( ) / adjective BUSI- methods such as publicity or special offers to NESS making a profit persuade people to buy something ˽ to pro- profitably profitably / prɒfitəbli/ adverb BUSINESS mote a new product to try to increase the making a profit sales of a new product by publicity, by a sales profit and loss account profit and loss account / prɒfit ən campaign or TV commercials or by free gifts lɒs ə kaυnt promotion prə məυʃ ə n | / noun BUSINESS a statement of promotion / | ( ) / noun 1. a a company’s expenditure and income over a move up to a more important job ˽ to earn period of time, almost always one calendar promotion to work hard and efficiently and year, showing whether the company has so be moved to a more important job 2. ˽ made a profit or loss. Abbr P&L account promotion of a product the selling of a new (NOTE: The US English is profit and loss product by publicity, a sales campaign, TV statement or income statement.) commercials or free gifts ć We have COMMENT: The balance sheet shows the increased our promotion budget. ć The store state of a company’s finances at a certain has a special promotion on French cheese. date; the profit and loss account shows promotional prə məυʃ ə n ə l promotional / | ( ) ( ) / adjec- the movements which have taken place since the end of the previous accounting tive MARKETING used in an advertising cam- period, that is, since the last balance paign ć The admen are using balloons as sheet. promotional material. promotional trip 240 ‘…the promotional fare (now available until COMMENT: Proteins are necessary for March) offers a £100 saving for passengers who growth and repair of the tissue of the body; book the airline’s early morning flight and return they are mainly formed of carbon, nitrogen the same day’ [Business Traveller] and oxygen in various combinations as promotional trip prə məυʃ ə n ə l amino acids. Certain foods (such as promotional trip / | ( ) ( ) trip beans, meat, eggs, fish and milk) are rich / noun a trip during which passengers in protein. are offered the opportunity to buy cheap or protest strike prəυtest straik duty-free goods protest strike / / noun a promotion chances strike in protest at a particular grievance promotion chances, promotion pros- Provençale prɒvɒn sɑl pects plural noun the possibility of being Provençale / | / adjective moved to a more important job ć He ruined CATERING prepared with olive oil, garlic, his promotion prospects when he argued herbs, and tomatoes province with the chef. province / prɒvins/ noun 1. a large divi- proof ć proof /pruf/ noun BEVERAGES the relative sion of a country the ten provinces of Can- ˽ strength of an alcoholic drink expressed by a ada 2. the provinces the parts of any coun- number that is twice the percentage of the try away from the capital ć There are fewer alcohol present in the liquid í adjective hav- retail outlets in the provinces than in the cap- ing a particular alcoholic strength that is ital. provincial prə vinʃəl expressed by a proof number provincial / | / adjective referring -proof /pruf/ suffix meaning ‘not affected to a province or to the provinces ć a provin- by’ cial government ć a provincial branch of a proof of identity pruf əv ai dentiti national bank proof of identity / | / provisional prə vi ə n ə l noun proof in the form of a document such provisional / | ( ) ( ) / adjective as a driving licence that a person is who they temporary, not final or permanent ć She says they are ć The police asked her for made a provisional booking for a table for proof of identity. ten people. ć He drew up a provisional property prɒpəti advertising budget. ć They faxed through property / / noun 1. the things that their provisional acceptance of the contract. ć a person owns 2. buildings or land After the provisionally prə vi ə nəli storm, damage to property or property dam- provisionally / | ( ) / adverb ć age was considerable. ȣ the property mar- temporarily, not finally The contract has ket 1. possibilities for letting offices ć The been accepted provisionally. prune commercial property market is booming. 2. prune /prun/ noun a dried plum possibilities for developing offices as invest- COMMENT: Stewed prunes in syrup are ments 3. the buying or selling houses or flats sometimes offered as part of a ‘full English by individual people breakfast’. pt proprietor prə praiətə pt abbreviation BEVERAGES pint proprietor / | / noun the owner pub ć the proprietor of a hotel or a hotel propri- pub /pb/ noun BARS same as public etor house (informal) ć The hotel has no restau- prosciutto prə ʃutəυ rant, but you can go to the pub next door for prosciutto / | / noun MEAT Italian cured ham, usually served cold and meals. uncooked in thin slices pub grub grub / pb rb/, pub food noun protect prə tekt CATERING simple snacks which are typically protect / | / verb to keep someone or something safe from harm or danger ć Trav- available in most pubs, e.g. pies, sandwiches ellers are protected against unscrupulous and salads public hoteliers by international agreement. ć The public / pblik/ adjective 1. referring to all engine is protected by a plastic cover. ć The the people in general 2. referring to the gov- cover is supposed to protect the machine ernment or the state í noun ˽ the public, the from dust. general public the people ˽ in public in protection prə tekʃən front of everyone protection / | / noun something public address system ć pblik ə dres which protects The legislation offers no public address system / | protection to part-time workers. sistəm/ noun MARKETING a system of loud- protein protein / prəυtin/ noun CATERING a com- speakers, by which messages can be given to pound which is an essential part of living the public in e.g. a supermarket, exhibition cells, one of the elements in food which is centre or airport. Also called PA system publican necessary to keep the human body working publican / pblikən/ noun BARS some- properly ć The doctor told her she needed body who keeps a public house ć Publicans more protein in her diet. work very long hours. 241 public transport system Public Analyst Analyst / pblik nəlist/ noun a sive, and has more comfortable seating). government official who examines products Children are usually allowed into pubs, especially if they are part of a group eating to analyse their contents food, and some pubs have special chil- public bar public bar / pblik bɑ/ noun BARS a bar dren’s rooms. in a public house which is less comfortable publicity p blisiti publicity / | / noun MARKETING than the saloon bar and where the drinks may efforts to attract the attention of the public to be slightly cheaper products or services by mentioning them in public baths public baths / pblik bɑðz/ plural the media noun ENTERTAINMENT a large public building publicity agency p blisiti eid ənsi publicity agency / | /, with a swimming pool p blisiti bjυərəυ publicity bureau / | / public conveniences pblik kən public conveniences / | noun MARKETING an office which organises viniənsiz/ plural noun toilets which are publicity for companies that do not have open for anyone to use publicity departments public funds pblik fndz publicity budget p blisiti bd it public funds / / plural publicity budget / | / noun government money available for noun MARKETING money allowed for expenditure expected expenditure on publicity public gardens pblik ɑd ə ns publicity department p blisiti di public gardens / ( ) / plu- publicity department / | | ral noun ENTERTAINMENT a space in a town pɑtmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of a where plants are grown and the public is company which organises the company’s allowed to visit, usually free of charge publicity Public Health Inspector pblik helθ publicity expenditure p blisiti ik Public Health Inspector / publicity expenditure / | | in spektə | / noun same as Environmental spenditʃə/ noun MARKETING money spent Health Officer on publicity public holiday holiday / pblik hɒlidei/ noun public ownership ownership / pblik əυnəʃip/ ENTERTAINMENT a day when all employees noun BUSINESS ownership of industries by rest and enjoy themselves instead of working the state. Also called state ownership COMMENT: Public holidays in England and public phone phone / pblik fəυn/ noun a tel- Wales are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday, ephone which anyone can use, either by pay- Easter Monday, the first Monday in May ć (May Day), the last Monday in May ing cash or by using a card There’s a public (Spring Bank Holiday), the last Monday in phone in the hotel foyer. public relations pblik ri leiʃ ə nz August (Summer Bank Holiday), Christ- public relations / | ( ) / mas Day and Boxing Day (December plural noun BUSINESS the work of keeping 26th). In Scotland, the first Monday in good relations between an organisation and August and January 2nd are also public holidays, but Easter Monday and the last the public and ensuring that people know Monday in August are not. In the USA, what the organisation is doing and are likely New Year’s Day, 21st January (Martin to approve of it ć a public relations man ć Luther King Day), February 12th (Lincoln’s She works in public relations. ć A public Birthday), the third Monday in February relations firm handles all our publicity. Abbr (Washington’s birthday), the last Monday PR ˽ a public relations exercise a cam- in May (Memorial Day), July 4th (Inde- pendence Day), the first Monday in Sep- paign to improve public relations public relations officer pblik ri tember (Labor Day), the second Monday public relations officer / | in October (Columbus Day), 11th Novem- leiʃ(ə)nz ɒfisə/ noun BUSINESS somebody ber (Veterans’ Day), the fourth Thursday in an organisation who is responsible for in November (Thanksgiving) and Christ- public relations activities. Abbr PRO mas Day are public holidays nationally, public rooms pblik rumz although there are other local holidays. public rooms / / plural public house noun HOTELS rooms in a hotel which are public house / pblik haυs/ noun BARS 1. a licensed building selling beer, wines, used by both non-residents and guests (as opposed to ‘guest rooms’) spirits, and often food, to the public for con- public sector pblik sektə sumption on the premises. Compare bar, public sector / / noun off-licence 2. US a small hotel or inn nationalised industries and services ć a COMMENT: In Britain a public house (or report on wage rises in the public sector or pub) usually offers simple meals, soft on public sector wage settlements drinks and coffee for people who do not public transport transport / pblik tr nspɔt/ want to drink alcohol. Most pubs do not noun TRAVEL transport which is used by any offer accommodation, but some do. Pubs member of the public normally have at least two bars, often public transport system called the ‘public bar’ and the ‘lounge bar’ public transport system / pblik or ‘saloon bar’ (the second is more expen- tr nspɔt sistəm/ noun TRAVEL a system published price 242 of trains, buses, etc., used by the general A lighted candle is put inside so that the public whole pumpkin glows orange. pumpkin pie published price price / pbliʃd prais/ noun pumpkin pie / pmpkin pai/ noun DES- AIR TRAVEL the price which an airline sug- SERTS a pie made of pumpkin flavoured with gests the ticket should be sold at, though it is cinnamon, nutmeg and other spices ć Pump- often reduced by travel agencies, etc. kin pie is a favourite American dish. punch pud pud /pυd/ noun FOOD same as pudding punch /pntʃ/ noun BEVERAGES a drink (informal) ć steak and kidney pud ć What’s made with a mixture of fruit juice, spices, for pud? (NOTE: Very informal, used by chil- and often wine or spirits, usually served hot punctual dren, but also sometimes by adults as a punctual / pŋktʃuəl/ adjective on time ć joke.) The commuter trains are never punctual. pudding pυdiŋ punctuality pŋktʃu liti pudding / / noun 1. CATERING same punctuality / | / noun the as dessert ć What do you want for pudding? quality of being on time and never being late ć I’ve eaten too much, so I won’t have any ć an airline with a reputation for punctuality pudding. ć What’s on the menu for pudding? punctually / pŋktʃuəli/ adverb on time 2. FOOD food made with flour and suet, ć The train left punctually at 18.00. ć pungent which is cooked by boiling or steaming pungent / pnd ənt/ adjective CATERING ć steak and kidney pudding treacle pudding strong and sharp in flavour or odour ć a par- pudding basin pudding basin / pυdiŋ beis(ə)n/ noun ticularly pungent type of goat’s cheese ć The CATERING a bowl used for cooking steamed pungent odour of curry came from the puddings kitchen. puff pastry pf peistri punt puff pastry / / noun BREAD, punt /pnt/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a ETC. a type of soft pastry made from flour long flat-bottomed boat, which is pushed and butter, in which air is trapped by with a long pole 2. FINANCE the currency repeated folding and rolling of the dough used in the Republic of Ireland before the pull pull /pυl/ verb to move something towards euro í verb to gamble, to bet on something ˽ purchase you to pull a pint to serve a pint of beer purchase / ptʃis/ noun an item which from a cask in the cellar, by pulling on the has been bought ˽ to make a purchase to beer pull buy something í verb to buy something ˽ to pull out pull out / pυl aυt/ verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to purchase something for cash to pay cash drive away from the side of the road towards for something the middle ć The bus suddenly pulled out in purchase book book / ptʃis bυk/ noun front of us. 2. to start to leave a station (train) BUSINESS a written record of purchases ć The train was pulling out as the party purchase ledger purchase ledger / ptʃis led ə/ noun arrived on the platform. pulp plp BUSINESS a book in which expenditure is pulp / / noun a soft mass that results noted when something with liquid in it is crushed í purchase order purchase order / ptʃis ɔdə/ noun verb 1. to crush something into pulp 2. to BUSINESS an official order made out by a pur- remove the soft fleshy tissue from fruit or chasing department for goods which a com- vegetables pulse pany wants to buy pulse /pls/ noun FOOD a general term for purchaser purchaser / ptʃisə/ noun somebody seeds that grow in pods ć Pulses are used a who buys something ć Purchasers should lot in Mexican cooking. examine the goods bought before taking COMMENT: Very many species of vegeta- ble have this type of fruit. The term is often them away from the shop. purchase tax applied to edible seeds of leguminous purchase tax / ptʃis t ks/ noun BUSI- plants (lentils, beans and peas) used as NESS a tax paid on things which are bought food. purchasing / ptʃisiŋ/ noun buying pump pump /pmp/ noun a device for transfer- purchasing department ptʃisiŋ di purchasing department / | ring liquid from one place to another, such as pɑtmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of a for serving beer or petrol í verb to transfer restaurant, hotel, or other business which liquid from one place to another using a deals with buying of stock, raw materials and pump ć All our beer is hand-pumped. pumpkin equipment pmpkin purchasing manager pumpkin / / noun VEGETABLES a purchasing manager / ptʃisiŋ large round orange-coloured vegetable m nid ə/ noun BUSINESS the head of a COMMENT: Pumpkins are used as decora- purchasing department tions for Halloween (31st October). Each purchasing officer pumpkin is hollowed out, and holes cut to purchasing officer / ptʃisiŋ ɒfisə/ imitate eyes, nose and a mouth with teeth. noun BUSINESS somebody in an organisation 243 PVC who is responsible for buying stock, raw put /pυt/ verb to lay or stand something in materials or equipment a particular place ˽ to stay put to stay where purchasing power power / ptʃisiŋ paυə/ you are (informal) put back noun BUSINESS the quantity of goods which put back / pυt b k/ verb to move a watch can be bought by a group of people or with a or clock to an earlier time ć Put your particular amount of money ć the decline in watches back one hour when you cross from the purchasing power of the pound France to England. pure put forward pure /pjυə/ adjective with nothing added ć put forward / pυt fɔwəd/ verb to move The drink is made from pure orange juice. a clock or watch to a later time ć When cross- ‘…the word ‘pure’ should be used only to ing from England to France, watches should describe a single food to which nothing has been be put forward one hour. put off added – sugar or honey, for instance’ [Food put off / pυt ɒf/ verb to delay ć The visit Standards Agency] puree to the winery has been put off till Friday. , purée noun FOOD putt puree a semi-liquid putt /pt/ ENTERTAINMENT noun a short pulp made by mashing and crushing a vege- shot on a green in golf ć He sank a fifteen- ć ć table or fruit apple puree She made some foot putt to win the game. í verb to hit a short strawberry purée to serve with the ice cream. shot in golf ć He putted much better than his í verb CATERING to make something into a opponent. puree ć pureed tomatoes ć She decided to putter ptə puree the potatoes. putter / / noun ENTERTAINMENT a golf purser club for putting psə putting green purser / / noun TRAVEL a member of putting green / ptiŋ rin/ noun the crew of an aircraft or ship who deals with ENTERTAINMENT 1. an area on a golf course financial matters and, on a ship, also helps to where the ground is even and the grass is ć look after the passengers See the purser if very short, allowing short shots to be made you have a complaint about your cabin. close to the hole 2. a small golf course where pursuit pə sjut pursuit / | / noun a pastime, hobby, only short shots are needed or leisure activity put up up / pυt p/ verb to find a place for push push /pυʃ/ verb to press or to move some- someone to sleep ć When the blizzard closed thing by pressing ć He pushed the button for the airport, stranded travellers were put up the ground floor. in local schools. pushbike / pυʃbaik/ same as bicycle PVC abbreviation polyvinyl chloride Q
QAU abbreviation Quality Assurance Unit hotels and give percentage marks for quality. quad room quad room / kwɒd rum/ noun HOTELS a Abbr QAU quality control kwɒliti kən trəυl room for four people, usually with four sin- quality control / | / gle beds noun BUSINESS the work of checking that the quail kweil quality of a product is good quail / / noun MEAT a little game bird, quality controller kwɒliti kən trəυlə often eaten roasted or stuffed quality controller / | / quails’ eggs noun BUSINESS somebody who checks the quails’ eggs / kwailz e z/ plural noun quality of a product FOOD tiny eggs, which are hard-boiled and quality label kwɒliti leib ə l served as toppings on canapés quality label / ( ) / noun quaint kweint BUSINESS a label stating the quality of some- quaint / / adjective picturesque, thing oddly old-fashioned ć We stopped at a quality percentage kwɒliti pə quality percentage / | quaint old pub. ć They live in a quaint little sentid village in Devon. / noun BUSINESS marks for quality qualification given under an inspection scheme kwɒlifi keiʃ ə n quantity qualification / | ( ) / noun quantity / kwɒntiti/ noun 1. an amount or an official recognition of a standard of number of items ć a small quantity of illegal achievement, e.g. a degree or diploma ć to drugs ć He bought a large quantity of spare have the right qualifications for the job ć qualify parts. 2. a large amount The company qualify / kwɒlifai/ verb 1. ˽ to qualify for offers a discount for quantity purchase. to be in the right position for, to be entitled to quantity discount discount / kwɒntiti ć The company does not qualify for a gov- diskaυnt/ noun BUSINESS a price reduction ernment grant. ć She qualifies for unemploy- ˽ given to someone who buys a large amount ment pay. 2. to qualify as to follow a spe- of goods cialised course and pass examinations so that quantity survey quantity survey / kwɒntiti svei/ you can do a certain job ć She has qualified noun BUSINESS a calculation of the amount as a hotel manager. ć He will qualify as a of materials and cost of labour needed for a solicitor next year. quality construction project quality / kwɒliti/ noun what something is quantity surveyor kwɒntiti sə veiə quantity surveyor / | / like, how good or bad something is ć There noun BUSINESS somebody who calculates is a market for good quality secondhand bar ˽ the amount of materials and cost of labour equipment. we sell only quality farm pro- needed for a construction project duce we sell only farm produce of the high- quarantine kwɒrəntin est grade quarantine / / noun MEDICAL a situation in which a person, animal or ship ‘…having discussed the new quality assurance scheme with fellow hoteliers, tourist centres and just arrived in a country is kept isolated for a quality assurance staff, I have found that many period of time in case he, she or it carries a are deeply concerned about the effect of the har- serious disease ć The animals were put in monised standards on good-quality, mid-range quarantine on arrival at the port. ć A ship in hotels throughout the country. I have joined the quarantine shows a yellow flag. í verb to put AA scheme because it provides a quality percent- a person or animal in quarantine age – 70% is good quality – to go with my hotel’s two-star rating. It seems ridiculous that each COMMENT: Animals coming into Great hotel is still given a quality percentage by the Britain are quarantined for six months Quality Assurance Unit at its annual inspection, because of the danger of rabies. People but that this is kept secret. How can that benefit who are suspected of having an infectious anyone?’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] disease can be kept in quarantine for a Quality Assurance Unit kwɒləti ə period which varies according to the incu- Quality Assurance Unit / | bation period of the disease. The main dis- ʃɔrəns junit/ noun TOURISM inspectors eases concerned are cholera, yellow fever from the English Tourism Council who visit and typhus. 245 Quorn
quart quart /kwɔt/ noun CATERING a measure of of the booking system ć to answer or to fill in liquid equal to one quarter of a gallon a questionnaire about holidays abroad queue COMMENT: A British quart is equal to 1.136 queue /kju/ noun 1. a line of people or litres; a US quart is equal to 0.946 of a things such as cars, waiting one behind the litre. ć quarter other for something to form a queue or to kwɔtə quarter / / noun 1. one of four join a queue ć Queues formed at the ticket equal parts ć He paid only a quarter of the offices when the news of the fare reductions normal fare because he works for the airline. got out. 2. a series of documents or telephone ˽ a quarter of a litre, a quarter litre 250 calls which are dealt with in order ˽ his millilitres ˽ a quarter of an hour 15 min- order went to the end of the queue his ˽ ˽ utes three quarters 75% three quarters order was dealt with last í verb to stand in a of an hour 45 minutes ć Three quarters of line waiting for something ć groups of tour- the staff are less than thirty years old. 2. a ists queueing to get on their buses ć When period of three months ˽ first quarter, sec- food was rationed, people had to queue for ond quarter, third quarter, fourth quarter bread. ć We queued for hours to get tickets. or last quarter periods of three months from (NOTE: The US English is to stand in line.) January to the end of March, from April to quiche kiʃ the end of June, from July to the end of Sep- quiche / / noun FOOD a savoury tart tember, from October to the end of the year made of a pastry case filled with a mixture of eggs and milk, with other ingredients such as 3. US FINANCE a 25 cent coin ć quarter day kwɔtə dei onion, bacon, vegetables or cheese added a quarter day / / noun a day at slice of ham and mushroom quiche or of the end of a quarter, when rents or fees spinach quiche should be paid quiche Lorraine quarterly kiʃ lə rein quarterly / kwɔtəli/ adjective happening quiche Lorraine / | / noun every three months, or four times a year FOOD a quiche with a filling of small pieces quarterly sales return kwɔtəli seilz of bacon and sometimes cheese quarterly sales return / quick-freeze ri tn quick-freeze / kwik friz/ verb CATER- | / noun BUSINESS a report of sales made each quarter ING to preserve food by cooling it quickly to quay 0°C or less quay /ki/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a place in quiet a harbour where ships tie up quiet / kwaiət/ adjective not noisy ć The quayside ć quayside / kisaid/ noun SHIPS AND hotel is in the quietest part of the town. BOATS the edge of a dock where ships tie up Currency exchanges were quieter after the ć ć Customs formalities are carried out on the government’s statement on exchange rates. quayside. The brochure said that the rooms were quiet, queen size bed but ours looked out over a busy main road. í queen size bed / kwin saiz bed/ noun noun a state in which there is little or no a double bed which is wider and longer than noise ć We like the peace and quiet of the lit- normal, but slightly smaller than a king size tle mountain villages. bed quince question kwins question / kwestʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. words quince / / noun FRUIT a hard yellow which need an answer ć The manager or orange fruit, shaped like an apple or pear refused to answer questions about the fire. ć and used for making jelly quinine kwi nin The market research team prepared a series quinine / | / noun MEDICAL an alka- of questions to test the public’s reactions to loid drug made from the bark of cinchona, a the new uniform for the airline cabin crew. 2. South American tree a problem or matter ć He raised the question COMMENT: Quinine was formerly used to of what would happen if the tour company treat the fever symptoms of malaria, but is got into difficulties. ć The main question is not often used now because of its side- that of cost. ć The tourist board has dis- effects. Symptoms of quinine poisoning are dizziness and noises in the head. cussed the question of a national advertising Small amounts of quinine have a tonic campaign. í verb 1. to ask somebody ques- effect and are used in tonic water. tions ć The police questioned the bar staff quiz /kwiz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT for four hours. 2. to suggest that something quiz a game where questions are put to competitors may be wrong ć We all question how accu- quiz night rate the computer printout is. quiz night / kwiz nait/ noun ENTERTAIN- questionnaire kwestʃə neə MENT a night at a pub when a quiz is held questionnaire / | / noun Quorn MARKETING a printed list of questions, espe- Quorn /kwɔn/ tdmk FOOD a trademark for cially used in market research ć to send out a vegetable protein used in cooking as a meat a questionnaire to test the opinions of users substitute quota 246 quota / kwəυtə/ noun a fixed amount of something ć to quote a price for supplying something which is allowed ć The govern- 100 chairs ć Their prices are always quoted ment has imposed an import quota on cars. in dollars. ć He quoted me a price of £1,026. quote /kwəυt/ verb 1. to repeat words used ć Can you quote for supplying 200 cases of by someone else, especially to repeat a refer- wine? í noun an estimate of the probable ence number ć In reply please quote this cost of something (informal) ć to give some- number. ć When making a complaint please one a quote for supplying a computer system quote the batch number printed on the box. ć ć We have asked for quotes for refitting the He replied, quoting the number of the bar. ć His quote was the lowest of three. ć We account. 2. to calculate the probable cost of accepted the lowest quote. R rabbit r bit radicchio r ditʃiəυ rabbit / / noun a common wild ani- radicchio / | / noun VEGETABLES mal with grey fur, long ears and a short white a variety of chicory with reddish-purple and tail, used as food white leaves, usually eaten raw in salads radio COMMENT: Most rabbit on sale in Britain is radio / reidiəυ/ noun a system for sending farmed. Wild rabbit has a gamey flavour out or receiving messages using atmospheric but is not commonly offered on menus. waves, or an apparatus which does this ć Rabbit stew or rabbit pie are the common- ć est ways of cooking it. They got the news by radio. We always lis- í rabid r bid ten to BBC radio when we’re on holiday. rabid / / adjective MEDICAL suffering verb to send a message using a radio ć The from rabies ć She was bitten by a rabid dog. stranded party radioed for help. rabies reibiz radio cab rabies / / noun MEDICAL a very seri- radio cab / reidiəυ k b/, radio taxi ous viral disease transmitted to humans by / reidiəυ t ksi/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a taxi infected animals that causes convulsions and which is in contact with its base by radio, and ć inability to move Dogs are put in quaran- so can be called quickly to pick up a client ć tine in case they are infected with rabies. It will be quicker to phone for a radio cab. COMMENT: Rabies affects the mental bal- radiopager reidiəυ peid ə / | / ance, and the symptoms include difficulty radiopager same as in breathing or swallowing and an intense pager radish fear of water (hydrophobia) to the point of radish / r diʃ/ noun VEGETABLES a small causing convulsions at the sight of water. red root vegetable with a pungent flavour, RAC RAC / ɑ ei si/ abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL eaten raw in salads raft Royal Automobile Club raft /rɑft/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a flat rack /r k/ noun a frame to hold flat thin boat made of pieces of wood or logs tied objects such as letters or pieces of toast together rafting rack of lamb rɑftiŋ rack of lamb / r k əv l m/ noun MEAT rafting / / noun SPORT the activity best end of neck of lamb, a joint for roasting of floating down a river on a raft. ı white- rack rate r k reit water canoeing rack rate / / noun HOTELS the RAGB price for rooms in a hotel which is advertised RAGB abbreviation CATERING Restaura- in the hotel, but which can be discounted teurs Association of Great Britain rail ‘The discount approach is typified by the hotel rail /reil/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a system of chain which is cutting its winter rack rates (the travel using trains ć Six million commuters published tariff) by up to 50% for its European travel to work by rail each day. ć Rail trav- hotels’ [Business Travel] ellers are complaining about rising fares. ć ‘…only 9.5% of customers paid full rack rate for Rail travel is cheaper than air travel. a room last year, compared with 13.6% in the pre- railcar reilkɑ vious year and 28% four years ago’ [Caterer railcar / / noun RAIL TRAVEL a single & Hotelkeeper] coach with its own motor, carrying passen- raclette r klet gers by rail raclette / | / noun FOOD a Swiss dish railcard consisting of slices of melted cheese served railcard / reilkɑd/ noun RAIL TRAVEL an on boiled potatoes or bread identity card which you can buy which radiator / reidieitə/ noun 1. a water-filled allows you to buy rail tickets at specially metal panel for heating a room ć When we reduced prices railpass arrived at the hotel our room was cold, but railpass / reilpɑs/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a we switched the radiators on. ć Turn the special ticket, paid for in advance, which radiator down – it’s boiling in here. 2. ROAD allows unlimited travel by train in a country, TRAVEL a water-filled metal panel for cooling over a limited period of time railroad a car engine ć The radiator overheated caus- railroad / reilrəυd/ noun US same as rail- ing the car to break down. way railroad schedule 248 railroad schedule schedule / reilrəυd ʃedjul/ believers are not allowed to eat or drink noun RAIL TRAVEL a train timetable, a list between sunrise and sunset ramble showing times of arrivals and departures of ramble / r mbəl/ ENTERTAINMENT noun a trains walk for pleasure in the country ć We’re railway / reilwei/, railroad US / reilrəυd/ going for a ramble through the beech woods. noun RAIL TRAVEL a system using trains to í verb to go for a walk for pleasure in the carry passengers and goods ć a railway sta- country ć We went rambling last weekend. rambler tion ć a railway line ć the British railway rambler / r mblə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT network ˽ the railway(s) a country’s railway somebody who goes for walks for pleasure system in the country ć A group of ramblers came railway line railway line / reilwei lain/ noun RAIL into the pub. rambutan TRAVEL a set of metal rails on which trains rambutan / r mbut n/ noun FRUIT a run ć Please cross the railway line by the tropical fruit grown in South-East Asia, footbridge. which is similar to the lychee but has a rough railway lost property office lost property office / reilwei hairy skin ramekin lɒst prɒpəti ɒfis/ noun RAIL TRAVEL an ramekin / r məkin/ noun CATERING a office which collects objects which people small dish for baking food in an oven, or have left behind in trains and keeps them food cooked in this type of dish until their owners collect them ramp /r mp/ noun a sloping part of the railway station station / reilwei steiʃ(ə)n/ ground, going from one level to another ć noun RAIL TRAVEL a place where trains stop The pub has had a ramp installed so that and passengers get on and off. Also called people in wheelchairs can get into the gar- train station den. ranch rain rɑntʃ rain /rein/ noun drops of water which fall ranch / / noun (in America) a farm from the clouds ć The rain stopped us from where horses or cattle are reared rancher visiting the archaeological site. í verb to fall rancher / rɑntʃə/ noun somebody who as rain ć It rained all day, so we could not owns or runs a ranch visit the gardens. ranch holiday holiday / rɑntʃ hɒlidei/ noun rained off off / reind ɒf/ adjective cancelled, TOURISM a holiday spent on a ranch, usually because of rain ć The cricket match was riding horses rancid rained off. rancid / r nsid/ adjective CATERING refer- rainfall / reinfɔl/ noun the amount of ring to butter that tastes bad because it is water which falls as rain on a particular area stale ć This butter tastes rancid. rancidity r n siditi over a given period ć The annual rainfall on rancidity / | / noun the state of the mountains is higher than in the valley. being rancid rang rainstorm / reinstɔm/ noun heavy rain rang /rɒŋ/ noun CATERING a section of a accompanied by wind ć The rainstorm last restaurant comprising a group of tables night caused some flooding. served by one waiter, the ‘chef de rang’ rainy / reini/ adjective with a lot of rain (NOTE: rang comes from a French noun meaning ‘position’ or ‘station’.) (NOTE: rainier – rainiest) range rainy season range /reind / noun 1. a series of build- rainy season / reini siz(ə)n/ noun a ings or mountains in line 2. a choice or series ć The period of the year when it rains a lot ć rainy season lasts from April to August. of things which are available We have a range of holidays at all prices. 3. CATERING COMMENT: The phrase ‘rainy season’ is only used of areas where there is a very a large cooking stove, usually with two or marked difference between the seasons. more ovens í verb to spread or to vary ć It is not used of Britain or any other Euro- Holidays range in price from £150 to £850 pean country. per person, depending on the type of accom- raisin raisin / reiz(ə)n/ noun FRUIT a dried grape modation provided. ranger COMMENT: Raisins are larger than cur- ranger / reind ə/ noun somebody who rants or sultanas, and can have seeds in looks after a forest or park them; they are all forms of dried grapes. rangette rɒn et rangette / | / noun a small portable raki raki / rɑki/ noun BEVERAGES a Turkish cooker that can be used for cooking in a hotel alcoholic drink, flavoured with aniseed room Ramadan rank Ramadan / r məd n/ noun ENTERTAIN- rank /r ŋk/ noun the degree of importance MENT a Muslim religious festival, the ninth or superiority of somebody or something in month of the Muslim year, during which relation to others í verb to classify in order 249 rear-view mirror of importance ć Hotels are ranked in order current rate of exchange is 0.6 euros to the of luxury in the guidebook. pound. rate of interest rapid / r pid/ adjective fast or quick ˽ we rate of interest / reit əv intrəst/ noun offer 5% discount for rapid settlement we BUSINESS same as interest rate take 5% off the price if the customer pays rating / reitiŋ/ noun the act of classifying quickly or valuing rapid transit system rapid transit system / r pid tr nzit rating system system / reitiŋ sistəm/ noun sistəm/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a transport sys- HOTELS a way of classifying things such as tem which allows passengers to travel rap- hotels and restaurants according to the qual- idly around a metropolitan area, e.g. an ity of the service that they provide underground train network ravioli r vi əυli ravioli / | / noun FOOD a dish made rare rare /reə/ adjective CATERING (of meat or from small squares of pasta sealed around a fish) very lightly cooked ć How would you meat, cheese, or vegetable filling like your steak? – Rare! raw /rɔ/ adjective in its original state, rasher rasher / r ʃə/ noun MEAT a slice of bacon uncooked ć Sushi is a Japanese dish of cold ć ‘Two rashers of bacon and a sausage, rice and raw fish. ć I don’t like raw onions in please!’ my salad. raspberry razor raspberry / rɑzb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a razor / reizə/ noun an instrument with a small red soft fruit shaped like a tiny cup ć very sharp blade for removing hair by shav- Could I have some raspberries and cream, ing please? ć We had scones with raspberry jam. razor socket socket / reizə sɒkit/ noun a rat /r t/ noun a small furry animal like a socket in a bathroom where an electric razor large mouse which has a long tail and can can be plugged in. Also called shaver point reach carry disease ć Rats live in the sewers in the reach /ritʃ/ verb to arrive at a place or at a city. ć Bubonic plague is a disease which is point ć The plane reaches Hong Kong at transmitted to people by fleas from rats. midday. ć The coach reached its destination COMMENT: The black rat (Rattus rattus) three hours late. ć I did not reply because lives in attics and lofts; the brown rat (Rat- your letter never reached me. tus norvegicus) is larger and lives in holes read rid under buildings and in sewers. Both spe- read / / verb to look at and understand cies carry diseases such as typhoid. written words reader board ratafia r tə fiə reader board / ridə bɔd/ noun an infor- ratafia / | / noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet biscuit or drink flavoured with mation board for guests in a hotel’s lobby reading lamp almonds reading lamp / ridiŋ l mp/ noun a ratatouille r tə twi small lamp on a desk or beside a bed, for use ratatouille / | / noun FOOD a when reading or writing Mediterranean vegetable stew of onions, ready tomatoes, aubergines, peppers and cour- ready / redi/ adjective 1. prepared ć Are gettes cooked in olive oil you all ready to leave yet? ć Why isn’t the rate coach here? – the group are all ready and rate /reit/ noun 1. the amount of money waiting to go. 2. ć You can’t go charged for something, e.g. for providing a fit to be used to your room yet, because it isn’t ready. ć Is service or for working for a particular period ˽ my dry cleaning ready yet? of time the going rate the usual or the cur- ready cash rent rate of payment ˽ letter rate, parcel ready cash / redi k ʃ/, ready money redi mni rate the postage for sending a letter or a par- / / noun FINANCE money which is cel, calculated by weight ć It is more expen- immediately available for payment ready-cooked sive to send a parcel letter rate but it will get ready-cooked / redi kυkt/ adjective there quicker. ˽ the market rate the normal CATERING cooked in advance real ale price in the market 2. ˽ to calculate costs on real ale / riəl eil/ noun BEVERAGES tradi- a fixed exchange rate to calculate costs on tional beer, served directly from a wooden an exchange rate which does not change í barrel or pumped by hand verb to classify something ć The restaurant reality tourism ri liti tυəriz ə m reality tourism / | ( ) / has been rated among the best in the town. noun travel to areas of the world considered rated rated / reitid/ adjective classified as being politically unstable or less developed, in of good quality ć a Michelin-rated establish- order to experience the way of life there at ment first hand rate of exchange reit əv iks tʃeind rear-view mirror riə vju mirə rate of exchange / | / rear-view mirror / / noun noun FINANCE same as exchange rate ć The ROAD TRAVEL a mirror inside a car which rear windscreen wiper 250 enables the driver to see what is behind with- round it, usually where seats are provided, out turning his or her head current newspapers or magazines, and some- rear windscreen wiper windscreen wiper / riə times a coffee machine windskrin waipə reception clerk ri sepʃ ə n klɑk / noun ROAD TRAVEL a reception clerk / | ( ) / noun device on a vehicle which wipes rain away HOTELS somebody who works at the recep- from the rear window tion desk reboard ri bɔd reception desk | ri sepʃ ə n desk reboard / / verb TRAVEL to go back reception desk / | ( ) / noun onto a ship, plane, train or bus again ć After 1. HOTELS a desk where guests or visitors visiting the church, the party will reboard the register or say who they have come to see coach and drive to the hotel. when arriving at a hotel or office 2. CATER- receipt ri sit receipt / | / noun 1. a piece of paper ING a high desk at the entrance to a restaurant showing that money has been paid or that where the reception head waiter greets the something has been received ć Did you get a guests and organises the reservation of tables receipt for the items you purchased? ć reception head waiter ri sepʃən hed reception head waiter / | Please produce your receipt if you want to weitə/ noun CATERING somebody who is on exchange items. 2. the act of receiving some- duty at the reception desk in a restaurant, thing ć Goods will be supplied within thirty who greets guests and organises the reserva- days of receipt of order. ć Invoices are paya- tion of tables ble within thirty days of receipt. ć On receipt receptionist ri sepʃənist receptionist / | / noun HOTELS of the confirmation, the tickets were sent to ˽ somebody in a hotel, restaurant or office who the customer. to acknowledge receipt of a meets guests or visitors and answers tele- letter to write to tell someone that you have phone enquiries received his or her letter ć We acknowledge reception manager ri sepʃən reception manager /| receipt of your letter of the 15th. í verb BUSI- m nid ə/ noun BUSINESS the person in a NESS to stamp or to sign a document to show that it has been received, or to stamp an hotel who is responsible for organising for- mal functions invoice to show that it has been paid reception room receipt book ri sepʃən rum ri sit bυk reception room / | / noun receipt book / | / noun BUSINESS a book of blank receipts to be filled in when HOTELS a large room in a hotel suitable for big groups of people purchases are made reception staff receipts ri sepʃən stɑf ri sits reception staff / | / noun receipts / | / plural noun BUSINESS money taken in sales ć to itemise receipts HOTELS the people who work in the reception and expenditure ć Receipts are down against area réchaud the same period of last year. réchaud / reiʃəυ/ noun CATERING a small receive ri siv heater, usually with a spirit lamp under it, for receive / | / verb 1. to get something which has been sent ć We only received our keeping food hot on the table or for cooking tickets the day before we were due to leave. dishes rapidly next to the guest’s table recipe 2. to meet or to welcome a visitor ć The recipe / resəpi/ noun CATERING written group was received by the mayor. details of how to cook a dish ć The restau- receiver ri sivə rant sells postcards with recipes of its receiver / | / noun 1. BUSINESS an official put in charge of a bankrupt company famous fish dishes. ć The cake is made from ć The receiver has been called in to run the an old recipe. recline hotel group. 2. the part of a telephone which recline verb to lie back reclining seat ri klainiŋ sit you lift and speak into reclining seat / | / noun receiving ri siviŋ receiving / | / noun HOTELS the task TRAVEL a seat which lies back, so that the of taking in supplies purchased for use in a traveller can sleep recommend rekə mend hotel or restaurant recommend / | / verb 1. to sug- receiving clerk ri siviŋ klɑk receiving clerk / | / noun gest that it would be a good thing if someone HOTELS somebody whose job is to check did something 2. to say that someone or supplies coming into a hotel or restaurant something is good ć He recommended a reception ri sepʃən ć reception / | / noun 1. same as French restaurant in the High Street. I cer- reception area 2. ENTERTAINMENT a big tainly would not recommend Miss Smith for party held to welcome special guests ć the job. ć Can you recommend a good hotel There’s a big reception at the embassy in Amsterdam? ć recommendation rekəmen deiʃ ə n tonight. There will be a champagne recep- recommendation / | ( ) / tion for the delegates. noun a statement saying that someone or reception area ri sepʃən eəriə ć reception area / | / noun something is good We appointed him on HOTELS the reception desk and the area the recommendation of his former employer. 251 red wine
recommended retail price red channel recommended retail price red channel / red tʃ n(ə)l/ noun BUSI- / rekəmendid riteil prais/ noun BUSI- NESS the exit from customs through which NESS same as manufacturer’s recom- you pass if you are importing goods which mended price. Abbr RRP are liable to duty redcoat record ri kɔd redcoat / redkəυt/ noun a uniformed record / | / verb 1. to fix sound on a plastic disc or tape ć A recorded message is attendant at a Butlin’s holiday camp redcurrant red krənt played when the airport bus approaches the redcurrant / | / noun FRUIT a red terminal. 2. to keep note of something ć She soft fruit growing in small clusters, mainly recorded their details in the logbook. í noun used to make jam and jelly, or used as deco- ˽ records a note of something from the past ration on cold dishes such as pâté ć a jar of such as a person’s medical details, guests in redcurrant jelly ć redesign ridi zain a hotel, transactions in a shop, etc. I’ll look redesign / | / verb to design that up in the records and get back to you. ć something again so that it looks different or Could you fetch the patient’s records, works differently ć The health club has been please? redesigned. recorded delivery ri kɔdid di liv ə ri red-eye red ai recorded delivery / | | ( ) / red-eye / / adjective referring to noun a mail service where the letters are flights or journeys that take place overnight signed for by the person receiving them ć so that it is difficult for passengers to sleep They sent the passport by recorded delivery. (informal) red-light district recorder ri kɔdə red-light district /red lait distrikt/ recorder / | / noun an instrument which records sound noun the part of a town where brothels and recording ri kɔdiŋ striptease clubs are situated ć The two old recording / | / noun 1. the act of ladies complained that their hotel was in the fixing sounds on a plastic disc or tape 2. ć music or speech which has been recorded red-light district of Frankfurt. It’s best to recreation avoid the red-light district after dark. rekri eiʃ ə n red mullet recreation / | ( ) / noun enjoya- red mullet / red mlit/ noun SEAFOOD a ble activities that people do for fun small red sea-fish, used in Mediterranean recreational rekri eiʃ ə n ə l recreational / | ( ) ( ) / adjec- cooking red tape tive referring to recreation red tape / red teip/ noun BUSINESS offi- recreational vehicle rekri eiʃ ə n ə l recreational vehicle / | ( ) ( ) cial paperwork which takes a long time to viik(ə)l/ noun US ROAD TRAVEL a large complete ć The South-East Asian joint ven- camping van in which a family can live while ture has been held up by government red touring. Abbr RV tape. recreation ground reduce
rekri eiʃ ə n ri| djus recreation ground / | ( ) reduce / / verb 1. to make some- raυnd/ noun SPORT a public sports ground thing smaller or lower ć reduced-price menu recruit ri krut for children ć We have reduced prices on all recruit / | / verb to take on as an employee ć We have recruited six people to our winter holidays. 2. CATERING to boil act as hosts at the Computer Show. sauce, so as to make it smaller in quantity recruitment ri krutmənt and more concentrated recruitment / | /, recruiting ri krutiŋ ‘…only heating rooms when they are occupied, / | / noun the act of taking people on the system is said to reduce energy use in a hotel as employees ˽ the recruitment of new of 200 to 250 bedrooms by 700kWh per room per staff the task of finding new staff to join a year’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] reduced rate ri djust reit company reduced rate / | / noun a spe- ‘…five-star hotels were finding recruitment cially cheap charge slightly harder than three- and four-star hotels’ reduction ri dkʃən reduction / | / noun 1. a lowering [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] of a price ć ‘Price reductions on selected red red /red/ noun ˽ in the red showing a debit holidays in Spain.’ 2. CATERING a sauce or loss ć My bank account is in the red. ć The which has been reduced by boiling ć red wine company went into the red in 1998. The red wine / red wain/ noun BEVERAGES company is out of the red for the first time wine which becomes red because the grape since 1950. skins are left for a time in the fermenting redcap redcap / redk p/ US a porter at an airport mixture or railway station COMMENT: Red wine is usually served at red carpet red carpet / red kɑpit/ noun a carpet put ‘room temperature’. Fine red wines (vin- tage Bordeaux or Burgundies) should be down when an important visitor comes, sig- opened in advance to allow the air to enter nifying an official welcome ć He got the red- the bottle; some fine red wines may also carpet treatment. need to be decanted to remove sediment. re-entry 252 Light red wines (such as Beaujolais nou- refrigerator ri frid əreitə refrigerator / | / noun CATER- veau, and red wines from the Loire Valley) ING a machine for keeping food cold ć Milk should be served at cellar temperature ć (i.e. cool), or can even be chilled. Red will keep for several days in a refrigerator. wine is traditionally served with meat and Each bedroom has a small refrigerator with game, and also with cheese. ice and cold drinks. refund re-entry / ri entri/ noun the act of com- refund noun / rifnd/ money paid back ć ing back in again She got a refund after she had complained to re-entry permit í ri fnd the manager. verb / | / to pay back re-entry permit / ri entri vizə/, re- money ć to refund the cost of postage ć All entry visa noun a visa allowing someone to money will be refunded if the tour is can- leave a country and go back in again ć referral system celled. They refunded £100 of the £400 I ri frəl sistəm referral system / | / noun had paid. HOTELS a system by which one hotel or res- refundable ri fndəb ə l refundable / | ( ) / adjective that taurant recommends another, and may take will or can be paid back ć A refundable bookings for another on which commission deposit of 10% is payable on booking. ć The may be paid entrance fee is refundable if you purchase £5 refreshments ri freʃmənts refreshments / | / plural noun worth of goods. CATERING snacks and drinks, available usu- refund in full in full / rifnd in fυl/ noun ć ally as a buffet, or served by waiters FINANCE the return of all the money paid ć Refreshments will be served in a tent on the She got a refund in full when she complained lawn. ć You can get refreshments at the foyer that there were mice in her bedroom. Also bar during the interval. called full refund refreshment tent ri freʃmənt tent refurbish refreshment tent / | / ri fbiʃ refurbish / | / verb to repair and noun ENTERTAINMENT a tent in which redecorate e.g. a room or building so that it is refreshments are served, e.g at a horse show like new ć They spent thousands of pounds or village fête. refurbishing the 36 bedrooms. refrigerate ri frid əreit refurbishment | ri fbiʃmənt refrigerate / / verb CATERING refurbishment / | / noun the to keep food cold, so that it will not go bad act of refurbishing something ć The hotel COMMENT: Low temperature retards the has reopened after a £1.5m refurbishment. rate at which food spoils, because all the refusal ri fjuz ə l refusal / | ( ) / noun a statement say- causes of deterioration proceed more ing that you will not do something or will not slowly. In freeze-drying, the food is quick- ˽ frozen and then dried by vacuum, so accept something his request met with a removing the moisture. Pre-cooked foods refusal his request was refused ˽ to give should be cooled rapidly down to –3°C someone first refusal of something to allow and eaten within five days of production. someone to be the first to decide if they want Certain high-risk chilled foods should be something or not kept below 5°C; these foods include soft refuse cheese and various pre-cooked products. refuse noun / refjus/ rubbish ć Please put Eggs in shells can be chilled for short-term all refuse in the bin. ć Refuse collection on í ri fjuz storage (i.e. up to one month) at tempera- our road is on Thursdays. verb / | / to tures between –10°C and –16°C. Bakery say that you will not do something or will not products, including bread, have storage accept something ć They refused to pay. ć temperatures between –18°C and –40°C; bread goes stale quickly at chill tempera- The bank refused to lend the hotel any more tures which are above these. Potatoes in money. ć He asked for a refund but it was the form of pre-cooked chips can be refused. ć The customer refused the goods or stored at –18°C or colder, but ordinary refused to accept the goods. (NOTE: You potatoes must not be chilled at all. Apples refuse to do something or refuse some- and pears can be kept in air-cooled boxes thing.) at between –1°C and +4°C (this is known regatta ri tə as controlled temperature storage). Let- regatta / | / noun SHIPS AND BOATS a tuces and strawberries (which normally sporting event where rowing boats or sailing must not be chilled) can be kept fresh by boats race vacuum cooling; celery and carrots can be COMMENT: The two main regattas in Eng- chilled by hydrocooling. land are the Henley Regatta in June and refrigerated display case ri Cowes Week held in August. refrigerated display case /| frid əreitid dis plei keis regeneration ri enə reiʃ ə n | / noun CATER- regeneration / | | ( ) / noun ING a cabinet with glass sides and top, cooled CATERING the task of preparing food from by a refrigerating plant underneath, used to frozen, e.g. by putting it in a microwave ć keep prepared food dishes such as salads and Students learn cooking and regeneration desserts fresh and cool techniques. 253 reheat region / rid ən/ noun 1. area ˽ the Lon- and back of a vehicle, showing its registra- don region the area around London 2. ˽ in tion number (NOTE: The US English for this the region of £10,000 about £10,000 ć is license plate.) We’re looking for a hotel in the region of £30 registry / red istri/ noun ˽ country, port per night. of registry the country or port where a ship regional / rid (ə)nəl/ adjective referring is registered to a region ć The restaurant serves regional regret ri ret regret / | / verb to be sorry about specialities. something ć I regret having to refuse entry to regional airport regional airport / rid (ə)nəl eəpɔt/ small children. ć We regret the delay in the noun AIR TRAVEL an airport serving a region arrival of our flight from Amsterdam. ć We of the country, and not the capital ć Flights regret to inform you of the cancellation of the are also available from sixteen other tour. (NOTE: You regret doing something regional airports. ć There are no regional or regret something. Note also: regret- departures to the Far East. ting – regretted.) register register / red istə/ noun 1. an official list regular / re jυlə/ adjective 1. happening ć to enter something in a register ć to keep a or coming at the same time each day or week register up to date 2. a large book for record- or month or year ć His regular train is the ing details, such as in a hotel, where guests 12.45. ć The regular flight to Athens leaves sign in, or in a registry where deaths are at 06.00. ˽ regular staff full-time staff 2. recorded ć They asked the guests to sign the ordinary or standard ć The regular price is register. 3. CATERING a computerised billing $1.25, but we are offering them at 99c. ˽ reg- system in a restaurant, where each item ular size the ordinary size, smaller than ordered is keyed in by the waiter using a spe- economy size or family size cial code, and the till provides a printout regular customer customer / re jυlə kstəmə/ which itemises all dishes bought, so that the noun BUSINESS a customer who always buys í guest can check the bill easily verb 1. to from the same shop or who goes to the same ć write something on an official list to regis- place for a service ter a sale 2. HOTELS regularly to arrive at a hotel or at re jυləli a conference and write your name and regularly / / adverb usually, or at address on a list ć They registered at the the same time each day, week, month or year hotel under the name of Macdonald. 3. ć The first train in the morning is regularly HOTELS (of the receptionist) to fill in the late. regulate details of a guest when he or she arrives at a regulate / re jυleit/ verb 1. to adjust hotel something so that it works well or is correct registered letter letter / red istəd letə/, reg- 2. to control something by law red istəd pɑs ə l regulation re jυ leiʃ ə n istered parcel / ( ) / noun regulation / | ( ) / noun the act a letter or parcel which is sent by registered of adjusting something so that it works well post regulations re jυ leiʃ ə nz regulations / | ( ) / plural registered office registered office / red istəd ɒfis/ noun laws or rules ć regulations concerning noun BUSINESS the office address of a com- the entry of tourists without visas ć The new pany which is officially registered with the government regulations on hotel standards. Companies’ Registrar ć The restaurant contravenes fire regula- registered post post / red istəd pəυst/ tions or safety regulations. noun a service where the post office makes a ‘EC regulations which came into effect in July note of a letter or parcel before it is sent, so insist that customers can buy cars anywhere in that compensation can be claimed if it is lost the EC at the local pre-tax price’ [Financial ć Times] or damaged to send documents by regis- Regulo tered post Regulo / re juləυ/ tdmk CATERING a registration red i streiʃ ə n trademark for a system of numbers indicat- registration / | ( ) / noun the act of writing something on an official list ing temperatures on a gas cooker ć Cook in registration card the oven for one hour at Regulo 6. registration card, registration form COMMENT: The Regulo system goes from noun HOTELS a card or form which has to be 1/4 to 9. The approximate temperature filled in when registering at a hotel, confer- equivalents are: 1/4–2 = 110–150°C, 3–4 ence, etc. = 160–190°C, 5 = 200°C, 6–7 = 210– registration number red i streiʃ ə n registration number / | ( ) 230°C, 8–9 = 235–250°C. nmbə reheat ri hit / noun the official number of a car reheat / | / verb CATERING to heat registration plate red i streiʃ ə n ć registration plate / | ( ) again Food left over can be reheated and pleit/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a plate on the front served again the next day. reheating 254
relish ‘…surplus hot food that is to be served again hot relish / reliʃ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a sharp or must be cooled as rapidly as possible and kept at spicy sauce made with vegetables or fruit or below 5°C until it is to be reheated for service. It is best to use a blast chiller to cool hot food rap- which adds extra flavour when eaten with idly. It must then be reheated thoroughly to tem- other food rely on ri lai ɒn peratures in excess of 75°C and subsequently rely on / | / verb to depend on some- kept above 63°C until served’ [Caterer & Hotel- body or something ć We rely on part-time keeper] staff for most of our business. ć Do not rely reheating ri hitiŋ reheating / | / noun CATERING the on the agents for accurate market reports. act of heating food again ć Care must be remote ri məυt remote / | / adjective a long way taken when reheating fish dishes. away, distant ć The hotel is situated in a reimburse riim bs ˽ reimburse / | / verb to reim- remote mountain village. burse someone their expenses to pay some- remote control ri məυt kən trəυl remote control / | | / one back for money which they have spent ć noun control of something from a distance, You will be reimbursed for your expenses or e.g. control of a TV set by using a handheld Your expenses will be reimbursed. switch with an infrared ray reimbursement riim bsmənt remote stand reimbursement / | / noun ri məυt st nd remote stand / | / noun AIR FINANCE the act of paying back money ć TRAVEL an area where an aircraft waits some reimbursement of expenses distance away from the airport for passen- reissue ri iʃu reissue / | / verb AIR TRAVEL to gers to board rémoulade remə leid change an airline ticket so that a passenger rémoulade / | / noun FOOD may- can fly on a different date or route, or at a dif- onnaise with herbs, mustard, capers, and ferent time. Compare revalidate gherkins added, and sometimes chopped relation ri leiʃ ə n relation / | ( ) / noun a link between hard-boiled egg remove ri muv two things remove / | / noun CATERING (in old relative humidity relətiv hju miditi relative humidity / | / menus) a dish served after the first course noun the ratio between the amount of water has been eaten and cleared away vapour in air and the amount which would be render / rendə/ verb to melt something in present if the air was saturated, shown as a order to purify or extract substances from it, percentage especially to heat solid fat slowly until as relax ri l ks relax / | / verb to rest from work, or to much liquid fat as possible has been become less tense ć They spent the first week extracted from it rennet of their holiday relaxing on the beach. ć rennet / renət/ noun a substance made Guests can relax in the bar before going to from the lining of calves’s stomachs that is eat in the restaurant. used in cheese making relaxation ril k seiʃ ə n renovate renəveit relaxation / | ( ) / noun time renovate / / verb to repair and spent resting from work ć For relaxation he redecorate something completely in order to goes jogging in the park. ć Do you consider make it like new ć The hotel has been com- gardening a form of relaxation? pletely renovated. ć The house is in good relevée rə levei structural condition but the central heating relevée / | / same as remove reliability ri laiə biliti needs renovating. reliability / | | / noun the ability renovation renə veiʃ ə n to be trusted to do something ć The product renovation / | ( ) / noun the act has passed its reliability tests. of renovating something ć The hotel is reliable ri laiəb ə l closed for renovation. reliable / | ( ) / adjective that or who rent rent can be trusted to do something, e.g. to work rent / / noun money paid to use a room, an office or house for a period of time ˽ high properly or to be on time ć a reliable tour rent, low rent expensive or cheap rent ć to company ć The on-site courier is completely ć reliable. pay three months’ rent in advance Rents ć relief ri lif are high in the centre of the town. We can- relief / | / adjective taking the place of not afford to pay high-season rents. ˽ the another who is away flat is let at an economic rent at a rent relief cook ri lif kυk relief cook / | / noun CATERING a which covers all costs to the landlord ˽ cook who takes the place of a cook who is income from rents, rent income income absent from letting an office, a house, etc. í verb 1. relieve ri liv relieve / | / verb 1. to take over from to pay money to hire a room, an office, a someone ć The day receptionist will be house or piece of equipment for a period of relieved at 21.00 when the night shift comes time ć We rented a car at the airport. ć He on. 2. ˽ to relieve yourself to urinate or def- rented a villa by the beach for three weeks. ć ecate They were driving a rented car when they 255 request were stopped by the police. 2. ˽ to rent (out) thing else 2. a thing which is used to replace to own e.g. a car or an office and lend it to something someone who pays for its use ć We rented replacement part ri pleismənt pɑt replacement part / | / the villa to an American couple. noun same as spare part rental rent ə l reply rental / ( ) / noun money paid to use a ri plai ć reply / | / noun an answer There was flat, house, car or piece of equipment for a no reply to my letter or to my phone call. ć I period of time am writing in reply to your letter of the 24th. rental agency rental agency / rent(ə)l eid ənsi/ noun í verb to answer ˽ to reply to a letter to an office which specialises in letting flats or write a letter in answer to one which you houses have received rental income rental income / rent(ə)l inkm/ noun reply coupon ri plai kupɒn reply coupon / | / noun income from letting offices, houses, etc. MARKETING a form attached to an advertise- reopen ri əυpən reopen / | / verb to open something ment in a newspaper or magazine, which has again ć The hotel will reopen next week after to be filled in and returned to the advertiser its £1 million renovation. report ri pɔt report / | / verb to tell somebody reopening ri əυp ə niŋ reopening / | ( ) / noun the act of about something officially ć Cases of chol- opening something again era must be reported immediately to the repack ri p k repack / | / verb to put things back local health authorities. ć The guest again into a suitcase ć He had to repack his reported that her wallet was missing from case after it had been opened by customs her room. (NOTE: You report sth to some- officials. body.) repacking reporting time ri| p kiŋ ri pɔtiŋ taim repacking / / noun the act of reporting time / | / noun AIR putting things back into a suitcase TRAVEL the time before a flight departs when repair ri peə ć repair / | / noun an act of mending or a passenger should check in Reporting making good something which is broken ć time for international flights is 2 hours The hotel is closed while they are carrying before departure. out repairs to the air-conditioning system. ć represent repri zent represent / | / verb BUSINESS to His car is in the garage for repair. í verb to sell goods or a service on behalf of someone mend or to make good something which is ć She represents an Australian bus company. broken ć The lift is being repaired. representative repri zentətiv repair kit ri peə kit representative / | / adjec- repair kit / | / noun a kit for repair- tive typical of all the people or things in a ing a machine, especially a kit for repairing group ć The hotel displayed a representative ć a car There is a repair kit provided in the selection of locally made products. ć The boot of each car. sample chosen was not representative of the repay ri pei ˽ repay / | / verb to pay back he repaid whole batch. í noun 1. BUSINESS a company me in full he paid me back all the money he which works for another company, selling owed me their goods ć We have appointed Smith & Co repayment ri peimənt repayment / | / noun FINANCE our exclusive representatives in Europe. 2. the act of paying back, or the money which somebody who acts on someone’s behalf ć is paid back She is the local representative for a British repeat ri pit ć repeat / | / verb to say something again tour operator. Our representative will meet ˽ to repeat an order to order something you at the airport. again reputable / repjυtəb(ə)l/ adjective with a repeat booking ri pit bυkiŋ ć repeat booking / | / noun a good reputation We only use reputable car- booking of the same room, table, etc., again riers. ć very high occupancy with repeat bookings reputation repjυ teiʃ ə n reputation / | ( ) / noun the repeat business ri pit biznis repeat business / | / noun opinion that people have of someone or BUSINESS a business deal which is a repeat of something ć an airline with a reputation for an earlier deal, as when organising for a punctuality ć The hotel has a reputation for group to stay at a hotel again being expensive. replace request ri| pleis ri kwest replace / / verb 1. to put something request / | / noun an act of asking back where it was before ć She replaced the for something politely ć She has put in a glasses on the table. 2. to exchange one part request to be transferred to another branch. for another ć He offered to replace the bro- ˽ on request if asked for ć More blankets ken mirror. are available on request. í verb to ask for replacement ri pleismənt ć replacement / | / noun 1. the something politely or formally The action of replacing something with some- stranded party radioed to request help. request stop 256 request stop ri kwest stɒp request stop / | / noun ROAD of pigeonholes where cards are put to show TRAVEL a bus stop where a buses stop only if which rooms have been booked you signal to them reserve ri zv reserve / | / noun 1. BUSINESS money require ri kwaiə require / | / verb 1. to need some- from profits not paid as dividend, but kept thing ć You will require a visa to go to Rus- back by a company in case it is needed for a sia. 2. to demand that someone does some- special purpose ˽ reserve for bad debts thing ˽ to require someone to do money kept by a company to cover debts something to have to do something ć Tour- which may not be paid 2. ˽ in reserve kept ists are required to register with the local to be used later on ˽ to keep something in police. reserve to keep something so as to be able to requirement ri kwaiəmənt use it later on if necessary ć We keep stores requirement / | / noun some- thing that is needed of tinned and frozen food in reserve for use in re-route ri rut emergencies. 3. an area of unspoilt land re-route / / verb TRAVEL to arrange where no commercial exploitation is ć another route for e.g. a plane or coach Bad allowed, kept for the wildlife – as in the weather in the mountains meant that the National Parks in Africa í verb ˽ to reserve coach had to be re-routed via the coast road. rescue a room, a table, a seat to ask for a room, rescue / reskju/ noun an act of saving table or seat to be kept free for you ć I want somebody or the fact of being saved from a to reserve a table for four people. ć Can you dangerous situation í verb to save somebody reserve a seat for me on the train to Glas- or something from a dangerous situation ć gow? When the river flooded, the party of tourists reserved ri zvd had to be rescued by helicopter. reserved / | / adjective BUSINESS ć rescuer kept for a customer You can’t have the win- reskjuə rescuer / / noun somebody who dow table, it is reserved. ć There are two saves or tries to save someone from a danger- reserved tables and one free one. ć Is this ous situation ć Rescuers were delayed by seat reserved? extremely high winds. ć A team of rescuers reserves ri zvz arrived in time to save the skiers. reserves / | / plural noun supplies reservation rezə veiʃ ə n kept to be used later on if necessary ć The reservation / | ( ) / noun a hotel was cut off by snow and had to rely on request for a room, seat, table, etc. to be kept its reserves of food. ć Reserves of fuel fell ˽ to make a reservation available for you to during the winter. ć The country’s reserves book a room, a table, a seat, etc. ć I want to of gas or gas reserves are very large. make a reservation on the train to Plymouth residence tomorrow evening. residence / rezid(ə)ns/ noun 1. a house reservation diary rezə veiʃ ə n or flat where someone lives ć He has a coun- reservation diary / | ( ) try residence where he spends his weekends. daiəri/ noun HOTELS a ledger with a sepa- rate page for each day, giving a list of all the 2. the act of living or operating officially in a rooms in a hotel, and marks to show if they country residence permit are booked or vacant residence permit / rezid(ə)ns pmit/ reservation form rezə veiʃ ə n fɔm noun an official document allowing a for- reservation form / | ( ) / ć He has applied noun HOTELS a form to be filled in by the eigner to live in a country clerk when a room reservation is made for a residence permit. ć She was granted a reservations chart rezə veiʃ ə nz residence permit for one year. reservations chart / | ( ) residence tax rezid ə ns t ks tʃɑt/ noun HOTELS a chart showing all the residence tax / ( ) / noun rooms in a hotel, with marks showing which BUSINESS a tax applied to people staying in a are occupied or booked in advance, and town resident which are vacant resident / rezid(ə)nt/ noun 1. a person or reservations clerk rezə veiʃ ə nz company living or operating in a country ć reservations clerk / | ( ) klɑk/ noun HOTELS somebody in a hotel The company is resident in France. 2. who deals with room reservations HOTELS a person who stays in a hotel 3. a reservations manager rezə member of staff who lives in ć a resident reservations manager / | manager ı non-resident veiʃ(ə)nz m nid ə/ noun CATERING resident alien somebody in charge of the department in a resident alien / rezid(ə)nt eiliən/ noun hotel or at an airline where reservations are a foreigner who has a residence permit and made lives in a particular country reservations rack rezə veiʃ ə nz residential rezi denʃəl reservations rack / | ( ) residential / | / adjective refer- r k/ noun HOTELS a special board or series ring to residence 257 restriction residential area rezi denʃəl eəriə rest area rest eəriə residential area / | / rest area / / noun ROAD TRAVEL noun a part of a town which is mainly occu- an area near a motorway or other large road, pied with private houses and flats provided with a public toilet and picnic residential hotel rezidenʃəl həυ tel residential hotel / | / tables and benches, where you can park and noun HOTELS a hotel which caters for long- get out of the car to relax stay guests, usually on a full-board basis restaurant / rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun a place residential licence licence / rezidenʃəl where you can buy and eat a meal ć She runs lais(ə)ns/ noun HOTELS a licence given to a a French restaurant in New York. ˽ he’s in small hotel or guesthouse, allowing them to the restaurant business he owns or man- sell alcohol to residents only ages restaurants residential street street / rezidenʃəl strit/ restaurant car car / rest(ə)rɒnt kɑ/ noun noun a street of private houses and flats, with RAIL TRAVEL a railway coach where passen- no offices or shops gers can sit and eat meals. Compare buffet residents’ lounge lounge / rezid(ə)ns laυnd / car restaurant guide noun HOTELS a room in a hotel which is only restaurant guide / rest(ə)rɒnt aid/ open to residents of the hotel and their guests noun CATERING a guidebook listing the res- resort ri zɔt resort / | / noun TOURISM a place taurants in a town where people go on holiday restaurant manager manager / rest(ə)rɒnt resort hotel ri zɔt həυ tel resort hotel / | | / noun m nid ə/ noun CATERING somebody who HOTELS a hotel in a resort, catering for holi- runs a restaurant, but does not own it daymakers rather than business visitors restaurant owner prə praiətə restaurant owner / | /, propri- responsibility ri spɒnsi biliti responsibility / | | / noun 1. etor noun CATERING somebody who owns a the state of being in charge of something ć restaurant The management refuses to accept responsi- restaurant staff staff / rest(ə)rɒnt stɑf/ ˽ bility for guests’ personal belongings. he noun people who work in a restaurant has taken on responsibility for the recep- restaurateur rest ə rə t restaurateur / ( ) | / noun tion area he has agreed to be in charge of the CATERING somebody who runs a restaurant reception area 2. something that someone is ć ‘…a London restaurateur was fined at the magis- responsible for His main responsibility is trates court last week for failing to quieten a noisy seeing that the guests are safe. extractor fan’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] responsible ri spɒnsib ə l rest-camp responsible / | ( ) / adjective 1. rest-camp / rest k mp/ noun TOURISM a causing ć The fog was responsible for the campsite on a safari where you rest after accident. 2. reliable and able to be trusted to travelling in the bush be sensible ć We want staff who are respon- restrict ri strikt restrict / | / verb to set limits to sible and good with money. 3. in charge of something ć We are restricted to twenty something, taking decisions for something tables by the size of the restaurant. ć She is responsible restricted access or directing something ri striktid kses for the tour schedules. ć The hotel manage- restricted access / | / ment is not responsible for the restaurant in noun ENTERTAINMENT access which is lim- the adjoining building. 4. ˽ responsible to ited to small groups of people at particular someone being under the authority of some- times of the day only, e.g. to a museum restricted articles ri striktid one who expects you to carry out the work restricted articles /| well ɑtik(ə)lz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL things responsible tourism ri spɒnsib ə l which passengers must not carry onto responsible tourism / | ( ) tυəriz(ə)m/ noun travel that respects the planes, e.g. knives or aerosols restricted fare ri striktid feə laws and customs of local people and is not restricted fare / | / noun harmful to the environment TRAVEL a type of e.g flight ticket that is not rest /rest/ noun 1. a period of being quiet exchangeable. restriction ri strikʃ ə n and peaceful, being asleep or doing nothing restriction / | ( ) / noun 1. a rule ć She’s having a rest in her room. ć The or action that limits or imposes controls on afternoon has been set aside for rest. 2. a something ˽ to impose restrictions on support 3. ˽ the rest the other people or imports, on credit to start limiting imports things in a group apart from those already or credit ˽ to lift credit restrictions to allow mentioned ć Six people decided to walk back credit to be given freely 2. TRAVEL a limit to down the mountain, but the rest of the party travel imposed as a condition when you buy used the funicular. í verb to spend time some types of ticket ć When buying your relaxing or sleeping ć They went upstairs to ticket, make sure you understand which rest before dinner. restrictions apply. rest room 258 rest room rest rum return journey ri tn d ni rest room / / noun a public toilet return journey / | / noun résumé résumé / rezjumei/ US BUSINESS same as TRAVEL a journey back to where you came curriculum vitae from return on investment retail ri tn ɒn in retail / riteil/ noun the sale of goods to the return on investment / | | people who will own and use them vestmənt/ noun BUSINESS interest or divi- retail price dends shown as a percentage of the money retail price / riteil prais/ noun BUSI- invested. Abbr ROI NESS the price at which the retailer sells to return rate ri tn reit the final customer return rate / | / noun the percent- retail shop retail shop / riteil ʃɒp/ noun BUSINESS a age of e.g. guests who come back to stay a shop where goods are sold only to the public second time ć In the three months the hotel retinol retinɒl has been open, the return rate of guests has retinol / / noun CATERING a vitamin already reached 40%-45%. found in liver, vegetables, eggs and cod liver return ticket ri tn tikit oil which is essential for good vision return ticket / | / noun TRAVEL retirement pension ri taiəmənt a ticket for a journey from one place to retirement pension /| penʃən another and back again. Also called round- / noun same as old age pension trip ticket retsina ret sinə return visit retsina / | / noun BEVERAGES a ri tn vizit return visit / | / noun TOURISM Greek wine flavoured with pine resin, which a second visit to a town, tourist attraction, was originally added to preserve the wine ć return hotel, etc. Our own surveys show that well ri tn return / | / noun 1. a journey back to over 50% of our customers are British, most the place you have left 2. the act of sending of them on return visits. or giving something back ˽ he replied by re-use / ri juz/ verb ć To return of post he replied by the next post re-use to use again save money, we try to re-use unused food service 3. profit or income from money ć ć from previous meals where possible. invested to bring in a quick return What revalidate ri v lideit is the gross return on this line? 4. ˽ to make revalidate / | / verb AIR TRAVEL a return to the tax office, to make an to change an airline ticket so that a passenger income tax return to send a statement of can fly on a different date or at a different income and allowances to the tax office ˽ to time, but still on the same route as the origi- fill in a VAT return to complete the form nal ticket. Compare reissue ˽ revalidation ri v li deiʃ ə n showing VAT receipts and expenditure revalidation / | | ( ) / noun daily, weekly, quarterly sales return a TRAVEL the act of making a ticket valid again, report of sales made each day, week or quar- after a change has been made ter í verb 1. to give or send something back revalidation sticker ri v li deiʃ ə n revalidation sticker / | | ( ) ć ć to return unsold stock to the wholesaler stikə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a little sticker to return a letter to sender 2. to make an offi- put on a ticket to show a change made to the cial statement to the tax authorities about original reservation income you have earned ć to return income revamp ri v mp of £15,000 to the tax authorities revamp verb / | / to improve the returnable ri tnəb ə l appearance of something which is slightly returnable / | ( ) / adjective BUSI- old-fashioned (informal) ć The lobby, con- NESS possible to take back to a shop or sup- ference rooms and 68 bedrooms have been ć plier These bottles are not returnable. revamped. í noun / riv mp/ a change in return address ri tn ə dres return address / | | / noun an the appearance of something ć The reception address to send something back to area has had a complete revamp. return date ri tn deit revenue return date / | / noun TRAVEL the revenue / revənju/ noun 1. FINANCE day on which a traveller or a tour returns money which is received 2. BUSINESS money returned empties ri tnd emptiz returned empties / | / received by a government in tax plural noun BUSINESS empty bottles or con- revenue accounts revənju ə kaυnts revenue accounts / | / tainers which are taken back to a shop or plural noun BUSINESS accounts of a business supplier, where any deposit paid will be which record money received as e.g. sales or given back commission return fare ri tn feə reverse return fare / | / noun TRAVEL the ri vs í reverse / | / adjective opposite fare for a journey from one place to another noun 1. the opposite 2. ROAD TRAVEL a gear and back again which makes a vehicle go backwards ˽ the return guest ri tn est return guest / | / noun HOTELS car was in reverse the reverse gear was somebody who goes back to stay in a hotel a engaged í verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to make a second time car go backwards 2. ˽ to reverse the 259 ring road charges (on the phone) to ask the person ride /raid/ noun a pleasant trip, e.g. on a you are calling to pay for the call horse or a bike or in a car ć We went for a reverse-charge call ri vs tʃɑd ˽ reverse-charge call / | ride on an elephant. bus ride a short trip in kɔl/ noun a telephone call where the per- a bus í verb to go for a trip on a horse, on a son receiving the call agrees to pay for it. bicycle, in a car, etc. (NOTE: riding – rode – Also called collect call has ridden) revolving door ri vɒlviŋ dɔ rigatoni ri ə təυni revolving door / | / noun a rigatoni / | / noun FOOD short door which turns round a central pillar ć Her rounded tubes of pasta with narrow ridges luggage got stuck in the revolving door at the running along them right entrance to the hotel. right /rait/ adjective 1. good or correct ć rhubarb rhubarb / rubɑb/ noun FRUIT a plant The customer was right when he said that the with long red leaf stalks which are cooked bill did not add up. ć This is not the right and eaten as dessert ć We’re having stewed plane for Paris. 2. the opposite of left ć The rhubarb for pudding. hotel is on the right side of the street, going rib /rib/ noun 1. one of several bones form- towards the station. (NOTE: On ships and ing a cage across the chest 2. MEAT a piece of aircraft, the right side is called the star- meat with the rib bone attached to it. Also board side.) í noun the fact of being legally called chop entitled to do or to have something ć She has ribbon / ribən/ noun a long thin strip of a right to the property. ć The group said they material for tying things or used as decora- had the right to know why the visit to the tem- tion ples had been cancelled. right-hand riboflavine raibəυ fleivin right-hand / rait h nd/ adjective riboflavine / | / noun ć CATERING Vitamin B2, found in eggs, liver, belonging to the right side The restaurant green vegetables and yeast and also used as is on the right-hand side of the main street. ć an additive in processed food He keeps the address list in the right-hand rice rais drawer of his desk. rice / / noun FOOD a cereal grass that right-hand man rait h nd m n produces edible grains, or these grains used right-hand man / / noun as food a person’s main assistant right of way COMMENT: While rice is always served in right of way / rait əv wei/ noun the legal Chinese and Indian meals, it is also used right to go across someone else’s property ć in European cooking, being served either There is a public right of way through the as a main course (e.g. in paella or risotto) wood. or as a vegetable with meat or fish. In Eng- rind lish cooking, it is commonly served as a rind /raind/ noun CATERING the skin on sweet pudding. fruit or meat or cheese ć Add the grated rind rice cooker rice cooker / rais kυkə/ noun CATERING of a lemon. ć Can you eat the rind of this a special electric pan for boiling rice cheese? ring rice paper riŋ rice paper / rais peipə/ noun FOOD very ring / / verb 1. to make a noise like a bell thin paper which you can eat and which is ć The telephone was ringing in the reception used in cooking area, but no one answered it. ˽ to ring a bell rice pudding rice pudding / rais pυdiŋ/ noun DES- to press a button to make an electric bell ring ˽ ‘please ring for service’ SERTS a dessert made of short-grain rice, a notice by a bell, milk and sugar asking a visitor to ring it if he or she wants a rich member of staff to come 2. to telephone /ritʃ/ adjective CATERING rich referring to someone ć He rang (up) his wife from the food which has a high calorific value conference hotel. (NOTE: ringing – rang – Richter scale Richter scale / riktə skeil/ noun a scale has rung) of measurement of the force of an earth- ring back ring back / riŋ b k/ verb to make a quake ć There were no reports of injuries phone call in reply to another ć The manager after the quake which hit 5.2 on the Richter is in a meeting, can you ring back in about scale. half an hour? ć Mr Smith called while you COMMENT: The scale, devised by Charles were out and asked if you would ring him Richter, has values from zero to ten, with the strongest earthquake ever recorded back. ć Your office rang – can you ring them being 8.9. Earthquakes of 5 or more on the back? ring road Richter scale cause damage. ring road / riŋ rəυd/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a ricotta ri kɒtə ć ricotta / | / noun DAIRY a soft white road which goes right round a town Instead mild-tasting Italian cheese made from whey of driving through the town centre, it will be and used mostly in cooking quicker to take the ring road. rink 260
rink rink /riŋk/ noun SPORT a large enclosed cooked in an oven ć The special of the day is area with a smooth flat surface for ice skat- a roast of pork. í verb CATERING to cook ing, playing ice hockey or roller skating ć In over a fire or in an open pan in an oven í the evening we all went to the skating rink. adjective CATERING cooked over a fire or in ripe /raip/ adjective 1. mature and ready to an oven ć roast beef roast chef be picked and eaten 2. matured or aged roast chef / rəυst ʃef/ noun CATERING the enough to have developed the best flavour chef in charge of roast meats. Also called risk capital risk capital / risk k pit(ə)l/ noun BUSI- chef rôtisseur roasted NESS same as venture capital roasted / rəυstid/ adjective CATERING risotto ri zɒtəυ cooked over a fire or in an open pan in an risotto / | / noun FOOD an Italian dish of cooked rice with meat, fish, or vege- oven ć roasted trout with whiting mousseline tables in it and mussels roasting rissole rəυstiŋ rissole / risəυl/ noun FOOD a fried ball of roasting / / noun CATERING cook- minced meat, fish, etc. ć We ordered lamb ing over a fire or in an oven roasting chicken rissoles and potatoes. roasting chicken / rəυstiŋ tʃikin/ Riviera rivi eərə noun MEAT a chicken which is tender enough Riviera / | / noun TOURISM the coast of a Mediterranean Sea in France and Italy, to be cooked by roasting roasting tin also used to describe any popular south coast roasting tin / rəυstiŋ tin/ noun CATERING in other countries ć winter holidays on the a large low-sided metal dish in which meat is French Riviera ć They rented a villa on the roasted in the oven roast joint Italian Riviera. ć The Cornish Riviera is roast joint / rəυst d ɔint/ noun MEAT a popular for family holidays. joint of meat such as lamb or beef, which has roach roach /rəυtʃ/ noun 1. SEAFOOD a small been roasted roast potato rəυst pə teitəυ freshwater fish (NOTE: The plural form is roast potato / | / noun roach.) 2. a cockroach (informal) (NOTE: FOOD a potato baked in fat in an oven The plural form is roaches.) rock-climbing / rɒk klaimiŋ/ noun road /rəυd/ noun 1. a way used by cars, lor- SPORT the sport of climbing up rock faces on ries, etc., to move from one place to another cliffs or mountainsides rocket ć The first part of the tour is by road. ć Road rocket / rɒkit/ noun VEGETABLES a green transport costs have risen. ć The main salad plant with a peppery flavour entrance is in London Road. ć Use the Park rocks /rɒks/ plural noun ˽ on the rocks Road entrance to get to the hotel car park. 2. served in a glass with ice cubes ˽ ć rock salmon on the road travelling We were on the rock salmon / rɒk s mən/ noun SEA- road for thirteen hours before we finally FOOD a dogfish reached the hotel. ć The sales force are on rodent rodent / rəυd(ə)nt/ noun an order of mam- the road thirty weeks a year. roadhouse mals including rats and mice, which have rəυdhaυs roadhouse / / noun a hotel or sharp teeth for gnawing. ı mouse, rat pub located beside a main road rodenticide rəυ dentisaid | road map rodenticide / / noun a poi- road map / rəυd m p/ noun ROAD TRAVEL son which kills rats and mice a map showing the main roads in a country roe /rəυ/ noun FOOD ć herring roe road network roe fish eggs rəυd netwk road network / / noun ć smoked cod’s roe ROAD TRAVEL rogan josh a system of interconnecting rogan josh / rəυ ən d ɒʃ/ noun FOOD in roads in a country South Asian cooking, a dish of curried meat, road regulations road regulations / rəυd usually lamb, in a thick tomato-based sauce re jυleiʃ ə nz ROI ( ) / plural noun ROAD TRAVEL ROI abbreviation BUSINESS return on rules applied to drivers using roads in a par- investment ticular country roll rəυl road sign rəυd sain roll / / noun 1. a tube of something road sign / / noun ROAD TRAVEL which has been turned over and over on itself a plate by the side of a road, giving instruc- 2. ˽ (bread) roll a small loaf of bread tions or warnings offered to the guests by the commis waiter road user road user / rəυd juzə/ noun ROAD while they are studying the menu í verb 1. TRAVEL somebody driving a car, bus or truck to turn something over and over 2. to make or riding a bicycle or motorcycle along a something go forward by pushing it on road wheels or by turning it over ć They rolled the roast roast /rəυst/ noun MEAT 1. meat which will bed into the corner of the room. 3. (of a ship) be cooked in an oven ć The chef is preparing to move up and down from side to side. a roast of lamb. 2. meat which has been Compare pitch 261 room occupancy rollaway bed rəυlə wei bed rooftop restaurant ruftɒp rollaway bed / | / noun rooftop restaurant / HOTELS a bed which can be rolled under rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun a restaurant on top of a another roof ć The view from the rooftop restaurant rolled joint rolled joint / rəυld d ɔint/ noun CATER- is splendid. room ING a joint of meat, made from a flat piece of room /rum/ noun 1. a part of a building, meat which is turned over and over to make divided off from other parts by walls 2. a roll and then tied with string HOTELS a bedroom in a hotel ˽ room with rollerblades rollerblades / rəυləbleidz/ noun SPORT a shower, with private bath a bedroom with a trademark for a type of in-line skate ć The shower room or bathroom attached ć I want young man on rollerblades zoomed past us at a room with bath for two nights. room and board great speed. room and board / rum ən bɔd/ noun rollerblading / rəυləbleidiŋ/ noun HOTELS same as board and lodging room attendant rum ə tendənt SPORT the sport of going on rollerblades ć room attendant / | / noun Rollerblading up and down the road is their HOTELS somebody who looks after a hotel 15-year-old son’s favourite pastime. room, seeing that it is clean and ready for roller blind blind / rəυlə blaind/ noun a blind guests room clerk made of a roll of thick cloth, which can be let room clerk / rum klɑk/ noun US down to cover a window HOTELS somebody in a hotel who decides roller coaster coaster / rəυlə kəυstə/ noun which bedrooms guests will stay in and ENTERTAINMENT a fairground railway which keeps the register room expenses rum ik spensiz goes up and down steep slopes ć We all went room expenses / | / plu- for a ride on the roller coaster. ral noun HOTELS expenses on hotel bed- roller skate rooms such as the cost of linen or cleaning roller skate / rəυlə skeit/ noun SPORT a materials, but not including staff costs boot with wheels on it for roller skating rooming house rolling contract / rumiŋ haυs/ noun US rolling contract / rəυliŋ kɒntr kt/ rooming house TOURISM a house with furnished rooms to let noun BUSINESS a contract which continues rooming slip rumiŋ slip from one period to the next, with only slight rooming slip / / noun HOTELS changes a piece of paper given to a guest, with the rolling stock rəυliŋ stɒk room number and price on it rolling stock / / noun RAIL room inspection rum in spekʃ ə n TRAVEL wagons and carriages used on the room inspection / | ( ) / railway noun HOTELS an examination of a room after roll on/roll off rəυl ɒn rəυl ɒf it has been cleaned, to see if it is ready for the roll on/roll off / / adjec- next guest tive SHIPS AND BOATS where trucks and cars room key rum ki can drive straight on or off. Abbr RORO room key / / noun HOTELS the key roly-poly rəυli pəυli to a room, such as a bedroom in a hotel roly-poly / / noun DESSERTS a room linen rum linin cooked pudding made of suet pastry spread room linen / / noun HOTELS with jam and rolled up sheets, towels, etc., for use in a hotel bed- romaine room rəυ mein room maid romaine / | / noun VEGETABLES rum meid same as cos room maid / / noun HOTELS roof same as chambermaid roof /ruf/ noun 1. a covering over a build- room makeup room makeup / rum meikp/ noun ing 2. ROAD TRAVEL the top of a vehicle such HOTELS the work of preparing a room in a as a car, bus or truck roof box hotel for the next guest, by cleaning it, ruf bɒks roof box / / noun ROAD TRAVEL a putting clean sheets and pillowcases on the box which can be fitted to the roof of a car to bed and putting fresh towels, shampoo, soap, carry luggage etc., in the bathroom roof garden ruf ɑd ə n roomnight roof garden / ( ) / noun a gar- roomnight / rumnait/ noun HOTELS one den on the roof of a building room occupied for one night ć The hotel roof rack roof rack / ruf r k/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a industry has 84 million roomnights a year. grid attached to the roof of a car for carrying room number number / rum nmbə/ noun luggage HOTELS the number given to a room in a hotel roof terrace roof terrace / ruf terəs/ noun a flat room occupancy occupancy / rum ɒkjυpənsi/ paved area on the roof of a building ć There noun HOTELS 1. the act of staying in a room is a bar on the roof terrace of the hotel. in a hotel 2. the average number of rooms rooftop rooftop / ruftɒp/ noun the top of a roof ć used in a hotel over a period of time, shown Our bedroom looks out over the rooftops of as a percentage of the total number of rooms the village. í adjective on the top of a roof ć During the winter months the occupancy room phone 262 rosette rəυ zet rate was down to 50%. Also called occu- rosette / | / noun a ribbon bunched to pancy rate look like a flower, used as a decoration or as room phone room phone / rum fəυn/ noun HOTELS a a badge rosé wine telephone in a hotel room rosé wine / rəυzei wain/ noun BEVER- room rate room rate / rum reit/ noun HOTELS the AGES a pink wine which gets its colour from price for a hotel room for one night the grape skins being left for a time in the room reservations rum rezə fermenting mixture room reservations / | roster rɒstə veiʃ(ə)ns/ noun HOTELS the department in roster / / noun a list showing employ- a hotel which deals with bookings for rooms ees and details of their periods of work ć The room safe rum seif flight crew roster is issued on the 20th of the room safe / / noun HOTELS a month. small safe in a hotel bedroom in which the rösti rsti guest can leave valuables rösti / / noun FOOD a Swiss fried room sales rum seilz potato cake made from thinly sliced or room sales / / plural noun grated potatoes, sometimes with added BUSINESS the turnover from letting rooms in onions and bacon a hotel rotisserie room service rum svis rotisserie, rôtisserie noun CATERING a room service / / noun device in an oven, with a metal rod which CATERING an arrangement in a hotel where can be passed through meat and turned so food or drink can be served in a guest’s bed- that the meat is evenly cooked room rotten rotten / rɒt(ə)n/ adjective 1. that looks and ‘…he also draws attention to the growing use of good quality chinaware in room service. One fac- smells bad because of decay 2. terrible, tor in this is that more and more women guests unpleasant ć The service here is rotten! use room service rather than dine alone in a rouble / rub(ə)l/, ruble US / rub(ə)l/ hotel’s main restaurant’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] noun FINANCE the currency used in Russia rooms payroll rooms payroll / rumz peirəυl/ noun and Belarus HOTELS the cost of the wages of hotel staff rough /rf/ adjective 1. approximate, not who deal with guest bedrooms very accurate 2. not finished, or with no room status board room status board / rum steitəs details bɔd roughage / noun HOTELS a board in a hotel, show- roughage / rfid / noun CATERING same ing each room, with its number and floor, as dietary fibre ć Bran is an important and indicating whether it is vacant or occu- source of roughage. ć A diet that doesn’t pied, or will be occupied or become vacant contain enough roughage is a possible cause during the day of constipation. room tax room tax / rum t ks/ noun BUSINESS a COMMENT: Roughage is found in cereals, visitor’s tax levied by the local government nuts, fruit and some green vegetables. It is or municipality on a visitor occupying a believed to be necessary to help digestion hotel room and avoid developing constipation, obes- room temperature ity, appendicitis and other digestive prob- room temperature / rum tempritʃə/ lems.
roughly noun BEVERAGES the temperature in an ordi- roughly / rfli/ adverb approximately ć nary room, usually around 20°C, at which The number of visitors is roughly twice last most red wines should be served year’s. ć The development cost of the marina root beer root beer / rut biə/ noun US BEVERAGES will be roughly £25m. í adjective in a way a dark fizzy drink, flavoured with the juice of that is not gentle enough ć He was sacked for roots, bark and herbs handling the animals roughly. root vegetable root vegetable / rut ved təb(ə)l/ noun rough out out / rf aυt/ verb to make a first a vegetable such as a carrot, turnip, or beet rough plan for something that will be that is grown for its fleshy edible under- planned in more detail later ć The tour guide ground parts roughed out a seating plan.
RORO rouille RORO, ro-ro abbreviation SHIPS AND rouille /rwi/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a sauce BOATS roll on/roll off made from chillies, garlic, and olive oil rosemary rosemary / rəυzməri/ noun SAUCES, ETC. served as an accompaniment to Provençal a pungent herb with spiky green leaves, used foods such as bouillabaisse roulade in cooking ć We had roast lamb with rose- roulade / rulɑd/ noun FOOD a dish in mary. which a piece of food is coated with a sauce COMMENT: Rosemary is very often used or filling and rolled up before being cooked, when roasting lamb. so that each slice has a spiral appearance 263 rucksack roulette ru let ć roulette / | / noun ENTERTAINMENT a stopped for lunch en route for Scotland. game of chance where bets are made on the The pleasure ship sank when she was en numbers in boxes on a flat rotating wheel route to the Gulf. í verb ROAD TRAVEL to where a small ball will lodge when the wheel send a bus or aircraft by a particular route ć stops turning ć The casino has six roulette The train was routed via Berlin. ı re-route tables. ‘…the consolidator is marketing perhaps the round /raυnd/ adjective shaped like a cir- cheapest round-the- world Business class fare. It ˽ is charging a mere £1,389 for flights routed: Lon- cle or ball in round figures not totally don-Vienna-Bangkok-Taipei-Los Angeles-Lon- accurate, but correct to the nearest 10 or 100 don’ [Business Traveller] roundabout roux roundabout / raυndəbaυt/ noun 1. roux /ru/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a mixture of ENTERTAINMENT a children’s playing fat and flour cooked to make a base for a machine, which goes round when pushed sauce and on which you can sit or stand 2. ENTER- row /rəυ/ noun 1. a line of seats side by TAINMENT (in a fairground) a large mechani- side, such as in a cinema or aircraft ć We had cal amusement machine, which turns round tickets for the front row of the stalls. ć My and plays music, usually with horses to sit on seat is row 23A, so I must be next to a win- which move up and down 3. ROAD TRAVEL a dow. 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a short trip in a point where roads meet, and traffic has to rowing boat ć We went for a row on the lake. turn in a circle, usually with each giving way í verb SHIPS AND BOATS to make a small to drivers coming from the right (NOTE: In boat go forward by using oars US English, this is called a traffic circle.) rowing boat / rəυiŋ bəυt/, rowboat US round down rowing boat raυnd daυn round down / / verb to / rəυbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a small decrease to the nearest full figure ć The bill boat, which can be made to go forward using came to £164.62 but they rounded it down to oars £164. Royal Automobile Club Automobile Club / rɔiəl round-the-world raυnd ðə wld round-the-world / / ɔtəməbil klb/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a adjective TRAVEL going round the world, motoring organisation in Scotland. ı AA returning to the original departure point ć Royal Scottish Automobile Scottish Association Automobile Associ- Twenty yachts are taking part in the round- rɔiəl skɒtiʃ ɔtəməbil ə ation / | ć the-world yacht race. A round-the-world səυsieiʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a motor- ticket allows several stopovers. Abbr RTW ing organisation in the UK. Abbr RSAC round-the-world flight round-the-world flight / raυnd ðə RRP wld flait RRP abbreviation MARKETING recom- / noun AIR TRAVEL a flight which mended retail price goes round the world, returning to the origi- RSAC RSAC abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL Royal nal departure airport. Abbr RTW flight round-the-world ticket Scottish Automobile Club round-the-world ticket / raυnd ðə RT wld tikit RT abbreviation TRAVEL round trip / noun AIR TRAVEL an airline rtn ticket that entitles a passenger to travel to rtn abbreviation TRAVEL return ć fare from £30 rtn various destinations around the world, RTW returning to the point of departure RTW abbreviation round-the-world RTW flight round trip round trip / raυnd trip/ noun TRAVEL a RTW flight abbreviation AIR TRAVEL journey from one place to another and back round-the-world flight ć A round-the-world again. Abbr RT ticket allows several stopovers. rubber band round-trip rbə b nd round-trip / raυnd trip/ adjective TRAVEL rubber band / / noun a thin involving a journey to a place and back ring of rubber for attaching things together ć again. Abbr RT Put a rubber band round the filing cards to round-trip ticket raυnd trip tikit stop them falling on the floor. round-trip ticket / / rubber check rbə tʃek noun TRAVEL same as return ticket rubber check / / noun FINANCE round up raυnd p same as bouncing cheque (informal) round up / / verb to increase to rubber stamp rbə st mp the nearest full figure ć The bank cashier rubber stamp / / noun a rounded up the figures to the nearest pound. stamp made of hard rubber cut to form words ‘…each cheque can be made out for the local or numbers rucksack equivalent of £100 rounded up to a convenient rucksack / rks k/ noun a bag carried on figure’ [The Sunday Times] the back of a walker ć She put extra clothes route route /rut/ noun 1. a way to be followed to and a bottle of water in her rucksack. ć A get to a destination ˽ bus route way which is group of walkers with muddy boots and ruck- regularly taken by a bus from one place to sacks came into the pub. (NOTE: Larger bags another 2. ˽ en route on the way ć We are called backpacks.) rug 264
rug rug /r / noun 1. a small carpet ć This Sri Lanka (NOTE: This is written Rs before beautiful rug comes from the Middle East. 2. the figure: Rs. 250.) a thick blanket, especially one used for trav- rush /rʃ/ noun a state in which you do elling something fast í verb to make something go rules /rulz/ plural noun regulations or fast ć to rush an order through the factory ć laws, strict orders of the way to behave ć We to rush a shipment to Africa rush hour apply strict rules of hygiene in the kitchen. ć rush hour / rʃ aυə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL Did you read the rules about what to do in the time when most traffic is on the roads, case of a fire? when everyone is trying to travel to work or rum rum /rm/ noun BEVERAGES an alcoholic from work back home ć The taxi was spirit made from sugar cane or molasses, delayed in the rush-hour traffic. usually coloured brownish-red rush job job / rʃ d ɒb/ noun work which has rump steak rump steak / rmp steik/ noun MEAT a to be done fast rush order thick slice of beef cut from above the leg and rush order / rʃ ɔdə/ noun CATERING a considered to have the best flavour request for something which has to be sup- run run /rn/ noun TRAVEL a regular route of a plied fast ˽ Russian plane, bus, train he does the London- Russian / rʃ(ə)n/ adjective referring to Paris run twice a week he drives a coach Russia (NOTE: Food served in the Russian from London to Paris twice a week í verb 1. way is called à la russe.) ć Russian service to manage e.g. a hotel or restaurant He Russian service / rʃ(ə)n svis/ noun runs a tourist guide service. ć She runs the CATERING 1. a service similar to French serv- restaurant for her father. 2. (of engine, ice, where the waiter offers each guest a dish ć transport) to work or operate The bus does (from the left), and the guest helps himself not run on Sundays. from it 2. a type of service at a banquet, ‘…business is booming for airlines on the Lon- where the food is carved at a sideboard, and don to Manchester run’ [Business Traveller] running rniŋ served rapidly by the waiters to the guests so running / / noun BUSINESS the man- that the food does not get cold ć agement of a business The day-to-day run- Russian tea rʃ ə n ti ning of a large restaurant is complicated. Russian tea / ( ) / noun BEVER- running costs rniŋ kɒsts AGES black tea, served in a glass running costs / /, running rustle up rs ə l p expenses plural noun BUSINESS money rustle up / ( ) / verb to prepare a spent on the day-to-day cost of a business. meal or snack quickly using any food that is Also called overhead costs, overhead immediately available RV expenses, overheads, operational costs RV abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL recreational run out of out of / rn aυt əv/ verb to have vehicle rye nothing left of, to use up all the stock of ć rye /rai/ noun 1. FOOD a hardy cereal crop The bureau de change has run out of dollars. grown in temperate areas 2. same as rye ć The hotel has run out of beer. bread run up rye bread run up / rn p/ verb to make a large debt rye bread / rai bred/ noun BREAD, ETC. quickly ć He quickly ran up a bill for £250. bread made from rye, which is usually very runway runway / rnwei/ noun AIR TRAVEL a track dark in colour on which planes land and take off at an air- rye whiskey whiskey / rai wiski/, rye whisky port ć The plane went out onto the runway noun BEVERAGES a type of whisky made in and then stopped for half an hour. North America from rye rupee ru pi ryokan ri əυkən rupee / | / noun FINANCE the currency ryokan / | / noun CATERING a Japa- used in India, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan and nese traditional inn S
saccharin safety checklist saccharin / s kərin/ noun FOOD a sub- safety checklist / seifti tʃeklist/ noun stance used as a substitute for sugar a list of things which have to be checked as sachet s ʃei part of safety regulations sachet / / noun a small plastic bag safety-deposit box seifti di pɒzit containing a portion of sauce, shampoo, etc. safety-deposit box / | bɒks ć The fish is packaged with a sachet of sauce. / same as safe-deposit box safety margin saddle seifti mɑd in saddle / s d(ə)l/ noun 1. the rider’s seat safety margin / / noun time or space allowed for something to be on a bicycle or on the back of a horse 2. MEAT safe a cut of meat such as lamb, hare or venison, safety pin made up of both loins and part of the back- safety pin / seifti pin/ noun a type of bent bone pin for attaching fabric, where the sharp safari point is held by a metal shield sə fɑri safety regulations safari / | / noun ENTERTAINMENT an seifti expedition in Africa to hunt or take photo- safety regulations / re jυleiʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun rules to make a graphs of wild animals ć He went on a safari place safe for the customers and staff in Kenya. safflower safari holiday s flaυə sə fɑri hɒlidei safflower / / noun a plant which safari holiday / | / noun produces an oil used in cooking TOURISM a holiday in a safari park saffron s frən safari park saffron / / noun SAUCES, ETC. an sə fɑri pɑk safari park / | / noun ENTER- orange-coloured powder made from crocus TAINMENT a park where large wild animals flowers, from which colouring and flavour- such as lions, giraffes and elephants run free, ing are obtained and visitors can look at them from their cars, COMMENT: Saffron is used to colour food but cannot get out of the cars yellow; it is used in cooking rice and is an safe essential ingredient of bouillabaisse. /seif/ noun HOTELS safe a heavy metal box sage which cannot be opened easily, in which val- sage /seid / noun SAUCES, ETC. an aro- uables, such as money, jewellery, and docu- matic herb with silvery-green leaves used in ments can be kept ć Put your valuables in cookery the hotel safe. í adjective uninjured, out of COMMENT: Sage and onion stuffing is danger ć Three climbers were found safe often used in British cooking to stuff meat and poultry. after the avalanche. sago sei əυ safe-deposit box seif di pɒzit bɒks sago / / noun FOOD a white powder safe-deposit box / | / made from the sago palm, used as food and noun FINANCE a box in a hotel or bank in as a thickening agent which valuables such as money, jewellery or sail sail /seil/ SHIPS AND BOATS noun a trip in a documents can be kept boat ć They went for a sail down the Thames. safe-keeping safe-keeping / seif kipiŋ/ noun the í verb to travel on water, or to leave harbour state of being looked after carefully ć We put ć The ship sails at 12.00. sailing the documents into the bank for safe-keep- sailing / seiliŋ/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS ing. the departure of a ship ć There are no sail- safety safety / seifti/ noun 1. the state of being ings to France because of the strike. 2. free from danger or risk ˽ to take safety pre- SPORT the activity of riding in or controlling cautions, safety measures to act to make a sailing boat, especially for pleasure ć We sure something is safe 2. ˽ for safety so that have booked to go on a sailing holiday in the something is safe ć Put the money in the Aegean. sailing boat hotel safe for safety. ć Keep a note of the sailing boat / seiliŋ bəυt/, sailboat numbers of your traveller’s cheques for / seilbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a boat safety. which uses mainly sails to travel sailing time 266
sailing time sale sailing time / seiliŋ taim/ noun SHIPS sale /seil/ noun 1. the act of selling, the act AND BOATS the time when a boat leaves of giving an item or doing a service in sake sake / sɑki/ noun BEVERAGES Japanese exchange for money 2. ˽ for sale ready to be rice wine, usually drunk warm sold 3. ˽ on sale ready to be sold in a shop ć salad salad / s ləd/ noun FOOD a cold dish of These items are on sale in most chemists. 4. various raw or cooked vegetables, often BUSINESS a period during which goods are served with cold meat, fish or cheese ć sold at specially low prices ć The shop is cheese salad ć prawn salad having a sale to clear old stock. ć The sale ˽ COMMENT: The commonest salad dress- price is 50% of the normal price. clear- ing is ‘French dressing’ or ‘vinaigrette’, ance sale a sale of items at low prices to get made of olive oil, vinegar, salt, pepper, rid of the stock mustard and other flavourings; also com- sales /seilz/ plural noun 1. mon are ‘Thousand Island dressing’, sales the money made with mayonnaise and chopped received from selling products ć Sales have onions, olives, etc., and ‘blue-cheese’ or risen over the first quarter. 2. the number of ‘Roquefort dressing’, made with mayon- items sold naise or vinaigrette and blue cheese or sales book sales book / seilz bυk/ noun BUSINESS a Roquefort cheese. salad bar s ləd bɑ book containing records of sales salad bar / / noun CATERING a sales campaign seilz k m pein self-service bar, where customers help them- sales campaign / | / noun selves to a wide variety of meat, fish or veg- BUSINESS a period of planned work to etable salads achieve higher sales sales chart salad cream seilz tʃɑt salad cream / s ləd krim/ noun sales chart / / noun BUSINESS SAUCES, ETC. a commercially-prepared a diagram showing how sales vary from sauce made of eggs, oil and vinegar, used on month to month sales conference salad and usually available in bottles or sales conference / seilz kɒnf(ə)rəns/ sachets noun BUSINESS a meeting of sales managers, salad dressing dressing / s ləd dresiŋ/ noun representatives and publicity staff to discuss SAUCES, ETC. a liquid sauce put on lettuce results and future sales plans sales force and other cold raw or cooked vegetables to sales force / seilz fɔs/ noun BUSINESS a give them additional flavour group of salespeople salade niçoise salade niçoise / s l d niswɑs/ noun sales forecast forecast / seilz fɔkɑst/ noun FOOD a French salad, made with lettuce, BUSINESS a calculation of future sales hard-boiled eggs, cold boiled potatoes, sales manager manager / seilz m nid ə/ noun anchovy fillets, black olives and tomatoes, BUSINESS somebody in charge of a sales with garlic in the dressing department salad servers salad servers / s ləd svəz/ plural sales representative seilz repri sales representative / | noun a spoon and fork for serving salad zentətiv salamander s ləm ndə / noun BUSINESS somebody who salamander / / noun CATER- works for a company, showing goods or ING 1. a type of high-powered cooking grill services for sale and trying to sell them ć used in restaurants, where food is grilled in a They have vacancies for sales representa- more or less enclosed box, as opposed to an tives to call on accounts in the north of the open griller 2. a very hot iron block, for- country. merly used to grill the surface of food sales slip seilz slip salamander-glazed s ləm ndə sales slip / / noun BUSINESS a salamander-glazed / piece of paper showing that an article was leizd/ adjective CATERING heated in a sal- bought at a particular shop ć Goods can be amander until the coating melts and becomes exchanged only on production of a sales slip. shiny sales targets salami sə lɑmi sales targets / seilz tɑ its/ plural noun salami / | / noun MEAT a dry spicy pork sausage, originally from Italy BUSINESS the amount of sales which a busi- salary s ləri ness is expected to achieve salary / / noun BUSINESS payment sales tax seilz t ks for work, made to an employee with a con- sales tax / / noun BUSINESS a tract of employment, usually in the form of a tax to be paid on each item sold salmon monthly cheque ć She got a salary increase salmon / s mən/ noun SEAFOOD a large in June. ć The company froze all salaries for sea fish, with pink flesh ć cold poached a six-month period. salmon and salad salary cheque s ləri tʃek Salmonella s lmə nelə salary cheque / / noun Salmonella / | / noun MEDICAL FINANCE a monthly cheque by which an a genus of bacteria in the intestines, which employee is paid are usually acquired by eating contaminated 267 sample
salt cellar food, and cause typhoid or paratyphoid salt cellar / sɒlt selə/ noun CATERING a fever, gastroenteritis or food poisoning small pot containing salt usually with a hole ‘…according to Public Health Laboratory fig- in the top so that it can be sprinkled on food ures, infection in humans by Salmonella enterid- (NOTE: The US term is salt shaker.) itis stood at 16,981 last year. This comprised COMMENT: In the UK, a salt cellar has a nearly half of all Salmonella figures’ [Caterer single hole, to differentiate it from the pep- & Hotelkeeper] per pot which has several; in the USA, the COMMENT: Salmonellae are found in pepper pot will have only one hole while a meat, offal, eggs, milk and fish. The bacte- salt cellar will have several. Table salt is ria are killed by temperatures over 65°C, ground to finer grains than cooking salt; and so are killed by cooking. They survive kitchen salt may be treated with anti- cak- freezing, and revive when frozen food is ing agents to make it flow more freely. defrosted. salted sɔltid salmonella poisoning salted / / adjective CATERING cov- s lmə nelə salmonella poisoning / | ered in salt ć There were bowls of salted nuts pɔiz(ə)niŋ/ noun MEDICAL an illness caused on the bar. by eating food which is contaminated with salt-free salt-free / sɔlt fri/ adjective CATERING Salmonella bacteria which develop in the without salt ć a salt-free diet intestines salt-free diet salmon steak salt-free diet / sɔlt fri daiət/ noun salmon steak / s mən steik/ noun CATERING a diet in which no salt is allowed FOOD a slice of salmon cut across the body of saltiness the fish saltiness, saltness noun CATERING the salmon trout state of tasting strongly of salt salmon trout / s mən traυt/ noun SEA- saltmill saltmill / sɔlmil/ noun CATERING a device FOOD a large sea trout with pink flesh like which twists to crush salt crystals that of a salmon salt water salon sɔlt wɔtə s lɒn salt water / / noun water salon / / noun a shop where people which contains salt, like sea water, as can have their hair cut or styled, or have opposed to fresh water in rivers and lakes ć beauty treatments The hairdressing salon saltwater / sɔltwɔtə/ adjective is on the fifth floor. ć She went to the beauty saltwater contain- salon for a manicure. ing salt water like the sea ć a saltwater saloon swimming pool sə lun salty saloon / | / noun US BARS a place sɔlti which sells alcoholic drinks salty / / adjective containing or tast- ć saloon bar ing strongly of salt We had a bowl of very sə lun bɑ saloon bar / | / noun BARS a bar salty pea and ham soup. in a pub which is more comfortable than the salvage / s lvid / noun income from the public bar, and where the drinks may be sale of waste materials from a hotel or res- slightly more expensive saloon keeper taurant, such as kitchen waste sə lun kipə salver saloon keeper / | / noun US salver / s lvə/ noun CATERING a large flat BARS somebody who runs a saloon serving plate, usually made of metal such as salsa salsa / s lsə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a pun- silver or stainless steel gent Mexican sauce made of tomatoes, samosa sə məυsə samosa / | / noun FOOD an Indian onions and chillis dish consisting of a small triangular pastry salsify salsify / s lsəfi/ noun VEGETABLES a plant containing spiced meat or vegetables, usu- with a long, white root and green leaves, all ally deep-fried and served as a starter or of which are eaten as vegetables snack samovar COMMENT: Salsify has a flavour similar to samovar / s məvɑ/ noun CATERING an that of oysters. urn used in Russia for boiling water for tea salt sɔlt sample salt / / noun small white tangy-tasting sample / sɑmpəl/ noun 1. MARKETING a crystals consisting mainly of sodium chlo- small quantity of something used for testing ride, used to flavour or preserve food í ć Can I see a sample of the cloth or a cloth adjective 1. containing common salt 2. sample? ć Try a sample of the local cheese. CATERING cured or preserved or seasoned 2. MARKETING a small representative group with salt ć salt cod í verb CATERING 1. to of people questioned to show what the reac- add salt to ć You forgot to salt the soup. 2. to tions of a much larger group would be ć We preserve food by keeping it in salt or in salt interviewed a sample of potential customers. water ˽ a random sample a sample taken without salt beef salt beef / sɔlt bif/ noun MEAT beef any selection í verb 1. to try something by which has been preserved in brine, then taking a small amount ć to sample a product cooked and usually served cold in thin slices, before buying it ć You can sample the wine in rye bread sandwiches before placing your order. 2. MARKETING to sanctuary 268 sarsaparilla sɑsəpə rilə question a small representative group of peo- sarsaparilla / | / noun BEVER- ple to find out what the reactions of a much AGES a non-alcoholic drink made from the larger group would be ć They sampled 2,000 root of an American plant people at random to test the new orange sashimi s ʃimi sashimi / | / noun FOOD a Japanese drink. dish consisting of slices of raw fish, usually sanctuary sanctuary / s ŋktʃuəri/ noun a place for served with a dipping sauce, e.g. a seasoned the protection of wild animals or birds ć soy sauce satay They established several bird sanctuaries satay / s tei/ noun FOOD an appetiser near the sea. served in South-East Asian cooking, made of sand sand /s nd/ noun a mass of very small bits marinaded meat cooked on a little skewer, of rock found on beaches and in the desert ć and served with peanut sauce satellite a beach of fine white sand ć the black sand satellite / s təlait/ noun an object in beaches of the Northern coast of New Zea- space which goes round the Earth and sends land and receives signals, pictures and data sand dunes satellite broadcast sand dunes / s nd djunz/ plural noun satellite broadcast / s təlait grass-covered sandy ridges by the seashore brɔdkɑst/ noun a radio or TV broadcast sandpit s ndpit transmitted via a satellite sandpit / / noun ENTERTAINMENT satellite dish s təlait diʃ a place with sand where children can play satellite dish / / noun an aer- sandstorm s ndstɔm ial, shaped like a dish used to capture satel- sandstorm / / noun a high lite broadcasts wind in the desert, which carries large satellite TV s təlait ti vi amounts of sand with it satellite TV / / noun sandwich ENTERTAINMENT a television system, where sandwich / s nwid / noun 1. FOOD two pictures are sent via space satellites slices of bread with a filling such as meat, satsuma s t sumə satsuma / | / noun FRUIT a type cheese between them 2. BREAD, ETC. a type of small sweet orange which peels easily of cake, formed of two pieces of sponge saturated fat s tʃəreitid f t cake, one on top of the other, with a cream or saturated fat / / noun jam filling in between CATERING fat which has the largest amount sandwich bar of hydrogen possible. Compare unsatu- s nwid bɑ sandwich bar / / noun rated fat CATERING a small shop where you can buy COMMENT: Animal fats such as butter and sandwiches to take away fat meat are saturated fatty acids. It is sandy sandy / s ndi/ adjective like sand, or known that increasing the amount of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats made of sand ć The resort has miles of safe (mainly vegetable fats and oils, and fish sandy beaches. oil), and reducing saturated fats in the sanitary sanitary / s nit(ə)ri/ adjective 1. clean 2. food intake helps reduce the level of cho- referring to hygiene or to health lesterol in the blood, and so lessens the sanitary towel risk of hardened arteries. sanitary towel / s nit(ə)ri taυəl/, san- Saturday s tədei s nit ə ri n pkin Saturday / / noun the sixth day of itary napkin / ( ) / noun a the week, between Friday and Sunday ˽ Sat- pad of absorbent paper worn during men- urday night stay fare a special fare for ć struation Do not put sanitary towels in the someone who is staying Saturday night in a toilet, use the special bags provided. sanitation particular place s ni teiʃ ə n sanitation / | ( ) / noun the prac- ‘…most destinations require a Saturday night tice of being hygienic, especially referring to stay but some in France can also be booked with public hygiene ć Poor sanitation in crowded a minimum two-night mid-week stay which conditions can result in the spread of dis- makes them suitable for businessmen’ [Business ease. Traveller] sanitation officer COMMENT: Discounted flights usually s ni teiʃ ə n sanitation officer / | ( ) mean the passenger has to stay over a ɒfisə/ noun somebody responsible for Saturday night. This is because most busi- ensuring that premises are kept in a hygienic ness people do not stay in hotels on Sat- condition urday, so rooms are more easily available. sauce sardine sɑ din sauce /sɔs/ noun CATERING liquid with a sardine / | / noun SEAFOOD a small fish of the herring family particular taste poured over food to give it an ć ć SARS extra flavour chicken in mushroom sauce SARS /sɑz/ noun a serious disease of the spaghetti with a tomato and meat sauce lungs and bronchial tubes that was first COMMENT: Common prepared sauces reported in Asia in 2003. Full form severe served in British restaurants include: acute respiratory syndrome tomato sauce (served with fried food); 269 schedule
savings horseradish sauce (served with roast beef savings / seiviŋz/ plural noun FINANCE and some smoked fish); mint sauce money which is not spent but put aside ć She (served with lamb); and sauce tartare ć (served with fish). These are often com- spent all her savings on a trip to Egypt. mercially prepared and served in bottles There are incredible savings on flights to or sachets. Florida. savory sauceboat sauceboat / sɔsbəυt/ noun CATERING a savory / seivəri/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a vessel in which sauce is served herb used in cooking, especially with beans savoury sauce chef seivəri sauce chef / sɔs ʃef/ noun CATERING the savoury / / CATERING adjective chef in charge of preparing sauces. Also with a salty or other flavour which is not called chef saucier sweet í noun a snack, served at the end of a saucepan large meal, which is salty, or made of cheese saucepan / sɔspən/ noun CATERING a deep metal cooking pot with a long handle (NOTE: The US spelling is savory. Note also saucer that the plural is savouries.) saucer / sɔsə/ noun a shallow dish placed COMMENT: The savoury course in a large under a cup formal meal is normally served at the end, sauce tartare sɔs tɑ tɑ sauce tartare / | / noun after the sweet course (or instead of it) and SAUCES, ETC. same as tartare sauce before the cheese. Common savouries in saucisson sɒsisɒn English cooking are ‘Welsh rarebit’ (grilled saucisson / / noun MEAT a dry cheese on toast) or ‘angels on horseback’ spicy pork sausage from France (oysters cooked wrapped in rashers of sauerkraut sauerkraut / saυəkraυt/ noun FOOD a bacon). scald German dish of pickled cabbage, often scald /skɔld/ verb CATERING to plunge a served with sausages fruit or vegetable into boiling water for a sauna sauna / sɔnə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT 1. a short time in order to loosen the skin or to bath taken by sitting in a room filled with prepare it for freezing scale of charges very hot steam ć We all had a sauna and then scale of charges / skeil əv t ɑd iz/ went for a swim in the lake. 2. a room where noun a list showing various prices scallion you can have a very hot steam bath ć There scallion / sk liən/ noun US VEGETABLES is a sauna in the basement of the hotel. same as spring onion sausage scallop sausage / sɒsid / noun MEAT a tube of scallop / skɒləp/ noun SEAFOOD a type of edible skin filled with minced and seasoned shellfish with a semi-circular ridged shell pork or other meat ć I’ll have sausages and scalloped potatoes sk ləpt pə scalloped potatoes / | eggs for breakfast. teitəυz/ noun FOOD potatoes which are sausagemeat sausagemeat / sɒsid mit/ noun MEAT a sliced and cooked in a shallow dish in the mixture of meat, bread and flavourings for oven scampi making sausages, sold separately, and used scampi / sk mpi/ noun FOOD large in pies and sausage rolls prawns usually served fried in batter (NOTE: sausage roll sausage roll / sɒsid rəυl/ noun FOOD a The plural form is scampi.) savoury snack made of pastry with a small scenery / sinəri/ noun attractive country- sausage or piece of sausage meat inside it side ć the beautiful scenery of the Lake Dis- sauté sauté / səυtei/ CATERING adjective fried trict quickly in a little fat í verb to fry in a little scenic / sinik/ adjective that has or runs fat (NOTE: sautéeing – sautéed) through attractive countryside ć Welcome to sauté potatoes səυtei pə teitəυz sauté potatoes / | / plu- scenic Nova Scotia. scenic railway ral noun FOOD slices of potato, fried in a little scenic railway / sinik reilwei/ noun fat ć Do you want sauté potatoes or new AIR TRAVEL a miniature railway running potatoes with your fish? through artificial picturesque scenery at an save /seiv/ verb 1. to keep or not to spend amusement park scenic route money ć He is trying to save money by walk- scenic route / sinik rut/ noun ROAD ing to work. ć She is saving for a holiday in TRAVEL a road running through attractive Spain. 2. not to waste or to use less ć To save countryside time, let’s continue the discussion in the taxi schedule / ʃedjul/ noun 1. a timetable, a to the airport. ć The government is encour- plan of times drawn up in advance ć The aging companies to save energy. managing director has a busy schedule of saver saver / seivə/ noun TRAVEL an airline, appointments. ć His secretary tried to fit me coach, or train ticket that is cheaper than the into his schedule. ˽ to be ahead of schedule normal price and usually places a number of to be early ć The building of the hotel com- restrictions on the date and time of travel plex was completed ahead of schedule. ˽ to scheduled flight 270 be on schedule to be on time ć The flight is from Scotland í noun BEVERAGES 1. a on schedule. ˽ to be behind schedule to be whisky made in Scotland ć a bottle of scotch late ć I am sorry to say that we are three 2. a glass of this whisky ć a large scotch, months behind schedule. 2. TRAVEL a list of please Scotch broth times of departure and arrivals of trains, Scotch broth / skɒtʃ brɒθ/ noun FOOD a planes or coaches ć The summer schedules thick soup with barley, vegetables and lamb Scotch egg have been published. 3. a list, especially of Scotch egg / skɒtʃ e / noun FOOD a additional documents attached to a contract hard-boiled egg, covered in sausage meat ć Please find enclosed our schedule of and fried and usually eaten cold charges. ć For restrictions on use, see the Scotch pancake Scotch pancake / skɒtʃ p nkeik/ plu- attached schedule. í verb 1. to list officially ral noun BREAD, ETC. very small pancakes, ć scheduled prices or scheduled charges 2. cooked on a griddle to plan the time when something will happen Scotch woodcock skɒtʃ wυdkɒk ć The building is scheduled for completion Scotch woodcock / / in May. noun FOOD a savoury consisting of small scheduled flight ʃed uld flait squares of toast spread with anchovy paste scheduled flight / / noun and topped with a mixture of scrambled egg AIR TRAVEL a regular flight which is in the yolks, cream and cayenne pepper airline timetable, as opposed to a charter Scottish Natural Heritage skɒtiʃ ć Scottish Natural Heritage / flight She left for Helsinki on a scheduled n tʃ ə rəl flight. ( ) / noun an official organisation scheduling ʃedjuliŋ which promotes the care and enjoyment of scheduling / / noun drawing up the national parks and other natural assets in a timetable or a plan Schengen country Scotland ʃeŋ ən kntri Scottish Tourist Board Schengen country / / Scottish Tourist Board / skɒtiʃ noun a country that has signed the Schengen tυərist bɔd/ noun TOURISM an organisa- treaty Schengen treaty tion which promotes tourism in Scotland and Schengen treaty / ʃeŋ ən tyriti/ noun promotes tourism to Scotland from other an agreement signed by certain European parts of the UK. Abbr STB Union Countries, plus Norway and Iceland, scrambled eggs eggs / skr mbəld e z/, to end border controls and allow the free scrambled egg noun FOOD eggs which are movement of goods and people within the beaten with salt and pepper and cooked in treaty area and to harmonise external border butter, often served on toast as part of an controls English breakfast ć We had a starter of Schistosoma ʃistə səυmə Schistosoma / | / MEDICAL scrambled egg with smoked salmon. scrambling same as Bilharzia scrambling / skr mbliŋ/ noun ROAD schistosomiasis ʃistəsəυ schistosomiasis /| TRAVEL the sport of racing on motorbikes on maiəsis/[[SCAPS]] MEDICAL same as bil- rough terrain ć They arrange scrambling harziasis holidays in the Welsh mountains. schnapps schnapps /ʃn ps/ noun BEVERAGES a screen /skrin/ noun 1. a flat surface strong alcoholic spirit, resembling gin, made which protects something or divides two in Germany and the Netherlands things 2. a flat panel which acts as protection schnitzel schnitzel / ʃnits(ə)l/ noun FOOD a thin flat against something, e.g. draughts, fire or piece of veal or pork dipped in egg and noise 3. a flat surface for projecting films breadcrumbs and fried. ı Wiener schnitzel onto 4. a flat surface as on a television set or schooner schooner / skunə/ noun CATERING a computer monitor, on which images are large upright glass, used for serving sherry shown ć I’ll call flight details up on the scone skɒn screen. scone / / noun BREAD, ETC. a type of screwdriver skrudraivə small crusty bread, sometimes with dried screwdriver / / noun BEVER- fruit in it, eaten with butter and jam or with AGES a cocktail of vodka and orange juice scrumpy cream. ı cream tea scrumpy / skrmpi/ BEVERAGES a type of scoop scoop /skup/ noun CATERING 1. a deep strong cider traditionally made in south-west round spoon for serving ice cream ć You England scuba must wash the scoop each time you use it. 2. scuba / skubə/ noun SPORT an underwa- a portion of ice cream or vegetables served ter breathing apparatus scuba-diver with a scoop ć I’ll have one scoop of straw- scuba-diver / skubə daivə/ noun berry and one scoop of vanilla, please. SPORT somebody who goes scuba-diving Scotch /skɒtʃ/ adjective used for referring scuba-diving / skubə daiviŋ/ noun to some things, especially food and drink, SPORT the sport of swimming underwater, 271 seat-back television using breathing apparatus ć We went scuba namely spring, summer, autumn or winter 2. diving in the Mediterranean. TOURISM a period of time when something sea /si/ noun an area of salt water usually takes place ˽ end of season sale an sea crossing crossing / si krɒsiŋ/ noun a jour- event where goods are sold cheaply because ney across a sea ć The sea crossing between the season in which they would be used is Denmark and Sweden can be quite rough. over, e.g. a sale of summer clothes in autumn seafood 3. ˽ in season which is fresh and plentiful seafood / sifud/ noun SEAFOOD fish and and easy to buy ć Grouse isn’t in season until shellfish which can be eaten (NOTE: There is ć no plural form.) ˽ a seafood restaurant a 12th August. Strawberries are cheaper in restaurant which specialises in seafood season. í verb CATERING to add flavouring, ć seafront sifrnt spices, etc., to a dish Goulash is seasoned seafront / / noun ROAD TRAVEL a with paprika. road which runs beside the sea in a seaside seasonal siz ə n ə l town ć We went for a walk along the sea- seasonal / ( ) ( ) / adjective only front. ć Our hotel was right on the seafront. lasting for a season seasonal adjustments ć siz ə n ə l ə We stayed in a seafront hotel. Also called seasonal adjustments / ( ) ( ) | front noun 2 d stmənt/ plural noun changes made to sea level level / si lev(ə)l/ noun the level of figures to take account of seasonal variations seasonal demand siz ə n ə l di the sea, taken as a point for measuring alti- seasonal demand / ( ) ( ) | tude ć The resort is in the mountains, over mɑnd/ noun TOURISM a demand which 1,000ft above sea level. exists only during the high season seaport seaport / sipɔt/ noun a port by the sea seasonal labour labour / siz(ə)nəl leibə/ sear sear /siə/ verb CATERING to cook in a pan at noun TOURISM workers who work for a sea- a very high temperature for a short time, son only ć seasoned before grilling or roasting Sear the steak seasoned / siz(ə)nd/ adjective CATERING for a few seconds in a pan. flavoured with a particular type of seasoning seared seared / siəd/ adjective CATERING cooked ć highly seasoned Indian food at the high temperature in a pan for a short seasoning seasoning / siz(ə)niŋ/ noun CATERING time ć seared salmon and salad sea resort si ri zɔt salt, pepper, herbs or spices used to give fla- sea resort / | / noun TOURISM a vour to food ć The meat seems to lack sea- holiday town near the seaside soning. sea salt si sɔlt season ticket sea salt / / noun FOOD crystals of season ticket / siz(ə)n tikit/ noun sodium chloride, extracted from sea water seashell ROAD TRAVEL a rail or bus ticket which can be siʃel seashell / / noun the shell of a shell- used for any number of journeys over a fish which lives in the sea ć She walked period, usually 1, 3, 6 or 12 months ć Sea- along the beach collecting seashells. son-ticket holders will receive a refund if seashore seashore / siʃɔ/ noun land along the their train is cancelled. ć seat edge of the sea These types of plants grow seat /sit/ noun a chair in a cinema, plane, on the seashore. ć seasick restaurant, train, etc. They asked for six sisik seasick / / adjective MEDICAL feeling seats in row E. ć Seats are available at all sick because of the movement of a ship ć He prices. ć Take your seats for the first lunch. gets seasick every time he crosses the Chan- ć Passengers are requested to remain in their nel. ć She didn’t enjoy the cruise because she seats until the plane has come to a standstill. was seasick all the time. ć I’ll stay on deck ć Seats in the first-class section are wider because I feel seasick when I go down to my than in the tourist class. í verb to have room cabin. for people to sit down ć The restaurants seasickness seasickness / sisiknəs/ noun MEDICAL seats 75. ć The hotel has a conference room sickness caused by the movement of a ship seating up to 60 people. seaside seaside / sidsaid/ noun an area near the ‘…from April this year, passengers will be able sea where people go to have a holiday ć We to experience an upgraded Business class. always take the children to the seaside in Whether seat pitch (currently 104cm/40ins) will August. ć They’d like a seaside holiday be improved upon has yet to be decided. There are several carriers which offer quite a few inches instead of a holiday in the mountains. more’ [Business Traveller] seaside town sisaid taυn seaside town / / noun TOUR- ‘…the hotel has a 100-seat dining room, an 86- ISM a town by the sea ć Seaside towns are seat terrace and a 50-seat bar area’ [Caterer empty in the winter. & Hotelkeeper] season siz ə n seat-back television sit b k teli season / ( ) / noun 1. TOURISM one of seat-back television / | the four parts into which a year is divided, vi (ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a small television seat belt 272 screen set into the back of the seat on an air- second helping helping / sekənd helpiŋ/ noun craft CATERING another portion of the same dish ć seat belt seat belt / sit belt/ noun TRAVEL a belt After we had finished, the waiter came round worn in a car or aircraft as protection in case with a second helping of fish. seconds of accident ć The sole survivor of the crash seconds / sekəndz/ plural noun 1. CATER- had been wearing a seat belt. ć The ‘fasten ING another portion of the same dish seat belts’ sign came on. (informal) ć Can I have seconds, please? 2. -seater -seater /sitə/ suffix TRAVEL referring to a items which have been turned down by the vehicle with a particular number of seats ć a quality controller as not being top quality ć 20-seater coach ć a 10-seater executive jet The shop has a sale of seconds. secretarial seating sekri teəriəl seating / sitiŋ/ noun seats available for secretarial / | / adjective people ć The hall has seating for three hun- referring to the work of a secretary ć She is dred people. taking a secretarial course. ć He is looking seating capacity sitiŋ kə p siti for secretarial work. ć We need extra secre- seating capacity / | / tarial help to deal with the correspondence. noun the number of seats in a bus, cinema, secretary sekrət ə ri etc. secretary / ( ) / noun a person seating plan sitiŋ pl n who does work such as writing letters, seating plan / / noun CATER- answering the phone and filing documents ING a chart showing where each guest sits at for someone ć My secretary deals with a big banquet ć seat pitch incoming orders. Her secretary phoned to sit pitʃ seat pitch / / noun TRAVEL the dis- say she would be late. tance between the front edge of a seat and the section waiter section waiter / sekʃən weitə/ CATER- front edge of the seat in front ING station waiter seat recline same as sit ri klain sector seat recline / | / noun TRAVEL sector / sektə/ noun BUSINESS part of the the distance by which a seat reclines economy or business organisation of a coun- seat width seat width / sit widθ/ noun TRAVEL the try ć All sectors of the economy suffered distance between the armrests of a seat from the fall in the exchange rate. ć Tourism sea voyage sea voyage, sea cruise noun SHIPS AND is a booming sector of the economy. BOATS a voyage or cruise on the sea ‘…government services form a large part of the seaweed / siwid/ noun a plant which tertiary or service sector’ [Sydney Morning Her- ald] grows in the sea, a general name for several security si kjυəriti security / | / noun safety or pro- species of large algae (NOTE: There is no ˽ plural form.) tection against harm airport security seaworthiness siwðinəs actions taken to protect aircraft and passen- seaworthiness / / noun gers against attack SHIPS AND BOATS the state of a boat that is security bond si kjυəriti di pɒzit security bond / | | /, able and safe to sail seaworthy security deposit noun TRAVEL money siwði seaworthy / / adjective SHIPS deposited by a tour company with a govern- AND BOATS able and safe to sail ć The old ment organisation, which is to be used to ferry is scarcely seaworthy. repay travellers with tickets issued by the sec sec /sek/ adjective BEVERAGES a French company if the company goes into liquida- adjective meaning dry (used of wine) (NOTE: tion For dry champagne, the word used is brut.) security guard si kjυəriti ɑd security guard / | / noun second / sekənd/ adjective coming after somebody who protects an office or factory the first and before the third against burglars second chef sekənd ʃef security manager si kjυəriti second chef / / noun CATER- security manager /| ING a deputy for a chef, who replaces the chef m nid ə/ noun a person who is in charge when he or she is on holiday, etc. of efforts to protect a business against crime second-class security officer si kjυəriti ɒfisə second-class / sekənd klɑs/ adjective, security officer / | / noun adverb TRAVEL referring to a less expensive HOTELS somebody who protects a hotel and less comfortable type of travel than first- against burglars sediment class ć to travel second-class ć The price of sediment / sedimənt/ noun BEVERAGES a a second-class ticket is half that of a first- solid substance which forms in liquids such class. ć I find second-class hotels are just as as red wine, and which can be removed by comfortable as the best ones. decanting the wine ć You could see a thick second freedom freedom / sekənd fridəm/ sediment at the bottom of the bottle of wine. seed noun AIR TRAVEL the right to land at an air- seed /sid/ noun part of a plant which ger- port for refuelling or repairs minates and grows to produce a new plant 273 seminar room
seedless self-raising seedless / sidləs/ adjective CATERING self-raising / self reiziŋ/ adjective with no seeds in it ć seedless grapes CATERING with a raising agent mixed in, so segment / se mənt/ noun part of a circle that baking powder need not be added when or sphere baking self-service ‘…different market segments and, ultimately, self-service / self svis/ adjective individual consumers must be addressed sepa- CATERING where the customers serve them- rately’ [Financial Times] selves segmentation se mən teiʃ ə n segmentation / | ( ) / noun ‘…research revealed that customers wanted self- the state of being divided into separate parts service restaurants for a quick meal, waitress ˽ segmentation of a market the division of service restaurants, takeaways and sandwich the market or consumers into categories bars’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] self-service buffet according to their buying habits self-service buffet / self svis bfit/ seize /siz/ verb to take hold of something noun CATERING a buffet where guests help or take possession of something by force ć themselves to food from various dishes pro- The customs seized the shipment of books. vided self-service petrol station seizure si ə self-service petrol station / self seizure / / noun 1. the act of taking svis petrəl steiʃ ə n possession of something by force ć The ( ) / noun ROAD court ordered the seizure of the shipment. 2. TRAVEL a petrol station where the customers MEDICAL a fit, convulsion or sudden contrac- put the petrol in their cars themselves self-service restaurant tion of the muscles, especially in a heart self-service restaurant / self svis attack, stroke or epileptic fit rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun CATERING a restaurant Sekt Sekt /sekt/ noun BEVERAGES a sparkling such as a cafeteria, where guests take a tray German wine and help themselves to food self-service store self svis stɔ COMMENT: Also familiarly called ‘German self-service store / / champagne’; the best quality wine comes noun BUSINESS a shop where customers take from the Rhine valley. goods from the shelves and pay for them at selection si lekʃən ć selection / | / noun 1. a range the checkout sell-by date There is a huge selection of farm produce in sell-by date / sel bai deit/ noun CATER- the market. 2. something which has been ING a date stamped on the label of a food chosen ć a selection of French cheeses product, which is the last date on which the self-catering / self keit(ə)riŋ/ noun product should be sold to guarantee good TOURISM cooking for yourself quality. Compare best-before date, use-by self-catering holiday holiday / self keitəriŋ date seller hɒlidei/ noun TOURISM a holiday where seller / selə/ noun somebody who sells ć you rent accommodation, but cook your own There were a few postcard sellers by the meals ć self-catering villa holidays in Portu- cathedral. gal seller’s market market / seləz mɑkit/ noun self-contained self kən teind self-contained / | / adjec- BUSINESS a market where a person selling tive HOTELS having its own kitchen, bath- goods or a service can ask high prices room, etc., and not sharing these facilities because there is a large demand for the prod- with others uct. Opposite buyer’s market semidry self-drive self-drive / self draiv/ adjective TOURISM semidry / semidrai/ adjective BEVERAGES involving a vehicle which you drive yourself referring to wine that is partially or moder- ć The holiday includes a self-drive tour of ately dry semihard the island. ˽ a 16-day self-drive package a semihard / semihɑd/ adjective DAIRY package holiday including a self-drive car referring to cheese that has a consistency for 16 days firm enough to slice but that is moist and pli- self-employed self im plɔid self-employed / | / adjective able seminar working for yourself, not being on the pay- seminar / seminɑ/ noun BUSINESS a class roll of a company ć a self-employed given to a small group of students who meet accountant ć He worked for a bank for ten to discuss a subject with a teacher, or a years but now is self-employed. í noun ˽ the organised discussion involving a small group self-employed people who work for them- of people ć The training seminar is being selves held in the conference room. self-financed self fai n nst seminar room seminɑ rum self-financed / | / adjective seminar room / / noun ˽ the project is completely self-financed BUSINESS a small room with tables, audiovis- the project pays its development costs out of ual equipment, etc., used for holding semi- its own revenue, with no subsidies nars semi-skimmed 274 semi-skimmed / semi skimd/ adjective meat. ć I can’t serve six tables at once. 2. to DAIRY from which some of the fat has been deal with a customer in a shop or bar ć Will removed you serve this lady next, please? ć I waited semi-skimmed milk milk / semi skimd ten minutes before being served. 3. CATER- milk/ noun DAIRY milk from which some of ING (of a recipe) to make enough food for ć the fat has been removed The packet serves six. ć A bottle of cham- semisoft semisoft / semisɒft/ adjective CATERING pagne should serve four people easily. server softer than most foods of its type server / svə/ noun CATERING 1. some- semisweet semisweet / semiswit/ adjective CATER- body who serves at table or a buffet 2. a large ING slightly sweet, or having only a small flat knife for serving food servery amount of sugar or other sweetening ingredi- servery / svəri/ noun CATERING a place ent added where waiters pick up dishes ready to be semolina smeə linə taken to the guests’ tables semolina / | / noun FOOD hard grains of wheat left when flour is sifted, used service / svis/ noun 1. a period spent in puddings, stews, etc. working for a company, in a shop, etc. 2. the send /send/ verb to make someone or work of dealing with customers ć The serv- something go from one place to another ć to ice in that restaurant is extremely slow. 3. send a letter or an order ć The company is same as service charge ć to add on 10% sending the injured skiers back home by air. for service ˽ the bill includes service it ć Send the letter airmail if you want it to includes an amount added to cover the work arrive next week. (NOTE: sending – sent) involved ć Is the service included? 4. CATER- send away for send ə wei fɔ ING a style of serving in a restaurant 5. work send away for / | / verb to write asking for something to be sent to you to keep a machine in good working order ć ć We sent away for the new brochure. the routine service of equipment ć The send off off / send ɒf/ verb to put in the post machine has been sent in for service. 6. BUSI- send off for send ɒf fɔ NESS a business or office which gives help send off for / / verb to write when it is needed 7. ˽ to put a new bus, ć asking for something to be sent to you We plane into service to start using a new bus or sent off for the new catalogue. senior plane for the first time 8. BUSINESS a system siniə senior / / adjective older, higher in or arrangement of things that the public can rank í noun the father of the family ć Harry use ć The postal service is efficient. ć The Markovitz Senior bus service is very irregular. ć We have a senior citizen senior citizen / siniə sitiz(ə)n/ noun an good train service to London. 9. a religious old retired person ceremony í verb 1. to keep a machine in senior executive siniər i zekjυtiv ć senior executive / | /, good working order The car needs to be senior manager / siniə m nid ə/ noun serviced every six months. ć The computer BUSINESS a more experienced and higher- has gone back to the manufacturer for serv- ranking manager in a company icing. 2. to deal with somebody or something senior passenger passenger / siniə p sind ə/ ˽ to service arrivals to deal with people noun TRAVEL a passenger over the age of 65 arriving at a hotel, by looking after their lug- senior steward steward / siniə stjuəd/ noun gage, etc. ˽ to service a room to clean a same as chief steward room after a guest has left, changing the beds separate adjective / sep(ə)rət/ not and linen, etc. service area together or attached ˽ to send something service area / svis eəriə/ noun ROAD under separate cover to send something in TRAVEL a place by a motorway where you a different envelope í verb / sepəreit/ to can stop and buy petrol or get food, etc. service bureau divide ć The staff are separated into part- service bureau / svis bjυərəυ/ noun timers and full-time staff. an office which specialises in helping other separately / sep(ə)rətli/ adverb individu- offices ally, rather than together or as a group ć service centre centre / svis sentə/ noun an Each member of the group will pay sepa- office or workshop which specialises in rately. keeping machines in good working order serum hepatitis siərəm hepə taitis service charge serum hepatitis / | / service charge / svis tʃɑd /, service noun MEDICAL same as hepatitis B / svis/ noun 1. CATERING an amount added serve serve /sv/ verb 1. CATERING to bring food to a bill to cover the work involved in dealing or drink to a customer ć She served the soup with a customer ć A 10% service charge is in small bowls. ć Fish is served with a white added. ć Does the bill include a service sauce. ć You should serve red wine with charge? 2. an amount paid by tenants in a 275 sewing kit serving suggestion sviŋ sə block of flats for general cleaning and main- serving suggestion / | tenance d estʃən/ noun CATERING the way a manu- service cloth service cloth / svis klɒθ/ noun CATER- facturer suggests that you serve the product sesame ING a white cloth which a waiter carries over sesame / sesəmi/ noun FOOD a tropical his or her arm and uses to hold hot plates plant whose seeds are eaten, usually scat- when serving guests tered on the crust of bread or cakes sesame oil service contract service contract / svis kɒntr kt/ sesame oil / sesəmi ɔil/ noun a strongly noun same as maintenance contract flavoured oil from sesame seeds, widely serviced apartments svist ə used in East and Southeast Asian cooking serviced apartments / | sesame seed oil sesəmi sid ɔil pɑtmənts/ plural noun apartments where sesame seed oil / / noun the rooms are cleaned daily, the beds are FOOD oil obtained from crushed sesame changed and new linen is put out seeds, used in oriental cooking session service department svis di session / seʃ(ə)n/ noun a meeting to service department / | pɑtmənt study, to discuss or to practise / noun BUSINESS a section of a set company which keeps customers’ machines set /set/ verb 1. to put something in its in good working order place ˽ to set the table to put the cutlery, service engineer svis end i niə glasses, etc. on the table ready for a meal 2. service engineer / | / CATERING (of food) to become solid ć The noun somebody who specialises in keeping jelly will set if you boil it long enough. í machines in good working order adjective impossible to change ˽ set times service flat service flat / svis fl t/ noun a fur- for meals times for meals where everyone nished flat which can be rented, together has to eat at the same time set menu with the services of a cleaner and cook set menu / set menju/ noun CATERING a service industry service industry / svis indəstri/ menu which cannot be changed, i.e., you noun BUSINESS an industry which does not cannot choose a dish from another part of the make products, but offers a service such as menu banking, insurance, transport etc. setting / setiŋ/ noun the scenery around, service manual service manual / svis m njυəl/ or background for, a building noun a book which shows how to service a settle / set(ə)l/ verb ˽ to settle a bill, an machine account to pay all the money owed on an service room service room / svis rum/ noun account settle up CATERING same as pantry settle up / set(ə)l p/ verb to pay the total service station service station / svis steiʃ(ə)n/ noun of everything that is owed Seville orange sə vil ɒrind ROAD TRAVEL a garage where you can buy Seville orange / | / noun petrol and have small repairs done to a car FRUIT an orange which is not sweet, and is serviceware used to make marmalade. Also called bitter serviceware / svisweə/ noun CATER- orange ING serving plates and trays, knives, forks sew səυ and spoons which form part of a service ć sew / / verb to attach, make or repair stainless steel serviceware something by using a needle and thread ć serviette svi et The button was not sewn on properly. ć Can serviette / | / noun CATERING a you sew my button back on, please? square piece of cloth used to protect clothes sewage sewage / suid / noun waste water and and wipe your mouth at meals ć He always tucks a large white serviette into his collar other refuse such as faeces, carried away in sewers ć Exposure to sewage may cause dis- before each meal. ć The restaurant is quite ć down-market – it has paper serviettes. Also ease transmission. Food contaminated by sewage or liquid waste can cause typhoid. ˽ called napkin serving sewage disposal the removal of sewage from serving / sviŋ/ noun CATERING 1. the buildings through pipes to places where it amount of food served to one person ć 500g can be treated or got rid of ć Councils are is enough for two servings. 2. the act of serv- fined for improper or unapproved sewage ing a customer disposal systems. serving area serving area / sviŋ eəriə/ noun sewing / səυiŋ/ noun the act of attaching CATERING a place where food is served by using a needle and thread serving hatch serving hatch / sviŋ h tʃ/ noun sewing kit kit / səυiŋ kit/ noun a small wal- CATERING a small opening in a wall for pass- let with needle, thread, etc., which can be ing food and crockery from a kitchen to a used for making repairs to clothing in an dining room emergency such as sewing on a button sex tourism 276 sex tourism tourism / seks tυəriz(ə)m/ noun shave /ʃeiv/ noun the act of cutting off the travel undertaken to take advantage of the hair on the face with a razor ć He went to relatively relaxed laws on prostitution in have a shave at the barber’s next to the hotel. some countries í verb to cut off the hair on the face with a sexual discrimination discrimination / sekʃuəl razor diskrimi neiʃ ə n shaver ʃeivə | ( ) / noun BUSINESS the act shaver / / noun an electric instru- of treating men and women in different ways ment with a very sharp blade for removing sexual harassment harassment / sekʃuəl hair on the face h rəsmənt, hə r smənt shaver point point / ʃeivə pɔint/, shaver | / noun BUSINESS harassment by making unwanted sexual socket / ʃeivə sɒkit/ noun same as razor approaches to somebody ć She complained socket of sexual harassment by her manager. sheet /ʃit/ noun 1. a piece of thin cloth, shade /ʃeid/ noun a dark area which is not put on a bed ć Guests are asked to bring their in the sunlight ć I would like a seat in the own towels and sheets. ć The maids change ˽ shade. ć She was sitting in the shade of a big the sheets every day. 2. sheet of paper a olive tree. piece of paper shelf shades ʃelf shades /ʃeidz/ plural noun sunglasses shelf / / noun a plank attached to a wall (informal) or in a cupboard on which things can be put shady (NOTE: The plural form is shelves.) shady / ʃeidi/ adjective sheltered from the shelf life shelf life / ʃelf laif/ noun CATERING the sun ć At midday in Madrid, it’s better to walk on the shady side of the street. length of time food can be kept in a shop shake before it goes bad ʃeik shell shake / / BEVERAGES same as milk- shell /ʃel/ noun 1. the hard outside part of shake an egg or a nut 2. the hard outside part which shallot ʃə lɒt shallot / | / noun VEGETABLES a small covers some animals such as crabs or lob- variety of onion, used in sauces, etc. sters ć Snails are usually served in their shallow-draught vessel vessel / ʃ ləυ drɑft shells. shellfish ves(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a boat shellfish / ʃelfiʃ/ noun SEAFOOD animals which can sail in shallow water such as mussels, oysters, lobsters, and shampoo ʃ m pu shampoo / | / noun 1. liquid soap prawns, which have shells and live in them for washing the hair with ć There are sachets (NOTE: There is no plural form: a dish of of shampoo in the bathroom. 2. the act of shellfish, a shellfish restaurant.) shelter washing the hair ć She went to the hair- shelter / ʃeltə/ noun a place where you can dresser’s for a shampoo. go for protection ć There is no shelter from shandy ˽ shandy / ʃ ndi/ noun BEVERAGES a drink the pouring rain. to take shelter to go made by mixing beer and lemonade under something for protection ć We took share shelter in the hotel cellars when the civil war share /ʃeə/ verb 1. ˽ to share something í with someone to allow someone to use started. verb to go somewhere for protec- tion ć They were sheltering from the snow in something which you also use ć The flat a small cave in the mountains. shares a front door with the flat next door. 2. sheltered ʃeltəd to use something which someone else also sheltered / / adjective protected uses ć We shared a taxi to the airport. ˽ from wind or cold ć The cottage is in a shel- prices are based on two people sharing, on tered valley. shepherd’s pie twin share prices are based on two people shepherd’s pie / ʃepədz pai/ noun sharing the room FOOD minced lamb cooked in a dish with a shared / ʃeəd/ adjective used by two or layer of mashed potatoes on top. Compare cottage pie more people sherry shared bathroom sherry / ʃeri/ noun BEVERAGES a fortified shared bathroom / ʃeəd bɑθrum/ wine from Spain noun HOTELS a bathroom which is shared by COMMENT: The word comes from the two or more rooms Spanish ‘xerez’, former name of the town sharp sharp /ʃɑp/ adjective 1. having a thin edge Jerez in Southern Spain where the wine is which cuts easily ć You need a very sharp made. Sherry can range from very dry to knife to slice vegetables. 2. MEDICAL hurting very sweet. The names used are ‘manza- nilla’, the driest, ‘fino’, ‘amontillado’, ‘olor- in a sudden and intense way ć He’s suffering oso’ and ‘cream sherry’, which is the from sharp pains in his chest. í adverb sweetest. In Spain, sherry is served cold, exactly ć The coach will leave the hotel at and very dry sherries are usually served in 7.30 sharp. this way in Britain. Sweet sherries are 277 shop window served at room temperature. Sherry can shooting / ʃutiŋ/ noun the act of shoot- be served in a small upright glass or, for ing or killing with a gun large measures, in a schooner. shooting party sherry glass shooting party / ʃutiŋ pɑti/ noun sherry glass / ʃeri lɑs/ noun CATERING ENTERTAINMENT a group of people who come a small glass suitable for serving sherry in ć sherry trifle together to shoot game as a sport The hotel ʃeri traif ə l sherry trifle / ( ) / noun DES- caters for shooting parties, fishermen and SERTS a cold dessert made of cake covered golfers. with jam and fruit, soaked in sherry and then shop shop /ʃɒp/ noun BUSINESS a place where covered with custard sauce, whipped cream, goods are stored and sold ć All the shops in candied fruit and nuts shift the centre of town close on Sundays. (NOTE: ʃift shift / / noun a group of employees who US English usually uses store.) í verb ˽ to work for a period, and then are replaced by shop (for) to look for and buy things in another group, or a period of time worked by shops a group of employees ć We work an 8-hour shop around ʃɒp ə raυnd shop around / | / verb to go to shift. ć The management is introducing a ˽ various shops or offices and compare prices shift system or shift working. they work before making a purchase or before placing double shifts two groups of employees are an order ć You should shop around before working shifts together ć ship getting your car serviced. He is shopping ʃip ship / / noun SHIPS AND BOATS a large around for a new computer. ć It pays to shop boat for carrying passengers and cargo on around when you are planning to fly to the the sea States. shipboard shipboard / ʃipbɔd/ adjective SHIPS AND shop assistant ʃɒp ə sistənt shop assistant / | / noun BOATS on a ship ć shipboard entertainment somebody who serves customers in a shop ship chandler ʃip tʃɑndlə shop front ship chandler / / noun shop front / ʃɒp frnt/ noun the part of a SHIPS AND BOATS somebody who supplies shop which faces the street, including the goods such as food to ships entrance and windows shipping ʃipiŋ shopkeeper shipping / / noun 1. BUSINESS the act shopkeeper / ʃɒpkipə/ noun somebody or business of sending goods ć The shop- who owns or runs a shop keeper will arrange for the shipping of the shopping shopping / ʃɒpiŋ/ noun 1. the activity of carpet. 2. ships ć shipping company looking for and buying goods in a shop ʃipiŋ kmp ə ni shipping company / ( ) / She’s not in her room – she must have gone noun BUSINESS a company which specialises shopping. 2. goods bought in a shop ć We in the sending of goods buy our shopping or We do our shopping in shipping lanes shipping lanes / ʃipiŋ leinz/ plural noun the local supermarket. ć She was carrying SHIPS AND BOATS routes followed by ships two baskets of shopping. shipping line shipping line / ʃipiŋ lain/ noun SHIPS shopping bag bag / ʃɒpiŋ b / noun a bag AND BOATS a company which owns ships used for carrying shopping ship’s doctor ship’s doctor / ʃips dɒktə/ noun MEDI- shopping basket basket / ʃɒpiŋ bɑskit/ noun CAL a doctor who travels on a ship and so is a basket used for carrying shopping ready to treat passengers who become ill shopping centre centre / ʃɒpiŋ sentə/ noun shipwreck shipwreck / ʃiprek/ noun SHIPS AND ENTERTAINMENT a group of shops linked BOATS 1. a ship which has been sunk or together with car parks and restaurants badly damaged on rocks. Also called wreck shopping list list / ʃɒpiŋ list/ noun a list of 2. the event of a ship being wrecked things which you need to buy shipwrecked ʃiprekt shopping mall shipwrecked / / adjective SHIPS shopping mall / ʃɒpiŋ mɒl/ noun AND BOATS involved in a shipwreck, or hav- ENTERTAINMENT an enclosed covered area ing been sunk or badly damaged on rocks for shopping, with shops, restaurants, banks shish kebab ʃiʃ ki b b shish kebab / | / noun FOOD a and other facilities ć The new shopping mall kebab made of lamb, with peppers, onions is taking customers away from the stores in and tomatoes, cooked on a skewer over a the town centre. charcoal grill shopping precinct precinct / ʃɒpiŋ prisiŋkt/ shoe cleaner shoe cleaner, shoe polisher noun noun ENTERTAINMENT part of a town which HOTELS a machine for cleaning shoes is closed to traffic so that people can walk shoe polish polish / ʃu pɒliʃ/ noun wax used about and shop shop window to make shoes shiny shop window / ʃɒp windəυ/ noun BUSI- shoeshine shoeshine / ʃuʃain/ noun polishing of NESS a window in a shop where goods are shoes displayed so that customers can see them, shore 278 place where goods or services can be exhib- which have a short shelf life, especially fruit, ited ć The shop windows are all decorated vegetables, fish and meat for Christmas. short measure measure / ʃɔt me ə/ noun a shore /ʃɔ/ noun a beach or sandy area at smaller amount than is legally allowed ˽ short order the edge of the sea or of a lake to go on short order / ʃɔt ɔdə/ noun US CATER- shore, to go ashore to go on land from a ship ING an order given for something which can short /ʃɔt/ adjective 1. not long 2. for a be cooked quickly to order, such as ham and small period of time ˽ in the short term in eggs the near future, quite soon 3. not as much as short-order chef chef /kυk/, cook noun should be ć The shipment was three items CATERING a cook who specialises in short short. ˽ when we cashed up we were £10 orders short we had £10 less than we should have short-order diner ʃɔt ɔdə dainə ˽ short-order diner / / had 4. short of with less than needed, with noun CATERING a café serving simple meals not enough of ć we are short of staff or short which can be cooked quickly to order of money. í noun BEVERAGES a drink of spir- shorts ʃɔts its such as gin, whisky, etc., with not much shorts / / plural noun short trousers which do not go below the knee ć Ladies are liquid ˽ short black ʃɔt bl k not allowed into the monastery in shorts. short black / / noun BEVER- Bermuda shorts longer shorts which go to AGES a strong black coffee served in a small knee length cup short-sleeved shirt ʃɔt slivd ʃt shortbread ʃɔtbred short-sleeved shirt / / shortbread / / noun BREAD, ETC. noun a shirt with short sleeves ć Women are a thick sweet crumbly biscuit not allowed into the monastery in short- short break short break / ʃɔt breik/ noun TOURISM sleeved shirts. a holiday lasting only a few days short sleeves ʃɔt slivz shortcake short sleeves / / plural noun shortcake / ʃɔtkeik/ noun US BREAD, sleeves which do not go below the elbow ETC. a sponge cake with fruit filling, covered short-staffed / ʃɔt stɑft/ adjective ć with whipped cream strawberry shortcake ć shortchange with not enough workers The restaurant is ʃɔt tʃeind shortchange / | / verb to give short-staffed and the service is slow. a customer less change than is right, either short-stay / ʃɔt stei/ adjective referring by mistake or in the hope that they will not to a stay of a few days ˽ short-stay car park notice short credit a car park at an airport for travellers who will ʃɔt kredit short credit / / noun FINANCE leave their cars there for a few hours or days terms which allow the customer only a little ˽ short-stay guest, visitor a person who time to pay stays a few days in a hotel or a town. Com- shortcrust pastry shortcrust pastry / ʃɔtkrst peistri/ pare long-stay noun BREAD, ETC. the most commonly used short-stay accommodation accommodation / ʃɔt type of pastry made with fat and flour stei ə kɒmə deiʃ ə n | | ( ) / noun accommoda- shorten shorten / ʃɔt(ə)n/ verb CATERING to make tion for travellers who wish to stay for only a pastry more crumbly by adding more fat few nights shortening shortening / ʃɔt(ə)niŋ/ noun US FOOD a short take-off and landingtake-off and landing / ʃɔt teik fat used in pastry, cakes and bread ɒf ən l ndiŋ/ adjective AIR TRAVEL needing short-grain rice rice / ʃɔt rein rais/ noun a much shorter runway than other aircraft to FOOD rice with short grains used in rice pud- take off or land. Abbr STOL ding short-term / ʃɔt tm/ adjective for a short-handed short-handed / ʃɔt h ndid/ adjective short period ć She is employed on a short- with not enough staff ć We are rather short- term contract. ˽ on a short-term basis for a handed at the moment. short period short haul short haul / ʃɔt hɔl/ adjective travelling short weight weight / ʃɔt weit/ noun a weight or used for travelling a short distance í noun less than is legally allowed or than the cus- a short journey or distance tomer has paid for short-haul flight short-haul flight / ʃɔt hɔl flait/ noun shoulder season season / ʃəυldə siz(ə)n/ AIR TRAVEL a flight over a short distance noun TOURISM a season between high and short lease lease / ʃɔt lis/ noun a lease low, i.e., May and June, and October and which runs for up to two or three years ć We November have a short lease on our current premises. show /ʃəυ/ noun 1. an exhibition or display short-life products short-life products / ʃɔt laif ć The Computer Show is on at Olympia. 2. prɒdkts/ adjective CATERING products ENTERTAINMENT a performance, especially 279 side with music ć The show starts at 10.30. ć cakes. Also called Mardi Gras, Pancake Let’s have dinner early and go to a show. í Day verb to let somebody see something or point COMMENT: Also called ‘Pancake Day’, it is out something to somebody ć He showed us the last day before Lent, and so a day the sights of the town. ć The guide will show when feasts are held. In Britain, pancakes you round the museum. are traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday, show business usually with lemon and sugar, but also show business / ʃəυ biznəs/ noun the with other sweet fillings. In France and entertainment industry, including films, French-speaking countries, the festival is radio, television, theatre, and music record- called ‘Mardi Gras’. shuck ing shuck /ʃk/ verb US CATERING to remove shower / ʃaυə/ noun 1. a slight fall of rain the shell of an oyster, nut, etc. ć She sat on or snow ć There was a shower this morning, the quay shucking oysters. shucked but it is sunny again now. 2. a spray device shucked /ʃkt/ adjective US CATERING for washing your whole body ć We have two removed from its shell, said of oysters ć We single rooms with showers, or a double room serve oysters either shucked or in the shell. shut with bath. 3. an occasion when you wash shut /ʃt/ adjective closed ć We tried to get your body with a shower ć She went up to into the museum but it was shut. í verb to her room and had a shower. í verb to wash close for business ć In Germany, shops shut yourself under a shower ć He had showered on Saturday afternoons. and was back in the lobby to greet his guests shutter / ʃtə/ noun 1. a folding wooden at 7.00 p.m. or metal cover on a window ć Open the shut- shower bath bath / ʃaυə bɑθ/ noun 1. a spray ters and see what the weather is like. 2. a part device for washing your whole body 2. a in a camera which opens and closes very rap- bath taken in a spray of water idly to allow the light to go on to the film shuttle shower cap ʃt ə l shower cap / ʃaυə k p/ noun a water- shuttle / ( ) / noun ROAD TRAVEL a bus proof cap to prevent the hair getting wet or plane which goes backwards and forwards when taking a shower between two places ć There’s a shuttle bus shower cubicle from the hotel to the exhibition grounds. ˽ shower cubicle / ʃaυə kjubik(ə)l/ the Glasgow shuttle the plane going regu- noun HOTELS a small box, with a shower in larly backwards and forwards between Lon- it, usually fitted into a corner of a small bath- don and Glasgow room shuttle service shower curtain shuttle service / ʃt(ə)l svis/ noun shower curtain / ʃaυə kt(ə)n/ noun a ROAD TRAVEL a transport service which goes piece of waterproof material around a regularly backwards and forwards between shower two places ć The ferry operates a shuttle shower gel shower gel / ʃaυə d el/ noun liquid soap service between the islands. sick used for washing in a shower sick /sik/ adjective MEDICAL 1. ill ć We have shower room shower room / ʃaυə rum/ noun HOTELS five staff off sick. 2. vomiting ć The greasy a room with a shower in it food made her feel sick. show plate sick bag show plate / ʃəυ pleit/ noun CATERING a sick bag / sik b / noun AIR TRAVEL a plate placed in the centre of the setting in strong paper bag provided in the pocket in French service, removed before serving front of each seat on planes or hovercraft, so show platter show platter / ʃəυ pl tə/ noun CATER- that passengers suffering from airsickness ING a large plate of meat, etc., arranged dec- can vomit without leaving their seats sickness oratively as an example of how the dish can sickness / siknəs/ noun MEDICAL the state look ć a show platter of meat of being ill side shred said shred /ʃred/ verb CATERING to cut into very side / / noun 1. the part of something thin strips ć The dish is served with a salad near the edge ć She leant over the side of the of shredded carrot. ship. ć The hitchhikers were standing by the shredder side of the road. 2. one of the surfaces of a shredder / ʃredə/ noun CATERING a device flat object ć Please write on one side of the for cutting vegetables into very thin strips ˽ shrimp paper only. 3. on the side separate from shrimp /ʃrimp/ noun SEAFOOD a small your normal work, and sometimes hidden shellfish with a long tail from your employer ć He works in the hotel Shrove Tuesday Tuesday / ʃrəυv tjuzdei/ noun bar, but he runs a tour company on the side. the last Tuesday before Lent, celebrated in ć Her salary is too small to live on, so the Britain by eating pancakes ć Tomorrow is family lives on what she can make on the Shrove Tuesday, so we’ll be having pan- side. sideboard 280
sideboard sideboard / saidbɔd/ noun 1. (in a KETING an advertising board or panel show- house) a piece of furniture in a dining room, ing the name of a shop 3. ROAD TRAVEL a used to put plates or dishes on 2. (in a res- panel showing directions on a road í verb to taurant) a piece of furniture for keeping arti- write your name in a special way on a docu- cles for use on the tables, such as cloths, nap- ment to show that you have written it or kins, cruets, cutlery, etc., but not plates or approved it ć to sign a letter or a contract or glasses a document or a cheque ć They signed the sidecar sidecar / saidkɑ/ noun BEVERAGES a hotel register using the name of Smith. ć She cocktail of brandy, Cointreau and lemon sent the cheque as a deposit, but forgot to juice sign it. signage side dish sainid side dish / said diʃ/ noun CATERING a signage / / noun HOTELS all the small plate or bowl of food eaten to accom- signs, logos, etc., which identify a business pany a main course ć We had a side dish of such as hotel group or chain of restaurants ć spinach to go with the fish. All external hotel signage is being changed. side lights side lights / said laits/ plural noun ROAD ‘…if planning permission is granted and the Department of Transport is happy to grant motor- TRAVEL small lights on a car or truck which way signage and access permission, you can buy show the outline of a vehicle in the dark. or lease the land and start building’ [Caterer Also called parking lights & Hotelkeeper] side order signal side order / said ɔdə/ noun CATERING signal / si n(ə)l/ noun 1. a movement of an order for something as a side dish ć Can I the hand or head which tells someone to do have a side order of chips? something 2. a light or mechanical flag used side plate side plate / said pleit/ noun CATERING a to tell someone to do something ć The signal small plate placed beside the main plate and was at red so we had to stop. í verb to make cutlery, used for bread signs to tell someone to do something ć The side towel side towel / said taυəl/ noun CATERING a driver signalled to show that he was turning special towel used by a waiter for handling right. ć At a request stop you have to signal hot plates or to wipe the side of a plate to the driver, otherwise he won’t stop. (NOTE: sidework The British English is signalling – sig- sidework / saidwk/ noun CATERING additional work assigned to waiters, e.g. nalled; the US spelling is signaling – sig- naled.) glass polishing signal box siesta si estə signal box / si n(ə)l bɒks/ noun RAIL siesta / | / noun ENTERTAINMENT a rest period in the middle of the day, common TRAVEL a building by the side of the railway where the signalman controls the signals in Mediterranean countries signalman sieve signalman / si n(ə)lmən/ noun RAIL sieve /siv/ CATERING noun a kitchen utensil made of metal or plastic net, used to strain TRAVEL somebody who controls railway sig- í nals (NOTE: The plural form is signalmen.) liquids to remove lumps verb to pass signature something such as flour, liquid, etc. through signature / si nitʃə/ noun somebody’s a sieve to remove lumps name written by them in a special way ć He sift found a pile of cheques on his desk waiting sift /sift/ noun CATERING to pass something such as flour, liquid, etc. through a sieve to for signature. ć The signature on the form remove lumps did not match that on the back of the credit sight sait card. sight / / noun ENTERTAINMENT a specta- signature dish / si nitʃə diʃ/ noun cle, something which you ought to see ć signature dish They went off on foot to see the sights of the CATERING a special dish for which a particu- town. lar restaurant is well known signboard sightseeing signboard / sainbɔd/ noun a panel with sightseeing / saitsiiŋ/ noun ENTERTAIN- a sign MENT visiting the sights of a town ć The bus sign language company has sightseeing tours of the town sign language / sain l ŋ wid / noun a every afternoon. ć I’m too tired to go sight- set of agreed signs made with the fingers and seeing or to do any sightseeing today. ć hands, used to communicate by or for people Queue here for the London sightseeing bus. who cannot hear or speak sign on sightseer sain ɒn sightseer / saitsiə/ noun TOURISM a tour- sign on / / verb to start work signpost ist who visits the sights of a town ć There signpost / sainpəυst/ noun a post with a were fewer sightseers than usual at the sign showing directions to a place Tower of London. silver / silvə/ noun 1. a precious grey metal sign /sain/ noun 1. a movement of the hand often used for making jewellery 2. coins or head, etc. which means something 2. MAR- made of light grey metal 281 sit-down meal Silver Award for Quality silvə ə single fare siŋ ə l feə Silver Award for Quality / | single fare / ( ) / noun TRAVEL wɔd fə kwɒləti/ noun TOURISM an annual the fare for one journey from one place to award given by one of the regional tourist another. Also called one-way fare boards to a hotel or restaurant single measure measure / siŋ (ə)l me ə/ noun silver foil silver foil / silvə fɔil/, silver paper BEVERAGES one measure of spirits single occupancy / silvə peipə/ noun CATERING a sheet of single occupancy / siŋ (ə)l thin shiny metal which looks like silver, used ɒkjυpənsi/ noun HOTELS one person in a for wrapping food in room silver plate single room silver plate / silvə pleit/ noun CATERING single room / siŋ (ə)l rum/ noun cutlery which is made of ordinary metal, but HOTELS a room for one person covered with silver, giving the impression single room supplement room supplement / siŋ (ə)l that it is made of solid silver and used in rum splimənt/ noun TOURISM an extra high-class restaurants as being superior to charge for a single person travelling with a stainless steel. Also called electroplated group where charges are calculated on the nickel silver basis of two people sharing each room silver service silver service / silvə svis/ noun singles bar bar / siŋ (ə)lz bɑ/ noun a bar CATERING a type of restaurant service, espe- where unmarried or divorced people go, hop- cially for banquets, where the waiter or wait- ing to meet others ress serves each guest from a flat dish single supplement supplement / siŋ (ə)l silverside silverside / silvəsaid/ noun MEAT a cut of splimənt/ noun HOTELS an extra sum beef taken from behind and below the rump charged for accommodation when it is occu- and topside, usually used for roasting or pot- pied by only one person roasting single ticket ticket / siŋ (ə)l tikit/ noun Silver Thistle Award silvə θis ə l ə Silver Thistle Award / ( ) | TRAVEL a ticket for one journey from one wɔd/ noun TOURISM an annual award given place to another ć I want two singles to Lon- by the Scottish Tourist Board to an outstand- don. Also called one-way ticket ing hotel or restaurant single-track railway railway / siŋ (ə)l tr k silverware silvə weə reilwei/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a railway line on silverware / | / noun 1. articles made of silver 2. (in a restaurant) cutlery which trains go in either direction on the and other articles made of silver plate (NOTE: same rails, with passing places at intervals single trip There is no plural form.) single trip / siŋ (ə)l trip/ noun TRAVEL silver wedding wedding / silvə wediŋ/ noun an one trip in one direction only ć The insur- anniversary of 25 years of marriage ance offers single-trip policies for both fam- simmer simə ilies and individuals. simmer / / verb CATERING to boil gen- sink siŋk tly sink / / noun a basin for washing in a simnel cake kitchen í verb to go down to the bottom of simnel cake / simnəl keik/ noun BREAD, something such as water or mud ć The ferry ETC. a fruit cake covered with marzipan, tra- sank in 30m of water. ć All the passengers ditionally eaten in Lent or at Easter were saved when the liner sank in the tropi- simple interest simpəl intrəst simple interest / / noun cal storm. (NOTE: sinking – sank – has BUSINESS interest calculated on the capital sunk) only, and not any sums later added to the sink unit unit / siŋk junit/ noun an arrange- capital ment of sinks, taps and waste pipes forming single single / siŋ (ə)l/ adjective, noun one a single piece of equipment sirloin alone sirloin / slɔin/ noun MEAT the best cut of single bed single bed / siŋ (ə)l bed/ noun a bed for beef from the back of the animal ć We one person bought a sirloin of beef for our Sunday roast. single cream sirloin steak single cream / siŋ (ə)l krim/ noun sirloin steak / slɔin steik/ noun MEAT DAIRY liquid cream, with a lower fat content a thick piece of beef cut from a sirloin sister company singledecker / siŋ (ə)l dekə/ noun sister company / sistə kmp(ə)ni/ ROAD TRAVEL a bus with only one deck ć The noun BUSINESS a company which is part of airport bus is a singledecker. Compare dou- the same group as another company sister ship ble-decker sister ship / sistə ʃip/ noun SHIPS AND single-entry visa visa / siŋ (ə)l entri BOATS a ship which is of the same design and vizə/ noun TRAVEL a visa which allows you belongs to the same company as another ship sit-down meal to enter a country once ć A single-entry visa sit-down meal / sit daυn mil/ noun costs £35 for adults. CATERING a meal where the guests sit and eat sit-down strike 282
skate at tables, as opposed to a ‘stand-up meal’ ć skate /skeit/ noun SEAFOOD a large flat sea After the meeting a sit-down lunch will be fish with white flesh (NOTE: The plural form served to the delegates. is skate.) í verb SPORT to slide on ice wear- sit-down strike strike / sit daυn straik/ noun ing skates skateboard BUSINESS a strike where employees stay in skateboard / skeitbɔd/ SPORT noun a their place of work and refuse to work or short narrow board with a set of small wheels leave fitted underneath, used to move rapidly or to site /sait/ noun 1. a place where a building perform jumps and stunts í verb to ride on a stands ˽ on site at the place where a building skateboard skateboarding is or is being constructed 2. ENTERTAINMENT skateboarding / skeitbɔdiŋ/ noun a place where an event takes place ć They SPORT the sport or pastime of riding a skate- visited the sites of First World War battles. 3. board skatepark MARKETING same as website ć How many skatepark / skeitpɑk/ noun SPORT an hits did we have on our site last week? í verb area specially designed and constructed for to place a building on a particular piece of people practising and performing on skate- land ć The hotel will be sited between the boards and in-line skates skater airport and the new exhibition centre. skater / skeitə/ noun SPORT somebody ‘…this site is designed for holidaymakers, so the who goes skating ć There were dozens of cheapest flights pop up first’ [Evening Standard, travel section] skaters on the frozen pond. skating Site of Special Scientificof InterestSpecial Scientific Interest skating / skeitiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity / sait əv speʃ(ə)l saiəntifik intrəst/ of sliding on the ice, wearing skates ć Skat- noun a small area of land which has been ing is very popular in Canada. skating rink noted as particularly important by the Nature skating rink / skeitiŋ riŋk/ noun SPORT Conservancy Council, and which is pre- same as ice rink ć There used to be an served for its fauna, flora or geology. Abbr indoor skating rink in Richmond. SSSI skeleton key key / skelit(ə)n ki/ noun a key sitting sitting / sitiŋ/ noun CATERING the time which will fit any lock in a building skeleton staff when a group of people eat together ć Take skeleton staff / skelit(ə)n stɑf/ noun a your seats for the second sitting. few staff left to carry on essential work while sitting room room / sitiŋ rum/ noun a room most of the workforce is away skewer with comfortable chairs where people can skewer / skjuə/ noun CATERING a long rest, talk, watch television, etc. ć The suite thin metal rod for putting through pieces of has a bedroom, bathroom and a private sit- meat when cooking ć She put some pieces of ting room. chicken and onion on the skewer. ć The main situated situated / sitʃueitid/ adjective placed ć course was a skewer of lamb with rice. í The hotel is situated at the edge of the town. verb to stick a long metal rod through some- ć The tourist office is situated near the rail- thing ć He skewered bits of meat and green way station. peppers and grilled them. ć The fish was situation sitʃu eiʃ ə n skewered on a stick. situation / | ( ) / noun a place ski where something is ć The hotel is in a very ski /ski/ noun one of two long flat objects pleasant situation by the lake. which are attached to your boots for sliding situations vacant vacant / sitʃueiʃ(ə)nz over snow ć Skis can be hired at the chairlift. veikənt/ noun a list in a newspaper of jobs ć We always hire skis when we get to the ski which are available resort. ć Someone stole my new pair of skis. six-pack siks p k í verb to move over snow on skis ć The six-pack / / noun a box contain- mountain rescue team had to ski to the site of ing six items ć sixth freedom siksθ fridəm the avalanche. We go skiing in Switzerland sixth freedom / / noun AIR every winter. TRAVEL the right of a carrier of one country to ‘…the newest and best thing in snow sport is the carry passengers from another country, stop- twin-tip: a free-ride ski that is compact, bent up at ping in its own country, and then continuing both ends and can turn on a sixpence’ [The to a third country Sunday Times] ski area size /saiz/ noun the measurements of ski area / ski eəriə/ noun ENTERTAIN- something, how big something is, or how MENT part of a mountain range or part of a many there are of something ć What size club’s land where you can ski skiboots shoes do you take? ć This packet is the max- skiboots / ski buts/, ski boots plural imum size allowed by the post office. ć She’s noun SPORT special boots worn when skiing, looking for something in a smaller size. which attach to the skis 283 sky bed
ski equipment ski equipment, ski gear noun SPORT all breathing apparatus ć They went on a skin- the things needed to go skiing, e.g. skis, diving holiday on the coast of Mexico. boots, goggles and poles skip /skip/ verb (informal) 1. to miss part of skier skier / skiə/ noun SPORT somebody who something ć We decided to skip the tour to moves over snow on skis ć Not a single skier the Roman ruins. ć I’m not hungry, I’ll skip was out on the slopes. the pudding. 2. to leave quickly, without pay- ski goggles goggles / ski ɒ (ə)lz/ plural noun ing ć The couple in Room 14 skipped during SPORT goggles worn when skiing the night. ski pants ski holiday ski holiday / ski hɒlidei/ noun TOURISM ski pants / ski p nts/ plural noun SPORT a holiday when you ski trousers with an elastic strap under the foot, skiing skiing / skiiŋ/ noun SPORT the sport of worn when skiing ski pass moving over snow on skis ć Skiing is a very ski pass / ski pɑs/ noun SPORT a card popular sport. ć I did some skiing when I which allows a skier to use the ski runs or ski was younger. ć We’re going on a skiing hol- lifts for a particular number of times ć They iday. offer free tuition, equipment and ski passes skiing instructor skiiŋ in strktə to beginners. skiing instructor / | / ski poles noun SPORT somebody who teaches people ski poles / ski pəυlz/ plural noun SPORT how to ski a pair of long sticks used to push the skier ski jump ski jump / ski d mp/ noun SPORT a along skipper slope with a sudden drop at the bottom from skipper / skipə/ noun 1. TRAVEL the cap- which skiers jump in a competition to see tain of a ship or an aircraft ˽ a day-skipper who can jump the furthest certificate certificate which allows someone ski lift lift / ski lift/ noun a device to take ski- to sail a boat in coastal waters ć A day-skip- ers to the top of a slope ć They had a marvel- per certificate is required when booking. 2. lous view from the ski lift. ć The hotel is HOTELS somebody who leaves a hotel within walking distance of the ski lifts. quickly, without paying (informal) ski resort skill ski ri zɔt skill /skil/ noun the ability to do something ski resort / | / noun TOURISM a well ć Making meringues requires a lot of town in the mountains where people stay skill. ć Skills can be taught and that is where when on a skiing holiday skirt good teachers are important. skirt /skt/ noun FOOD a stewing cut of skilled /skild/ adjective having a particular beef taken from the flank, below the sirloin skill ć We need skilled staff in the reception and rump area. Compare unskilled ski run run / ski sləυp/, ski slope noun skilled labour skilled labour / skild leibə/ noun work- SPORT a specially prepared and marked ers who have special knowledge or qualifica- slope for skiing down a mountain ski tow tions ski tow / ski təυ/ noun SPORT a device to skillet skillet / skilit/ noun US CATERING a frying take skiers to the top of a slope by dragging pan them along with their skis on the ground skim ski trail skim /skim/ verb CATERING to remove ski trail / ski treil/ noun SPORT a marked things floating on the surface of a liquid ć path for skiers skiwear Skim the soup to remove the fat. skiwear / skiweə/ noun SPORT clothes skimmed milk skimmed milk / skimd milk/ noun worn when skiing (NOTE: There is no plural DAIRY milk from which most of the fat has form.) been removed skull-cap / skl k p/ noun a small cap skin /skin/ noun 1. the outer covering of which covers your hair and the top of your the body ć She got sunburnt and her skin head closely ć Some chefs wear skull-caps. ı began to peel. 2. CATERING the outer surface toque of fruit, vegetable or meat ć Take the skin off sky /skai/ noun the area above the Earth the peach with a knife. which is blue during the day, and where the skin-dive skin-dive / skin daiv/ verb SPORT to moon and stars appear at night ć the beauti- swim underwater using breathing apparatus, ful deep blue sky of a Mediterranean evening as a sport ć It’s going to be a beautiful day – there’s not skin-diver skin-diver / skin daivə/ noun SPORT a cloud in the sky. ć The wind carried the somebody who goes skin-diving ć From the glider high up into the sky. boat we could see skin-divers on the reef. sky bed bed / skai bed/, skybed noun a seat skin-diving skin-diving / skin daiviŋ/ noun SPORT on a passenger aircraft that transforms into a the sport of swimming underwater using bed. Also called flat bed skycap 284 skycap / skaik p/ noun a porter who sleep in in / slip in/ verb to sleep in the works at an airport building where you work ć Most of the res- skydive / skaidaiv/ verb to jump from an taurant staff sleep in. sleeping bag aeroplane and descend in free fall, some- sleeping bag / slipiŋ b / noun a times performing acrobatic manoeuvres, quilted bag for sleeping in a tent, etc. sleeping car before pulling the ripcord of a parachute sleeping car / slipiŋ kɑ/ noun RAIL skyline / skailain/ noun the shape of TRAVEL a special coach on a railway train, buildings seen against the sky ć The Chicago with beds where passengers can sleep skyline is very distinctive. sleeping pill pill / slipiŋ pil/, sleeping tab- sky marshal slipiŋ t blət sky marshal / skai mɑʃ(ə)l/ noun an let / / noun MEDICAL a pill armed guard providing security during which makes you go to sleep or keeps you flights on commercial passenger aircraft asleep sleeping sickness skyscraper slipiŋ siknəs skyscraper / skaiskreipə/ noun a very sleeping sickness / / tall building ć They’re planning a 100-storey noun MEDICAL an African disease, spread by skyscraper near the park. the tsetse fly, where trypanosomes infest the skysurfing blood skysurfing / skaisfiŋ/ noun SPORT the COMMENT: Symptoms are headaches, sport of jumping from an aircraft and per- lethargy and long periods of sleep. The forming a series of moves before descending disease is fatal if not treated. sleep out by parachute sleep out / slip aυt/ verb HOTELS not to slack slack /sl k/ adjective not busy ć Novem- sleep in a hotel room, even if it has been paid ber is a slack month in the hotel. ć Tuesday for is our slackest day. sleep-out staff staff / slip aυt stɑf/ noun slack season slack season / sl k siz(ə)n/ noun HOTELS staff who do not sleep in a hotel sleigh TOURISM a period when a hotel or resort is sleigh /slei/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a large not very busy sledge pulled by horses or reindeer, etc. ć At slash /sl ʃ/ verb to cut, to reduce sharply the ski resort you can go out for sleigh rides. ć Prices have been slashed in all depart- slice /slais/ noun a thin piece cut off some- ments. ć The company has slashed prices on thing ć a slice of bread ć two slices of cake tours to Turkey. ć Can you cut me another slice of beef, sled sled /sled/ noun US SPORT same as sledge please? í verb to cut into slices sliced bread sledge sledge /sled / SPORT noun a small vehicle sliced bread / slaist bred/ noun BREAD, with runners for sliding over snow í verb to ETC. a loaf of bread which has already been slide on the snow on a sledge as a sport sliced mechanically before it is sold slice of bread sledging slais əv bred sledging / sled iŋ/ noun SPORT the sport slice of bread / / noun of going on sledges ˽ to go sledging to play CATERING a thin piece cut from a loaf slicer at sliding on the snow on a sledge slicer / slaisə/ noun CATERING a machine sleep /slip/ noun the state of resting natu- for slicing meat, bread, etc. slide rally and unconsciously ˽ to go, to get to slide /slaid/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT a sleep to start sleeping ć She found it difficult slippery surface on ice 2. a slippery metal or to get to sleep because of the noise of the plastic slope for children to slide down 3. a traffic. í verb to be in a state of natural rest small piece of film which can be projected and unconsciousness ć Did you sleep well? ć onto a screen í verb to move smoothly over I can’t sleep sitting upright. (NOTE: sleep- a slippery surface (NOTE: sliding – slid) slide projector slaid prə d ektə ing – slept) slide projector / | / noun sleeper sleeper / slipə/ noun 1. RAIL TRAVEL a an apparatus for making pictures from slides sleeping car 2. RAIL TRAVEL an overnight appear on a screen slip train with sleeping cars ć The Edinburgh slip /slip/ noun 1. a small, often careless sleeper leaves at 11.30 p.m. ć The sleeper mistake ć He made a couple of slips in add- from Moscow to St Petersburg is one of Rus- ing up the bill. 2. a small piece of paper í sia’s great rail journeys. 3. HOTELS an empty verb to slide by mistake ć She slipped on the room which is shown as being occupied on polished floor and broke her leg. slip cloth the reservations board slip cloth / slip klɒθ/ noun CATERING sleeper seat sleeper seat / slipə sit/ noun TRAVEL a same as napperon slip road comfortable seat on an aircraft, boat or train slip road / slip rəυd/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a which can be reclined so that you can sleep road which leads onto or off a motorway ć more easily You must not park on the slip road. 285 smoking area
sloe gin smoke sloe gin / sləυ d in/ noun BEVERAGES gin smoke /sməυk/ noun vapour and gas given flavoured with the juice of blackthorn berries off when something burns í verb 1. CATER- slop basin slop basin / slɒp beis(ə)n/ noun CATER- ING to preserve food such as meat, fish, ING a bowl placed on a table into which waste bacon, cheese, by hanging it in the smoke liquid such as cold dregs from teacups can be from a fire ć As soon as the fish are caught, put we select some for smoking. 2. to breathe in slope smoke from something such as a cigarette ć slope /sləυp/ noun a slanting piece of ground He asked if he could smoke his pipe in the slot restaurant. slot /slɒt/ noun 1. a narrow opening for smoked smoked /sməυkt/ adjective CATERING putting a coin into 2. a set time and place preserved by hanging in the smoke of a fire available for doing something ć The airline ć We had smoked reindeer as an entrée. had requested more takeoff and landing slots smoke detector sməυk di tektə at the airport. smoke detector / | / noun ‘…airlines, airports and even governments are a device which is sensitive to smoke, and sets arguing about the best way of allocating slots at off alarms or sprinklers when it senses congested airports’ [Airliner World] smoke ć Smoke detectors are fitted in all the slot machine slɒt mə ʃin rooms. ć All the men smoked cigars, and this slot machine / | / noun same as vending machine set off the smoke detectors. smoked haddock slow lane sməυkt h dək slow lane / sləυ lein/ noun ROAD TRAVEL smoked haddock / / same as inside lane noun SEAFOOD a common smoked fish, slush which is yellow in colour slʃ ć slush / / noun half-melted snow The smoked salmon sməυkt s mən snow has started to melt and the roads are smoked salmon / / covered with slush. noun SEAFOOD salmon which has been cured small ads smɔl dz by smoking, and is served in very thin slices, small ads / / plural noun same usually with brown bread and lemon, as an as classified ads ć Look in the small ads to hors d’oeuvre see if there are any cottages to let in Wales. smoke-free sməυk fri small change smɔl tʃeind smoke-free / / adjective with- small change / / noun out anyone smoking ć The landlord is press- coins ing for the right to run a smoke-free pub. ć small to medium-sized enterprise small to medium-sized enterprise, Each restaurant has to designate a smoke- small to medium-size enterprise noun a free area. business with 1 to 250 employees. Abbr smokeless / sməυkləs/ adjective making SME no smoke smart card smart card / smɑt kɑd/ noun FINANCE a smokeless zone zone / sməυkləs zəυn/ credit card with a microchip, used for with- noun an area of a town where you are not drawing money from cash dispensers or for allowed to make any smoke buying at automatic terminals smoker / sməυkə/ noun 1. somebody who SME SME abbreviation small to medium-sized smokes cigarettes, etc. ć We only have two enterprise members of staff who are smokers. 2. RAIL smell smell /smel/ noun something which you TRAVEL a railway carriage where you can can sense with the nose ć the smell of coffee smoke coming from the restaurant í verb 1. to ‘…a report published in the Journal of the Amer- sense something through the nose ć I can ican Health Association found that restaurant smell burning 2. to have a particular smell ć staff were exposed to up to four-and-a-half times the level of atmospheric smoke as people who The room smells of cheese. (NOTE: smelling live with smokers, while exposure for bar staff – smelt or smelled) was up to six times as great’ [Caterer & Hotel- COMMENT: The senses of smell and taste keeper] are closely connected, and together give smoking / sməυkiŋ/ noun the act of the real taste of food. Smells are sensed ˽ ‘no smoking’ by receptors in the nasal cavity which smoking a cigarette do not transmit impulses to the brain. When food smoke here ć Please extinguish your ciga- is eaten, the smell is sensed at the same rettes when the ‘no smoking’ signs light up. time as the taste is sensed by the taste ‘…the ruling came into force last week, making buds, and most of what we think of as Los Angeles the largest city in the USA to make taste is in fact smell, which explains why smoking in eating places a punishable offence’ food loses its taste when someone has a [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] cold and a blocked nose. smoking area area, smoking section noun a smelt smelt /smelt/ noun SEAFOOD a small edible section of a restaurant, plane, etc., where sea fish (NOTE: There is no plural form.) smoking is allowed smoking room 286 smoking room room / sməυkiŋ rum/ noun snow /snəυ/ noun water which falls as ENTERTAINMENT a special room in a hotel or white flakes of ice crystals in cold weather ć club where people can smoke, and which is Snow fell all night on the mountains. í verb also often used for playing cards to fall as snow ć It snowed heavily during the smoothie smoothie / smuði/ noun BEVERAGES a night. snowblindness drink made from puréed fruit, sometimes snowblindness / snəυblaindnəs/ noun with milk, yoghurt, or ice cream MEDICAL a temporary painful blindness smorgasbord / smɔbəzbɔd/ noun caused by bright sunlight shining on snow snowboard snəυbɔd CATERING Swedish buffet of many cold snowboard / / noun SPORT a dishes ć For lunch there will be a smorgas- type of board similar to a surfboard, on bord. which you slide down snow slopes snowboarder smuggle snəυbɔdə smuggle / sm (ə)l/ verb BUSINESS to snowboarder / / noun SPORT take goods into a country illegally without somebody who slides down snow slopes on declaring them to the customs ć They had to a snowboard smuggle the computer disks into the country. ‘…skiers think snowboarders are responsible for smuggler an increasing number of collisions but there is no smuggler / sm lə/ noun somebody who statistical evidence to support this contention. On smuggles the other hand, snowboarders are about ten times smuggling smuggling / sm liŋ/ noun BUSINESS the more likely to injure themselves than skiers’ ć [The Sunday Times] act of taking goods illegally into a country snow cannon snəυ k nən He made his money in cigarette smuggling. snow cannon / / noun a snack sn k machine which makes snow when there is snack / / noun CATERING a light meal, not enough snow on ski runs or a small amount of food eaten ć We didn’t snow conditions snəυ kən diʃ ə nz snow conditions / | ( ) / have time to stop for a proper lunch, so just plural noun the type and thickness of snow had a snack on the motorway. snowdrift snack bar snowdrift / snəυdrift/ noun a heap of / sn k bɑ/ noun CATERING a snack bar snow which has been piled up by the wind ć small simple restaurant where you can have The lane was blocked by a huge snowdrift. ć a light meal, usually sitting at a counter He snowfall snəυfɔl met the girl by chance in a snack bar at snowfall / / noun the quantity of Waterloo Station. snow which comes down at any one time ć A snapper heavy snowfall blocked the main roads. snapper / sn pə/ noun SEAFOOD a type of snowfield snowfield / snəυfild/ noun a permanent Pacific fish snood large flat area of snow snud snowflake snood / / noun CATERING a cloth bag snowflake / snəυfleik/ noun a small which is worn over the hair, especially by piece of snow formed from a number of ice people preparing or selling food crystals snooker snukə snowline snooker / / noun ENTERTAINMENT a snowline / snəυlain/ noun the level on a game like billiards played with twenty-two high mountain above which there is perma- balls of various colours, the object being to nent snow hit a white ball so that it sends a ball of snowmobile snowmobile / snəυməbil/ noun ROAD another colour into one of the ‘pockets’ at TRAVEL a vehicle with caterpillar tracks spe- the edge of the table snooker table cially designed for driving on snow snukə teib ə l snowplough snooker table / ( ) / noun snowplough / snəυplaυ/ noun ROAD ENTERTAINMENT a table on which snooker is TRAVEL a heavy vehicle with a plough on the played front for clearing snow off roads, railways, snooze snooze /snuz/ noun a short sleep í verb etc. (NOTE: The US spelling is snowplow.) to sleep lightly for a short time snow report snəυ ri pɔt snow report / | / noun TOUR- snooze button snooze button, snooze control noun a ISM a report from a resort, telling how much button on an alarm clock which resets the snow there is and of what type snowshoeing alarm to go off again after a short time snowshoeing / snəυʃuiŋ/ noun SPORT snorkel snorkel / snɔk(ə)l/ noun SPORT a tube the sport of walking on snow-covered terrain which goes from the mouth or mask of an wearing snowshoes underwater swimmer to the surface to allow snowshoes / snəυʃuz/ plural noun him to breathe in air frames shaped like tennis rackets with a light snorkelling / snɔk(ə)liŋ/, snorkeling web, which are tied under the feet for walk- US / snɔkliŋ/ noun ˽ to go snorkelling to ing on snow snowstorm go swimming with a snorkel ć Snorkelling snowstorm / snəυstɔm/ noun a heavy has become my favourite holiday sport. fall of snow accompanied by wind 287 sole owner
snowtrain soft snowtrain / snəυtrein/ noun RAIL TRAVEL soft /sɒft/ adjective not hard ć The beds are a special train that goes direct to ski resorts too soft: I prefer a hard bed. snow tyres soft-boiled egg snow tyres / snəυ taiəz/ plural noun soft-boiled egg / sɒft bɔild e / noun ROAD TRAVEL special tyres with thick treads, FOOD an egg which has been cooked in boil- for use when driving on snow ing water for a short time so that the yolk is soap /səυp/ noun a substance which you hot, but still liquid soft cheese wash with, made from oils and usually with soft cheese / sɒft tʃiz/ noun DAIRY a pleasant smell ć Two small bars of soap are cheese which is soft or soft in the middle, provided in the bathroom. ć There is a liquid e.g. Camembert or Brie
soft currency soap dispenser in the gents’ toilets. / sɒft krənsi/ noun soapdish soft currency səυpdiʃ soapdish / / noun a dish in which FINANCE the currency of a country which has a bar of soap can be put ć Is there a soapdish a weak economy, so that the currency is in the shower cubicle? cheap to buy and difficult to exchange for socio-economic group group / səυʃiəυ other currencies ikənɒmik rup soft drink / noun a group in society soft drink / sɒft driŋk/ noun BEVERAGES divided according to income and position, a drink which is not alcoholic, sold either classified by letters A, B, C, D, and E ready prepared in a bottle or can or in con- socket socket / sɒkit/ noun ˽ (electric) socket a centrated form which can be mixed with hollow device into which a light bulb can be water
soft fruit fitted, or a set of holes into which an electric soft fruit / sɒft frut/ noun FRUIT a gen- plug can be fitted ć There is a socket on the eral term for all fruits and berries that have a wall that you can plug your laptop into. ć relatively soft flesh, and so cannot be kept, This plug doesn’t fit that socket. except in some cases by freezing, e.g. rasp- COMMENT: Sockets vary considerably berries, strawberries, blueberries and black- from country to country. In Europe, sock- berries ets usually have holes for two round pins. soft ice cream In the USA, Canada, Australia and Japan, soft ice cream / sɒft ais krim/ noun sockets take two flat pins. In Britain, sock- DESSERTS ice cream mixed with air, dis- ets take three flat pins. Travellers should pensed from a machine always carry adaptor plugs. solarium soda sə leəriəm solarium / | / noun ENTERTAIN- soda / səυdə/ noun 1. CATERING a com- MENT a room where you can enjoy real or pound of sodium 2. US BEVERAGES any fizzy artificial sunlight non-alcoholic sweet drink sold out soda biscuit sold out / səυld aυt/ adjective no longer soda biscuit / səυdə biskit/ noun available because all the items have been BREAD, ETC. a dry salty biscuit soda fountain sold soda fountain / səυdə faυntin/ noun sole sole /səυl/ adjective only í noun SEAFOOD CATERING a bar where sweet drinks and ice cream are served a type of flat sea fish with delicate white ć soda siphon səυdə saif ə n flesh She ordered a grilled sole and a glass soda siphon / ( ) / noun of white wine. BEVERAGES a bottle with a special spout, COMMENT: The two types of sole are filled with water and gas under pressure, ‘Dover sole’ and ‘lemon sole’; Dover soles used for serving soda water at table or in a are more oval in shape, lemon soles are lounge more rounded. soda water sole agency soda water / səυdə wɔtə/ noun BEVER- sole agency / səυl eid ənsi/ noun BUSI- AGES water made fizzy by putting gas into it, NESS an agreement to be the only person to drunk with alcohol or fruit juice represent a company or to sell a product in a sodium bicarbonate səυdiəm bai ć sodium bicarbonate / | particular area He has the sole agency for kɑbənət/ noun CATERING a chemical com- the tour company. sole agent pound, formula NaHCO3, used as a raising sole agent / səυl eid ənt/ noun BUSI- agent in baked goods and to make fizzy NESS somebody who has the sole agency for drinks fizzy a company or a product in an area ć She is sofa / səυfə/ noun a long seat with a soft the sole agent for the airline. sole owner back on which several people can sit ć He sole owner / səυl əυnə/, sole proprie- had to sleep on the sofa. səυl prə praiətə tor / | / noun BUSINESS sofabed / səυfəbed/ noun a type of sofa somebody who owns a business on his or her which can fold out to form a bed ć The chil- own, with no partners, without forming a dren can sleep on the sofabed in the lounge. company sole trader 288
sole trader soupçon sole trader / səυl treidə/ noun BUSINESS soupçon / supsɒn/ noun CATERING a somebody who runs a business by them- very small amount ć Just add a soupçon of selves but has not registered it as a company curry powder. sommelier sɒ meliə soup plate sommelier / | / noun CATERING a soup plate / sup pleit/ noun CATERING a French noun meaning wine waiter, the per- wide deep plate in which soup is served, as son in charge of serving the wines in a res- opposed to a soup bowl taurant soup spoon sup spun son et lumière soup spoon / / noun CATER- sɒn ei lumieə son et lumière / / noun ING a specially large flat spoon, for eating ENTERTAINMENT an entertainment consisting soup of sound and lighting effects, shown in the sour saυə open air at night and usually based around a sour / / adjective 1. not sweet, sharp- tasting 2. CATERING having gone bad historic building ć The son et lumière begins sourness at 22.00. ć All the tickets for the son et sourness / saυənəs/ noun CATERING the lumière have been sold. state of being sour sorbet sous-chef sorbet / sɔbei/ noun DESSERTS sweet fla- sous-chef / su ʃef/ noun CATERING a voured ice made with water and flavouring chef with less experience, who is the assist- and sometimes cream ć a raspberry sorbet ant to the main chef in a restaurant kitchen (NOTE: The US English is sherbet.) (NOTE: sous-chef comes from the French SOS / es əυ es/ noun 1. an international noun meaning ‘under-chef’.) soused herring signal to show that you are in distress, in soused herring / saυst heriŋ/ noun which the letters ‘s’, ‘o’, and ‘s’ are repeated SEAFOOD herring which has been pickled in in Morse code ć They sent out SOS mes- vinegar and herbs sous vide sages. 2. a message broadcast to say that sous vide / su vid/ noun CATERING a someone is ill and asking a relative to get in method of preparing ready-cooked food for contact ć This is an SOS for Mr Smith, at resale, where the food is heat-sealed in plas- present holidaying in Scotland, to say that tic trays or in plastic bags with some of the his mother is dangerously ill. air removed from the container soufflé soufflé / suflei/ noun FOOD a light cooked south south /saυθ/ noun 1. the direction facing dish, made from beaten egg whites and towards the sun at midday ć Look south from cream or custard, with sweet or savoury fla- the mountain, and you will see the city in the vouring, eaten hot ć a cheese soufflé ć a distance. ć The city is to the south of the lemon soufflé ć souk mountain range. The wind is blowing from suk souk / / noun ENTERTAINMENT a market the south. 2. the part of a country to the south in an Arab country ć You must visit the souk of the rest ć The south of the country is in Marrakech. warmer than the north. ć She went to live in soundproof soundproof / saυndpruf/ adjective not the south of England. í adjective referring to allowing sound to pass through ć The radio the south ć The south coast is popular for commentators sit in a soundproof cabin. í holidaymakers. ć Cross to the south side of verb to make a building soundproof ć All the the river. í adverb towards the south ć Go bedrooms in the hotel are soundproofed. due south for two kilometres, and you will soundproofing soundproofing / saυndprufiŋ/ noun 1. see the village on your left. ć The river flows the act of protecting something against noise south into the Mediterranean. 2. material which protects against noise southbound / saυθbaυnd/ adjective soundproof window soundproof window / saυndpruf going towards the south ć There has been an windəυ/ noun a window which prevents accident on the southbound carriageway of noise from outside getting into a room the motorway. ć All southbound trains have soup soup /sup/ noun FOOD a liquid dish usu- been cancelled. south-east ally eaten at the beginning of a meal south-east / saυθ ist/ adjective, adverb, COMMENT: Note various words for soup: noun the direction between south and east ć thick vegetable soup is a ‘potage’; soup South-East Asia is an important trading made from shellfish is a ‘bisque’; clear ć meat soup is ‘consommé’; cream soup is area. The river runs south-east from here. south-easterly ‘crème’ or ‘velouté’. south-easterly / saυθ istəli/ adjective soup bowl soup bowl / sup bəυl/ noun CATERING a 1. blowing from the south-east 2. towards the special deep dish in which soup is served south-east ć The plane was following a soup chef soup chef / sup ʃef/ noun CATERING the south-easterly route. chef in charge of making soups. Also called south-eastern / saυθ istən/ adjective chef potager referring to the south-east or situated in the 289 sparkling wine
spa south-east ć Kent is a south-eastern county spa /spɑ/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a place where apples grow well. where mineral water comes out of the southerly / sðəli/ adjective 1. towards ground naturally and where people go to the south 2. situated in the south drink the water or bathe in it because of its southern / sð(ə)n/ adjective of the south medicinal properties ć He spends two weeks ć The southern part of the country is warmer every summer at a French spa. than the north. ‘…the spa ranges over three floors with all the southerner / sð(ə)nə/ noun somebody equipment that the modern exercise fanatic could ć desire, including a rooftop bar that overlooks who lives in or comes from the south He Fifth Avenue’ [Business Traveller] was a southerner who had never been to New space speis York before. space / / noun an area which is avail- ć southernmost sð ə nməυst able for something We still have some southernmost / ( ) / adjec- space on the flight. tive furthest south space availability southward speis ə veilə biliti southward / saυθwəd/ adjective, adverb space availability / | | / towards the south noun AIR TRAVEL how many empty seats southwards saυθwədz there are on a flight southwards / / adverb towards spacesaving speisseiviŋ the south spacesaving / / adjective south-west / saυθ west/ adjective, compact or which folds, and so saves space spaghetti spə eti adverb, noun the direction between south spaghetti / | / noun FOOD long thin and west ć We need to head south-west for strips of pasta ć I ordered spaghetti with a two miles. ć Arizona is in the south-west of special cream sauce. the United States. COMMENT: Spaghetti is boiled in salt south-westerly / saυθ westəli/ adjec- water, and eaten either simply with butter ć or olive oil, or with certain sauces. tive 1. blowing from the south-west A spaghetti bolognese spə eti bɒlə south-westerly wind was blowing. 2. towards spaghetti bolognese / | | the south-west ć We were following a south- neiz/ noun FOOD spaghetti with meat and westerly direction. tomato sauce spaghetti carbonara south-western spə eti kɑbə south-western / saυθ westən/ adjec- spaghetti carbonara / | | tive referring to the south-west or situated in nɑrə/ noun FOOD spaghetti with egg and the south-west ć The south-western corner bacon sauce of England includes Cornwall and Devon. spare /speə/ adjective available but not south wind south wind / saυθ wind/ noun a wind being used ć There is a spare toilet roll in the which blows from the south bathroom cupboard. ˽ spare battery, spare souvenir suvə niə souvenir / | / noun ENTERTAIN- bulb a battery or electric bulb which is kept MENT something bought which reminds you to replace another one which is worn out or of the place where you bought it ć I bought broken spare part a tartan scarf as a souvenir of Scotland. ć spare part / speə pɑt/ noun a piece of Keep it as a souvenir of your visit. ć They machinery used instead of a piece which is were selling souvenir programmes of the Test broken or worn out. Also called replace- Match. ment part souvenir shop suvə niə ʃɒp spare ribs souvenir shop / | / noun spare ribs / speə ribz/ noun FOOD pork ENTERTAINMENT a shop which sells souve- ribs cooked in a savoury sauce ć We are hav- nirs ć There are too many souvenir shops on ing spare ribs for the barbecue. the seafront. spare room soya speə rum sɔiə spare room / / noun a bed- soya / / noun FOOD a plant which pro- room which a family does not use duces edible beans which have a high protein spare time and fat content and very little starch spare time / speə taim/ noun the time soya milk milk / sɔiə milk/ noun a milk substi- when you are not at work ć He built himself tute made from soya beans, often with vita- a car in his spare time. sparkling mins and sugar added sparkling / spɑkliŋ/ adjective BEVER- soya sauce soya sauce / sɔiə sɔs/ noun SAUCES, AGES with bubbles in it sparkling water ETC. a salty dark Chinese sauce made from sparkling water / spɑkliŋ wɔtə/ noun soya beans BEVERAGES mineral water which has bubbles soybean / sɔibin/, soya bean / sɔiə in it sparkling wine bin/ noun FOOD a bean from a soya plant sparkling wine / spɑkliŋ wain/ noun soy sauce soy sauce / sɔi sɔs/ SAUCES, ETC. same BEVERAGES wine which has bubbles in it ć as soya sauce Champagne is a sparkling wine from France. spatchcock 290
spatchcock speedboat spatchcock / sp tʃkɒk/ noun MEAT a speedboat / spidbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND chicken or other fowl that is split, dressed BOATS a racing motor boat ć The windsurfers and grilled were almost killed by the speedboat. spa town speed limit spa town / spɑ taυn/ noun TOURISM a speed limit / spid limit/ noun the legal town which has a spa ć Bath is the oldest spa speed which is enforced in some areas ć The town in England. speed limit is 30 mph in towns. speak spend speak /spik/ verb 1. to say words, to talk spend /spend/ verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to pay ć She spoke to me when the meeting was money ć They spent all their savings on buy- over. ć He walked past me without speaking. ing the shop. 2. to use time ć The average ć I will speak to the manager about the serv- visitor spends about two hours in the ice. 2. to be able to say things in a foreign museum. (NOTE: spending – spent) í noun language ć Our restaurant staff can all speak same as expenditure ć The number of long- French. ć Is there anyone in the hotel who haul visitors from the USA and their spend can speak Russian? also declined by 1%. ć The café is attracting speaker speaker / spikə/ noun 1. somebody who an average food and drink spend of $25 per speaks ć There is an Arabic speaker to help person. spice the tour guide. ˽ he is a popular speaker spice /spais/ noun FOOD a substance made many people come to hear him give speeches from the roots, flowers, seeds or leaves of at meetings 2. a loudspeaker ć One of the plants, used to flavour food ć Cloves, cinna- speakers in the car doesn’t work. mon and nutmeg are the main spices I use. ć -speaking -speaking /spikiŋ/ suffix able to speak a You need lots of spices for Indian cookery. í language ć a Japanese-speaking tour guide verb CATERING to add spice to a dish ć A special pinch of mustard will spice up the sauce. special / speʃ(ə)l/ adjective not ordinary, COMMENT: The commonest spices are or designed for a specific purpose í noun ˽ salt, pepper and mustard. Others often CATERING a particular dish on a menu used are cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nut- today’s special, special of the day a special meg, paprika, turmeric (in pickles), and dish prepared for the day and not listed in the the various spices which make up curry printed menu powders. spiced special interest holiday special interest holiday / speʃ(ə)l spiced /spaist/ adjective CATERING with intrəst hɒlidei/ noun TOURISM a holiday spices added ć spiced chicken wings spiciness arranged for people with particular hobbies, spiciness / spaisinəs/ noun CATERING such as bird-watching, sketching, etc. the taste of spices speciality speʃi ləti spicy speciality / | / noun something spicy / spaisi/ adjective CATERING tasting which you are known for, which you are of spices ć She loves spicy Indian food. ć good at ć The speciality of the restaurant is Mexican cooking is hot and spicy. its fish soup. spill spil speciality restaurant spill / / noun the act of letting liquid fall speʃi ləti speciality restaurant / by mistake ć Waiters should know how to rest ə rɒnt ( ) / noun CATERING a restaurant deal with spills. í verb to pour a liquid or a which specialises in one type of food powder out of a container by mistake ć He special offer special offer / speʃ(ə)l ɒfə/ noun MAR- spilt coffee over the tablecloth. ć The waiter KETING goods put on sale at a specially low spilt white wine down the front of the guest’s price ć We have a range of luggage on spe- dress. (NOTE: spilling – spilled or spilt) spinach cial offer. spinach / spinid / noun VEGETABLES a special rates special rates, special terms plural noun common green-leaved vegetable ć We had a cheaper tariff offered for a particular rea- chicken, potatoes and spinach. (NOTE: There son ć The hotel has special rates for fami- is no plural form: some spinach; a spoonful lies. ć We offer special terms for groups. of spinach.) specific humidity spə sifik hju spirit spirit specific humidity / | | spirit / / noun BEVERAGES a strong midəti/ noun the ratio between the amount alcoholic drink, e.g. whisky, gin or brandy ć of water vapour in air and the total mass of The club is licensed to sell beers, wines and the mixture of air and water vapour spirits. speed spirit burner speed /spid/ noun the rate at which some- spirit burner, spirit lamp noun CATERING thing moves or is done í verb ROAD TRAVEL apparatus in which methylated spirits is to drive a car faster than the legal speed ć He burned, used to keep food hot on the table, or was stopped for speeding. to cook food rapidly next to the table 291 spring roll
spit sports centre spit /spit/ noun CATERING a long metal rod sports centre / spɔts sentə/ noun a passed through meat which turns so that the group of connected buildings in which there meat is evenly cooked ć spit-roasted pork are facilities for various sports split menu sports facilities spɔtz fə silətiz split menu / split menju/ noun CATER- sports facilities / | / plu- ING a menu which offers two or more menu ral noun the equipment and buildings for options, which are pre-agreed with the playing sports, e.g. tennis courts and swim- guests before arrival ming pools ć The club has extensive sports split shift split ʃift facilities. split shift / / noun BUSINESS a sports hall system where working shifts are divided sports hall / spɔts hɔl/ noun a large spoil spɔil building where indoor sports such as basket- spoil / / verb 1. to make something bad ball are played ć or unpleasant The trip was spoilt by the sportswear spɔtsweə bad weather. ć Rain spoiled our picnic. 2. to sportswear / / noun clothes go bad ć The dish will spoil quickly unless worn to play sports (NOTE: There is no plural you keep it in the fridge. (NOTE: spoiling – form.) spot spoilt or spoiled) spot /spɒt/ noun a place ˽ on the spot on spoilage duty, at one’s post ć The fire services were on spoilage / spɔilid / noun CATERING food the spot in a few minutes. going bad, such as fruit rotting when over- spot check spɒt tʃek ripe spot check / / noun a check spoke spəυk made suddenly and at random ć Customs spoke / / noun AIR TRAVEL a domestic officers carry out or make spot checks on flight from a central airport connecting with cars entering the country. international flights spotlight spɒtlait sponge bag spotlight / / noun a bright light spnd b sponge bag / / noun a small which shines on one small area bag for carrying soap, flannel, toothbrush spouse spouse /spaυs/ noun a husband or wife and other toilet articles spouse fare spaυs feə sponge cake spouse fare / / noun TRAVEL a sponge cake / spnd keik/, sponge spnd pυdiŋ specially discounted fare for a husband or pudding / / noun BREAD, wife of a passenger travelling on a full-fare ETC. a light soft cake or pudding made from ticket flour, eggs, sugar and fat ć You need slices of sprat spr t sponge cake to make a trifle. sprat / / noun SEAFOOD a very small sponsor herring-like fish sponsor / spɒnsə/ BUSINESS noun 1. a spread spread /spred/ noun FOOD a soft food con- company which pays to help a sport, in sisting of meat, fish or cheese, which you can return for advertising rights 2. a company spread on something such as bread ć As which pays for a radio or TV programme as snacks, they offered us water biscuits with a way of advertising its products í verb to cheese spread. í verb to cover with a layer of pay money to help business development in something ć He spread the butter thickly on return for advertising ć to sponsor a televi- his bread. ć sion programme The company has spon- spring spriŋ sored the football match. spring / / noun 1. a small stream of ć sponsorship The spa spɒnsəʃip water coming out of the ground sponsorship / /, sponsoring was built in Roman times around hot mineral noun BUSINESS the act of paying to help springs. 2. a season of the year following business development in return for advertis- winter when plants begin to grow and put out ing leaves ć The travel company has brought out spoon spoon /spun/ noun 1. an eating utensil its spring catalogue. ć We offer spring tours with a bowl and a long handle ć Use a spoon to the bulb fields of Holland. to eat your pudding. ć We need a big spoon Springboard UK UK / spriŋbɔd ju kei/ to serve the soup. 2. same as spoonful ć Put noun an organisation in the UK that educates three spoons of coffee into the cafetière. í people about job opportunities in the hospi- verb ˽ to spoon something into something tality, leisure, travel and tourism industries spring onion to put something in with a spoon spring onion / spriŋ njən/ noun VEGE- spoonful spoonful / spunfυl/ noun the amount TABLES a very small onion with long green which a spoon can hold ć She always takes leaves, used in salads and in cooking ć I her coffee with two spoonfuls of sugar. Also chopped some spring onions into the salad. called spoon (NOTE: The US English is scallion.) sport spring roll sport /spɔt/ noun a game or activity that spring roll / spriŋ rəυl/ noun FOOD a hot involves physical exercise and skill, e.g. snack or starter of mixed savoury ingredients football, hockey or tennis formed into a slightly flattened cylindrical spring tide 292 shape, wrapped in thin dough and fried until changing, as in sauces containing water and crisp and golden fat 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a piece put on the spring tide tide / spriŋ taid/ noun a tide hull of a ship to prevent it from rolling stabilising agent which occurs at the new and full moon when stabilising agent / steibilaiziŋ the influence of the sun and moon act eid ənt/ noun CATERING same as stabi- together and the difference between high and liser low water is more than normal stack st k spring water stack / / noun a pile or heap of things spriŋ wɔtə spring water / / noun BEV- on top of each other ć There is a stack of ERAGES water which comes from a natural replies to our advertisement. í verb 1. to pile spring things on top of each other ć The skis are sprinkle sprinkle / spriŋkəl/ verb CATERING to stacked outside the chalet. 2. AIR TRAVEL (of scatter water, sugar, etc. ć The chef sprinkled aircraft) to circle round waiting in turn for poppy seeds on the cake. permission to land at a busy airport ć We sprinkler / spriŋklə/ noun a device for have had aircraft stacking for over fifteen sprinkling water minutes on busy days. sprinkler system stacking sprinkler system / spriŋklə sistəm/ stacking / st kiŋ/ adjective designed to noun a system of automatic fire control be piled one on top of another ć The hall is which sprinkles water on a fire and is set off furnished with 200 stacking chairs.
stadium by rising heat stadium / steidiəm/ noun a place where spritzer spritzer / spritsə/ noun BEVERAGES a people watch sports, usually having a flat drink of white wine and soda water central playing area surrounded by rising sprout /spraυt/ noun 1. a young shoot of a rows of seats VEGETABLES staff plant 2. same as Brussels staff /stɑf/ noun BUSINESS the people who sprout work for an organisation ˽ to be on the staff square square /skweə/ noun 1. a shape with four or a member of staff or a staff member to equal sides and four right-angled corners 2. be employed permanently by a company ˽ an open area in a town, surrounded by build- accounts staff people who work in the ings accounts department ˽ senior staff, junior square measure measure / skweə me ə/ noun staff older or younger members of staff, or area in square feet or metres, calculated by people in more important or less important multiplying width and length positions in a company í verb BUSINESS to squash squash /skwɒʃ/ noun 1. BEVERAGES con- provide employees for an organisation ć The centrated juice of a fruit to which water is bar is staffed with skilled part-timers. ć We added to make a long drink ć a glass of had difficulty in staffing the hotel. orange squash 2. SPORT a fast game played staff accommodation stɑf ə kɒmə staff accommodation / | | with rackets in a room with high walls 3. deiʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELS the rooms in a hotel VEGETABLES a vegetable like a marrow or where members of staff live pumpkin, etc. í verb to crush or to squeeze staff agency staff agency / stɑf eid ənsi/ noun something ć Hundreds of commuters were BUSINESS an agency which looks for staff for squashed into the train. squash court organisations skwɒʃ kɔt staff appointment squash court / / noun SPORT stɑf ə pɔintmənt a room with high walls for playing squash staff appointment / | / squeeze skwiz ˽ noun a job on the staff squeeze / / noun a squeeze of staff association stɑf əsəυsi eiʃ ə n lemon a few drops of lemon juice í verb to staff association / | ( ) / crush, to press ć Ten people tried to squeeze noun BUSINESS a society formed by mem- into the lift. bers of staff of a company to represent them squeezer to the management and to organise entertain- squeezer / skwizə/ noun CATERING a device for pressing lemons, oranges, etc., to ments staff catering let the juice run out staff catering / stɑf keitəriŋ/ noun the squid squid /skwid/ noun SEAFOOD a sea animal work of preparing meals for the staff of a like a small octopus (NOTE: There is no plu- hotel or restaurant staff cook ral form: a plate of fried squid.) staff cook / stɑf kυk/ noun CATERING a SSSI SSSI abbreviation TOURISM Site of Special chef who cooks meals for the staff of a hotel Scientific Interest or restaurant staff discount stabiliser / steibilaizə/, stabilizer noun staff discount / stɑf diskaυnt/ noun a 1. CATERING an artificial substance added to discount given to people working in the com- processed food to stop the mixture from pany 293 standard lamp staff incentives stɑf in sentivz stair steə staff incentives / | / plu- stair / / noun 1. one step in a series of ral noun BUSINESS better pay or conditions steps, going up or down inside a building 2. offered to employees to make them work ˽ (flight of) stairs a series of steps leading better from one floor of a building to the next staffing staircarpet staffing / stɑfiŋ/ noun BUSINESS the staircarpet / steəkɑpit/ noun a long nar- work of providing employees for an organi- row piece of carpet for covering stairs ˽ staircase sation the hotel’s staffing policy the staircase / steəkeis/ noun a set of stairs hotel’s views on staff: how many are needed which go from one floor in a building to for each department, if they should be full- another ć The staircase is at the back of the time or part-time, what the salaries should building. ć You have to go up a spiral stair- be, etc. case to get to the top of the tower. staffing levels stɑfiŋ lev ə lz stairwell staffing levels / ( ) / plural stairwell / steəwel/ noun the part of a noun BUSINESS the numbers of members of building in which the staircase is fitted ć The staff required in departments for them to lift is fitted in the centre of the stairwell. work efficiently stale staffing problems steil ć stɑfiŋ prɒbləmz stale / / adjective no longer fresh If staffing problems / / you don’t eat the cakes soon they’ll go stale. plural noun problems to do with staff ć Nobody likes the smell of stale cigarette staff meals staff meals / stɑf milz/ plural noun smoke.
stall BUSINESS meals provided for the staff of a stall /stɔl/ noun 1. a wooden stand in a hotel or restaurant, noted as a cost in the market, where a trader displays and sells his accounts or her goods 2. a section of a urinal for one staff restaurant staff restaurant / stɑf rest(ə)rɒnt/ person
stamp noun BUSINESS a special restaurant for the stamp /st mp/ noun 1. a device for mak- staff of a hotel, club or other organisation ing marks on documents, or a mark made in staff training staff training / stɑf treiniŋ/ noun BUSI- this way ć The invoice has the stamp NESS the activity of teaching staff better and ‘received with thanks’ on it. ć The customs more profitable ways of working ć The shop officer looked at the stamps in her passport. is closed for staff training. 2. ˽ (postage) stamp a small piece of staff turnover staff turnover / stɑf tnəυvə/ noun gummed paper which you buy from a post BUSINESS same as labour turnover ć We office and stick on a letter or parcel so that it hope to motivate staff and achieve a reduc- can be sent through the post ć You’ll need a tion in staff turnover. £1 stamp to send the letter to Australia. í stage verb 1. to stick a stamp on a letter or parcel stage /steid / noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT the ć part of the theatre where the actors perform All the envelopes need to be sealed and stamped. 2. to mark something with a stamp 2. part of a journey ć The tour crosses India ć They stamped my passport when I entered by easy stages. í verb to put on or arrange a play, a show, a musical or other performance the country. stamp machine st mp mə ʃin or event ć The exhibition is being staged in stamp machine / | / noun the conference centre. a machine which sells stamps automatically stamp pad stagger stagger / st ə/ verb to arrange holidays, stamp pad / st mp p d/ noun a soft pad working hours etc. so that they do not all of cloth with ink, on which a stamp is begin and end at the same time ć Staggered pressed before marking paper stand holidays help the tourist industry. ć We have stand /st nd/ noun AIR TRAVEL a place to stagger the lunch hour so that there is where an aircraft waits for passengers to always someone on the switchboard. board staggering staggering / st əriŋ/ noun HOTELS a ‘…ten nose-in stands are available and are capa- method of staffing a hotel in which employ- ble of handling aircraft up to Airbus A320 size’ ees start and end their shifts at different times [Airliner World] standard so as to ensure that there are always staff standard / st ndəd/ noun the usual qual- available to help guests ity or usual conditions which other things are stainless steel stainless steel / steinləs stil/ noun judged against í adjective 1. usual, recom- metal made of steel with a high percentage mended or established ć We make a standard of chromium, which makes it resistant to charge of £25 for a thirty-minute session. 2. stains or rust ć a set of stainless steel pans ć on a tall pole standard lamp a stainless steel teapot ć stainless steel cut- standard lamp / st ndəd l mp/ noun a lery lamp in a room on a tall pole standard letter 294 standard letter letter / st ndəd letə/ noun a keep food at –12°C, which is cold enough letter which is sent without any change to to keep food for one month. starboard various correspondents starboard / stɑbəd/ noun SHIPS AND standard rate rate / st ndəd reit/ noun the BOATS the right-hand side of a ship when fac- normal charge for something such as a phone ing the bow, also used of the right-hand side call of an aircraft ć We turned to starboard to ć Standard Time st ndəd taim avoid the ferry. People on the starboard Standard Time / / noun side of the plane can see the Statue of Lib- normal local time as in the winter months erty. stand-by st nd bai starch stand-by / / adjective AIR starch /stɑtʃ/ noun CATERING the usual TRAVEL referring to a ticket sold at a lower form in which carbohydrates exist in food, price shortly before the departure of a flight especially in bread, rice and potatoes when there are empty seats remaining on the starchy starchy / stɑtʃi/ adjective CATERING con- aircraft í noun AIR TRAVEL same as standby taining a lot of starch ć He eats too much ticket í adjective referring to a passenger starchy food. who travels with a standby ticket standby fare COMMENT: Starch is present in common standby fare / st ndbai feə/ noun foods, and is broken down by the digestive TRAVEL a cheaper fare for a standby ticket process into forms of sugar. standby ticket ticket / st ndbai tikit/ noun starlight / stɑlait/ noun light from the AIR TRAVEL a cheaper air ticket which allows stars the passenger to wait until the last moment to starlit / stɑlit/ adjective lit by the light of see if there is an empty seat on the plane the stars standing standing / st ndiŋ/ noun good reputation star rating rating / stɑ reitiŋ/ noun a rating ć a restaurant of good standing ć the finan- under a star system cial standing of a company ‘Business travellers accustomed to de luxe standing order order / st ndiŋ ɔdə/ noun accommodation in Spain will appreciate the fact BUSINESS an instruction given by a customer that several Spanish hoteliers have dropped their five-star rating to four, so that guests need only asking a bank to make a regular payment. pay a 6% value added tax instead of the usual lux- Also called banker’s order ury rate of 15%’ [Business Traveller] standing time time / st ndiŋ taim/ noun ‘…star ratings symbolize the level of service, CATERING the time which a dish should be range of facilities and quality of guest care you left in the microwave oven after cooking and can expect. Hotels are required to meet progres- sively higher standards as they move up the scale before serving from one to five stars’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] stand-up buffet stand-up buffet / st nd p bυfei/ noun starred /stɑd/ adjective given a star as a CATERING a buffet where the guests stand to sign of approval ć a Michelin-starred restau- eat, holding their plates in their hands rant star star /stɑ/ noun 1. a small bright light start /stɑt/ noun the beginning of some- which you see in the sky at night 2. a shape thing ˽ to make an early start to set off with several regular points, used as a system early on a trip í verb 1. to begin ć The main of classification ˽ one-star, two-star, three- film starts at 8.15. ć The tour starts from the star, four-star hotel a hotel which has been castle gate. 2. to set a machine going ć It is classified with one, two, three or four stars, difficult to start a car in cold weather. ć The under a classification system car won’t start – the battery must be flat. 3. ‘…they have been careful to stay well within the ˽ to start to to begin ć The weather is start- three-star market and not overload bedrooms ing to become warmer. ć It was starting to with soft furnishings’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] get dark and we were still miles from the cha- COMMENT: Hotels in the UK are given let. stars by the English Tourism Council, starter together with the RAC and AA; other grad- starter / stɑtə/ noun CATERING the first ing systems include rosettes, ribbons and course in a meal ć What do you want as a crowns. Hotels can also be given stars by starter? ć We don’t want starters, we’ll go international guide books such as the straight onto the main course. Michelin Red Guides. Stars are also used starter motor stɑtə məυtə to indicate how long frozen food can be starter motor / / noun kept and the temperature of freezers. One ROAD TRAVEL an electric motor in a car which star means that food can be kept at –6°C sets the main engine going for one week, two stars at –12°C for four starting / stɑtiŋ/ noun beginning weeks, and three stars at –18°C for three starting date months. Similarly for freezers, each star is starting date / stɑtiŋ deit/ noun the equal to –6°C, so a freezer marked or will date on which something begins 295 steal
starting point statutory starting point / stɑtiŋ pɔint/ noun the statutory / st tʃυt(ə)ri/ adjective fixed place where something starts ć The starting by law ć There is a statutory period of pro- point for the excursion is the Post Office. bation of thirteen weeks. statutory holiday starting salary st tʃυt ə ri starting salary / stɑtiŋ s ləri/ noun statutory holiday / ( ) hɒlidei BUSINESS the annual wage given to an / noun a holiday which is fixed by employee when starting work with a com- law ć All employees have at least 2 days’ pany ć He was appointed at a starting salary statutory holiday over the Christmas period. stay of £10,000. stay /stei/ noun a length of time spent in starve one place ć a three-night stay at a centrally starve /stɑv/ verb not to have enough to located hotel ć The tourists were in town eat ˽ I’m starving I’m very hungry only for a short stay. ć Did you enjoy your (informal) í state ownership stay in London? verb to spend time in a state ownership / steit əυnəʃip/ noun place ć The party is staying at the Hotel Lon- BUSINESS same as public ownership don. ć We always stay at the same resort. ć state pension state pension / steit penʃən/ noun Occupancy rates have stayed below 60% for same as government pension two years. stay over stateroom stei əυvə stateroom / steitrum/ noun SHIPS AND stay over / / verb to stay in a BOATS a large cabin on a liner place for at least one night station ‘…the numbers of stay-over visitors increased by station / steiʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the regular two per cent, following a six per cent fall in the place where someone works 2. US a place in preceding year’ [Daily Telegraph] STB a hotel, shop or other workplace where a STB abbreviation TOURISM Scottish Tourist service is available ć The restaurant has a Board baby-changing station. ć The ice station is STD abbreviation subscriber trunk dialling along the corridor from your room. 3. ˽ TV steak steak /steik/ noun 1. MEAT a thick slice of station, radio station a building where TV beef cut from the best part of the animal 2. ć The sta- or radio programmes are produced CATERING a thick slice cut across the body of tion broadcasts hourly reports on snow con- an animal or fish ć a gammon steak ć a ditions. salmon steak stationery stationery / steiʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/ noun 1. things steak and kidney and kidney / steik ən kidni/ such as paper, envelopes, pens and ink which noun FOOD a typically English combination you use for writing ć You can buy food, toi- of cubes of beef and kidney, which are letries and stationery at the hotel shop. 2. cooked together with onions in a thick sauce HOTELS in particular, notepaper, envelopes, in a pie or pudding ć a serving of steak and etc., with the hotel’s name and address kidney pie ć an individual steak and kidney printed on them ć The letter was typed on the pudding hotel stationery. steak au poivre au poivre / steik əυ pwɑvrə/ station head waiter station head waiter / steiʃ(ə)n hed noun FOOD a steak which has been grilled weitə/ noun CATERING a chief waiter who is and has a sauce made with pepper and pep- in charge of a station, and takes the orders percorns poured over it steak bar from customers steak bar / steik bɑ/ noun CATERING a station manager station manager / steiʃən m nəd ə/, restaurant which only serves steak, with stationmaster / steiʃ(ə)nmɑstə/ noun seating for customers at counters steakhouse RAIL TRAVEL somebody in charge of a railway steakhouse / steikhaυs/ noun CATERING station a restaurant serving steak and other grilled station waiter steiʃ ə n weitə food station waiter / ( ) / noun steak knife steik naif CATERING a waiter who serves a particular steak knife / / noun CATERING a group of four or five tables in a restaurant very sharp knife or a knife with a serrated statue st tʃu edge, used when eating meat (NOTE: The plu- statue / / noun a figure of a person ral form is steak knives.) carved in stone or made of metal, etc. ć The steak tartare steik tɑ tɑ statue of King John is in the centre of the steak tartare / | / noun FOOD square. a dish of raw minced steak, served mixed status with raw eggs, raw onion and herbs steitəs steal status / / noun a position or condi- steal /stil/ verb to take and keep something tion that belongs to another person without per- status inquiry steitəs in kwaiəri ć status inquiry / | / mission A burglar broke into the hotel noun BUSINESS a check on a customer’s room and stole my wallet. ć Keep your purse credit rating in your bag or it may get stolen. ć The car steam 296 sterilisation sterilai zeiʃ ə n was stolen from the hotel car park. (NOTE: sterilisation / | ( ) /, sterili- stealing – stole – stolen) zation noun MEDICAL the act of making steam steam /stim/ noun vapour which comes something free from bacteria or microbes sterilise off hot water í verb CATERING to cook some- sterilise / sterilaiz/, sterilize verb MEDI- thing using the steam from boiling water CAL to make something free from bacteria or COMMENT: Vegetables, fish and poultry microbes can be cooked by steaming in a container sterilised milk milk / sterəlaizd milk/ noun with holes in the bottom, placed over a pan DAIRY milk prepared for human consumption of boiling water. Juices and vitamins are by heating in sealed airtight containers to kill retained in the food during cooking. Pud- all bacteria dings, such as steak-and-kidney pudding, sterling are steamed by standing the basin con- sterling / stliŋ/ noun FINANCE the stand- taining the pudding in a pan of boiling ard currency used in the United Kingdom ć water. to quote prices in sterling or to quote sterling steamboat steamboat / stimbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND prices stern BOATS a boat powered by steam ć Steam- stern /stn/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS the boats criss-crossed the lake. rear part of a ship sternwheeler steamed stnwilə steamed /stimd/ adjective CATERING sternwheeler / / noun SHIPS cooked in steam ć One of the desserts on the AND BOATS a large steamboat with one large menu is steamed treacle pudding. paddle-wheel at the back, as used on the steam engine stim end in Mississippi ć We took a trip up the Missis- steam engine / / noun an sippi on an old-fashioned sternwheeler. engine which is powered by steam pressure Compare paddle steamer steamer stew steamer / stimə/ noun 1. also steam- stew /stju/ noun FOOD a dish of meat and ship SHIPS AND BOATS a large passenger ship vegetables cooked together for a long time ć powered by steam ć We took the steamer rabbit stew í verb CATERING to cook for a from Cape Town to Mombasa. 2. CATERING a long time in liquid ć stewed apples and type of pan with holes in the bottom which is cream ć pears stewed in red wine steward placed over boiling water for steaming food steward / stjuəd/ noun TRAVEL some- ć The best way to cook vegetables is in a body who looks after passengers and serves steamer. drinks and food on a ship, plane, or other steaming oven steaming oven, steaming cabinet noun vehicle, or a similar person who deals with CATERING an oven in a restaurant kitchen, guests in a club, restaurant, hotel, etc. stewardess stjuə des used to steam large quantities of food at the stewardess / | / noun TRAVEL a same time woman who looks after passengers and steam railway steam railway / stim reilwei/ noun serves drinks and food on a ship or plane, or RAIL TRAVEL a railway where the engines are a similar person who deals with guests in a powered by steam pressure club, restaurant, hotel, etc. Also called air steel hostess, flight attendant stil stewed apple steel / / noun a rod of rough metal with stjud p ə l a handle, used for sharpening knives stewed apple / ( ) / plural steep noun DESSERTS apples which have been steep /stip/ adjective 1. rising or falling cooked until they are soft, served as a dessert sharply ć There’s a very steep hill at the stewing steak steak / stjuiŋ steik/ noun entrance to the town. 2. excessive (informal) MEAT pieces of beef used to make stews ć Their prices are a bit steep. stick stick /stik/ noun something long and thin stem ginger stem d ind ə sticking plaster stem ginger / / noun FOOD sticking plaster / stikiŋ plɑstə/ noun round portions of the underground stem of a an adhesive plaster or tape used to cover a ginger plant, cooked until tender and pre- small wound or to attach a pad of dressing to served in syrup the skin (NOTE: The US English calls this by step step /step/ noun a stair on a staircase, or a a tradename: Band-Aid.) flat rung on a ladder ć There are 75 steps to still /stil/ adjective (of drinks) with no gas the top of the tower. ˽ mind the step be care- bubbles in it ć still water ć still orange drink ful, because the floor level changes and goes Opposite fizzy up or down with a step stillroom / stilrum/ noun (in a hotel) a stereo stereo / steriəυ/ noun a machine which room where coffee, tea, and some light plays music or other sound through two dif- meals such as afternoon tea are prepared Stilton ferent loudspeakers ć I bought a new pair of Stilton / stiltən/ noun DAIRY either of two speakers for my stereo. strong-flavoured British white cheeses made 297 store from whole milk, one veined with blue stool /stul/ noun a seat with no back ˽ mould, the other plain bathroom stool a stool placed in a bathroom stir stop stir /st/ verb CATERING to mix up a liquid stop /stɒp/ noun 1. ˽ to come to a stop not or food ć Keep stirring the porridge, or it to go any further ć Work on the new marina will stick to the bottom of the pan. came to a stop when the company could not stir-fry stir-fry / st frai/ verb CATERING to cook pay the workers’ wages. ć The brakes failed vegetables or meat quickly in hot oil in a and the car came to a stop against a wall. 2. wok, while rapidly stirring ć Stir-fry the veg- a place where a bus or train lets passengers etables separately, not all together. í noun get on or off ć The bus stop is opposite the FOOD vegetables or meat cooked quickly in a Town Hall. ć There are six stops between little hot oil ć She made a stir-fry of vegeta- here and Marble Arch. 3. ˽ his account is on bles and bamboo shoots. stop he will not be supplied with anything stock until he pays what he owes ˽ to put a stop stock /stɒk/ noun 1. BUSINESS the quantity of goods or raw materials kept by a business on a cheque to ask a bank not to pay a cheque you have written í verb 1. to cause ć Even if it is cut off by snow, the hotel has ć sufficient stocks of food to last a week. 2. something not to move any more Does this bus stop near the Post Office? ć The tourist BUSINESS the goods in a warehouse or shop ć ˽ in stock, out of stock available or not coach was stopped by customs. The gov- ernment has stopped the import of cars. ć He available in the warehouse or shop ć to hold stopped his car by the side of the lake. 2. not 2,000 lines in stock ć The item went out of stock just before Christmas but came back to do anything any more ć The operator has stopped offering tours to Greece. ć The res- into stock in the first week of January. ć We taurant stopped serving meals at 12.00 mid- are out of stock of this item. 3. FOOD liquid ć made from boiling bones, etc., in water, used night. The hotel staff stopped work when the company could not pay their wages. ć as a base for soups and sauces ć The soup is The cleaning staff stop work at 5.30. ć We made with fish stock. í verb BUSINESS to have stopped supplying Smith & Co. 3. to hold goods for sale in a warehouse or store ć stay in a place ć They stopped for five nights to stock 200 lines ˽ stock code at the Grand Hotel. 4. to stop an account stɒk kəυd stock code / / noun BUSINESS a to stop supplying a customer until they have set of numbers and letters which refers to an paid what they owe ˽ to stop payments not item of stock to pay any more money 5. ˽ to stop some- stock control stɒk kən trəυl stock control / | / noun a one’s wages to take money out of someone’s system of checking that there is not too much wages before he or she receives them ć We stock in a warehouse, but just enough to stopped £25 from his pay because he was meet requirements (NOTE: The US term is rude to the guests. stop-off inventory control.) stop-off / stɒp ɒf/ noun TRAVEL same as stock size stock size / stɒk saiz/ noun BUSINESS a stopover usual size that fits a lot of people or is needed stop-off point point / stɒp ɒf pɔint/ noun for many tasks ć We only carry stock sizes of TOURISM a place where you can stop and shoes. leave a tour ć The trails through the park are stock up with up with / stɒk p wið/ verb to buy easy to follow and the stop-off points are goods to hold in case of emergency ć We’ll well organised and comfortable. stock up with food to last us over the holiday stop over over / stɒp əυvə/ verb to stay for a weekend. short time in a place during a long journey ć stodgy stodgy / stɒd i/ adjective CATERING heavy We stopped over in Hong Kong on the way to and filling to eat and usually fairly tasteless Australia. STOL stopover STOL /stɒl/ abbreviation AIR TRAVEL short stopover / stɒpəυvə/ noun TRAVEL a short take-off and landing stay in a place during a long journey ć The stone stone /stəυn/ noun 1. rock ć The church is ticket allows you two stopovers between built of the local grey stone. 2. a small piece London and Tokyo. Also called layover of rock ć Stop a moment, I’ve got a stone in (NOTE: The US English for this is layover.) storage my shoe. 3. a hard seed inside a fruit ć Count storage / stɔrid / noun the keeping of the cherry stones on the side of your plate. 4. goods in store or in a warehouse ć We put our a measure of weight equalling 14 pounds or furniture into storage. store 6.35 kilograms ć I’ve put on weight – I weigh store /stɔ/ noun 1. a supply of food or 12 stone. (NOTE: In the USA, human body other materials kept for later use 2. BUSINESS weight is always given in pounds.) a place in which goods are kept 3. US a shop store card 298
strawberry ć There’s a department store next to the strawberry / strɔb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a hotel. (NOTE: British English usually uses common red heart-shaped soft summer fruit, shop for small businesses.) í verb 1. to used in desserts and also preserved as jam keep for future use 2. to put in a warehouse stream /strim/ noun 1. a small flow of store card store card / stɔ kɑd/ noun BUSINESS a water, a small river 2. a continuous flow of credit card issued by a department store things ć Crossing the road is difficult which can only be used for purchases within because of the stream of traffic. ć Streams of that store guests ran out of the burning hotel. storekeeper street storekeeper / stɔkipə/, storeman street /strit/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a road in / stɔmən/ noun CATERING somebody who a town ˽ the High Street banks main Brit- looks after stores of food, drink, and other ish banks which accept deposits from indi- supplies in a hotel’s storeroom vidual customers storeroom streetcar storeroom / stɔrum/ noun a room streetcar / stritkɑ/ noun US RAIL where things such as foodstuffs are stored TRAVEL a form of public transport, with car- storm /stɔm/ noun violent weather, with riages running on rails laid in the street ć You wind and rain or snow can take a streetcar from the station to the storm damage city centre. (NOTE: The British English is / stɔm d mid / noun storm damage tram.) damage caused by a storm street directory stout strit dai rekt ə ri staυt street directory / | ( ) / stout / / noun BEVERAGES strong dark noun 1. a map of a town with all the streets beer listed in alphabetical order in an index 2. a stove stove /stəυv/ noun same as cooker list of the people living in a street straight straight /streit/ adjective with no turns ć street map map / strit m p/, street plan The road goes in a straight line across the / strit pl n/ noun a diagram showing the plain for two hundred kilometres. í adverb streets of a town, with their names 1. without turning ć The road goes straight street market market / strit mɑkit/ noun across the plain for two hundred kilometres. ENTERTAINMENT a market held in a street, ˽ go straight on continue along this road with stalls along both sides of the roadway without turning off it ć Go straight on past stress stress /stres/ noun nervous tension or the crossroads and then turn left. 2. without worry ć People in positions of responsibility stopping ć The plane flies straight to Wash- often complain of stress-related illnesses. ć ington. 3. BARS with no water or any other The new work schedules caused too much liquid added ć He drinks his whisky straight. stress on the shop floor. (NOTE: British English also uses neat.) stressed straight up stressed /strest/ adjective worried and straight up / streit p/ adjective served tense, suffering from stress ć When you’re without ice feeling stressed it’s better to try to get to bed strain strain /strein/ verb CATERING to pour liq- early. ć You must be very careful in dealing uid through a sieve to separate solids from it with stressed customers. ˽ stressed out very ć Boil the peas for ten minutes and then worried and tense (informal) strain. stressful / stresf(ə)l/ adjective causing strainer strainer / streinə/ noun CATERING a uten- stress ć She left his job in the kitchen sil made with metal or nylon mesh, used to because he found it too stressful. ˽ stress management separate solids from a liquid a tea strainer stress management / stres a small utensil placed over a cup to separate m nid mənt/ noun BUSINESS a way of tea leaves from the liquid, used when making coping with stress-related problems at work tea with loose tea leaves stress relief stres ri lif strand stress relief / | / noun methods str nd strand / / verb to leave someone of relieving the effects of stress ć He said alone and helpless ć Her handbag was stolen that the workshop on stress relief could be and she was stranded without any money. useful for his staff, who were having to cope stranded / str ndid/ adjective left alone with increasingly difficult and stressed cus- and helpless ć The tourist group was tomers. stranded in the mountain hut by a sudden stretch /stretʃ/ noun a long piece of land, snowstorm. ć The collapse of the holiday water or road ć For long stretches of the company left thousands of holidaymakers Transsiberian Railway, all you see are trees. stranded in Turkey. ć Stretches of the river have been so polluted straw straw /strɔ/ noun a long thin tube used for that bathing is dangerous. í verb 1. ˽ to sucking up a drink stretch to to be enough for ć Will your 299 sub-franchise money stretch to the visit to the temple? ˽ stroll through the village. í verb to walk dinner won’t stretch to seven there won’t slowly along ć On Sunday evenings, every- be enough food for seven people 2. to spread one strolls along the boulevard. out for a great distance ć White sandy strong /strɒŋ/ adjective with a lot of force beaches stretch as far as the eye can see. or strength ˽ strong coffee, strong tea cof- stretch limo stretch limo / stretʃ liməυ/ noun ROAD fee or tea made with more coffee or tea than TRAVEL a luxurious hire car, which is much usual ć You need a cup of strong black coffee longer than the normal models, used to carry to wake you up. ć I like my tea very strong. ˽ important passengers (informal) strong pound the pound when it is has a strike strike /straik/ noun 1. BUSINESS a situation high value against other currencies where employees refuse to work, because of studio / stjudiəυ/ noun a very small flat e.g. bad pay or a lack of agreement with for one person, usually one room with a management ć All flights are delayed due to small kitchen and bathroom ć You can rent a a strike by air traffic controllers. 2. ˽ to take studio overlooking the sea for £300 a week in strike action to go on strike 3. ˽ to come out high season. on strike, to go on strike to refuse to work ‘…the hotel offers 120 studios and nine apart- ć The baggage handlers are on strike for ments. Each has a direct telephone line, satellite higher pay. ˽ to call the workforce out on TV, sofabed and fully equipped kitchenette. A ć self-service laundry is located within the hotel. strike to tell the employees to stop work Studios are for single people or couples, while The union called its members out on strike. í apartments can sleep as many as four guests’ verb BUSINESS to stop working because there [Inside Hotels] is no agreement with management ć to strike study / stdi/ noun the act of examining for higher wages or for shorter working something carefully to learn more about it ˽ hours ć to strike in protest against bad work- course of study a course at school, college ing conditions (NOTE: striking – struck) or university í verb to learn about a subject strikebound strikebound / straikbaυnd/ adjective at school, college or university ć He’s study- not able to work or to move because of a ing hotel management. study tour strike ć The cruise ship is strikebound in the study tour / stdi tυə/ noun TOURISM a docks. tour of a country or an area which includes strikebreaker / straikbreikə/ noun an visits, lectures and classes stuff employee who goes on working while every- stuff /stf/ verb CATERING to put stuffing one else is on strike inside meat, fish or vegetables and cook and strike call strike call / straik kɔl/ noun BUSINESS a serve them together as a special dish demand by a union for a strike stuffed tomatoes stft tə mɑtəυz stuffed tomatoes / | / strike fund strike fund / straik fnd/ noun BUSINESS plural noun FOOD tomatoes cooked with a money collected by a trade union from its savoury mixture inside them members, used to pay strike pay stuffed vine leaves vine leaves / stft vain livz/ strike pay strike pay / straik pei/ noun BUSINESS plural noun FOOD vine leaves cooked with a wages paid to striking employees by their savoury mixture inside them stuffing trade union stuffing / stfiŋ/ noun FOOD a mixture of striker / straikə/ noun an employee who is chopped meat or vegetables with bread- on strike ć Strikers marched to the company crumbs or rice and herbs and spices, usually headquarters. put inside meat or vegetables ć Chicken is string string /striŋ/ verb CATERING 1. to remove often cooked with a sage and onion stuffing. sturgeon the stringy fibres from fruit or vegetables sturgeon / std ən/ noun SEAFOOD a before cooking or eating 2. to remove cur- large edible fish whose eggs are caviar rants from their stalks by sliding them off (NOTE: The plural form is sturgeon.) between the prongs of a fork sub- /sb/ prefix under, less important string beans string beans / striŋ binz/ plural noun sub-agency / sb eid ənsi/ noun a VEGETABLES same as green beans small agency which is part of a large agency strip /strip/ noun subaqua sb kwə strip an act of taking your subaqua / | / adjective SPORT clothes off, often as an entertainment for referring to underwater sports ć a subaqua other people club strip light strip lait sub-franchise strip light / / noun a light made sub-franchise / sb fr ntʃaiz/ BUSI- in the form of a tube NESS noun a franchise held from a main stroll stroll /strəυl/ noun a slow and short lei- franchise in an area í verb (of a main fran- surely walk ć After dinner we went for a chise) to license a franchise in an area ć The sub-franchisee 300
subway master franchise runs three units and sub- subway / sbwei/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a franchises two other outlets. passage underground along which pedestri- sub-franchisee sb fr ntʃai zi sub-franchisee / | / ans can pass, as under a busy road 2. US RAIL noun BUSINESS somebody who trades under TRAVEL an underground railway system ć the a sub-franchise New York subway ć He took the subway to submarine sbmə rin Grand Central Station. submarine / | / noun FOOD a subzero temperatures sandwich made with a long roll cut horizon- subzero temperatures / sbziərəυ tally tempritʃəz/ noun temperatures below sub-post office office / sb pəυst ɒfis/ noun zero, ie. below freezing point. ć When you a small post office, usually part of a general go skiing in Norway you must be prepared store for subzero temperatures. succulent subscriber trunk dialling səb succulent / skjυlənt/ adjective CATER- subscriber trunk dialling / | skraibə trŋk daiəliŋ/ noun a telephone ING tender and juicy ć a slice of succulent system where you can dial long-distance ham ć They served each of us a succulent numbers direct from your own telephone piece of roast chicken. suet without going through the operator. Abbr suet / suit/ noun FOOD hard fat from an STD animal, used in cooking suet dumplings subsidise / sbsidaiz/ verb to help by suet dumplings / suit dmpliŋz/ plu- somebody or something by giving them ral noun FOOD small balls of flour, suet and money ć The government has agreed to sub- water, flavoured with herbs suet pudding sidise the hotel industry. suet pudding / suit pυdiŋ/ noun FOOD subsidy / sbsidi/ noun 1. money given to a dish made with flour and suet, cooked by help something which is not profitable ć The steaming or boiling, with a sweet or savoury country’s hotel industry exists on govern- filling sugar ment subsidies. ć The government has sugar / ʃυ ə/ noun FOOD any of several increased its subsidy to the hotel industry. 2. sweet carbohydrates money given by a government to make COMMENT: There are several natural something cheaper ć the subsidy on butter or forms of sugar: sucrose (in plants), lactose the butter subsidy (in milk), fructose (in fruit), glucose and subsistence səb sistəns dextrose (in fruit and in body tissue). Edi- subsistence / | / noun the min- ble sugar used in the home is a form of imum amount of food, money, housing, etc., refined sucrose. All sugars are useful which a person needs ˽ to live at subsist- sources of energy, though excessive ence level to have only just enough money to amounts of sugar can increase weight and live on cause tooth decay. Diabetes mellitus is a subsistence allowance səb sistəns ə condition where the body is incapable of subsistence allowance / | | laυəns absorbing sugar from food. / noun BUSINESS money paid by a sugarcraft ʃυ əkrɑft company to cover the cost of accommoda- sugarcraft / / noun CATERING tion and meals for a member of staff who is the art of decorating cakes with icing sugar, and making designs out of sugar travelling on business sugar crystals suburb ʃυ ə krist ə lz suburb / sbb/ noun a residential area sugar crystals / ( ) / plural noun FOOD on the outskirts of a city or town ć She lives large pale brown sugar crystals, in a quiet suburb of Boston. ˽ the suburbs used for sweetening coffee sugar cubes the residential areas all round a town ć Peo- sugar cubes / ʃυ ə kjubz/ plural noun ple who live in the suburbs find the air qual- FOOD granulated sugar formed into hard ity is better than in the centre of town. cubes sugar-free suburban sə bbən sugar-free / ʃυ ə fri/ adjective CATER- suburban / | / adjective referring to the suburbs ć This is a very a suburban ING not containing sugar sugar lump area – almost all the men commute to Lon- sugar lump / ʃυ ə lmp/ noun FOOD a don every day. cube of white sugar suburban line sə bbən lain suit sut suburban line / | / noun suit / / noun two or three pieces of RAIL TRAVEL a railway line between the sub- clothing made of the same cloth, usually a urbs to the centre of a town ć Services on jacket and/or waistcoat and trousers or skirt suburban lines have been disrupted by the suitcase / sutkeis/ noun a case or box strike. with a handle for carrying clothes and per- suburban trains sə bbən treinz ć suburban trains / | / sonal belongings when travelling The cus- plural noun RAIL TRAVEL trains which run toms officer made him open his three suit- between the suburbs and the town centre cases. 301 sunshade suitcase stand stand / sutkeis st nd/ noun sunbathing / snbeiðiŋ/ noun lying in HOTELS a wooden stand in a hotel bedroom, the sun to get your body brown ć Sunbathing on which you can place your suitcases on the beach at midday is not advised. suite sunburn suite /swit/ noun HOTELS a series of rooms sunburn / snbn/ noun MEDICAL a pain- which make a set, e.g. bedroom, bathroom ful inflammation of the skin caused by being and sitting room ć The hotel has 91 rooms in the sun for too long and suites. sunburnt / snbnt/ adjective damaged suite hotel swit həυ tel suite hotel / | / noun HOTELS or made red by the sun sundae a hotel where all the accommodation con- sundae / sndei/ noun DESSERTS a des- sists of suites of rooms sert of ice cream, cream, fruit and nuts and a sultana sl tɑnə sultana / | / noun FRUIT a type of sweet sauce Sunday closing seedless raisin ć We will need sultanas for Sunday closing / sndei kləυziŋ/ noun the Christmas cake. Compare currant, rai- the practice of not opening a shop on Sun- sin days summary sheet sundeck summary sheet / sməri ʃit/ noun sundeck / sndek/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS BUSINESS a piece of paper giving details of the top deck of a passenger ship where peo- sales in a restaurant, itemised by the cashier ple can sit in the sun summer / smə/ noun the warmest season sun-drenched / sn drentʃt/ adjective of the year following spring, when plants very sunny ć the sun-drenched beaches of begin to make fruit ȣ the summer holidays the Italian Riviera sun-dried 1. the period during the summer when chil- sun-dried / sn draid/ adjective CATER- dren do not go to school, the longest holidays ING dried in the sun to preserve it, a method during the school year (in the UK about six usually used with fruit such as tomatoes or weeks, but much longer in the USA) 2. any figs or with fish ć a jar of sun-dried tomatoes holiday taken during the summer sundry / sndri/ adjective, noun various summer camp summer camp / smə k mp/ noun sundry items items / sndri aitəmz/, sun- TOURISM a camp organised for children or dries / sndriz/ plural noun small items teenagers during the summer holidays which are not listed in detail summer pudding sunflower oil summer pudding / smə pυdiŋ/ noun sunflower oil / snflaυər ɔil/ noun FOOD DESSERTS a dessert made from slices of an edible oil made from the seeds of the sun- bread lining a basin, which is filled with a flower mixture of soft fruit such as raspberries, sunglasses / sn lɑsiz/ plural noun strawberries and blackcurrants. It is chilled dark glasses to protect your eyes from the and usually served with cream. sun ć I always wear sunglasses when I’m summer schedule schedule, summer timetable driving. noun TRAVEL a special timetable for planes sunhat / snh t/ noun a hat worn to pro- or trains or ferries, which applies during the tect you from the sun ć The baby keeps tak- high season ing his sunhat off. summer school summer school / smə skul/ noun sunlight / snlait/ noun the light from the classes held at a school, college or university sun ć sun lounge during the summer holiday She is organis- sun lounge / sn laυnd / noun ENTER- ing a summer school in Florence on ‘The TAINMENT a room with many large windows, Italian Renaissance’. where you can enjoy sunlight Summer Time smə taim sunny Summer Time / / noun same sunny / sni/ adjective 1. full of sunlight ć as Daylight Saving Time The sunniest part of the garden is beyond the summit summit / smit/ noun (of a mountain) top tennis courts. 2. with periods, especially sun /sn/ noun 1. a very hot body around long periods, during which the sun shines ć which the Earth revolves and which provides The weather forecast is for sunny spells dur- heat and daylight ć The sun wasn’t shining ing the morning. when she took the photo. 2. same as sun- sunny side up side up / sni said p/ adjective shine ć She was sitting in the sun on the US FOOD fried without being turned over deck. ć He prefers a table out of the sun. (informal) sunbathe sunroof sunbathe / snbeið/ verb to lie in the sun sunroof / snruf/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a to get your body brown part of a roof of a car which slides open sunbather / snbeiðə/ noun somebody sunshade / snʃeid/ noun same as para- who is sunbathing ć The pool was sur- sol ć Virginia was sitting in a deckchair rounded by sunbathers. under a sunshade, reading a book. sunshine 302 sunshine / snʃain/ noun light from the have supper to eat an evening meal ć We’ll sun ć London has on average 7.6 hours of have supper on the terrace. supper menu sunshine per day during May. ć The west supper menu / spə menju/ noun coast of France has more than 250 days of CATERING a menu containing various light sunshine per annum. Also called sun dishes, served at a supper supplement sunspot / snspɒt/ noun a place that has supplement / splimənt/ noun some- a warm and sunny climate and is usually thing which is in addition to something else, popular as a holiday destination especially an additional charge supplementary sunstroke spli ment ə ri sunstroke / snstrəυk/ noun MEDICAL an supplementary /| ( ) / illness caused by being in the sunlight too adjective in addition ć There are no supple- much ć In cases of sunstroke patients should mentary charges – the price is all-inclusive. supplier sə plaiə lie down in a dark room. supplier / | / noun BUSINESS a per- suntan / snt n/ noun a brown colour of son or company which provides something ć the skin caused by the sun ć I have to get a which is needed He’s our regular supplier suntan before I go back to the office other- of beverages or our regular beverage sup- wise no one will think I have been on holiday. plier. ć They are major suppliers of equip- suntan lotion ment to the hotel trade. snt n ləυʃ ə n supply suntan lotion / ( ) / noun a sə plai supply / | / noun 1. the act of provid- substance which is rubbed on the body to ing something which is needed ć We rely on prevent sunburn ć Can you put some suntan him for our supply of cheese or for our oil on my back? ˽ Super APEX cheese supply. in short supply not availa- Super APEX / supə eipeks/ noun ble in large enough quantities to meet the TRAVEL a special fare offering cheaper prices demand ć Fresh vegetables are in short sup- than the normal APEX ply during the winter. 2. a stock of something supermarket supermarket / supəmɑkit/ noun a which is needed ć The restaurant is running large store, usually selling food, where cus- short of supplies of bread. ć Supplies are tomers serve themselves and pay at a check- running out – we’ll have to order in some out ć You can buy all the food you need in the more stock. í verb to provide something supermarket next to the holiday apartments. which is needed ć The brewery supplies all ć We’ve got no tea left, can you buy some the beer to the hotel. ć This company has the from the supermarket? contract to supply the American Embassy. ć supersaver / supəseivə/ noun an air- He supplies the hotel with cheese or He sup- line, coach, or train ticket that is cheaper than plies cheese to the hotel. (NOTE: You supply the usual price and must usually be bought a someone with something or supply specific amount of time before the date of something to someone. Note also sup- travel plies – supplying – supplied) surcharge superstore stʃɑd superstore / supəstɔ/ noun BUSINESS a surcharge / / noun an extra very large self-service store which sells a amount to pay í verb to ask someone to pay wide range of goods an extra amount surf supervise surf /sf/ noun a line of breaking waves supervise / supəvaiz/ verb to watch along a shore, or the foam from breaking work carefully to see if it is well done ć She waves ć The surf is too rough for children to supervises six girls in the reception area. í supervision bathe. verb to ride on large waves coming supə vi ə n supervision / | ( ) / noun the onto a beach on a surf board ć He goes surf- act of watching work carefully to see if it is ing each weekend. ć It’s too dangerous to go well done ć New staff work under supervi- surfing today. sion for the first three months. ć The cash surface / sfis/ noun the top part of was counted under the supervision of the something ˽ to send a package by surface head cashier. ć She is very experienced and mail to send a package by land or sea, not by can be left to work without any supervision. air supervisor supəvaizə surface transport supervisor / / noun a person surface transport / sfis tr nspɔt/ whose job is making sure that other people noun TRAVEL transport on land or sea surf and turf are working well surf and turf / sf ən tf/ noun CATER- supervisory supervisory / supəvaizəri/ adjective ING a meal, menu, or dish including both sea- involving supervision ć supervisory staff ć food and meat, especially steak and lobster surfboard He works in a supervisory capacity. surfboard / sfbɔd/ noun SPORT a supper supper / spə/ noun CATERING an evening board which you stand or lie on to ride on meal, especially a light informal meal ˽ to breaking waves ć When they went on holiday 303 sweet pepper sustainable development sə they took their surfboards on the roof of the sustainable development /| steinəb ə l di veləpmənt car. ( ) | / noun economic surfboat surfboat / sfbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND development that does not use up too much BOATS a light boat for riding on surf of the earth’s natural resources or cause envi- surfer surfer / sfə/, surf-rider noun SPORT ronmental pollution somebody who surfs swap /swɒp/ noun the exchange of one surfing / sfiŋ/, surf-riding / sfraidiŋ/ thing for another í verb to exchange one noun SPORT the sport of riding on breaking thing for another ć She swapped her old car waves on a board ć Surfing is the most pop- for a new motorcycle. (NOTE: swapping – ular sport in Hawaii. swapped) ˽ they swapped jobs each of ‘…as surfing becomes more popular, competi- them took the other’s job tion to ride the waves has intensified, resulting in swapping / swɒpiŋ/ noun the act of a rising number of violent assaults at beaches worldwide’ [The Sunday Times] exchanging one thing for another sweat surname swet surname / sneim/ noun same as family sweat / / verb CATERING to cook some- name ć Her Christian name or first name is thing in a pan in its own juices with a small Anne, but I don’t know her surname. ć Smith amount of fat or oil until tender swede is the commonest surname in the London tel- swede /swid/ noun VEGETABLES a com- ephone directory. mon vegetable with a round root and yellow surround sə raυnd surround / | / verb to be all round flesh, used mainly in soups and stews something or someone ć When the floods sweet /swit/ adjective not sour, tasting came, the hotel was surrounded by water like sugar ć With the fruit, we ordered a and the guests had to be rescued by boat. ć sweet white wine. ć Just one spoon of sugar The villa is outside the town, surrounded by in my tea – I don’t like it too sweet. í noun vineyards. 1. FOOD a small piece of food made of sugar, surrounding sə raυndiŋ ć surrounding / | / adjective all eaten as a snack She bought a bag of sweets around ć Standing on the terrace, you have a to eat during the film. (NOTE: The US Eng- marvellous view over the surrounding coun- lish is candy.) 2. same as dessert tryside. sweet-and-sour / swit ən saυə/ adjec- surroundings sə raυndiŋz surroundings / | / plural noun tive CATERING cooked in or served with a the area around a place ć The surroundings sauce that has sugar and vinegar among the of the hotel are very peaceful. ingredients survey survey noun / svei/ 1. a general report sweetbread / switbred/ noun the pan- on something ć The Tourist Office has pro- creas or thymus of a calf, lamb, or other duced a survey of local hotels and the facili- young animal soaked, fried, and eaten as ties they offer. 2. the careful examination of a food building to see if it is in good enough condi- sweet chestnut chestnut / swit tʃesnt/ noun ć tion We have asked for a survey of the hotel NUTS an edible chestnut ć roast turkey and before buying it. ć The insurance company is chestnut stuffing carrying out a survey of the damage caused sweet corn swit kɔn by the storm. 3. the work of taking exact sweet corn / / noun VEGETA- í sə vei BLES maize seeds, eaten as a vegetable either measurements of something verb / | / to examine something to see if it is in good removed from or still attached to the cob ć condition sweet corn covered with melted butter sweeten surveyor sə veiə sweeten / swit(ə)n/ verb to make some- surveyor / | / noun somebody who examines buildings to see if they are in good thing taste sweet or sweeter by adding sugar condition or another natural or artificial substance sweetener sushi swit ə nə sushi / suʃi/ noun Japanese FOOD a dish sweetener / ( ) / noun CATERING consisting of rice, various pickles, and raw an artificial substance added to food to make fish, made into little rolls and eaten cold it sweet, e.g. saccharin sweetening sushi bar sushi bar / suʃi bɑ/ noun CATERING a sweetening / swit(ə)niŋ/ noun same as bar where you eat sushi and drink sake sweetener sustainable sə steinəb ə l sweet pepper swit pepə sustainable / | ( ) / adjective sweet pepper / / noun VEGE- not damaging to natural resources, leaving TABLES the fruit of the Capsicum, which can the environment in good condition ć They be green, red or yellow and is eaten cooked make conservatories from sustainable tim- or raw in salads ć We had stuffed green pep- ber. ć The table is made of hardwood from a pers for lunch. Also called pimento, capsi- sustainable source. cum sweet pickles 304
sweet pickles swipe card sweet pickles / swit pik(ə)lz/ plural swipe card / swaip kɑd/ noun a type of noun SAUCES, ETC. pickles made with a lot magnetic key card which you run down a slot of sugar to unlock the door sweet potato Swiss franc account swit pə | teitəυ swis fr ŋk ə sweet potato / / noun Swiss franc account / | VEGETABLES a starchy root vegetable grown kaυnt/ noun FINANCE a bank account in in tropical and subtropical regions Swiss francs COMMENT: Called ‘yams’ in the Southern Swiss roll / swis rəυl/ noun BREAD, ETC. USA; the plant has no connection with the Swiss roll ordinary potato. a cake made by rolling up a thin sheet of sweet trolley sponge cake covered with jam or cream sweet trolley / swit trɒli/ noun CATER- (NOTE: The US English is jelly roll.)
ING same as dessert trolley switch sweet wine switch /switʃ/ verb to change from one sweet wine / swit wain/ noun BEVER- thing to another ć The waiter had switched AGES wine which is sweet, as opposed to dry our glasses by mistake. ć She switched wine ć Are we right to believe that sweet wine must always go with dessert? flights in Montreal and went on to Calgary. í sweltering noun an apparatus for starting or stopping swelt ə riŋ sweltering / ( ) / adjective very an electric current ć The light switch is near hot the bed. swim swim switchboard swim / / SPORT verb to move through switchboard / switʃbɔd/ noun a central water using your arms and legs to make you point in a telephone system, where all inter- í noun go forward a period spent swimming nal and external lines meet ć You should ć Let’s go for a swim before breakfast. phone the switchboard if you want an early swimmer swimmer / swimə/ noun SPORT some- call. body who swims ć One of the swimmers got switchboard operator switʃbɔd into difficulties and was saved by the life- switchboard operator / ɒpəreitə/ noun somebody who works the guard. swimming central telephone system
swimiŋ switch off swimming / / noun SPORT the switʃ ɒf activity of moving in water by using your switch off / / verb to stop a piece arms and legs of electrical equipment working ć Don’t for- swimming baths simiŋ bɑðz get to switch off the air-conditioning when swimming baths / / plural you go to bed. ć The captain has switched off noun ENTERTAINMENT a large building with a the ‘fasten seat belts’ sign. ć public swimming pool The teacher took switch on the whole class to the swimming baths for a switch on / switʃ ɒn/ verb to start a piece swimming lesson. of electrical equipment working ć The cap- swimming costume tain switched on the ‘no smoking’ sign. ć He swimming costume / swimiŋ kɒstjum switched on the air-conditioner. ć When you / noun SPORT a piece of clothing put the light on in the bathroom, the fan worn when swimming. Also called bathing switches on automatically. costume switch over to swimming pool switʃ əυvə tu swimming pool / swimiŋ pul/ noun switch over to / / verb to change to something quite different ć We ENTERTAINMENT an enclosed tank of water have switched over to a French supplier. ć for swimming in ć The hotel has an indoor The hotel has switched over to gas for heat- swimming pool. ć She swam two lengths of the swimming pool. ing. swizzlestick swimming trunks swiz ə lstik swimming trunks / swimiŋ trŋks/ swizzlestick / ( ) / noun BARS a plural noun SPORT shorts worn by a man small stick put into a glass of fizzy drink to when swimming make it less fizzy, or into a cocktail to mix swimsuit swimsut the ingredients swimsuit / / noun SPORT a one- swop piece swimming costume for women and swop /swɒp/ same as swap ć SWOT analysis swɒt ə n ləsis girls She was wearing her blue swimsuit. SWOT analysis / | / noun swing door swing door / swiŋ dɔ/ noun a door MARKETING a method of developing a mar- which is not attached with a catch, and which keting strategy based on an assessment of the is opened by pushing from either side ć Strengths and Weaknesses of the company There is a swing door between the kitchen and the Opportunities and Threats in the and the restaurant. market swipe syllabub swipe /swaip/ verb to put an electronic syllabub / siləbb/ noun DESSERTS a card through a reader by passing it quickly sweet food made of cream whipped with along a groove wine 305 systems analysis
synergy syrup synergy / sinəd i/ noun a process where syrup / sirəp/ noun FOOD a thick sweet liq- greater effects are produced by joining uid ć fruit syrup ć raspberry syrup systems analysis sistəmz ə n ləsis forces than by acting separately systems analysis / | / synthesise synthesise / sinθəsaiz/, synthesize noun BUSINESS use of a computer to analyse verb to produce a substance, especially a the way in which a company works at chemical compound, by combining other present and suggest how it can work more substances efficiently in future (NOTE: The plural form is analyses.) T
tab table tent tab /t b/ noun ˽ to pick up the tab to pay table tent / teib(ə)l tent/ noun CATERING the bill (informal) a folded card advertising special items on the table / teib(ə)l/ noun 1. a piece of furniture menu or special wines, placed on a table in a with a flat top and legs 2. CATERING a piece restaurant tableware of furniture in a restaurant where guests sit to tableware / teib(ə)lweə/ noun CATERING eat ć He asked for a table by the window. ć knives, forks, spoons, plates and other uten- She says she booked a table for six people for sils used on the table (NOTE: There is no plu- 12.30. ˽ at table sitting at a dining table ć ral form.) The last guest arrived when everyone else table wine wine / teib(ə)l wain/ plural noun was at table. 3. a list of figures or facts set BEVERAGES a less expensive wine which is out in columns tablecloth considered suitable for drinking with meals teib ə l klɒθ TAB vaccine tablecloth / ( ) | / noun CATER- TAB vaccine / ti ei bi v ksin/ noun ING a cloth for covering a table during a meal table d’hôte menu MEDICAL a former vaccine which immunised table d’hôte menu / tɑblə dəυt menju against typhoid fever and paratyphoid A and / noun CATERING a menu which has B ć He was given a TAB injection. ć TAB a restricted number of dishes at a single price injections give only temporary immunity for the whole meal ć They chose from the against paratyphoid. table d’hôte menu. Compare à la carte tachograph t kə rɑf menu tachograph / / noun ROAD table lamp teib ə l l mp TRAVEL a device in a truck, which shows table lamp / ( ) / noun a lamp details of distance travelled and time of jour- ć on a table You can use the table lamp if the neys overhead light is too bright. taco table linen taco / t kəυ/ noun FOOD in Mexican cook- table linen / teib(ə)l linin/ noun CATER- ing, a little vegetable omelette which is ING tablecloths, napkins, etc. table mat teib ə l m t rolled round a filling and eaten as a snack table mat / ( ) / noun CATERING Tafelwein t f ə lwain same as placemat ć Put hot dishes on table Tafelwein / ( ) / noun BEVER- mats, not directly on the table itself. AGES a German noun meaning table wine. ı table napkin teib ə l n pkin vin de table table napkin / ( ) / noun tag t CATERING a square piece of cloth used to pro- tag / / noun a label Tageskarte tect clothes and wipe your mouth at meal Tageskarte / t əskɑt/ noun CATERING times a list of special dishes prepared for the day table plan table plan / teib(ə)l pl n/ noun CATER- and not listed in the printed menu. ı carte du ING the layout of the tables in a large room jour (NOTE: Tageskarte comes from the for a function to show where each person is German noun meaning ‘menu of the day’.) tagliatelle t li teli to sit, and to allow for efficient service tagliatelle / | / noun FOOD pasta table service service / teib(ə)l svis/ noun in the form of long narrow ribbons tailback CATERING service by a waiter or waitress to tailback / teilb k/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a people sitting at a restaurant table. Also long line of cars held up by roadworks, an called waiter service accident, etc. ć Because of the crash, there’s table setting setting / teib(ə)l setiŋ/ noun a six-mile tailback on the motorway from CATERING same as place setting junction 4. tablespoon tablespoon / teib(ə)lspun/ noun CATER- tailored / teiləd/ adjective adapted to fit a ING a large spoon for serving food at table particular requirement ć This course is tai- tablespoonful / teib(ə)lspunfυl/ noun lored to the needs of women going back to CATERING the amount contained in a table- work. ć Individually tailored holidays are spoon ć Add two tablespoonfuls of sugar. also available to selected destinations. 307 target tailor-made / teilə meid/ adjective made Indian restaurants to cook tandoori-style to fit particular needs ć a tailor-made all- food tang inclusive 16-day trip tang /t ŋ/ noun CATERING 1. a sharp taste tailwind tailwind / teilwind/ noun TRAVEL a wind or smell ć I love to smell the tang of the sea. blowing from behind a ship or aircraft ć The 2. a piece of flat metal which forms the cen- flight will be slightly early because of a tail- tre of the handle of a knife tangerine t nd ə rin wind across the Atlantic. tangerine / | / noun FRUIT a take take /teik/ noun BUSINESS money received small orange with soft skin which peels eas- from customers in a shop, restaurant, etc. í ily ć There was a bowl of tangerines on the verb 1. to carry something to another place table. 2. ˽ to take place to happen ć The reception tangible assets assets / t nd ib(ə)l sets/ will take place on Saturday. 3. to eat or to plural noun BUSINESS assets which have a drink usually ć Do you take sugar in your value and actually exist, such as buildings, tea? (NOTE: taking – took – has taken) machines and fittings takeaway takeaway / teikəwei/ noun, adjective tank /t ŋk/ noun a large, usually metal CATERING (informal) 1. a shop where you can container for liquids buy cooked food to eat somewhere else ć tanned /t nd/ adjective made brown by There’s an Indian takeaway round the cor- the sun ć My white legs looked out of place ner. 2. a hot meal which you buy to eat at among all the tanned bodies on the beach. home ć We had a Chinese takeaway for sup- tap tap /t p/ noun an apparatus with a twisting per. ć We can phone for a takeaway pizza. knob or lever and a valve which allows liquid (NOTE: The US English is takeout.) take-home pay teik həυm pei to come out of a pipe or container (NOTE: In take-home pay / / noun Britain, the hot tap is usually on the right, BUSINESS pay left after tax and insurance and the cold tap on the left, but in other have been deducted countries they are often the other way take off take off / teik ɒf/ verb 1. to remove or to round.) ˽ cold tap, hot tap a tap which pro- deduct ć He took £25 off the price. 2. (of a duces cold or hot water ˽ to turn a tap on to plane) to start to rise from the ground into allow water to run ˽ to turn a tap off to stop the air ć The plane took off ten minutes late. water running 3. ˽ she took the day off she decided not to tapas tapas / t p s/ noun CATERING small work for the day takeoff plates of snacks such as fried squid, olives, takeoff / teikɒf/ noun (of a plane) the pro- cheese etc., served with beer or wine cedure where an aircraft runs along a runway tapas bar tapas bar / t pəs bɑ/ noun BARS a bar and rises from the ground into the air ć The where the speciality is serving tapas hostess will serve drinks shortly after take- tape measure teip me ə off. tape measure / / noun a metal ‘…a queue of planes at takeoff delayed our or plastic ribbon with centimetres and inches departure by ten minutes’ [Business Traveller] marked on it, used to measure how long takeout takeout / teikaυt/ noun US CATERING something is taphouse same as takeaway taphouse / t phaυs/ noun BARS an inn, takings takings / teikiŋz/ plural noun BUSINESS bar, public house or other place serving alco- money received from customers in a shop, hol taproom restaurant or hotel ć The day’s takings were taproom / t prum/ noun BARS a bar in a stolen from the cash desk. place such as a hotel or pub tap water tall drink tall drink / tɔl driŋk/ noun BEVERAGES an tap water / t p wɔtə/ noun water which alcoholic drink served with more ice and comes from the mains and not from a well or mixer and in a taller glass than a highball bottle ć Can I have a carafe of water, please? tan tan /t n/ noun same as suntan ć She got a – ordinary tap water will do. taramasalata t rəməsə lɑtə tan from spending each day on the beach. taramasalata / | / noun tandoori t n dυəri FOOD a creamy pink or beige paste made tandoori / | / noun CATERING a method of Indian cooking using a special from smoked fish roe, usually served in the oven, or food cooked in this way ć a tan- form of a pâté or dip as an appetiser or snack target doori restaurant ć tandoori chicken target / tɑ it/ noun something to aim for COMMENT: Food is usually marinated in ˽ to set targets to fix amounts or sales which yoghurt and spices, then cooked in a tradi- employees have to reach ˽ to meet a target tional clay oven called a ‘tandoor’. to produce the sales which are expected ˽ to tandoori oven t n dυəri v ə n tandoori oven / | ( ) / noun miss a target not to produce the sales which CATERING a traditional clay oven used in are expected í verb to aim to sell to someone target market 308 ˽ to target a market to aim to sell to a par- things you eat, using the tongue 2. the fla- ticular market vour of a food or drink ć The soup has no ‘…many pub chains are also targeting their menu taste. ć The pudding has a funny taste. ć This offer to appeal to children in an attempt to com- wine has a taste of raspberries. í verb 1. to pete in the family market with the ever-popular sense the flavour of something ć The chef hamburger chains’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] ć target market tastes each dish to check the sauces. Would tɑ it mɑkit target market / / noun you like a piece of cheese to taste? 2. to have MARKETING the market to which a company a flavour ć This soup tastes of onions. ć The is planning to sell its products or services pudding tastes very good. tariff t rif tariff / / noun HOTELS the rate of COMMENT: The taste buds can tell the dif- charging for electricity, hotel rooms, train ference between salt, sour, bitter and tickets, etc. ć The new winter tariff will be sweet tastes. The buds on the tip of the introduced next week. tongue identify salt and sweet tastes, tariff barriers t rif b riəz those on the sides of the tongue identify tariff barriers / / plural sour, and those at the back of the mouth noun BUSINESS customs duty intended to the bitter tastes. Note that most of what we make imports more difficult ć to impose tar- think of as taste is in fact smell, and this is iff barriers on or to lift tariff barriers from a why when someone has a cold and a product blocked nose, food seems to lose its taste. tarmac taste buds tarmac / tɑm k/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a taste buds / teist bdz/ plural noun cells hard road surface made of tar mixed with on the tongue which enable you to tell differ- small stones ć The sun was so hot, the tar- ences in flavour tasteless mac was starting to melt. 2. AIR TRAVEL a tasteless / teistləs/ adjective CATERING runway in an airport ć The snow ploughs with no particular flavour were working flat out to clear the snow from taste panel teist p n ə l the tarmac. taste panel / ( ) / noun a tarragon t rə ən number of people who taste food to assess its tarragon / / noun SAUCES, ETC. a quality herb used in cooking, often to flavour taster teistə chicken taster / / noun CATERING 1. some- tarragon vinegar body who tastes food or drink to see if it is tarragon vinegar / t rə ən vini ə/ good ć A panel of tasters tried the new line noun SAUCES, ETC. vinegar flavoured with of cakes. ć She is chief taster for a tea com- tarragon, made by putting leaves of the plant pany. 2. a small piece of food which is eaten in vinegar for a few weeks tart tɑt to see how it tastes tart / / noun FOOD a pastry case usually tasting teistiŋ filled with sweet food, but sometimes also tasting / / noun an event at which savoury ć jam tart ć cheese tart í adjective people taste different kinds of food or wine tasty CATERING bitter in flavour ć These apples tasty / teisti/ adjective CATERING with a are very tart. particular pleasant flavour tartare tavern tɑ tɑ t v ə n tartare / | / adjective steak tartare tavern / ( ) / noun BARS an inn or pub- tartare sauce sauce / tɑtə sɔs/ noun lic house (old name) taverna tə vnə SAUCES, ETC. a sauce made of mayonnaise taverna / | / noun 1. CATERING a and chopped pickles, served with fish. Also Greek restaurant 2. TOURISM (in Greece) a called sauce tartare guesthouse with a bar, often also serving tarte tarte /tɑt/ noun DESSERTS a French noun meals tax meaning open tart tax /t ks/ noun 1. money taken by the gov- tarte tatin tarte tatin / tɑ t t n/ noun DESSERTS ernment or by an official body to pay for an apple tart, cooked upside down, made of government services 2. ˽ to levy a tax, to sliced apples cooked in butter with the pastry impose a tax to demand payment of a tax ˽ on top, then reversed in the serving dish to lift a tax to remove a tax ˽ tax deducted tartlet tartlet / tɑtlət/ noun FOOD a little tart at source tax which is removed from a salary tartrazine tartrazine / tɑtrəzin/ noun CATERING a or interest before the money is paid out í yellow substance added to food to give it an verb 1. to make someone pay a tax ć to tax attractive colour businesses at 50% 2. to impose a tax on COMMENT: Although widely used, tartra- something ć Income is taxed at 35%. ć Lux- zine provokes reactions in some children ury items are heavily taxed. ȣ tax deduc- and hypersensitive people and is banned tions US 1. money removed from a salary to in some countries. pay tax 2. business expenses which can be taste taste /teist/ noun 1. the sense by which claimed against tax ȣ tax exemption US 1. you can tell differences of flavour between the state of not being required to pay tax 2. 309 tea
tax holiday part of income which a person is allowed to tax holiday / t ks hɒlidei/ noun BUSI- earn and not pay tax on NESS the period when a new company pays taxable taxable / t ksəb(ə)l/ adjective BUSINESS no tax taxi liable to tax taxi / t ksi/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a car which taxable income income / t ksəb(ə)l inkm/ takes people from one place to another for noun BUSINESS income on which a person money ć He took a taxi to the airport. ć has to pay tax Where can we get a taxi to take us to the taxable items items / t ksəb(ə)l aitəmz/ plu- beach? Also called cab í verb (of an air- ral noun BUSINESS things on which a tax has craft) to go along the ground before takeoff to be paid or after landing ć The aircraft taxied out tax adjustments t ks ə d stmənts onto the runway. ȣ taxi fare 1. the price to tax adjustments / | / plural noun BUSINESS changes made to tax be paid for a journey in a taxi 2. a passenger tax adviser t ks əd vaizə in a taxi tax adviser / | /, tax con- taxicab t ks kən sltənt taxicab, taxi cab noun same as taxi sultant / | / noun BUSINESS taxi driver somebody who gives advice on tax problems taxi driver / t ksi draivə/ noun ROAD tax allowance t ks ə laυəns TRAVEL somebody who drives a taxi ć The tax allowance / | / noun taxi driver helped me with my luggage. BUSINESS a part of a person’s income which taxi fare he or she is allowed to earn and not pay tax taxi fare / t ksi feə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1. on the price to be paid for a journey in a taxi 2. tax avoidance t ks ə vɔid ə ns a passenger in a taxi | tax avoidance / ( ) / noun tax inspector t ks in spektə BUSINESS legal efforts to minimise the tax inspector / | / noun amount of tax to be paid. Compare tax eva- BUSINESS a government official who exam- sion ines tax returns and decides how much tax tax code t ks kəυd someone should pay tax code / / noun BUSINESS a taxi rank t ksi r ŋk number given to indicate the amount of tax taxi rank / / noun ROAD allowances a person has TRAVEL a place where taxis wait in line for tax concession t ks kən seʃ ə n customers ć There’s a taxi rank just outside tax concession / | ( ) / the hotel. noun BUSINESS a measure that allows less taxiway t ksiwei tax to be paid taxiway / / noun AIR TRAVEL a tax credit lane across an airport along which aircraft tax credit / t ks kredit/ noun FINANCE the part of a dividend on which the company can taxi ‘…a taxiway leads aircraft to Terminal 2 which has already paid tax, so that the shareholder has a large parking area at its northern end’ is not taxed on it again [Airliner World] tax declaration t ks deklə reiʃ ə n tax relief tax declaration / | ( ) / t ks ri lif tax relief / | / noun BUSINESS noun BUSINESS same as tax return measures to allow people not to pay tax on tax-deductible t ks di dktib ə l tax-deductible / | ( ) / parts of their income adjective BUSINESS deducted from an tax return t ks ri tn tax return / | / noun BUSINESS income before tax is paid a completed tax form, with details of income tax deductions t ks di dkʃənz tax deductions / | / plu- and allowances. Also called tax declaration tax year ral noun US 1. money removed from a salary tax year / t ks jiə/ noun BUSINESS a to pay tax 2. business expenses which can be twelve-month period on which taxes are cal- claimed against tax culated. Also called fiscal year tax evasion t ks i vei ə n T-bar tax evasion / | ( ) / noun BUSI- T-bar / ti bɑ/ noun SPORT a type of ski-lift NESS illegal efforts not to pay tax. Compare where two skiers hold onto a T-shaped bar, tax avoidance one on each side, to be pulled up a slope tax form tax form / t ks fɔm/ noun BUSINESS a T-bone steak steak / ti bəυn steik/ noun blank form to be filled in with details of MEAT a thick slice of beef cut from the rib income and allowances and sent to the tax and having a bone shaped like a T in it tea office each year tea /ti/ noun 1. BEVERAGES a hot drink tax-free tax-free / t ks fri/ adjective BUSINESS made by pouring boiling water onto the dried on which tax does not have to be paid ć Chil- leaves of an Asian plant ć a cup of tea ć To dren’s clothes are tax-free. ć She bought the make tea, you need freshly boiled water. 2. watch tax-free at the airport. BEVERAGES the dried leaves of an Asian tax haven tax haven / t ks heiv(ə)n/ noun BUSI- plant used to make a hot drink ć Buy a pound NESS a place where taxes are low, encourag- of tea. ć You put the tea into the pot before ing companies to set up their main offices adding the hot water. 3. BEVERAGES the dried there leaves or flowers of other plants, used to teabag 310 make a drink ć camomile tea ć mint tea 4. ć Hurry up, it’ll soon be teatime! ć The chil- CATERING a meal taken in the afternoon, usu- dren’s TV programmes are on at teatime. ı tea trolley ally between 4 and 5 o’clock. cream tea, tea trolley / ti trɒli/ noun CATERING a high tea table on wheels for carrying food COMMENT: Tea is the most common drink technology tek nɒləd i in Britain, although coffee is becoming technology / | / noun the appli- almost as popular as tea. There are two cation of scientific knowledge to industrial main types of tea: Indian tea (black tea, processes usually mixed in various blends) and Chi- ‘European hotels invest more than £150m a year nese tea (or China tea) which is green. on interactive guest room technology’ [Caterer Chinese tea is never served with milk. In & Hotelkeeper] Britain, Indian tea is usually served with tel milk. In the USA and Canada, tea is also tel abbreviation telephone telegram served with cream. telegram / teli r m/ noun a message sent teabag teabag / tib / noun CATERING a small by telegraph ć He went into the post office to paper bag full of tea which is put into a cup, send a telegram. ć We sent a telegram to my or into the pot instead of loose tea ć I don’t grandmother on her birthday. like weak tea – put another teabag in the pot. telephone telifəυn tea break ti breik telephone / / noun a machine tea break / / noun ENTERTAIN- used for speaking to someone who is a long MENT a short rest time during work when the way away ć We had a new telephone system employees can drink tea or coffee installed last week. (NOTE: The word tele- teacake teacake / tikeik/ noun BREAD, ETC. a type phone is often shortened to phone: phone of bun with raisins in it, usually eaten toasted call, phone book, etc., but not in the with butter ć We ordered toasted teacakes. expressions telephone switchboard, tele- tea ceremony tea ceremony / ti seriməni/ noun phone operator, telephone exchange.) ˽ ENTERTAINMENT the formal serving of tea, to be on the telephone to be speaking to especially in Japan someone by telephone ć The receptionist is teacup teacup / tikp/ noun a large cup for tea ć on the telephone all the time. ć She’s on the She put the teacups and saucers on a tray. telephone at the moment. Can I take a mes- tea garden tea garden / ti ɑd(ə)n/ noun ENTER- sage? ˽ by telephone using the telephone ć TAINMENT an outdoor place for having tea He wanted to book his plane ticket by tele- tea party ˽ tea party / ti pɑti/ noun ENTERTAIN- phone. ć We reserved a room by telephone. MENT a small gathering in the afternoon house telephone, internal telephone a tele- where tea may be drunk phone which links different rooms in a hotel, teapot ˽ teapot / tipɒt/ noun a special pot with a but is not connected to an outside line to make a telephone call to dial and speak to handle and spout for making tea in and for ˽ serving it ć Put two teabags into the teapot someone on the telephone to answer the and add boiling water. telephone, to take a telephone call to lift tearoom the telephone when it rings and listen to what tearoom / tirum/, teashop / tiʃɒp/ the caller is saying í verb ˽ to telephone a noun CATERING a small restaurant which person, a place to call someone or a place by serves mainly tea, coffee, sandwiches, telephone ć We telephoned the reservation scones and cakes ć There’s a tearoom through to the hotel. ć The travel agent tele- attached to the baker’s shop. ć Our village phoned to say that the tickets are ready for teashop has the best chocolate cake I’ve ever collection. ć It’s very expensive to telephone tasted. ˽ teaspoon tispun Singapore at this time of day. to telephone teaspoon / / noun 1. a small about something to make a telephone call to ć spoon for stirring tea or other liquid Can speak about something ć He telephoned you bring me a teaspoon, please? 2. same as about the bill. ˽ to telephone for something teaspoonful ć I take one teaspoon of sugar to make a telephone call to ask for something in my coffee. ć teaspoonful He telephoned for a taxi. teaspoonful / tispunfυl/ noun the telephone booking / telifəυn bυkiŋ/ amount contained in a teaspoon ć Put a tea- telephone booking spoonful of salt into the pan. noun HOTELS a booking made by phone for tea strainer ti streinə something such as a room in a hotel, a table tea strainer / / noun CATERING in a restaurant etc. a small sieve, which fits over a tea cup, used telephone booth to prevent tea leaves from getting into the telephone booth / telifəυn buð/ noun cup a small cabin for a public telephone teatime titaim telephone call teli fəυn kɔl teatime / / noun CATERING the time telephone call / | / noun a when tea is served, between 4 and 5.30 p.m. conversation with someone on the telephone 311 tennis court telephone check-in check-in / telifəυn tʃek in/ What is the temperature in the sauna? ć The noun AIR TRAVEL a check-in made by phon- sea temperature is 18° in the summer. 2. an ing the airline, usually only available to pas- illness where your body is hotter than normal tempura temp pjυərə sengers with hand baggage tempura / | / noun FOOD a Jap- telephone directory telifəυn dai telephone directory / | anese dish of vegetables or seafood coated in rekt(ə)ri/ noun same as phone book ć She light batter and deep-fried tenant looked up the number of the company in the tenant / tenənt/ noun BUSINESS somebody telephone directory. who rents or leases premises from a landlord telephone exchange telifəυn iks tenanted pub telephone exchange / | tenəntid pb tʃeind tenanted pub / / noun / noun a central office where the tel- BARS a pub which is owned by a brewery and ephones of a whole district are linked where the manager is a tenant of the brewery telephone kiosk telifəυn kiɒsk tender telephone kiosk / / tender / tendə/ noun 1. an offer to work noun a shelter with a public telephone in it for a particular price ˽ to put a project out telephone line telephone line / telifəυn lain/ noun a to tender, to ask for, to invite tenders for a wire along which telephone messages travel project to ask contractors to give written telephone link teli fəυn liŋk ˽ telephone link / | / noun a estimates for a job to put in a tender, to direct line from one telephone to another. submit a tender to make an estimate for a Also called phone link job 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a small boat used to telephone number number / telifəυn nmbə/ take passengers and cargo to a ship which is noun a number which you dial to speak to a not moored alongside a quay í verb 1. ˽ to particular person on the telephone ć Can you tender for a contract to put forward an esti- give me your telephone number? mate of cost for work to be carried out under telephone order telifəυn ɔdə contract ć to tender for the construction of a telephone order / / plural ˽ noun an order received over the telephone hotel 2. to tender one’s resignation to í telephone subscriber telifəυn səb resign from one’s job adjective CATERING telephone subscriber / | skraibə easy to cut or chew, not tough ć a plate of / noun somebody who has a tele- tender young asparagus ć The steak was so phone tender, you hardly needed a knife to cut it. telephone switchboard telephone switchboard / telifəυn tenderer tendərə switʃbɔd tenderer / / noun BUSINESS a per- / noun a central point in a tele- son or company which offers to work for an phone system, where internal and external agreed price ć The company was the suc- lines meet telephonist cessful tenderer for the project. tə lefənist tendering telephonist / | / noun somebody tendəriŋ who works a telephone switchboard. Also tendering / / noun BUSINESS the act of putting forward an estimate of cost ć called operator 2 television teli vi ə n To be successful, you must follow the tender- television / | ( ) / noun 1. ENTER- ing procedure as laid out in the documents. TAINMENT a system for broadcasting pictures tenderise tendəraiz by radio waves. Abbr TV 2. the pictures tenderise / /, tenderize verb broadcast in this way ć He stayed in his room CATERING to make meat tender by beating it, all evening, watching television. 3. same as soaking it in a marinade, or sprinkling it with television set ć Is there a television in the a special substance tenderiser room? tenderiser / tendəraizə/, tenderizer television set teli vi ə n set noun CATERING a substance sprinkled on television set / | ( ) / noun ENTERTAINMENT a piece of electrical equip- meat to break down its fibres and make it ment which shows pictures broadcast by tel- more tender tenderloin evision ć My father has bought a new televi- tenderloin / tendərlɔin/ noun MEAT a fil- sion set or a new TV. let of pork, cut from the backbone temperance tennis temperance / temp(ə)rəns/ noun the tennis / tenis/ noun SPORT a game for two practice of not drinking alcohol players or two pairs of players who use rack- temperance hotel temp ə rəns həυ temperance hotel / ( ) | ets to hit a ball backwards and forwards over tel/ noun HOTELS a hotel which does not a net ć Let’s have a game of tennis before serve alcohol dinner. ć She plays tennis every day when temperate / temp(ə)rət/ adjective neither she is on holiday. tennis ball very hot nor very cold tennis ball / tenis bɔl/ noun SPORT a ball temperature / tempritʃə/ noun 1. a used when playing tennis tennis court measurement of heat in degrees ć The tem- tennis court / tenis kɔt/ noun SPORT a perature outside is below 30° Centigrade. ć specially marked ground for playing tennis tennis racket 312
tennis racket tennis racket / tenis r kit/ noun SPORT tion and to give everybody the same terms of a type of bat with a long handle and a head employment’ [The Economist] terrace made of mesh, used when playing tennis terrace / terəs/ noun a flat outdoor area tennis shoes shoes / tenis ʃuz/ plural noun which is raised above another area ć The guests had cocktails on the terrace before SPORT special shoes worn when playing ten- nis going into dinner. terrazzo tent tə r tsəυ tent /tent/ noun a canvas shelter held up by terrazzo / | / noun a floor covering poles and attached to the ground with pegs material made of small pieces of marble set and ropes ˽ to pitch a tent to put up a tent in cement and then polished terrine tequila tə rin ti kilə terrine / | / noun FOOD a coarse pâté or tequila / | / noun BEVERAGES a strong Mexican spirit made by redistilling the fer- similar cold food cooked and sometimes mented juice of the agave plant served in a small dish with a tight-fitting lid terrorism teriyaki teri jɑki terrorism / terəriz(ə)m/ noun violent acts teriyaki / | / noun FOOD a Japanese dish consisting of grilled shellfish or meat such as kidnapping and bombing carried out brushed with a marinade of soy sauce, sugar, for political purposes tertiary industry and rice wine tertiary industry / tʃəri indəstri/ term /tm/ noun 1. a period of time ˽ in noun BUSINESS same as service industry tertiary sector the long term over a long period of time ˽ in tertiary sector / tʃəri sektə/ noun a the short term in the near future, quite soon section of the economy containing the serv- 2. ˽ cash terms lower terms which apply if ice industries TexMex teks meks the customer pays cash ˽ ‘terms: cash with TexMex / | / adjective CATERING order’ conditions of sale showing that pay- referring to the Texan and Mexican style of ment has to be made in cash when the order American cooking, based on steaks, barbe- is placed ˽ on favourable terms on espe- cued meat and Mexican dishes such as chilli cially good terms ć The shop is let on very and tortillas favourable terms. 3. part of a legal or univer- texture / tekstʃə/ noun (of food) the qual- sity year. ı terms ity in the structure of a food that makes it terminal terminal / tmin(ə)l/ noun TRAVEL a firm or soft or rough or smooth ć This bread building situated at the beginning or end of a has a light texture. ć Flavour and texture are transport route, with facilities for handling conserved by slow gentle cooking and then passengers or freight fast freezing. textured vegetable protein terminal building building / tmin(ə)l bildiŋ/ textured vegetable protein / tekstʃəd noun AIR TRAVEL same as airport terminal ved təb(ə)l prəυtin/ noun FOOD a sub- terminate / tmineit/ verb to bring stance made from processed soya beans or something to an end ć to terminate an agree- other vegetables, used as a substitute for ment ć his employment was terminated ć meat thalassotherapy θ l sə θerəpi The offer terminates on July 31st. ć The thalassotherapy / | / noun flight from Paris terminates in New York. a type of physiotherapy where the patients terminus terminus / tminəs/ noun TRAVEL a sta- are put in hot seawater baths or are encour- tion at the end of a railway line, or a point at aged to swim in the sea ć a large thalasso- the end of a regular route of a bus or a coach therapy spa near Bordeaux Compare hydro- (NOTE: The plural form is termini or termi- therapy Thanksgiving θ ŋks iviŋ nuses.) Thanksgiving / | / noun terms terms /tmz/ plural noun BUSINESS condi- ENTERTAINMENT an American festival cele- tions or duties which have to be carried out brating the first harvest of the pilgrims who as part of a contract, arrangements which settled in the United States, celebrated on the have to be agreed before a contract is valid ć fourth Thursday in November ć All the fam- to negotiate for better terms ć He refused to ily will be here for Thanksgiving. agree to some of the terms of the contract. ć COMMENT: The traditional menu for By or Under the terms of the contract, the Thanksgiving dinner is roast turkey with cranberry sauce, followed by pumpkin pie. company is responsible for all damage to the thaw θɔ property. ˽ terms of payment, payment thaw / / verb to melt something which is terms conditions for paying something ˽ frozen theatre terms of sale conditions attached to a sale ˽ theatre / θiətə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a terms of employment conditions set out in building in which plays and shows are per- a contract of employment formed ć We’ll have dinner early and then ‘…companies have been improving communica- go to the theatre. (NOTE: The US spelling is tions, often as part of deals to cut down demarca- theater. Note also that in US English, 313 throughput theater is also used to refer to a building – the thermometer reading was –25° at 6 where films are shown: in British English, a.m. this is a cinema.) Thermos flask flask, Thermos noun a trade- theatre bookings theatre bookings / θiətə bυkiŋz/ plural mark for a vacuum flask ć We took Ther- noun ENTERTAINMENT the numbers of seats moses of hot coffee to drink when we went in theatres which are reserved cross-country skiing. theatregoer θiətə əυə third and fourth freedoms θd ən theatregoer / | / noun ENTER- third and fourth freedoms / TAINMENT somebody who goes to the theatre fɔθ fridəmz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL the ć Shaftesbury Avenue was full of theatrego- right of an aircraft to land passengers or mail ers trying to find taxis. (NOTE: The US spell- and the right to pick up passengers or mail ing is theatergoer.) third party party / θd pɑti/ noun any person theatre seat theatre seat / θiətə sit/ noun ENTER- other than the two main parties involved in a TAINMENT a place to see a play or a show contract theatre ticket θiətə tikit third-party insurance θd pɑti in theatre ticket / / noun ENTER- third-party insurance / | TAINMENT a ticket which allows you a seat in ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE insurance which a theatre covers injury to or death of any person who theft theft /θeft/ noun the crime of stealing ć We is not one of the people named in the insur- have brought in security guards to protect ance contract Third World the hotel against theft. ć They are trying to Third World / θd wld/ noun the cut their losses from theft by members of countries of Africa, Asia and South America staff. which do not have highly developed indus- theme /θim/ noun the main subject of a tries and where people are generally poor ć book or article We sell tractors into the Third World or to themed /θimd/ adjective having a special Third World countries. ć Some Third World theme ć The hotel offers 18 individually countries have asked for their debts to be themed rooms. rescheduled. thirsty theme park θsti theme park / θim pɑk/ noun ENTER- thirsty / / adjective wanting to drink ć TAINMENT an amusement park based on a sin- Running around on the beach makes me gle theme ć A visit to the theme park is thirsty. thirty-day visa included in the package tour. thirty-day visa / θti dei vizə/ noun a therapeutic θerə pjutik visa which allows you to stay in a country for therapeutic / | / adjective MEDICAL given in order to cure or ease a dis- 30 days Thousand Island dressing order or disease ć Massage of the back may Thousand Island dressing be therapeutic in some cases. / θaυz(ə)nd ailənd dresiŋ/ noun SAUCES, therapy therapy / θerəpi/ noun MEDICAL the treat- ETC. a type of salad dressing made with may- ment of a person to help cure a disease or dis- onnaise and chopped pimento, with chilli order ć They use heat therapy to treat mus- sauce, ketchup and paprika thriving cular problems. thriving / θraiviŋ/ adjective doing well, thermal / θm(ə)l/ adjective referring to lively, healthy ć a thriving seaside resort thrombosis θrɒm bəυsis heat thrombosis / | / noun MEDICAL thermal baths baths / θm(ə)l bɑθs/ plural the blocking of an artery or vein by a mass of noun ENTERTAINMENT baths of naturally hot coagulated blood water ‘…the association between deep vein thrombosis thermal resort (DVT) – a blood clot in the calf vein – and long- thermal resort, thermal spa noun TOUR- haul flights has long been recognised’ [Wander- ISM a place where people go for treatment lust] using naturally hot water or mud throng /θrɒŋ/ noun a great crowd of people thermal spring thermal spring / θm(ə)l spriŋ/ noun ć throngs of Christmas shoppers í verb to ENTERTAINMENT a spring of naturally hot crowd together ć Crowds thronged the water coming out of the ground streets during the fiesta. ć The shopping pre- thermometer θə mɒmitə thermometer / | / noun an cinct was thronged with shoppers in the days instrument for measuring temperature ć Put before Christmas. through the thermometer in your mouth – I want to through /θru/ adjective TRAVEL going to take your temperature. ć The thermometer the final terminus throughput outside shows 20°. throughput / θrupυt/ noun BUSINESS the thermometer reading θə mɒmitə thermometer reading / | amount of work done, number of passengers ridiŋ/ noun the figure for the temperature who pass through or number of customers given on a thermometer ć It’s a cold morning served through ticket 314 ‘…the peak times the departure lounge can be ticket counter counter / tikit kaυntə/ noun busy but the throughput of passengers is swift’ TRAVEL a place where tickets are sold [Airliner World] ticketing agent through ticket ticketing agent / tikitiŋ eid ənt/ noun through ticket / θru tikit/ noun TRAVEL TRAVEL an agent who is authorised to issue a ticket which allows you to travel to your tickets, e.g. for travel by long-distance coach final destination, even though you may ticket office tikit ɒfis change trains or planes en route ticket office / / noun TOURISM throughway θruwei an office where tickets can be bought, either throughway / /, thruway noun for travel or for theatres or other places of US ROAD TRAVEL a main road with few entertainment entrances and exits (NOTE: The British Eng- tidal tidal / taid(ə)l/ adjective referring to the lish is motorway.) ˽ thumb θm ˽ tide tidal stretch of the river part of the thumb / / verb to thumb a lift to ask river near its mouth where the movement of a car driver or truck driver to take you as a the tides is noticeable passenger, usually by signalling with the tide tide /taid/ noun the regular rising and fall- thumb or by holding a sign with your desti- ˽ nation written on it ing movement of the sea high tide, low thunder tide points when the level of the sea is at its θndə thunder / / noun a loud noise in the highest or at its lowest air following a flash of lightning ć a tropical tide tables tide tables / taid teib(ə)lz/ plural noun storm accompanied by thunder and lightning lists which show exactly when high and low ć He was woken by the sound of thunder. thunderstorm tide is at particular points on the coast θndəstɔm tie thunderstorm / / noun a tie /tai/ noun 1. a band of cloth which is storm with rain, thunder and lightning ć worn knotted round the neck under the shirt There was a terrible thunderstorm last night collar ć You have to wear a jacket and tie to and our house was struck by lightning. ć get into the restaurant. 2. BARS a system by Don’t shelter under a tree during a thunder- which a pub belongs to a brewery and the storm. landlord is obliged to buy his or her beer thyme thyme /taim/ noun SAUCES, ETC. same as from that brewery ć The lease will be subject common thyme to a full tie on beer and ciders only. í verb to tick tick /tik/ noun 1. credit (informal) ć All the attach something with string, rope or twine ć furniture in the house is bought on tick. 2. a He tied the parcel with thick string. ć She mark written to show that something is cor- tied two labels onto the parcel. ˽ to tie up (of rect ć If you want a receipt, put a tick in the a boat) to be attached by a rope to the quay tied house box marked ‘R’. (NOTE: The US English for tied house / taid haυs/ noun BARS a pub this is check.) 3. MEDICAL a tiny parasite which belongs to a brewery and is let to a which sucks blood from the skin í verb to tenant landlord who is obliged to buy his or mark with a sign to show that something is her beer from the brewery correct ć The form is very easy to fill in – all tie-on label label / tai ɒn leib(ə)l/ noun a label you have to do is tick the boxes. with a piece of string attached so that it can ticket / tikit/ noun 1. a piece of paper be tied onto an item tiger prawn which allows you to go into a place, e.g. a tiger prawn / tai ə prɔn/ noun SEAFOOD cinema or an exhibition 2. a piece of paper or a very large type of prawn ć tight card which allows you to travel train ticket tight /tait/ adjective fitting closely ć My or bus ticket or plane ticket 3. a piece of shoes hurt – they’re too tight. ć A biscuit tin paper which shows something í verb to should have a tight-fitting lid. ˽ a tight issue tickets ć The new ticketing system has schedule a schedule where many meetings been operative since June 1st. are very close together ć The group has a ticket agency ticket agency / tikit eid ənsi/ noun very tight schedule today and is due to leave ENTERTAINMENT a shop which sells theatre by coach for the airport in thirty minutes’ tickets time. ticket booth tikka ticket booth / tikit buð/ noun TOURISM tikka / tikə/ noun FOOD a type of Indian a small cabin out of doors where entrance cooking done in a hot clay oven with red tickets, theatre tickets, bus tickets, etc., are curry sauce ć We ordered chicken tikka and sold rice. ticket collector tikit kə lektə time taim ticket collector / | / noun time / / noun 1. the period that is RAIL TRAVEL somebody at a railway station needed for something to take place, e.g. one who takes the tickets from passengers as hour, two days, fifty minutes 2. the hour of they get off the train the day, e.g. 9.00, 12.15, ten o’clock at night 315 toad-in-the-hole ć The time of arrival or arrival time is indi- happen ć You are timetabled to speak at cated on the screen. ć Departure times are 4.30. delayed by up to fifteen minutes because of time zone zone / taim zəυn/ noun one of 24 the volume of traffic. ˽ on time at the right areas in the world in which the same stand- time ć The plane was on time. ć You will ard time is used, divided by meridians have to hurry if you want to get to the meet- roughly every 15° ing on time or if you want to be on time for tin tin ˽ tin / / noun a metal container in which the meeting. opening time, closing time food or another substance is sold and can be the time when a shop or office starts or stops kept for a long time (NOTE: The US English work, when a pub opens or closes 3. a system is can.) ˽ biscuit tin ˽ a tin with a tight-fitting of hours on the clock 4. hours worked the lid for keeping biscuits in restaurant staff are paid time and a half tinfoil tinfoil / tinfɔil/ noun CATERING a thin sheet on Sundays they are paid the usual rate plus of aluminium, used to cover food ć Wrap the 50% extra when they work on Sundays 5. a ˽ salmon in tinfoil and place in the oven. to keep tinned period before something happens tind within the time limits, within the time tinned / / adjective prepared in a tin, schedule to complete work by the time and kept until use ć Tinned food will keep for stated longer than frozen food. tin-opener time and method study tin əυp ə nə time and method study / taim ən tin-opener / ( ) / noun a device ć meθəd stdi/ noun BUSINESS an examina- for opening tins We took several tins of tion of the way in which something is done soup with us when we went camping, but for- to see if a cheaper or quicker way can be got the tin opener! (NOTE: The US English is found can-opener.) tip time and motion expert tip time and motion expert / taim ən tip / / noun 1. money given to someone ć məυʃ(ə)n ekspt/ noun BUSINESS some- who has helped you I gave the cab driver body who analyses time and motion studies a 50-cent tip. ć The staff are not allowed to and suggests changes in the way work is accept tips. Also called gratuity 2. a piece of done advice on something to buy or to do which time and motion study could be profitable ć He gave me a tip about time and motion study / taim ən a cheap restaurant just round the corner məυʃ(ə)n stdi/ noun BUSINESS an exam- from the hotel. í verb to give money to ination of how long it takes to do particular someone who has helped you ć He tipped jobs and of the movements employees have the waitress £5. (NOTE: tipping – tipped) to make to do them tip credit time difference tip credit / tip kredit/ noun BUSINESS time difference / taim dif(ə)rəns/ noun money removed from an employee’s pay the difference in time between one time zone because he or she receives tips from custom- and another ć There is a four-hour time dif- ers ference between Moscow and London. tipping time limit tipping / tipiŋ/ noun the act of giving time limit / taim limit/ noun the period money to someone who has helped you ć during which something should be done timeshare Tipping is not allowed in Singapore. timeshare / taimʃeə/, time sharing TIR TIR abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL Transports noun TOURISM an arrangement where a share Internationaux Routiers in the same flat or house is sold to several tiramisu tirəmi su people, each having the right to stay in it for tiramisu / | / noun DESSERTS an an agreed period each year ć They bought a Italian dessert of sponge cake soaked in timeshare apartment in Spain. marsala wine and topped with cream tisane time sheet ti z n time sheet / taim ʃit/ noun a piece of tisane / | / noun BEVERAGES a drink paper showing when an employee starts and made by pouring boiling water on dried or finishes work and how they spend their time fresh leaves or flowers, e.g. lime tea, camo- timetable taimteib ə l mile tea timetable / ( ) / noun 1. TRAVEL tissue tiʃu a list showing times of arrivals and depar- tissue / / noun a soft paper handker- ć tures of buses, trains or planes ć According chief There is a box of tissues beside the to the timetable, there should be a train to bed. T-junction London at 10.22. ć The bus company has T-junction / ti d ŋkʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD brought out its winter timetable. 2. ENTER- TRAVEL a junction where one road joins TAINMENT a list of appointments or events ć another at right angles The manager has a very full timetable, so I toad-in-the-hole / təυd in ðə həυl/ doubt if she will be able to see you today. í noun FOOD an English dish of sausages verb to arrange the times for something to cooked in batter toast 316
toast token toast /təυst/ noun 1. BREAD, ETC. a slice of token / təυkən/ noun 1. something which bread which has been grilled ć You have acts as a sign or symbol 2. ˽ book token, toast and marmalade for breakfast. ć She flower token, gift token, record token a asked for scrambled eggs on toast. ˽ brown card bought in a store which is given as a toast, white toast toast made from brown present and which must be exchanged in that bread or white bread 2. the act of drinking to store for goods ć We gave her a gift token for someone’s health or success ć I’ll give you a her birthday. toast – the bride and groom! í verb 1. token charge charge / təυkən tʃɑd / noun a CATERING to grill bread, etc. until it is brown small charge which does not cover the real ć We had a pot of tea and toasted teacakes. costs ć A token charge is made for heating. 2. to drink to wish someone health or success token payment payment / təυkən peimənt/ toaster toaster / təυstə/ noun an electric device noun a small payment which does not cover for toasting bread the real costs toastie token strike toastie / təυsti/ noun FOOD same as token strike / təυkən straik/ noun a toasty short strike to show that employees have a toastmaster toastmaster / təυstmɑstə/ noun ENTER- grievance toll TAINMENT somebody at a banquet who toll /təυl/ noun a payment for using a serv- announces the toasts and calls on people to ice, usually a bridge or a ferry ć We had to speak cross a toll bridge to get to the island. ć You toast-rack toast-rack / təυst r k/ noun CATERING a have to pay a toll to cross the bridge. device for holding slices of toast upright on toll call call / təυl kɔl/ noun US a long-dis- the breakfast table ć The waiter brought a tance telephone call toast rack with six pieces of toast. ć You toll-free / təυl fri/ adverb, adjective US should put the toast in the rack to prevent it without having to pay a charge for a long- getting soggy. distance telephone call ć to call someone toasty toasty / təυsti/ noun FOOD a sandwich that toll-free ć a toll-free number has been toasted toll-free telephone telephone / təυl fri telifəυn/ toboggan tə bɒ ən MARKETING toboggan / | / SPORT noun a long noun US a system where one can flat wooden sledge curved upwards at the telephone to reply to an advertisement, to front í verb to slide on a toboggan place an order or to ask for information, and tobogganing tə bɒ əniŋ the seller pays for the call tobogganing / | / noun SPORT tollway the sport of sliding on a toboggan tollway / tɒlwei/ noun US ROAD TRAVEL tofu təυfu same as turnpike tofu / / noun FOOD bean curd, a soft tomato tə mɑtəυ white paste made from soya beans tomato / | / noun FRUIT a red fruit toilet used in salads and sauces ć a glass of tomato toilet / tɔilət/ noun 1. a bowl with a seat on juice which you sit to pass waste matter from the tomato sauce tə mɑtəυ sɔs body 2. a room with this bowl in it ć The toi- tomato sauce / | / noun lets are towards the rear of the plane. ć The SAUCES, ETC. a sauce made with tomatoes ton gents toilets are downstairs and to the right. ton /tn/ noun a measure of weight equal to toilet bowl bowl / tɔilət bəυl/ noun the china 2,240 pounds or 907 kilos tone basin of a toilet tone /təυn/ noun a noise made by a toilet paper ć toilet paper / tɔilət peipə/, toilet tissue machine such as a telephone Please speak after the tone. noun soft paper for wiping yourself after tongue tŋ getting rid of waste matter. Also called lava- tongue / / noun the long organ in your tory paper mouth which can move and is used for tast- toilet paper dispenser ing, swallowing and speaking toilet paper dispenser, toilet paper COMMENT: Tongue is used as food, ox holder noun a bracket or box, usually fixed tongue and lamb’s tongue being the most to the wall, which holds toilet paper common. It is available ready-cooked to toiletries / tɔilətriz/ plural noun soap, be eaten sliced in salad or sandwiches. tonic water cream, perfume, etc., used in washing the tonic water / tɒnik wɔtə/ noun BEVER- body AGES a fizzy drink of water and sugar, con- toilet roll roll / tɔilət rəυl/ noun a roll of soft taining quinine tonnage paper in a toilet, used for wiping yourself tonnage / tnid / noun SHIPS AND BOATS after getting rid of waste matter the amount of space for cargo in a ship, toilet seat seat / tɔilət sit/ noun the plastic or measured in tons wooden part of a toilet on which you sit tonne /tn/ noun a metric ton, 1,000 kilos 317 tourist toothbrush / tuθbrʃ/ noun a small served with dips such as salsa and brush with a long handle used for cleaning guacamole tot the teeth ć I forgot to pack a toothbrush. tot /tɒt/ noun BEVERAGES a small glass of a toothpaste / tuθpeist/ noun a minty spirit such as rum paste used with a toothbrush for cleaning the total / təυt(ə)l/ adjective complete, with teeth ć I must buy a little tube of toothpaste everything added together ć total amount ć to take when I’m travelling. total cost ć total expenditure ć total revenue toothpick / tuθpik/ noun a little pointed ˽ the car was written off as a total loss the piece of wood, used for cleaning between the car was so badly damaged that the insurers teeth said it had no value í noun an amount which toothsome / tuθsəm/ adjective good to is complete, with everything added up ć The eat total for one night came to more than £1,000. top /tɒp/ noun 1. the upper surface or the í verb to add up to ć costs totalling more highest point of something ć We climbed to than £25,000 (NOTE: The British English is the top of the cathedral tower. ć You can see totalling – totalled but the US spelling is three countries from the top of the mountain. totaling – totaled.) total invoice value ć There is a roof garden on top of the hotel. total invoice value / təυt(ə)l invɔis 2. a cover for a container ć Make sure the top v lju/ noun BUSINESS the total amount on is screwed back tightly onto the jar. 3. US the an invoice, including transport, VAT, etc. roof of a car touch down down / ttʃ daυn/ verb (of plane) top class class / tɒp klɑs/ adjective top qual- to land ć The plane touched down at 13.20. touchdown ity, most expensive ć It’s a top class restau- touchdown / ttʃdaυn/ noun AIR TRAVEL rant. Also called first class a landing by a plane ć The plane veered top deck top deck / tɒp dek/ noun ROAD TRAVEL across the runway as one of its tyres burst on the upstairs part of a double-decker bus ć touchdown. ć Touchdown was 15 minutes Let’s sit on the top deck to get a good view. late. Also called upper deck tough /tf/ adjective difficult to chew or to top floor top floor / tɒp flɔ/ noun the floor nearest cut. Opposite tender (NOTE: tough – the roof in a building ć The lift doesn’t go to tougher – toughest) ˽ it’s as tough as old the top floor. boots it’s extremely tough (informal) top-grade / tɒp reid/ adjective most tour /tυə/ noun a holiday journey to various important, of the best quality places coming back eventually to the place top management management / tɒp m nid mənt/ you started from ć The group went on a tour noun BUSINESS the main directors of a com- of Italy. ć The minister went on a fact-finding pany tour of the region. í verb to go on holiday, top official tɒp ə fiʃ ə l visiting various places ć We spent the holi- top official / | ( ) / noun a very important person in a government depart- day touring around Wales. tour guide ment tour guide / tυə aid/ noun a person top-quality / tɒp kwɒliti/ adjective same whose job is to accompany a group of tour- as high-quality ists on a tour and give them information toque təυk about the places they are visiting toque / / noun CATERING a tall white tourism hat worn by chefs tourism / tυəriz(ə)m/ noun BUSINESS the ‘…the formal toque is being superseded by col- business of providing travel, accommoda- oured skull-caps and bandanas with matching tion, food, entertainment, etc., for tourists ć neckerchiefs’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] Tourism is the country’s main source of torte torte /tɔt/ noun DESSERTS a German noun income. meaning an open tart with various fillings ć tourism industry industry / tυəriz(ə)m The most popular dessert is a lemon and indəstri/ noun all the various businesses lime torte on a sponge base. that provide services for tourists, considered tortellini tɔtə lini tortellini / | / plural noun FOOD together small filled pasta that is shaped into rings, tourism tax tax / tυəriz(ə)m t ks/ noun boiled, and served in a soup or sauce FINANCE a tax on visitors to an area or coun- tortilla tɔ tiə tortilla / | / noun FOOD a thin flat try that is usually collected by the businesses Mexican bread, cooked on a hot griddle and who provide accommodation for them eaten folded, with a filling tourist / tυərist/ noun a person who goes tortilla chip tɔ tiə tʃip tortilla chip / | / noun FOOD a on holiday to visit places away from their thin crunchy crisp made of maize meal, often home ć The tourists were talking German. ć tourist attraction 318
tour leader There were parties of tourists visiting all the tour leader / tυə lidə/ noun TOURISM churches. ć Trafalgar Square is always full somebody who leads a tour and organises it of tourists. locally tourist attraction tυərist ə tr kʃən tournant tourist attraction / | / tournant / tυənɒn/ adjective CATERING a noun a special sight or building which French adjective meaning ‘turning’ ć The main tourist tournedos attracts a lot of tourists tournedos / tυənədɒs/ noun MEAT a thick attractions in London are the Tower of Lon- round piece of fillet steak don and the Changing of the Guard. tour operator tourist board tour operator / tuər ɒpəreitə/ noun tourist board / tυərist bɔd/ noun an TRAVEL a travel agency which organises and official organisation which promotes tour- sells package holidays or tours ć Hundreds ism in a particular part of the world tourist bus of people were stranded in Spain when the tourist bus / tυərist bs/ noun a bus car- tour operator went bust. rying tourists, visiting various places of ‘…a number of block bookings by American tour interest operators have been cancelled’ [Economist] tourist centre tυərist sentə tour organizer tυə ɔ ə naizə tourist centre / / noun a tour organizer / | / noun town which caters for tourists who visit the TOURISM company or person who arranges a surrounding area tour tourist class tourist class / tυərist klɑs/ noun tour representative representative / tυə TRAVEL same as economy class ć She reprizentətiv/ noun TOURISM a representa- always travels first class because tourist tive of a tour operator available to assist its class is too uncomfortable. customers at a holiday destination tourist class hotel tυərist klɑs həυ tour wholesaler tourist class hotel / | tour wholesaler / tυə həυlseilə/ noun tel / noun HOTELS same as two-star hotel TOURISM a company which organises tours touristed / tυəristid/ adjective visited by and sells them through tour operators a large number of tourists tow /təυ/ verb to pull something behind a tourist information tυərist infə tourist information / | vehicle ć The motorways were jammed with meiʃ(ə)n/ noun details of places visitors cars towing caravans. might like to visit, how to get there, opening towel / taυəl/ noun a large piece of soft times, available accommodation, etc. cloth for drying something, especially your tourist information office tourist information office / tυərist body ć There are piles of towels in the bath- infə meiʃ ə n ɒfis | ( ) / noun an office which room. ć There’s only one towel in the bath- gives information to tourists ć You can get a room. map of the town from the tourist bureau. towelling / taυəliŋ/, toweling US noun Also called information bureau an absorbent type of soft cloth used mainly COMMENT: Tourist information offices are for making towels ć He was wearing a yel- usually indicated by the international sign showing the letter ‘i’. low towelling bathrobe. towel rail tourist season taυəl reil tourist season / tυərist siz(ə)n/ noun towel rail / / noun a bar of metal same as holiday season ć Late winter is the or wood in a bathroom on which you can main holiday season in the Alpine resorts. ć hang a towel town The tourist season on the North Italian coast town /taυn/ noun a place where people live lasts about three months. and work, with houses, shops, offices and tourist trade trade / tυərist treid/ noun the factories town centre business of tourism ć Tourist trade has fallen town centre / taυn sentə/ noun the cen- off sharply because of the recession. tral part of a town, where main shops, banks tourist trap trap / tυərist tr p/ noun a place and places of interest are situated (NOTE: which attracts tourists and then makes them This is called downtown in US English.) town crier pay a lot of money for something which is town crier / taυn kraiə/ noun formerly, not very good somebody employed to make public tourist visa tourist visa / tυərist vizə/ noun TRAVEL announcements in the street by ringing a bell a visa which allows a person to visit a coun- and shouting in a loud voice town guide try for a short time on holiday town guide / taυn aid/ noun TOURISM 1. touristy / tυəristi/ adjective spoilt a guidebook with descriptions of the history because of there being too many tourists, and of a town and what to visit 2. a person who because of having tried too hard to attract shows tourists round a town town hall tourists ć The fishing village is pretty, but town hall / taυn hɔl/ noun a building in very touristy. the centre of a town where the town council 319 trailer meets and where the town’s administrative ‘‘traditional’ should be used to describe a recipe offices are or method for a product that has existed for a sig- townhouse hotel nificant period’ [Food Standards Agency] taυnhaυs həυ tel traditionally townhouse hotel / | / trə diʃ ə nəli traditionally / | ( ) / adverb fol- noun HOTELS a small privately-owned lux- lowing tradition ć Brightly coloured clothing ury hotel, usually with less than 50 rooms, is traditionally worn during the parade. situated in the middle of a town traffic tr fik track traffic / / noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL cars tr k ć track / / noun 1. a path They followed and other vehicles which are moving ć There a track through the jungle. 2. RAIL TRAVEL a is an increase in commuter traffic or goods line of rails traffic on the motorway. 2. ROAD TRAVEL the trade trade /treid/ noun BUSINESS 1. the business movement of cars, trucks, trains, planes, or of buying and selling 2. business done the movement of people or goods in vehicles trade cycle ć trade cycle / treid saik(ə)l/ noun BUSI- Passenger traffic on the commuter lines NESS a period during which trade expands, has decreased during the summer. 3. BUSI- then slows down and then expands again. NESS illegal trade ć drugs traffic or traffic in Also called economic cycle, business drugs 4. BUSINESS the number of sales made cycle by a business trade directory treid dai rekt ə ri ‘…just under ten million passengers travelled trade directory / | ( ) / through the airport last year, and with a steady noun same as commercial directory increase in the volume of traffic predicted, the trade discount discount / treid diskaυnt/ noun airport has decided to build a new terminal to meet this demand’ [Airliner World] BUSINESS a discount given to a customer in traffic circle tr fik sk ə l the same trade traffic circle / ( ) / noun US trade fair treid feə ROAD TRAVEL same as roundabout trade fair / / noun MARKETING a traffic congestion tr fik kən large exhibition and meeting for advertising traffic congestion / | d estʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a situation and selling a particular type of product ć The where the streets are difficult to move fair is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. ć The com- ć puter fair runs from April 1st to 6th. ć There through because there is a lot of traffic are two trade fairs running in London at the Traffic congestion makes it almost impossi- ble for buses to run on time. same time – the carpet manufacturers’ and traffic island tr fik ailənd the computer dealers’. traffic island / / noun trade terms treid tmz ROAD TRAVEL a small raised piece of pave- trade terms / / plural noun ment in the centre of the road where pedes- BUSINESS a special discount for people in the trians can safely stand same trade traffic jam tr fik d m trade union traffic jam / / noun ROAD treid junjən trade union / /, trades TRAVEL a situation where there is so much treidz junjən union / / noun BUSINESS an traffic on the road that it moves only very organisation which represents employees slowly ć Traffic jams are common in the rush who are its members in discussions with hour. employers about wages and conditions of traffic lights lights / tr fik laits/ plural noun employment ć The staff are all members of a ROAD TRAVEL red, amber and green lights on trades union or are trade union members. ć a pole by a road, telling traffic when to stop He has applied for trade union membership or go ć Turn left at the next set of lights. or applied to join a trades union. (NOTE: The traffic policeman tr fik pə lismən / | / US English is labor union.) traffic policeman trading loss noun ROAD TRAVEL a policeman who directs treidiŋ lɒs trading loss / / noun BUSI- traffic or who rides a motorcycle to supervise NESS a situation where the company’s traffic receipts are less than its expenditure traffic sheet sheet / tr fik ʃit/ plural noun trading profit trading profit / treidiŋ prɒfit/ noun BUSINESS a list showing daily sales BUSINESS a result where the company’s traffic warden warden / tr fik wɔdən/ noun receipts are higher than its expenditure ROAD TRAVEL a uniformed official who gives tradition trə diʃ ə n tradition / | ( ) / noun customs, hab- parking tickets to cars which are parked ille- its or stories passed from generation to gen- gally trail eration trail /treil/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a path or traditional trə diʃ ə n ə l ć ć traditional / | ( ) ( ) / adjective fol- track a long-distance ski trail The island lowing tradition, which has existed for a long has a great network of tracks and trails. trailer time ć On Easter Day it is traditional to give trailer / treilə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1. a chocolate eggs. ć Villagers still wear the tra- small vehicle like a box on wheels which is ditional costumes on Sundays. towed behind a car, and which can be used trailer park 320 for carrying luggage, camping equipment, ning on rails laid in the street (NOTE: The US etc. 2. US a caravan English is streetcar.) trailer park trailer park / treilə pɑk/ noun ROAD COMMENT: Although common in European TRAVEL same as caravan park ć We rent a countries (Germany, Switzerland, and caravan in a caravan park. Scandinavia, for example), trams are now trailhead rare in British towns, though some new trailhead / treilhed/ noun the point where tram systems have recently been installed a trail starts ć The trailhead lies at the end of (as in Croydon and Manchester). In the the road up the pass. USA, the best-known streetcar system is train in San Francisco. /trein/ noun RAIL TRAVEL train a set of tramcar coaches or wagons pulled by an engine along tramcar / tr mkɑ/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a railway lines ć to take the 09.30 train to Lon- single carriage of a tram ć In Germany, most don ć to ship goods by train ć He caught his trams consist of two tramcars linked train or he missed his train. í verb to teach together. tramlines somebody to do something, or to learn how tramlines / tr mlainz/ plural noun RAIL to do something ć The tour will be accompa- TRAVEL rails along which a tram runs nied by a trained nurse. ć He trained as a tramway tramway / tr mwei/ noun RAIL TRAVEL scuba-diving instructor. same as tramlines ‘American Airlines offers a through connection trancheur trɒn ʃ by train for passengers arriving by air in Brussels. trancheur / | / noun CATERING the Expect to see a new generation of ‘airline trains’’ person in the kitchen who cuts meat (NOTE: [Evening Standard] trancheur comes from the French noun trainee trei ni trainee / | / noun somebody who is meaning ‘carver’.) tranquillizer learning how to do something ć We employ tranquillizer / tr ŋkwilaizə/, tranquil- trainee waiters to help in the restaurant at liser US noun MEDICAL a drug which makes peak periods. ć Graduate trainees come to a person calm work in the head office when they have fin- transatlantic tr nzət l ntik ished their courses at university. transatlantic / | / adjec- traineeship trei niʃip tive AIR TRAVEL across the Atlantic traineeship / | / noun a post as a transfer tr nsf trainee transfer noun / / TRAVEL 1. a training means of transport to take travellers from an training / treiniŋ/ noun the process of airport to a hotel and back ć Included in the ć being taught a skill During training, stu- price are transfers from airport to hotel. 2. a dents work in a restaurant for three days a change from one form of transport to another week. ć There is a ten-week training period ˽ 3. a piece of paper taken from a machine or for new staff. off-the-job training training given by a ticket collector, allowing a pas- given to employees away from their place of senger on one form of transport to change to work, such as at a college or school tr ns f í | training course another verb / / to pass from one training course / treiniŋ kɔs/ noun place to another, or cause someone or some- BUSINESS a series of lessons to teach some- thing to pass from one place to another ć On one how to do something arrival at the station, the party will transfer training levy training levy / treiniŋ levi/ noun BUSI- to a coach for the rest of the journey to the NESS a tax to be paid by companies to fund hotel.
transfer coach the government’s training schemes transfer coach / tr nsf kəυtʃ/ noun training officer training officer / treiniŋ ɒfisə/ noun AIR TRAVEL a coach which takes travellers BUSINESS somebody in a company who deals from the airport to their hotel
transfer passengers with the training of staff / tr nsf training unit transfer passengers treiniŋ junit training unit / / noun BUSI- p sind əz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL travel- NESS a special group of teachers who organ- lers who are changing from one aircraft, ise training for companies train or bus to another, or to another form of train station train station / trein steiʃ(ə)n/ noun RAIL transport
transferred-charge call TRAVEL same as railway station transferred-charge call / tr nsfd train timetable trein taim teib ə l train timetable / | ( ) / tʃɑd kɔl/ noun a phone call where the noun RAIL TRAVEL a list showing times of person receiving the call agrees to pay for it arrivals and departures of trains transformer tr ns fɔmə transformer / | / noun a device traiteur trei t traiteur / | / noun CATERING a French for changing the voltage of electric current, noun meaning ‘outside caterer’ so that electrical devices from one country tram tram /tr m/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a form of can be used in countries with different volt- public transport, consisting of carriages run- age systems. ı adaptor 321 travel agent transient / tr nziənt/ adjective lasting or of tons of goods by rail each year. ć The vis- staying only for a short time itors will be transported to the factory by air transients / tr nziənts/ plural noun US or by helicopter or by taxi. transportation tr nspɔ teiʃ ə n HOTELS people who stay in a hotel or guest transportation / | ( ) / house for a short time noun BUSINESS 1. same as transport 2. transit transit / tr nzit/ noun TRAVEL the move- vehicles used to move goods or people from ment of passengers or goods on the way to a one place to another ć The company will pro- destination ć to pay compensation for dam- vide transportation to the airport. age suffered in transit ć Some of the party’s ‘…arriving passengers move from the arrival luggage was lost in transit. gate, down one floor to pick up their bags, and transit lounge tr nzit laυnd out of the door to their onward destination, via transit lounge / / noun their chosen method of ground transportation’ AIR TRAVEL a room in an airport where pas- [Airliner World] sengers wait for connecting flights transport café café / tr nspɔt k fei/ noun transit passenger transit passenger / tr nzit p sind ə/ CATERING a restaurant where truck-drivers noun a passenger who is at an airport simply eat in order to change flights and is not required Transports Internationaux Routiers Internationaux Routiers to go through customs or immigration for- noun ROAD TRAVEL a French term referring malities to a system of international documents transit visa visa / tr nsit vizə/ noun which allows dutiable goods to cross several TRAVEL a visa which allows someone to European countries by road without paying spend a short time in one country while trav- duty until they reach their final destination. elling to another country Abbr TIR translate tr ns leit trashcan translate / | / verb to put some- trashcan / tr ʃk n/ noun US a large thing which is said or written in one lan- plastic or metal container for household rub- guage into another language ć He asked his bish ć They come to empty the trashcans secretary to translate the letter from the Ger- once a week. ć She put the rest of the dinner man agent. ć We have had the brochure in the trashcan. translated from French into Japanese. ć The travel / tr v(ə)l/ noun the action of mov- guide will translate the instructions for you. ing from one country or place to another ć translation tr ns leiʃ ə n translation / | ( ) / noun 1. the Business travel is a very important part of act of putting something which is said or our overhead expenditure. ˽ the travel busi- written in one language into another lan- ness business ˽ the travel trade all busi- guage 2. a text which has been translated ć nesses which organise travel for people í The translation of the fire instructions was adjective specially made for use when trav- not correct. elling ć a travel pillow í verb 1. to move translator tr ns leitə ć translator / | / noun somebody from one country or place to another He who translates ć She works as a translator travels to the States on business twice a year. for the European Parliament. ć In her new job, she has to travel abroad at transmissible tr nz misəb ə l BUSINESS transmissible / | ( ) / adjec- least ten times a year. 2. to go from tive MEDICAL possible to pass on or transmit one place to another, showing a company’s ć a disease transmissible by food goods to buyers and taking orders from them transmission tr nz miʃ ə n ć He travels in the north of the country for a transmission / | ( ) / noun ROAD TRAVEL the part of the mechanism of a pharmaceutical company. (NOTE: The Brit- vehicle which passes the power from the ish English is travelling – travelled but engine to the wheels American English is traveling – traveled.) travel advisory transport tr v ə l əd vaiz ə ri transport / tr nspɔt/ noun the act or travel advisory / ( ) | ( ) / business of moving of goods or people from noun a notice published by a government or one place to another ć air transport or trans- international agency giving advice on travel port by air ć rail transport or transport by to particular areas or countries where travel- rail ć road transport or transport by road ć lers may encounter danger or difficulties travel agency passenger transport or the transport of pas- travel agency / tr v(ə)l eid ənsi/ noun sengers ć What means of transport will you TRAVEL an office which arranges tickets and use to get to the museum? ˽ the visitors will accommodation for travellers ć Can you get be using public transport or private trans- foreign currency from the travel agency? ć I port the visitors will be coming by bus, train, have to collect my tickets from the travel etc., or in their own cars, etc. í verb to move agency. goods or people from one place to another in travel agent agent / tr v(ə)l eid ənt/ noun a vehicle ć The company transports millions TRAVEL a person or company that arranges travel alarm clock 322 travelling expenses tr v ə liŋ ek tickets and accommodation for its customers travelling expenses / ( ) | ć I asked the travel agent for details of tours spensiz/ plural noun TRAVEL money spent to Greece. ć The tour was arranged by our on travelling and hotels for business pur- local travel agent. ć The travel agent called poses to say that the tickets were ready. ć See your travel literature literature / tr v(ə)l lit(ə)rətʃə/ travel agent for details of our tours to Spain. noun TRAVEL magazines, leaflets, etc., which travel alarm clock tr v ə l ə lɑm travel alarm clock / ( ) | give information about travel klɒk travel magazine tr v ə l m ə zin / noun a small alarm clock which folds, travel magazine / ( ) | / and can easily be carried when travelling noun TRAVEL a magazine with articles on travel allowance tr v ə l ə laυəns travel allowance / ( ) | / holidays and travel noun money which an employee is allowed travel management management / tr v(ə)l to spend on travelling m nid mənt/ noun TRAVEL the organisa- travelator / tr v(ə)leitə/ noun a type of tion and running of a travel system ć The aim moving carpet, which you stand on to be of travel management is to make sure that taken from one place to another on the same business travel is both cost-effective and pro- level. Compare escalator, lift ductive. travel bureau bureau / tr v(ə)l bjυərəυ/ noun ‘…travel management means meeting the demands and expectations of travellers, be they TRAVEL same as travel agency Heathrow travelcard individuals or part of a group’ [ travelcard / tr v(ə)lkɑd/ noun a ticket International Traveller] entitling the user to an unlimited number of travel organisation organisation / tr v(ə)l journeys on a public transport system within ɔ ənaizeiʃ(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL a body rep- a particular area for a fixed period of time resenting companies in the travel business travel data travel data / tr v(ə)l deitə/ noun infor- travel sickness sickness / tr v(ə)l siknəs/ noun mation about a person’s travel arrangements MEDICAL sickness caused by the movement or accommodation, which is stored on com- of a car, aircraft, bus or train. Also called puter motion sickness travel document document / tr v(ə)l travel sickness pills sickness pills / tr v(ə)l siknəs dɒkjυmənt/ noun TRAVEL a passport or pilz/ plural noun MEDICAL tablets taken to visa which a person must have to be able to prevent travel sickness travel between countries travel warning warning / tr v(ə)l wɔniŋ/ noun travel insurance tr v ə l in ʃυərəns travel insurance / ( ) | / a notice published by a government warning noun FINANCE insurance taken out by a trav- its citizens against travelling to a particular eller against accident, loss of luggage, ill- country or area ness, etc. tray /trei/ noun 1. a flat board for carrying travel iron iron / tr v(ə)l aiən/ noun a small glasses or cups and saucers, etc. ć He had his iron which you can carry with you when you lunch on a tray in his bedroom. ć She travel bumped into a waiter carrying a tray of traveller ć traveller / tr v(ə)lə/ noun TRAVEL some- glasses. The waiter brought round a tray of ı body who travels (NOTE: The US spelling is sandwiches and coffee. in tray, out tray 2. ˽ traveler.) in tray a container for letters or memos traveller’s cheque which have been received and are waiting to traveller’s cheque / tr v(ə)ləz tʃek/ be dealt with noun FINANCE a cheque which you buy at a tray table trei teib ə l bank before you travel and which you can tray table / ( ) / noun a small then use in a foreign country ć Most shops in table that folds down from the back of the the USA accept traveller’s cheques. ć The seat in front of you in a plane or train treacle hotel will cash traveller’s cheques for you. treacle / trik(ə)l/ noun FOOD a thick dark- (NOTE: The US term is traveler’s check.) ˽ brown syrup produced when sugar is refined, dollar traveler’s check, sterling traveller’s used to make treacle toffee (NOTE: The US cheque a traveller’s cheque in dollars or English is molasses.) pounds sterling ‘…syrup and treacle are both solutions of invert travellers’ diarrhoea tr vələz daiə sugar in water, uncrystallized by-products of travellers’ diarrhoea / | sugar refining. They contain approximately equal riə/ noun MEDICAL diarrhoea caused by eat- proportions of dextrose and fructose’ [The ing unwashed vegetables or fruit, or drinking Sunday Times] treacle tart unboiled water, contracted by travellers treacle tart / trik(ə)l tɑt/ noun DES- travelling companion companion / tr v(ə)liŋ SERTS a tart made with golden syrup kəm p njən trek trek | / noun TRAVEL somebody who trek / / TOURISM noun a long and diffi- is travelling with another cult journey ć a four week trek in the Andes 323 trouser press
trocken í verb to make a long and difficult journey ć trocken / trɒkən/ adjective BEVERAGES a They trekked across the desert in search of German word meaning ‘dry’, used of wine water. trolley trɒli trekker trekə trolley / / noun 1. a basket on wheels trekker / / noun SPORT somebody for carrying shopping, luggage, etc. 2. who goes on long and difficult journeys, usu- CATERING a table on wheels for carrying food ć Will Nepal remain a safe des- trolley-bus ally on foot trɒli bs tination for international trekkers? trolley-bus / / noun ROAD TRAVEL trekking a bus which works on electricity taken from trekking / trekiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity ć of going on long and difficulty journeys, overhead wires by contact poles Trolley- buses are an energy-efficient method of pub- usually on foot ć This is one of the world’s lic transport. classic trekking routes. ı pony-trekking tronc trestle trɒŋk trestle / tres(ə)l/ noun a pair of folding tronc / / noun BUSINESS a French legs which can be used to hold up a table noun meaning a system where all tips from trestle table table / tres(ə)l teib(ə)l/ noun a customers are put into a common pool, and table made of planks resting on folding legs then shared out among the staff at the end of trial traiəl the day trial / / noun a test to see if something tropic is good ˽ on trial being tested í verb to test tropic / trɒpik/ noun ˽ the tropics the something to see if it is good ć The restau- region between the Tropic of Cancer and the rant is still only trialling farm cod. ć We are Tropic of Capricorn where it is very hot, and trialling a new ticketing system. (NOTE: trial- the countries and areas that are situated there ling – trialled) ć He lives in the tropics. ć Yellow fever is trim /trim/ noun 1. the act of cutting some- endemic in parts of the tropics. tropical thing short to make it tidy ć He went to the tropical / trɒpik(ə)l/ adjective situated in barber’s for a trim. 2. decoration on a car í or coming from the tropics ć You will need a verb 1. CATERING to cut off parts of meat or mosquito net to keep off the tropical insects. fish because they are not needed ć The chef tropical disease trɒpik ə l di ziz tropical disease / ( ) | / trimmed the meat to remove most of the fat noun MEDICAL a disease which is found in and gristle. 2. to cut something short to make tropical countries, e.g. malaria, dengue or it tidy ć Ask the hairdresser to trim your Lassa fever beard. 3. to cut back or reduce ć They have tropical medicine tropical medicine / trɒpik(ə)l trimmed their staff to the absolute minimum. med ə sin 4. to ornament or to decorate ( ) / noun MEDICAL the branch of trimmings trimiŋz medicine which deals with tropical diseases trimmings / / noun CATERING 1. tropical storm pieces cut off when preparing meat or fish ć tropical storm / trɒpik(ə)l stɔm/ noun Keep any trimmings for stocks and soups. 2. a violent storm occurring in the tropics Tropic of Cancer sauces and garnishes which are usually Tropic of Cancer / trɒpik əv k nsə/ served with a dish ć We had roast turkey with noun a parallel running round the Earth at all the trimmings. latitude 23°28N trip trip í Tropic of Capricorn trip / / noun a journey verb to catch Tropic of Capricorn / trɒpik əv your foot in something so that you stagger k prikɔn/ noun a parallel running round and fall down the Earth at latitude 23°28S trip dossier trip dossier / trip dɒsiei/ noun a collec- trotters trotters / trɒtəz/ noun MEAT pig’s feet tion of documents relating to the trip that a cooked for food ć Pig’s trotters are on the traveller is going to make tripe traip menu tonight. tripe / / noun MEAT part of a cow’s trouble trb ə l stomach used as food ć The local dish is trouble / ( ) / noun problems or any tripe and onions. situation that causes people worry or diffi- ć COMMENT: Tripe is sold bleached and culties He’s having trouble getting his visa. boiled; the best quality tripe is that called ć The plane seems to have engine trouble. í ‘honeycomb tripe’; it can be eaten cold or verb to create problems for someone or to stewed with onions. bother someone ć Can I trouble you for a triple / trip(ə)l/ adjective three times light? triple occupancy trouser press triple occupancy / trip(ə)l ɒkjυpənsi/ trouser press / traυzə pres/ noun a noun HOTELS three people sharing one hotel device for pressing trousers with two boards room which clamp down on the trousers to remove tripper tripper / tripə/ noun TOURISM somebody creases, sometimes heated electrically ć who goes on a journey, especially a day’s Every room in the hotel has an electric trou- excursion by coach or by train ser press. trousers 324 trousers / traυzəz/ noun ˽ (pair of) trou- with a tureen of vegetable soup and put it on sers outer clothes which cover the legs and the table. turkey the lower part of the body turkey / tki/ noun MEAT a large poultry trout trout /traυt/ noun SEAFOOD a type of edible bird raised for meat ć We’re having roast tur- freshwater fish ć grilled trout with almonds key for Christmas dinner. truck truck /trk/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as COMMENT: Turkey is traditionally eaten at Christmas, with chestnut stuffing; it is also lorry eaten in the US for Thanksgiving dinner. truck driver trk draivə Turkish truck driver / / noun ROAD Turkish / tkiʃ/ adjective referring to TRAVEL somebody who drives a truck Turkey truffle trf ə l Turkish bath truffle / ( ) / noun FOOD 1. an edible Turkish bath / tkiʃ bɑθ/ noun ENTER- underground fungus that is regarded as a del- TAINMENT public baths with hot pools, cold icacy 2. a rich ball-shaped chocolate with a baths, massages, etc. centre of soft chocolate Turkish coffee / tkiʃ kɒfi/ noun BEV- trunk Turkish coffee trŋk trunk / / noun a large case for carrying ERAGES coffee heated with sugar and water. luggage, especially by sea or rail Also called Greek coffee trunk call trŋk kɔl Turkish delight tkiʃ di lait trunk call / / noun a telephone Turkish delight / | / noun call to a number in a different zone or area DESSERTS a very sweet jelly, flavoured with tsatsiki ts t tsiki tsatsiki / | / noun FOOD a Greek essences of flowers, sometimes with nuts dish of cucumber, mint and yoghurt added, sprinkled with powdered sugar T-shirt turmeric T-shir t, teeshirt noun a light shirt with no turmeric / tmərik/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a buttons or collar, usually with short sleeves ć yellow spice, used especially in pickles and She was wearing jeans and a T-shirt. ć No curries wonder you’re cold if you went out in just a turn /tn/ noun 1. a change of direction, T-shirt. especially of a vehicle ć There’s a sharp left tub /tb/ noun US same as bathtub turn about 250 metres further on. 2. move- tube tjub ment in a circle 3. ENTERTAINMENT a per- tube / / noun 1. a long pipe for carry- ˽ ing liquids or gas ć a tube of toothpaste 2. ˽ formance in a cabaret 4. the meat is done the Tube the underground rail network in to a turn the meat is properly cooked all í London 3. BEVERAGES (in Australia) a can of through verb 1. to change direction, to go beer in another direction ć Turn left at the traffic tulip glass tjulip lɑs lights. 2. to go round in a circle tulip glass / / noun CATER- turnaround tnə raυnd turnaround / | / turnround ING same as flute turndown service tumbler turndown service / tndaυn svis/ tumbler / tmblə/ noun CATERING a glass with a flat base and straight sides, used for noun HOTELS the work of preparing a room serving water, etc. in the evening, by removing the bedcovers tun tn and turning down a corner of the sheet to tun / / noun BARS a large barrel for wine show the pillowcase or beer turning tniŋ tuna turning / / noun ROAD TRAVEL a tjunə tuna / / noun SEAFOOD a large edible point where a road leaves another road ć sea fish with dark pink flesh (NOTE: The plu- Take the second turning on the right. ć After ral form is tuna.) taking several wrong turnings we were hope- COMMENT: Fresh tuna is available in some lessly lost. countries, but in Britain is most easily turnip tnip available in tins. Tuna is often used in sal- turnip / / noun VEGETABLES a com- ads. mon vegetable with a round white root, used tunnel / tn(ə)l/ noun a long hole in the mainly in soups and stews COMMENT: Boiled turnips or ‘neaps’ are ć The road round the lake goes ground the traditional accompaniment to Scottish through six tunnels. ć The tunnel through the haggis. Alps is over 30km long. turnkey operation tnki ɒpə | turbot turnkey operation / tbət turbot / / noun SEAFOOD a large flat reiʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS a deal where a edible white sea fish (NOTE: The plural form company takes all responsibility for con- is turbot.) structing, fitting and staffing a building such turbulence turbulence / tbjυləns/ noun AIR TRAVEL as a hotel, so that it is completely ready for a disturbance in the air causing an aircraft to the purchaser to take over turnover rock suddenly turnover / tnəυvə/ noun 1. FOOD pastry tureen tjυ rin tureen / | / noun CATERING a large folded over a sweet filling, and baked or serving dish for soup ć The waitress arrived fried ć apple turnover 2. BUSINESS the 325 tyre
twin-tips skis amount of goods or services sold by an twin-tips skis, twin-tipped skis plural organisation ć The restaurant’s turnover has noun SPORT skis which are shorter and increased by 23.5%. ć We based our calcu- wider than conventional skis and are bent up lations on the forecast turnover. (NOTE: The at both ends US English is sales volume.) two-berth cabin tu bθ k bin turnover tax two-berth cabin / / noun tnəυvə t ks turnover tax / / noun a cabin with two beds, usually one above the BUSINESS a tax on company turnover other turnpike tnpaik two-lane highway turnpike / / noun US ROAD two-lane highway / tu lein haiwei/ TRAVEL a motorway on which you pay a toll. noun US ROAD TRAVEL a road in two parts, Also called tollway ć The traffic on turnround with a barrier between them turnround / tnraυnd/, turnaround US the two-lane highway was bumper-to- tnə raυnd / | / noun 1. TRAVEL the act of bumper. (NOTE: The British English is dual unloading passengers and cargo from a ship carriageway.) or aircraft, cleaning, refuelling and reloading two-sink system tu siŋk sistəm for the next trip ć Poor turnround time of air- two-sink system / / craft can affect schedules. 2. the time taken noun CATERING a system for washing dishes to do this by hand, with two sinks, the first with warm turnstile tnstail water for washing, the second with very hot turnstile / / noun a gate which water for rinsing turns round on a pivot, allowing only one two-star hotel tu stɑ həυ tel person to go through at a time ć More than two-star hotel / | / noun three thousand people went through the turn- HOTELS a hotel which provides quite basic stiles in an hour. accommodation at cheaper prices. Also tutti frutti called tourist-class hotel tutti frutti / tuti fruti/ noun DESSERTS type an Italian ice cream with pieces of preserved type /taip/ noun sort or kind ć What type of fruit in it accommodation are you looking for?
TV typhoid fever TV / ti vi/ noun ENTERTAINMENT 1. televi- typhoid fever / taifɔid fivə/ noun MED- sion ć He loves to watch TV. 2. a television ICAL an infection of the intestine caused by set ć There is a colour TV in each room. Salmonella typhi in food and water ć Con- TV lounge TV lounge / ti vi laυnd / noun ENTER- taminated water was probably the cause of TAINMENT a room in a hotel, college, hospi- the recent outbreak of typhoid fever. tal, etc., where residents can watch TV COMMENT: Typhoid fever gives a fever, TVP diarrhoea and the patient may pass blood TVP abbreviation FOOD textured vegetable in the faeces. It can be fatal if not treated; protein patients who have had the disease may 24-hour service 24-hour service / twenti fɔr aυə become carriers. Although a vaccine is svis/ noun help which is available for the available, travellers in countries where whole day typhoid is endemic should avoid eating twin green salad, unpeeled fruit and drinking twin /twin/ verb ˽ to twin a town with ordinary tap water; they should only drink another town to arrange a special relation- bottled water or tap water which has been ship between a town in one country and a boiled. similar town in another country ć Richmond typhoon tai fun typhoon / | / noun a violent tropical is twinned with Fontainebleau. storm with extremely strong winds, in the twin-bedded room twin-bedded room / twin bedid rum/ Far East (NOTE: In the Caribbean, this is noun HOTELS a room with twin beds called a hurricane.) twin beds typhus twin beds / twin beds/ plural noun two typhus / taifəs/ noun MEDICAL one of sev- single beds placed in a bedroom eral fevers caused by the Rickettsia bacte- twinning twinning / twiniŋ/ noun TOURISM a spe- rium, transmitted by fleas and lice ć Aid cial arrangement between a town in one workers fear that a typhus epidemic may country and one of similar size or situation in erupt if conditions in the refugee camps dete- another country ć The district council’s riorate any further. town-twinning committee decided that COMMENT: Typhus victims have a fever, Epping should be twinned with Eppingen in feel extremely weak and develop a dark Germany. rash on the skin. twin room tyre twin room / twin rum/ noun HOTELS tyre / taiə/ noun a thick rubber cover round same as twin-bedded room a wheel (NOTE: The US spelling is tire.) U
ugli ugli / li/ noun FRUIT a citrus fruit similar ‘…the booking of accommodation was organized to a grapefruit, but a little larger, of uneven through a US-based company which was not an ABTA member and so hotel bookings were shape and easy to peel unbonded’ [Sunday Times] UHT UHT abbreviation CATERING ultra heat unchecked n tʃekt unchecked / | / adjective that has treated not been checked ć unchecked figures ć ultimate destination ltimət desti ultimate destination / | Three items of unchecked baggage remained neiʃ(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL same as final desti- in the check-in area. nation unclaimed n kleimd unclaimed / | / adjective that has ultra heat treated milkheat treated milk / ltrə hit not been claimed tritid milk/ noun DAIRY milk which has unclaimed baggage baggage / nkleimd been treated by sterilising at temperatures b id / noun cases which have been left above 135°C, and then put aseptically into with someone and have not been collected by containers. Abbr UHT milk their owners ć Unclaimed property or ultraviolet lamp lamp / ltrəvaiələt l mp/ Unclaimed baggage will be sold by auction noun a lamp which gives off ultraviolet rays after six months. uncomfortable n kmftəb ə l which tan the skin, help the skin produce uncomfortable / | ( ) / adjec- Vitamin D and kill bacteria tive not soft and relaxing ć Plastic seats are ultraviolet radiation radiation / ltrəvaiələt very uncomfortable on long journeys. reidi eiʃ ə n uncooked | n kυkt ( ) / noun short invisible rays, uncooked / | / adjective CATERING beyond the violet end of the colour spectrum, raw, not cooked ć Some Japanese dishes which form the tanning and burning element consist of uncooked fish. ć Shrimps are grey in sunlight when uncooked and become pink when UM UM abbreviation TRAVEL unaccompanied cooked. uncork n kɔk minor uncork / | / verb BARS to take the umbrella m brelə umbrella / | / noun a round frame cork out of a bottle covered with cloth which you hold over your uncrossed cheque cheque / nkrɒst tʃek/ head to keep off the rain noun FINANCE a cheque which can be cashed unaccompanied nə kmpənid unaccompanied /| / anywhere. Also called open cheque uncured n kjυərd adjective TRAVEL not going with a passenger uncured / | / adjective (of food) ć There are three unaccompanied children not preserved by smoking, salting, pickling, on the flight. or drying unaccompanied baggage undelivered ndi livəd unaccompanied baggage undelivered / | / adjective that / nəkmpənid b id / noun TRAVEL has not been delivered underbooked ndə bυkt baggage which is not accompanied by a pas- underbooked / | / adjective senger ć Unaccompanied baggage must be referring to a tour or flight which does not checked in at the airport 24 hours in have enough bookings advance. undercharge ndə tʃɑd undercharge / | / verb to ask unaccompanied minor unaccompanied minor for less money than you should ć I think we / nəkmpənid mainə/ noun TRAVEL were undercharged for the meal. ć He under- somebody below the age of majority travel- charged us by £5. undercloth ling alone. Abbr UM undercloth / ndəklɒθ/ noun CATERING a unappetising n pitaiziŋ unappetising / | / adjective cloth, usually of baize, which covers a table not looking, smelling or tasting attractive before the tablecloth is put on unbonded n bɒndid underdish ndədiʃ unbonded / | / adjective BUSI- underdish / / noun CATERING a NESS not having placed money as a surety flat dish on which another deeper dish is against future potential loss placed before serving 327 universal time underdone ndə dn underdone / | / adjective CATER- had unfilled positions, especially among ING having not been cooked for very long ć kitchen staff. a plate of underdone chicken Opposite over- unfilled room room / nfild rum/ noun done HOTELS a hotel room which is still vacant at underground ndə raυnd the end of the day underground adverb / | / unfit n fit ˽ under the ground ć The ordinary railway line unfit / | / adjective not suitable unfit goes underground for a short distance. í for human consumption not suitable for adjective / ndə raυnd/ under the ground ć humans to eat, and possibly only be suitable There’s an underground passage to the to give to animals tower. ć The hotel has an underground car unguaranteed reservation reservation í ndə raυnd n rəntid rezə veiʃ ə n park. noun / / RAIL TRAVEL a / | ( ) / noun a res- railway system which runs in a tunnel under ervation for something which a company the ground ć He took the underground to the cannot promise will be available airport. ć The underground can be very uniform / junifɔm/ noun specially crowded during rush hour. (NOTE: The US designed clothing worn by all members of a English is subway.) group ć The holiday camp staff all wear yel- underground train train / ndə raυnd trein/ low uniforms. uniform allowance junifɔm ə noun RAIL TRAVEL a train which runs in a tun- uniform allowance / | nel under the ground laυəns/ noun money given to an employee underpass underpass / ndəpɑs/ noun ROAD to buy new items of uniform as old items TRAVEL a place where one road goes under wear out uniformed another ć Turn left at the lights when you uniformed / junifɔmd/ adjective wear- come out of the underpass. Compare over- ing a uniform pass uniformed services services / junifɔmd underplate underplate / ndəpleit/ noun CATERING a svisiz/ plural noun HOTELS services in a flat plate on which another deeper dish is hotel provided by staff who wear uniforms uniformed staff juni fɔmd stɑf placed before serving, e.g. a plate under a uniformed staff / | / soup plate or under a coffee cup and saucer noun HOTELS hotel staff who wear uniforms, understaffed ndə stɑft e.g. porters and bellboys understaffed / | / adjective uninsured nin ʃυəd with not enough staff ć Service is slow uninsured / | / adjective FINANCE because the restaurant is understaffed. not covered by an insurance policy ć After underwater ndə wɔtə the fire, they discovered that the hotel was underwater / | / adjective, adverb below the surface of the water ć He uninsured. union agreement junjən ə rimənt dived and swam underwater for several sec- union agreement / | / onds. ć She goes on holiday to the Red Sea noun BUSINESS a contract between manage- to do underwater photography. ment and a trade union concerning employ- undesirable alien ndizairəb ə l ment, pay, conditions of work, etc. undesirable alien / ( ) unit junit eiliən/ noun a foreigner who is not wel- unit / / noun 1. a single part of a come in a country, and who can be expelled larger whole ć The motel has sixteen units. 2. undeveloped ˽ ndi veləpt bedroom unit one cupboard, one set of undeveloped / | / adjective shelves, etc., which can be matched with oth- TOURISM where no facilities for tourists have ers to form a suite of furniture for a bedroom ć been built The island is still undeveloped. unit of currency junit əv krənsi undressed n drest unit of currency / / undressed / | / adjective 1. (of noun FINANCE the main element for counting food) not fully prepared for cooking or eat- the money of a country, e.g. dollar, pound, ing 2. (of food) not covered with a dressing euro or yen or sauce universal plug junivs ə l pl unearned income universal plug / ( ) / unearned income / nnd inkm/ noun a form of plug with various types of noun BUSINESS money received from inter- pin, which can be used in several different est or dividends types of socket unfair dismissal nfeə dis mis ə l Universal Product Code unfair dismissal / | ( ) / Universal Product Code noun BUSINESS the removal of someone / junivs(ə)l prɒdkt kəυd/ noun BUSI- from a job by an employer who appears not NESS same as bar code. Abbr UPC to be acting in a reasonable way universal time time, universal time coordi- unfilled n fild unfilled / | / adjective having not nated noun an international system for been filled ć We still have several unfilled timekeeping ć The flight departs at 2040 UT places on the tour. ć Almost 90% of hotels or 2040 UTC. Abbr UT, UTC unleavened 328 unleavened n levənd unleavened /| / adjective large amount of hydrogen, and so can be bro- CATERING made without yeast or other rais- ken down more easily. Compare saturated ing agent fat unleavened bread n lev ə nd bred unsecured loan nsikjυəd ləυn unleavened bread / | ( ) / unsecured loan / / noun BREAD, ETC. bread made without using noun BUSINESS a loan made with no security a raising agent such as yeast, made in Medi- unskilled n skild unskilled / | / adjective having no terranean countries, and in India and Paki- particular skill stan unskilled staff n skild stɑf | unlimited unskilled staff / / noun n limitid unlimited / | / adjective with no BUSINESS employees who have no particular limits skill, and so may do general jobs such as unlimited mileage n limitid unlimited mileage /| cleaning, washing dishes, carrying goods, mailid / noun ROAD TRAVEL an allowance etc. with a hired car, where the driver is not unskilled work work / nskild wk/ noun charged for the number of miles covered work which does not require a particular unload n ləυd unload / | / verb to take goods off a skill ship, etc. ć The ship is unloading at Ham- unsocial n səυʃ ə l ˽ unsocial / | ( ) / adjective to ć burg. We need a fork-lift truck to unload work unsocial hours to work at times when ć the lorry. We unloaded the spare parts at most people are not at work, i.e. in the ć Lagos. There are no unloading facilities evening, at night or during public holidays for container ships. unspoilt unlock n spɔilt n lɒk unspoilt / | / adjective TOURISM unlock / | / verb to open something not changed for the worse by modern devel- which was locked unmade opment or tourism n meid unstrained unmade / | / adjective not yet made n streind unmade bed unstrained / | / adjective CATER- unmade bed / nmeid bed/ noun a bed ING not put through a strainer to remove which has not been made after someone has lumps slept in it unsweetened unmade room n switənd unsweetened / | / adjective unmade room / nmeid rum/ noun CATERING served, cooked, or manufactured HOTELS a hotel room which has not been pre- with no added sugar or other natural or arti- pared by cleaning, changing the linen and ficial sweetening agent tidying, etc., since the last guest left it untreated milk unofficial n tritid milk nə fiʃ ə l untreated milk / | / noun unofficial / | ( ) / adjective not approved by a department or organisation ć DAIRY milk which has not been processed in We have had some unofficial meetings with any way up people from the ministry. Compare official up /p/ adverb not in bed ć At breakfast unofficially nə fiʃəli time, the waitress still wasn’t up. unofficially / | / adverb in a way UPC which has not been approved by a depart- UPC abbreviation BUSINESS Universal ment or organisation ć He was told by the Product Code Foreign Office unofficially that it would be update / pdeit/ noun information which better if he left the country. Compare offi- brings something up to date ć They issued an í p cially update on the snow forecast. verb / | unofficial strike strike / nəfiʃ(ə)l straik/ deit/ to revise something so that it is more noun BUSINESS a strike by local workers, up to date ć They have updated their guide to which has not been approved by the main Greece to include current prices. upgrade p reid union upgrade / | / noun 1. TRAVEL the unpaid n peid unpaid / | / adjective having not act of moving a passenger to a better class of been settled seat, without making him or her pay extra 2. unpasteurised milk n p stʃəraizd unpasteurised milk / | work done to make facilities more luxurious milk/ noun DAIRY milk which has not been or more modern í verb 1. TRAVEL to move a treated by pasteurisation ć Cheese made passenger to a better class of seat, without from unpasteurised milk has a better flavour. making him or her pay extra ć Because of a unrefined nri faind mistake in the booking, he was upgraded to unrefined / | / adjective CATER- ING not processed to remove impurities or first-class. 2. to make facilities more luxuri- unwanted substances ous or more modern ć The new manager unsalted n sɔltid plans to upgrade the residents’ lounge. unsalted / | / adjective CATERING containing no salt ‘…roads to and from the airport are being unsaturated fat n s tʃəreitid f t upgraded while a new international terminal, unsaturated fat / | / capable of handling 3,000 passengers an hour and noun CATERING fat which does not have a including a customs hall with seven baggage car- 329 UV fly-killer ousels, should be ready by June 1996’ which tea or coffee can be prepared in [Business Traveller] advance and then kept hot ‘…a bedroom upgrade called superior is being use jus rolled out, which includes contemporary furnish- use noun / / the act of taking something ing, a work desk with modem point, and extra tel- and making it serve a purpose, or the way in evision channels. The upgrade to a superior room which something is used ˽ to make use of to is just £20, but is forecast to generate £4m of put to a purpose í verb /juz/ to put to a pur- additional revenue in the current financial year’ pose ć Don’t use the tap water for drinking. [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] ć upholstery p həυlst ə ri Guests used the fire escape to get out of the upholstery / | ( ) / noun 1. the building. work of covering chairs or other pieces of use-by date / juz bai deit/ noun furniture with padded seats and covers ć He use-by date has an upholstery shop, repairing old chairs CATERING a date stamped on the label of a and sofas. 2. covers for chairs, or padded food product, which is the last date on which best- seats and cushions ć The upholstery matches the food can be safely eaten. Compare the colour scheme in the sitting-room. before date, sell-by date useful up-market jusf ə l ˽ up-market / p mɑkit/ adjective more useful / ( ) / adjective helpful to expensive and appealing to a more sophisti- make oneself useful to do helpful things usher cated section of the population ć The com- usher / ʃə/ verb ˽ to usher in to bring in pany has decided to launch a more up-mar- usual / ju uəl/ adjective normal, happen- ket version of the product. ć The new shop is ing, done or taken often ć The usual method very up-market and everything is extremely of cooking onions is to fry them gently in a expensive. Compare down-market little oil. í noun CATERING the drink or food upper berth berth / pə bθ/ noun a top bed which someone well-known to the waiter or upper deck upper deck / pə dek/ noun TRAVEL barman has most often (informal) ć A pint of same as top deck the usual, please. ć Will you have your usual, upright / prait/ adjective vertical, not sir? usually lying flat ć Put your seats into the upright usually / ju uəli/ adverb mostly, ordinar- position for landing. ily, most often ć The restaurant is usually upstairs p steəz upstairs / | / adverb towards or in full on Friday evenings. the upper part of a building or vehicle ć Let’s UT abbreviation universal time go upstairs on the top deck: you can see Lon- UTC abbreviation universal time coordi- don much better. í adjective in the upper part nated of a building or vehicle ć There is an upstairs utensils ju tens ə lz utensils / | ( ) / noun a tool or bar for guests. í noun the upper part of a downstairs container for use in the kitchen building or vehicle. Compare U-turn urinal jυ rain ə l U-turn / ju tn/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a turn urinal / | ( ) / noun 1. a place where men can go to pass waste liquid from the made by a vehicle on a road, so as to face in ć body ć There’s a public urinal at the corner the opposite direction She made a U-turn of the street. 2. a bowl to catch waste liquid and went back to the hotel. ć U-turns are not passed from the body by men ć The men’s allowed on motorways. UV room is very modern, with stainless steel uri- UV abbreviation ultraviolet nals. UV fly-killer fly-killer / ju vi flai kilə/ noun a urn /n/ noun ˽ tea urn, coffee urn device which attracts flies to its UV rays and CATERING a large container with a tap, in then kills them by electrocution V vacancy / veikənsi/ noun 1. an empty COMMENT: A vaccine contains the germs place or room ˽ ‘vacancies’ empty rooms of the disease, sometimes alive and ˽ sometimes dead, and this is injected into available ‘no vacancies’ the hotel or guest- the patient so that his or her body will house is full 2. a job which is not filled ć We develop immunity to the disease. Vaccina- advertised a vacancy in the local press. ć We tion is mainly given against cholera, diph- have been unable to fill the vacancy for an theria, rabies, smallpox, tuberculosis, and experienced sous-chef. ć They have a typhoid. vacancy for a secretary. vacuum / v kjum/ noun a space which vacancy rate rate / veikənsi reit/ noun is completely empty of all matter, including HOTELS the average number of rooms empty air í verb to clean e.g. a room or floor with in a hotel over a period of time, shown as a a vacuum cleaner (informal) percentage of the total number of rooms vacuum cleaner cleaner / v kjuəm klinə/ vacant / veikənt/ adjective empty or not noun a cleaning machine which sucks up occupied ć We have six rooms vacant in the dust annexe. vacuum cooling cooling / v kjum kuliŋ/ vacate və keit ć vacate / | / verb to leave a place noun CATERING a method of chilling food in Guests are asked to vacate their rooms a vacuum before 12.00. ˽ to vacate the premises to vacuum flask flask / v kjuəm flɑsk/ noun a leave a building, offices or rooms so that they bottle with double walls which keeps liquids become empty warm or cold. Also called thermos flask vacation və keiʃ ə n vacuum-packed vacation / | ( ) / noun 1. a period vacuum-packed / v kjum p kt/ when the universities and colleges are closed adjective CATERING packed in a special plas- 2. US a holiday or period when people are tic pack from which all air has been not working ć The family went on vacation excluded, and then chilled or frozen. Com- in Florida. í verb US to go on holiday pare gas flushed vacationer və keiʃ ə nə valet vacationer / | ( ) / noun US valet / v lit/ noun a male servant who somebody who is on holiday looks after his master’s clothes vacation hotel və keiʃ ə n həυ tel valeting service vacation hotel / | ( ) | / valeting service / v litiŋ svis/ noun noun US a hotel which is used for holidays a service in a garage, for cleaning the outside vacation job və keiʃ ə n d ɒb vacation job / | ( ) / noun and inside of a car US a job taken by a student during the vaca- valet parking parking / v lit pɑkiŋ/ noun a tion to earn money to help pay for the costs service at a hotel or restaurant where a mem- of a university or college course ber of staff parks the guests’ cars for them vacation rental və keiʃ ə n rent ə l valet service vacation rental / | ( ) ( ) / valet service / v lit svis/ noun noun US any suite-type accommodation that HOTELS a service in a hotel for cleaning and has self-catering facilities pressing clothes, especially for dry-cleaning. vaccinate / v ksineit/ verb ˽ to vacci- Also called pressing service nate someone against a disease to use a valid / v lid/ adjective lawful, available vaccine to give a person immunisation for use ć Ticket which is valid for three against a specific disease ć She was vacci- months. ć He was carrying a valid passport. nated against smallpox as a child. ć How long is the ticket valid for? vaccination v ksi neiʃ ə n validate vaccination / | ( ) / noun validate / v lideit/ verb 1. to check to see MEDICAL the act of giving a vaccine to a per- if something is correct ć The document was son validated by the bank. 2. to make something vaccine vaccine / v ksin/ noun MEDICAL a sub- valid ć The ticket has to be stamped by the stance used to inoculate or vaccinate airline to validate it. 331 vegetable oil
validator validator / v lideitə/ noun TRAVEL a like any other business. ć The court heard metal stamp used to validate a ticket how he failed to declare any VAT during the validity və liditi three years. Full form Value Added Tax validity / | / noun being valid VAT declaration valley v t deklə reiʃ ə n valley / v li/ noun a long low area, usually VAT declaration / | ( ) / with a river at the bottom, between hills or noun BUSINESS a statement declaring VAT mountains ć Fog forms in the valleys at income to the VAT office VAT inspection v t in spekʃ ə n night. VAT inspection / | ( ) / valuable / v ljυəb(ə)l/ adjective worth a noun BUSINESS a visit by officials of the Cus- lot of money, or very useful toms and Excise Department to see if a com- valuables / v ljυəb(ə)lz/ plural noun pany is correctly reporting its VAT VAT inspector v t in spektə items which are worth a lot of money ć VAT inspector / | / noun Guests can deposit valuables with the man- BUSINESS a government official who exam- ager for safe-keeping. ines VAT returns and checks that VAT is value / v lju/ noun 1. worth ˽ to be good being paid VAT invoice value for money to be a good deal ˽ to get VAT invoice / v t invɔis/ noun BUSI- value for money to get a good deal ˽ items NESS an invoice which shows VAT sepa- of value items which are worth a lot of rately VAT invoicing money ć Items of value can be deposited in VAT invoicing / v t invɔisiŋ/ noun the hotel safe overnight. 2. a quantity shown BUSINESS the act of sending an invoice as a number í verb to consider something as including VAT VAT office being valuable ć As a valued customer, you VAT office / v t ɒfis/ noun BUSINESS a are entitled to a 10% discount. government office dealing with the collec- ‘…short break holidays continue to be driven by tion of VAT in an area VDQS price and value for money, which will only con- VDQS abbreviation BEVERAGES vin délim- tinue to put pressure on us all to keep our prices down and our marketing well targeted’ [Caterer ité de qualité supérieure VDU & Hotelkeeper] VDU abbreviation visual display unit value added veal value added / v lju did/ noun same veal /vil/ noun MEAT meat from a calf as added value COMMENT: Veal is not as popular in Britain Value Added Tax Added Tax / v lju did t ks/ as in other European countries. veal and ham pie noun BUSINESS full form of VAT veal and ham pie / vil ən h m pai/ van /v n/ noun a small closed goods vehi- noun FOOD a pie with a filling of veal and cle ć The van will call this afternoon to pick ham and hard-boiled eggs, eaten cold veal cutlet up the goods. veal cutlet / vil kt(ə)lət/ noun FOOD a vanilla və nilə flat cake of minced veal covered with bread- vanilla / | / noun SAUCES, ETC. a fla- vouring made from the seed pods of a tropi- crumbs and fried veal escalope vil eskə lɒp cal plant ć This recipe uses vanilla-flavoured veal escalope / | / noun sugar. ć I want vanilla ice cream with choc- FOOD a thin slice of veal, covered in bread- olate sauce. crumbs and fried veg variable costs costs / veəriəb(ə)l kɒsts/ plu- veg /ved / noun vegetables, or a vegetable ral noun BUSINESS production costs which (informal) vegan increase with the quantity of the product vegan / vi ən/ noun, adjective CATERING made or service provided, such as raw mate- someone who does not eat meat, dairy pro- rials for meals, guest bedroom cleaning and duce, eggs or fish and eats only vegetables linen or wages for extra casual staff and fruit variety və raiəti vegetable ved təb ə l variety / | / noun a mixture of dif- vegetable / ( ) / noun FOOD a ferent sorts ć There is a variety of different plant grown for food, not usually sweet, e.g. cereals for breakfast. a potato, carrot, onion, cabbage, cauliflower, variety show və raiəti ʃəυ ć variety show / | / noun pea or bean The main course is served with ENTERTAINMENT an entertainment which a selection of vegetables. includes several different types of perform- vegetable chef chef / ved təb(ə)l ʃef/ noun ers such as singers, dancers, conjurors, ven- CATERING the chef in charge of preparing triloquists, etc. vegetables and pasta. Also called chef VAT VAT / vi ei ti, v t/ BUSINESS a tax entremétier imposed as a percentage of the invoice value vegetable oil oil / ved təb(ə)l ɔil/ noun of goods and services ć The invoice includes FOOD an oil that has been extracted from a VAT at 17.5%. ć Some items are still zero- plant or the seeds of a plant, e.g. olive oil, rated for VAT. ć A hotel has to charge VAT sunflower oil, sesame oil, or rapeseed oil vegetarian 332 vegetarian ved i teəriən ventilator ventileitə vegetarian / | / noun, adjec- ventilator / / noun an opening tive CATERING someone who does not eat which allows fresh air to come in, or a meat, but eats mainly vegetables and fruit machine which pumps fresh air into a room and sometimes dairy produce, eggs or fish ć and extracts stale air She asked for a vegetarian meal. ć Our chil- venture capital capital / ventʃə k pit(ə)l/ dren are all vegetarians. noun BUSINESS capital for investment in the veggie veggie / ved i/ noun FOOD (informal) 1. early stages of projects which may easily be same as vegetable 2. same as vegetarian lost. Also called risk capital venue veggieburger venju veggieburger / ved ib ə/ noun FOOD venue / / noun an agreed place a flat cake made from vegetables, grains, or where something will take place ć The venue legumes, often served in the same way as a for the conference has still to be booked. hamburger verdigris / vdi ri/ noun a green discol- vehicle vehicle / viik(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a oration on things made of copper caused by machine with wheels, used to carry goods or contact with damp vermicelli vmi tʃeli passengers on a road vermicelli / | / noun FOOD a vehicular vi hikjυlə type of pasta, like very thin spaghetti | vehicular / / adjective referring vermin vmin to vehicles (formal) ć No vehicular traffic is vermin / / noun insects or animals, allowed on the island. ˽ no vehicular access such as beetles, mice, etc., which are looked to the motorway vehicles cannot get onto upon as pests by some people. ı pest vermouth the motorway here vermouth / vməθ/ noun BEVERAGES a velouté və lutei type of strong wine flavoured with herbs velouté / | / noun FOOD soup with a creamy texture COMMENT: Vermouth can be either sweet vending machine or dry; Italian vermouth is used to make vendiŋ mə ʃin vending machine / | / martinis. noun a machine from which you can buy vertical integration vtik ə l inti vertical integration / ( ) | something, such as sweets, chocolate, ciga- reiʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS the joining rettes or drinks, by putting coins into a slot. together of businesses which deal with dif- Also called slot machine ferent stages in the production or sale of the venetian blind və niʃ ə n blaind venetian blind / | ( ) / same product, as when a restaurant chain noun a blind to shut out light, made of hori- takes over a wine importer vessel zontal strips of plastic or wood, which can be vessel / ves(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a opened and shut or raised and lowered by ship pulling a string vestibule / vestibjul/ noun an entrance venison venison / venis(ə)n/ noun MEAT meat hall from a deer via / vaiə/ preposition by or using a means COMMENT: Venison is left to hang for at or a route ć The shipment is going via the least one week before eating. It is dark red Suez Canal. ć We are sending the informa- in colour and has very little fat. tion pack via our office in New York. ć They venison pâté venison pâté / venis(ə)n p tei/ noun sent the message via the courier. video FOOD pâté made from venison video / vidiəυ/ noun, adjective ENTER- venison stew venison stew / venis(ə)n stju/ noun TAINMENT a system which records and shows FOOD pieces of venison cooked in a liquid pictures on a television screen ventilation venti leiʃ ə n video camera vidiəυ k m ə rə ventilation / | ( ) / noun a video camera / ( ) / noun means or the act of bringing in fresh air a camera which records video pictures ventilation hood video cassette vidiəυ kə set ventilation hood, ventilation canopy video cassette / | / noun a noun CATERING a device placed over an oven plastic case containing videotape which can or other cooking surface, to remove smells fit directly into a video cassette recorder and steam video-cassette recorder recorder, video ‘Ventilation hoods are needed to remove the recorder noun ENTERTAINMENT a machine smells, vapour and grease invariably produced in which records television or films pictures on large quantities during cooking. The ventilation tape, so that they can be played back later system should include a fan of sufficient extract video conference vidiəυ capacity to cope with the expected fume load video conference / from the equipment it serves.’ [Health and kɒnf(ə)rəns/ noun a meeting where some Safety in Kitchens (HSE)] people take part by television ventilation shaft venti leiʃ ə n ʃɑft view vju ventilation shaft / | ( ) / view / / noun 1. what you can see from noun a tube which allows fresh air to go into a certain place ć a room with a view over the a building harbour ć We asked for a room with a sea 333 visitors’ book
vintage view and were given one looking out over the vintage / vintid / noun 1. BEVERAGES the bus depot. 2. an opinion or a way of thinking work of collecting grapes to make wine, or about something ć We asked the sales man- the grapes which are collected 2. BEVERAGES ager for his views on the reorganisation of a fine wine made in a particular year ć This the reps’ territories. ć The chairman takes is a very good vintage. ć What vintage is it? the view that credit should never be longer – it’s a 1968. ˽ vintage wine, vintage port a than thirty days. ˽ in view of because of ć In fine or expensive old wine or port which was view of the falling exchange rate, we have made in a particular year had to introduce surcharges on some of our vinyl / vain(ə)l/ noun a plastic material, tours. used especially to make floor coverings viewing area viewing area / vjuiŋ eəriə/ noun a VIP abbreviation very important person ˽ place, e.g. at an airport, where people can we laid on VIP treatment for our visitors, stand to watch what is happening we gave our visitors a VIP reception we villa villa / vilə/ noun TOURISM a large country arranged for our visitors to be well looked or seaside house, usually in a warm country after and entertained VIP lounge ć He is staying in a villa on the Mediterra- VIP lounge / vi ai pi laυnd / noun AIR nean. ć They are renting a villa in Greece for TRAVEL a special room at an airport for August. important travellers village VIP suite village / vilid / noun a small group of VIP suite / vi ai pi swit/ noun HOTELS houses in the country, like a little town, often a specially luxurious suite at an airport or in with a church, and usually some shops a hotel village fête virus village fête / vilid feit/ noun ENTER- virus / vairəs/ noun MEDICAL a tiny germ TAINMENT a little local festival in a village cell which can only develop in other cells, vin vin /v n/ noun BEVERAGES a French noun and often destroys them ć Scientists have meaning wine isolated a new flu virus. vinaigrette vini ret COMMENT: Many common diseases such vinaigrette / | / noun SAUCES, ETC. a salad dressing made with oil, vinegar, as measles or the common cold are caused by viruses; viral diseases cannot salt and other flavourings. Also called be treated with antibiotics. French dressing visa vizə vindaloo vində lu visa / / noun a special document or vindaloo / | / noun FOOD a very special stamp in a passport which allows hot curry sauce made with coriander, red someone to enter a country ć You will need a chilli, ginger, and other spices, or a dish visa before you go to the USA. ć He filled in cooked in this sauce his visa application form. vin délimité de qualité supérieure vin délimité de qualité supérieure visa national vizə n ʃ ə nəl v n dei limitei də k litei su peri visa national / ( ) / noun a / | | | / person from a country whose citizens need a noun BEVERAGES a French classification of visa in order to enter the UK wine, indicating that it comes from a partic- visit visit / vizit/ noun a short stay in a place ć ular region and is made from a particular We will be making a short visit to London variety of grape. Abbr VDQS ć vin de pays next week. He is on a business visit to Edin- v n də pei vin de pays / / noun BEVER- burgh. ć We had a visit from the VAT inspec- AGES table wine from a particular region of tor. í verb to go to a place or to see someone France or something for a short time ć He spent a vin de table vin de table / v n də tɑblə/ noun BEV- week in Scotland, visiting museums in Edin- ERAGES table wine burgh and Glasgow. ć The trade delegation vinegar vinegar / vini ə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. liq- visited the Ministry of Commerce. uid made from sour wine or cider, used in visitor / vizitə/ noun a person who comes cooking and for preserving food ć red wine to visit ć The coach brought a group of visi- vinegar ć cider vinegar tors to the exhibition. vineyard visitor centre vineyard / vinjəd/ noun BEVERAGES an visitor centre / vizitə sentə/ noun area planted with vines for making wine ć TOURISM a building offering information and There are some vineyards in southern Eng- services to visitors in a city or at a historical land. ć We visited vineyards along the or archaeological site, park, or nature reserve visitor guide Moselle and bought some wine. visitor guide / vizitə aid/ noun TOUR- vino vino / vinəυ/ noun BEVERAGES an Italian ISM a guidebook for visitors to a place noun meaning wine visitors’ book book / vizitəz bυk/ noun a vino di tavola di tavola / vinəυ di t vələ/ noun book in which visitors to a museum or guests BEVERAGES table wine to a hotel write comments about the place visitors’ ledger 334
visitors’ ledger vodka visitors’ ledger / vizitəz led ə/ noun vodka / vɒdkə/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a HOTELS a ledger in which itemised accounts strong colourless alcohol distilled from grain for each guest in a hotel are kept or potatoes made originally in Russia and visitors’ tax visitors’ tax / vizitəz t ks/ noun BUSI- Poland 2. a glass of this alcohol ć Two vodka NESS a tax to be paid to a local municipality and tonics, please. void for each visitor void /vɔid/ adjective invalid, which cannot vitamin vitamin / vitəmin/ noun CATERING an lawfully be used ć The ticket is void. í verb essential substance not synthesised in the to mark a document to show that it cannot be body, but found in most foods, and needed used lawfully ć We will void the existing for good health ticket and issue a new one. Vitamin A voiture vwɑ tjυə Vitamin A / vitəmin ei/ noun CATERING a voiture / | / noun CATERING a trol- vitamin which is soluble in fat and can be ley for food in a restaurant (NOTE: voiture formed in the body, but is mainly found in comes from the French noun meaning food such as liver, vegetables, eggs and cod ‘car’.) vol-au-vent liver oil vol-au-vent / vɒl əυ vɒŋ/ noun FOOD a COMMENT: Lack of Vitamin A affects the small round case of pastry, usually filled body’s growth and resistance to disease with a savoury mixture, eaten hot or cold ć and can cause night blindness.
Vitamin B mushroom vol-au-vent Vitamin B / vitəmin bi wn/ noun vol-au-vent case 1 vol-au-vent case / vɒl əυ vɒn keis/ CATERING a vitamin found in yeast, liver, cereals and pork noun FOOD a round case of pastry ready to be Vitamin B filled with a savoury filling
vitəmin bi tu volcano Vitamin B2 / / noun vɒl keinəυ CATERING a vitamin found in eggs, liver, volcano / | / noun a mountain green vegetables, milk and yeast with a hole on the top through which lava, Vitamin B ash and gas can exit Vitamin B / vitəmin bi siks/ noun 6 COMMENT: Volcanoes occur along faults CATERING a vitamin found in meat, cereals in the earth’s surface and exist in well- and molasses known chains. Some are extinct, but oth- Vitamin B vitəmin bi twelv ers erupt relatively frequently. Some are Vitamin B12 / / noun CATERING a vitamin found in liver and kid- always active, in that they emit sulphurous gases and smoke, without actually erupt- ney, but not present in vegetables ing. Volcanic eruptions are a major source Vitamin B complex Vitamin B complex / vitəmin bi of atmospheric pollution. Volcanoes are kɒmpleks/ noun CATERING a group of vita- popular tourist attractions: the best-known mins such as folic acid, riboflavine and thia- in Europe are Vesuvius, Stromboli and mine Etna in Italy and Helgafell in Iceland. voltage COMMENT: Lack of vitamins from the B voltage / vəυltid / noun a measure of complex can have different results: lack of electrical force thiamine causes beriberi; lack of ribofla- COMMENT: The voltage in many countries vine affects a child’s growth; lack of pyri- is 110V (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.). In doxine causes convulsions and vomiting Europe, the Far East and Africa, voltage is in babies; lack of vitamin B12 causes anae- usually 220V or 240V. Travellers should mia. always carry a transformer to get electrical Vitamin C Vitamin C / vitəmin si/ noun CATERING appliances to work. volume catering a vitamin which is soluble in water and is volume catering / vɒljum keitəriŋ/ found in fresh fruit, especially oranges and noun CATERING catering for large numbers lemons, raw vegetables and liver of people, as at mass meetings or sports COMMENT: Lack of Vitamin C can cause events anaemia and scurvy. voucher vaυtʃə Vitamin D vitəmin di voucher / / noun a piece of paper Vitamin D / / noun CATERING which is given instead of money ć Each trav- a vitamin which is soluble in fat, found in eller has a book of vouchers to be presented butter, eggs and fish and also produced by at the reception desk in each hotel where the the skin when exposed to sunlight group stays. COMMENT: Vitamin D helps in the forma- voyage tion of bones, and lack of it causes rickets voyage / vɔiid / noun SHIPS AND BOATS a in children. long journey by ship
Vitamin E voyager Vitamin E / vitəmin i/ noun CATERING a voyager / vɔiid ə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS vitamin found in vegetables, vegetable oils, somebody who goes on a long journey by eggs and wholemeal bread ship W
wafer waiter service wafer / weifə/ noun BREAD, ETC. a thin waiter service, waitress service noun sweet biscuit eaten with ice cream ć a bowl CATERING same as table service of vanilla and chocolate ice cream, with a waiting list list / weitiŋ list/ noun a list of wafer in it people waiting to see someone or do some- waffle waffle / wɒf(ə)l/ noun BREAD, ETC. a type thing ć There is a waiting list of passengers of thick crisp pancake cooked in an iron hoping to get a flight. mould and eaten with syrup ć We bought waiting room room / weitiŋ rum/ noun waffles at the stall in the fairground. ć Waf- TRAVEL a room where travellers wait for their fles are very popular in Belgium. trains, buses, etc. waffle-iron waiting staff waffle-iron / wɒf(ə)l aiən/ noun CATER- waiting staff / weitiŋ stɑf/ noun CATER- ING an iron mould used for making waffles ING restaurant employees who serve the wage /weid / noun money paid, usually in guests at table cash each week, to an employee for work waitlist / weitlist/ same as waiting list ć waitress done She is earning a good wage or good waitress / weitrəs/ noun CATERING a wages in the bar. woman who serves food to people in a res- wage differentials weid difə wage differentials / | taurant renʃəlz wake / plural noun BUSINESS differences wake /weik/ verb to stop someone sleeping in salary between employees in similar types ć He asked to be woken at 7.00. (NOTE: wak- of jobs ing – woke – has woken) wage packet weid p kit wakeboarding wage packet / / noun an wakeboarding / weikbɔdiŋ/ noun envelope containing money and pay slip SPORT a water sport in which somebody rid- wages book wages book / weid iz bυk/ noun BUSI- ing a single board is pulled behind a motor NESS a ledger in which details of all pay- boat and performs jumps while crisscrossing ments to staff are kept the wake of the boat wage scale wake up wage scale / weid skeil/ noun BUSI- wake up / weik p/ verb to stop sleeping NESS a list of wages, showing different rates ć She woke up at 7.30. ć He asked to be of pay for different jobs in the same com- woken up at 6.15. pany (NOTE: The plural wages is more wake-up call call / weik p kɔl/ noun usual when referring to the money earned, HOTELS a phone call from the hotel switch- but wage is used before other nouns.) board to wake a guest up wagon wagon / w ən/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a vehi- Waldorf salad salad / wɔdɔf s ləd/ noun cle for carrying goods used on the railway FOOD a salad made of diced raw apples, cel- waistcoat / weistkəυt/ noun a short coat ery, and walnuts with a mayonnaise dressing with buttons and without any sleeves, which Wales Tourist Board Tourist Board / weilz tυərist is worn over a shirt and under a jacket ć The bɔd/ noun TOURISM an organisation which waiters’ uniform is black trousers, white promotes tourism in Wales and promotes shirt and red waistcoats. tourism to Wales from other parts of the UK. wait /weit/ verb 1. to stay where you are, Abbr WTB and not do anything until something happens walk /wɔk/ noun 1. a usually pleasant or someone comes ć We gave our order half journey on foot ć It’s only a short walk to the an hour ago, but are still waiting for the first beach. 2. an organised visit on foot ć Several course. ć If you wait here I expect a taxi will London walks are advertised each Saturday. come along soon. 2. ˽ to wait on someone ć He went on a Dickens walk. í verb 1. to go CATERING to serve food to someone at table on foot ć He walks to the office every morn- waiter waiter / weitə/ noun CATERING a man who ing. ć The visitors walked round the factory. serves food to people in a restaurant 2. ˽ to walk someone HOTELS to move walked guest 336 someone to a room in another hotel, even if wander / wɒndə/ verb to walk about with- they have a guaranteed reservation, because out any special direction ˽ to wander off to the hotel has been overbooked walk away from the correct path ć Two of the walked guest guest / wɑkt est/ plural noun group wandered off into the market and got HOTELS a guest who has made a reservation lost. want which cannot be honoured, so that he or she want /wɒnt/ verb to need, to require ć Do has to be accommodated somewhere else you want any more tea? ć My little daughter walker walker / wɔkə/ noun SPORT somebody wants to go to the toilet. ć I want to go to who goes walking for pleasure and exercise Paris next Tuesday. want ads ć She’s a keen walker, and goes walking in want ads / wɒnt dz/ plural noun same Scotland every summer. as classified ads war walk-in / wɔk in/ adjective, noun large war /wɔ/ noun 1. a period of fighting enough to walk into ć We have a large walk- between countries or armies ć Travel is dan- in fridge. ć There’s a walk-in wardrobe lead- gerous in the south of the country because of ing off the bedroom. the war. 2. a period of strong competition walk-in customer customer / wɔk in/, walk-in between companies ć a price war warden noun BUSINESS a customer who eats at a warden / wɔd(ə)n/ noun somebody who hotel restaurant but is not staying at the hotel looks after or guards something ć Prices are accessible to both staying wardrobe / wɔdrəυb/ noun a large cup- guests and walk-in customers. board in which clothes may be hung ć There walking walking / wɔkiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity are no hangers in my wardrobe. warewashing of going on foot as a relaxation ć We spent warewashing / weəwɒʃiŋ/ noun CATER- two weeks on a walking holiday in North ING the washing of kitchenware such as pans Italy. ć They have installed a new warewashing walking boots boots / wɔkiŋ ʃus/, walking system. warm shoes plural noun SPORT heavy boots or warm /wɔm/ adjective quite hot, pleas- shoes, suitable for walking long distances antly hot ć You must take plenty of warm walking stick stick / wɔkiŋ stik/ noun a stick clothing. ć The winter sun can be quite warm used to support you when walking in February. í verb CATERING to heat food walking tour until it is quite hot ˽ to warm up to heat food walking tour / wɔkiŋ tυə/ noun TOUR- which has already been cooked, and has ISM a tour on which you walk from one place gone cold to another, spend the night, and then con- warming cupboard wɔmiŋ kbəd tinue on foot the following day warming cupboard / / wall wɔl noun CATERING a specially heated cupboard wall / / noun 1. a structure of brick, in a kitchen, where food can be kept warm stone or wood, forming the side of a room or warn wɔn building or the boundary of a piece of land 2. warn / / verb to inform someone of a a thick stone construction round an old town possible danger ć The group was warned to ć ć You can walk all round York on the town look out for pickpockets. The guide warned walls. us that there might be snakes in the ruins. ć walled They were warned not to go near the army /wɔld/ adjective ć Veg- walled with walls base. (NOTE: You warn someone of some- etables are grown in the hotel’s walled gar- thing, or that something may happen, or to den. ć They visited several old walled towns do or not to do something.) in South-West France. warning wɔniŋ wallet wɒlit warning / / noun notice of possible wallet / / noun a small leather case danger ć The government issued a warning which fits into the pocket and is used for about travelling in the south of the country. ć holding banknotes His wallet was stolen ć Warning notices were put up around the from his back pocket. ć Do not leave your ruins. wallet in the car. warrant wɒrənt wall planner warrant / / noun an official docu- wɔl pl nə wall planner / / noun a chart ment which allows someone to do something which shows days, weeks or months so that í verb 1. to guarantee ć All the spare parts the work of an office can be shown by dia- are warranted. 2. to show that something is grams reasonable ć The tour price is not warranted walnut walnut / wɔlnt/ noun NUTS a hard round by the use of two-star hotels. warranty nut with a wrinkled shell warranty / wɒrənti/ noun 1. BUSINESS a walnut oil walnut oil / wɔlnt ɔil/ noun SAUCES, promise in a contract ˽ breach of warranty ETC. oil produced by crushing walnuts failure to do something which is a part of a 337 water contract 2. a statement made by an insured pans 2. US to wash yourself ć I’ll just go and person which declares that the facts stated by wash up before lunch. him or her are true wastage / weistid / noun the act of wast- wasabi wə sɑbi ć wasabi / | / noun SAUCES, ETC. a ing They have to reduce wastage in the strong-tasting green powder or paste from a kitchens. plant root used as a condiment in Japanese waste /weist/ noun material or matter cooking which is useless, especially material that is wash /wɒʃ/ noun 1. the act of cleaning left over after all the useful parts or sub- something, somebody or yourself with water stances have been used up ć kitchen waste í or another liquid ć I’ll go and have a quick verb to use more of something than is needed wash. 2. clothes which are being washed or ć You shouldn’t waste water. which are dirty and need to be washed í verb waste bin bin / weist bin/ noun a container to clean with water or another liquid ć She’s for putting rubbish in ć waste compactor weist kəm p ktə washing her hair. He washed the fruit waste compactor / | / before eating them. ć Guests are asked not to noun a machine which crushes waste into wash clothes in hotel rooms. small packs which are relatively easy to dis- wash-basin, wash-hand basin noun a pose of waste disposal weist di spəυz ə l bowl in a bathroom with taps producing run- waste disposal / | ( ) / ning hot and cold water for washing noun HOTELS arrangements to get rid of rub- washbowl / wɒʃbəυl/ noun a bowl for bish, e.g. from a hotel or restaurant holding water, but not fixed and with no taps COMMENT: Waste disposal units are not wash cycle cycle / wɒʃ saik(ə)l/ noun a series permitted in countries which do not allow ground waste products to be flushed into of operations in a dishwasher to wash dishes, the sewage system. ending with the ‘drain cycle’ waste disposal unit weist di washer wɒʃə waste disposal unit / | washer / / noun 1. a steel or rubber spəυz(ə)l junit/ noun CATERING a ring under a bolt or nut, or a rubber ring machine attached to a kitchen sink, which inside a tap which prevents water escaping grinds waste food into pulp which can then when the tap is turned off 2. a machine for be flushed away into the drainage system washing ć a dishwasher ı glass washer waste paper basket weist peipə washing waste paper basket / wɒʃiŋ washing / / noun 1. the act of clean- bɑskit/, wastebasket / weistbɑskit/ ing with water or another liquid 2. clothes noun a container into which paper or pieces which are ready to be washed or which have of rubbish can be thrown ć waste pipe been washed Put your washing in the plas- waste pipe / weist paip/ noun a pipe tic bag. ć Washing left out in the morning which takes dirty water from a sink to the will be delivered to the room within 12 hours. washing machine drains wɒʃiŋ mə ʃin WATA washing machine / | / WATA abbreviation World Association of noun a machine for washing clothes Travel Agencies washing powder wɒʃiŋ paυdə watch washing powder / / noun watch /wɒtʃ/ noun a small clock worn on a detergent powder for washing clothes the arm or carried in a pocket í verb to look washing up washing up / wɒʃiŋ p/ noun CATERING at something that is happening or that is 1. the cleaning of dirty dishes, glasses, cut- being shown ć to watch television ć They lery, pots and pans with water and detergent went up to London to watch the changing of ć When he couldn’t pay, he had to do the the guard. ć Watch while I show you how to washing up. 2. dirty dishes, glasses, cutlery, turn the pancake over. pots and pans waiting to be cleaned ć There watchman / wɒtʃmən/ noun somebody is a pile of washing up waiting to be put into who guards a building, usually when it is the dishwasher. empty. Also called night watchman washroom washroom / wɒʃrum/ noun US a room watch out out / wɒtʃ aυt/ verb to be alert and where you can wash your hands and use the careful, especially to avoid danger ć Watch toilet ć Where’s the washroom, please? out, you nearly ran into that tree. ć We’ve washstand / wɒʃst nd/ noun 1. a table been warned to watch out for pickpockets. on which a washbowl and jug of water stood (NOTE: You watch out for sth.) water in a bedroom (dated) 2. US a fixed bowl, water / wɔtə/ noun 1. BEVERAGES the liq- with taps, for holding water for washing the uid essential to life which makes up a large hands and face part of the body ć Is the water safe to drink? wash up wash up / wɒʃ p/ verb 1. CATERING to ć You are advised to drink only bottled water. clean dirty dishes, cutlery, glasses, pots and ć Each room has hot and cold running water. water biscuit 338
waterskier ć The temperature of the water or The water waterskier / wɔtəskiə/ noun SPORT temperature is 60°. 2. ˽ to take the waters somebody who goes waterskiing to drink mineral water at a spa í verb ˽ the waterskiing waterskiing / wɔtəskiiŋ/ noun SPORT display of cakes made my mouth water the the sport of gliding along the surface of a cakes looked and smelt so delicious that lake or river on large skis, pulled by a fast saliva came into my mouth boat water biscuit wɔtə biskit water skis water biscuit / / noun water skis / wɔtə skiz/ plural noun BREAD, ETC. a thin unsweetened hard biscuit SPORT wider shorter skis for gliding over made of flour and water, eaten with cheese water water chestnut wɔtə tʃesnt water slide water chestnut / / noun water slide / wɔtə slaid/ noun a slide VEGETABLES a round white crunchy stem with water flowing down it at a swimming base of a Chinese water plant, often used in pool or an amusement park Asian cooking water sports water closet water sports / wɔtə spɔts/ plural noun water closet / wɔtə klɒzit/ noun a lav- SPORT activities which take place on or in atory (formal) Abbr WC water, e.g. swimming, water polo and scuba water cooler water cooler / wɔtə kulə/, water diving fountain noun a container which holds water tank tank / wɔtə t ŋk/ noun a tank for drinking water, which is cooled and may be holding water drawn off through a tap water taxi watercress water taxi / wɔtə t ksi/ noun SHIPS AND watercress / wɔtəkres/ noun VEGETA- BOATS a small boat which goes along a river BLES a creeping plant grown in water and or canal, or round a lake, taking passengers ć eaten in salads and soup The chef has made on a regular schedule a delicious watercress soup. ı cress waterfall ‘…on the island there are taxis, water taxis, rental waterfall / wɔtəfɔl/ noun a drop in a cars and mountain bikes, tours and charter boats river, etc., from a high level over the edge of to get you around’ [Food & Travel] waterwings a cliff ć Let’s climb up to the waterfall and waterwings / wɔtəwiŋz/ plural noun picnic there. ć Is Niagara the largest water- inflatable rings attached to the arms of a fall in the world? child learning to swim waterfront wave waterfront / wɔtəfrnt/ noun the bank wave /weiv/ noun a ridge of higher water of a river or shore of the sea and the buildings on the surface of the sea ć Watch out for the along it ć Let’s have lunch on the terrace of big waves on the beach. ć The sea was calm, one of the waterfront restaurants. with hardly any waves. í verb to move your water glass water glass / wɔtə lɑs/ noun CATER- hand up and down ˽ to wave to someone to ING a glass on a table for drinking water, signal to someone with the hand ˽ to wave placed next to a wine glass in a table setting someone on to tell someone to go on by a water ice water ice / wɔtə ais/ noun DESSERTS a movement of the hand wax type of light ice cream made of water and wax /w ks/ noun a solid substance made flavouring ć an orange water ice ć The from fat or oil, used for making candles, waiter brought round a tray of water ices. polish, etc. í verb to cover floors, skis, etc. watering place place / wɔtəriŋ pleis/ noun 1. with wax way a place where people go to drink or bathe in way /wei/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a road or the local water for health reasons 2. a place path ˽ on the way during the journey ć We by the sea to which people go for swimming will stop at the carpet shop on the way to the and other leisure activities restaurant. 2. the direction that leads to watermelon wɔtə melən something ć Is this the way to the post watermelon / | / noun FRUIT a large green fruit with red flesh and black office? ć Can you show me the way to the seeds ruins? WC water park park / wɔtə pɑk/ noun a leisure WC, W.C. abbreviation water closet area or theme park with water-based facili- W/C noun a desk where letters, documents ties such as slides with flowing water or tickets can be picked up by guests. Full waterproof / wɔtəpruf/ adjective not form will call weather allowing water through ć You will need weather / weðə/ noun conditions outside, plenty of waterproof clothing if you are e.g. if it is raining, hot, cold or sunny ć The going sea fishing. í noun a coat which will weather can be very wet in spring. ć I hope not let water through ć Only a light basic the weather will be fine for our climb. ć waterproof need be carried. What’s the weather like in Italy in May? 339 west weather bureau bureau / weðə bjurəυ/, you go and come back between Friday and weather centre / weðə sentə/ noun an Monday weekly office which analyses weather reports and weekly / wikli/ adverb done every week ć forecasts the weather ć The weather centre is a weekly flight to the Shetland Isles ˽ a forecasting a period of dry sunny weather. weekly newspaper, a weekly newspaper weather forecast forecast / weðə fɔkɑst/ which is published once a week noun a description of what the weather will weekly room rate room rate / wikli rum reit/ be for a period in the future ć The weather noun HOTELS the rate charged for a hotel forecast is good. ć Switch on the radio – I room for seven nights want to hear the weather forecast. weigh /wei/ verb 1. to measure how heavy weather report weðə ri pɔt ć weather report / | / noun a something is She weighed the packet at the written or spoken statement describing what post office. ć Please put all your luggage the weather has been like recently, what it is onto the scales to be weighed. 2. to have a like at the moment or what it will be for a particular weight ć The packet weighs period in the future twenty-five grams. website weigh in website / websait/ noun MARKETING a col- weigh in / wei in/ verb AIR TRAVEL to have lection of pages on the Internet which have your baggage weighed before a flight weighing machine weiiŋ mə ʃin been produced by one company and are weighing machine / | / linked together ć For more information visit noun a machine which measure how heavy our company website. something or someone is wedding wedding / wediŋ/ noun a marriage cere- weight /weit/ noun how heavy someone or mony something is ˽ to sell fruit by weight to sell wedding breakfast breakfast / wediŋ brekfəst/ fruit at a price calculated per pound or per noun CATERING a full meal served after a kilo of the fruit ˽ to give short weight to sell wedding which can take the form of a buffet, something which is lighter than it should be Weil’s disease weilz di ziz at the end of which speeches are made and Weil’s disease / | / noun the wedding cake is cut MEDICAL an infectious disease caused trans- wedding reception wediŋ ri sepʃən wedding reception / | / mitted to humans from rats’ urine, causing noun CATERING the party held after a mar- jaundice and kidney damage (NOTE: Weil’s riage ceremony, including the wedding disease can also be caught from windsurf- breakfast, drinks, toasts, cake-cutting, etc. ing on stagnant water.) welcome wedding venue venue / wediŋ venju/ noun a welcome / welkəm/ noun a greeting or place where wedding receptions are often reception ˽ they gave the visitors a very held ć The old house is a popular wedding warm welcome they greeted the visitors venue. very warmly í verb to greet someone as they week /wik/ noun a period of seven days arrive ć The hotel manager welcomed the from Monday to Sunday ć a three-week tourist group. í adjective 1. received with cruise in the Caribbean ˽ to be paid by the pleasure ć After the walk, we had a welcome week to be paid a particular amount of hot bath or a hot bath was very welcome. 2. money each week ć He earns £500 a week or willingly permitted ć Visitors are welcome ˽ per week. ć She works thirty-five hours per to use the hotel gardens. 3. you’re wel- week or She works a thirty-five-hour week. come it was a pleasure to serve you (infor- weekend wik end mal: as a reply to ‘thank you’) | weekend / / noun Saturday and well- Sunday, or the period from Friday evening to well- /wel/ prefix in a good way ć a well- Sunday evening equipped bedroom ć a well-known spa town well-appointed weekend break wel ə pɔintid wik end breik well-appointed / | / adjec- weekend break / | / noun TOURISM a short holiday of two or three tive well furnished and equipped, which has nights over a weekend at a specially low tar- luxurious furnishings and equipment well done iff ć They are offering weekend breaks in well done / wel dn/ adjective CATERING Amsterdam from £100. completely cooked well-hung weekend business business / wikend biznis/ well-hung / wel hŋ/ adjective (of meat) noun BUSINESS business done at the week- hung up long enough to mature and be good end, i.e. the number of customers on Satur- to eat Welsh rarebit days and Sundays ć Weekend business is Welsh rarebit / welʃ reəbit/ noun FOOD slow. cooked cheese on toast weekend return wikend ri tn west west weekend return / | / noun west / / noun one of the points of the TRAVEL a ticket available at a reduced price if compass, the direction of the setting sun ć westbound 340
wharf The sun sets in the west and rises in the east. wharf /wɔf/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a í adjective referring to the west ć the west place in a dock where a ship can tie up and coast í adverb towards the west ć Drive load or unload (NOTE: The plural form is west along the motorway for ten miles. wharfs or wharves.) westbound wheat westbound / westbaυnd/ adjective wheat /wit/ noun FOOD a grain harvested going towards the west ć The westbound in temperate regions from a widely culti- carriageway of the motorway is closed. vated cereal plant, used for making flour for West End West End / west end/ noun ENTERTAIN- bread, pasta, and other foods wheat germ MENT 1. the fashionable part of London, wheat germ / wit d m/ noun FOOD the where the main shops can be found ć centre of the wheat grain that is milled finely Crowds go shopping in the West End on Sun- and sometimes toasted, and is used for sprin- day afternoons. Compare East End 2. the kling over cereals or in cooking central London theatres, which put on major wheel /wil/ noun 1. a round object on plays ć Her first play was a hit in the West which a vehicle such as a bicycle, a car or a End. ć He wrote three West End musicals. train runs 2. any similar round object which Compare fringe (NOTE: The US equivalent turns í verb to push along something that for main theatres is Broadway.) has wheels ć The waiter wheeled in a sweet westerly westerly / westəli/ adjective towards the trolley. west wheelchair / wiltʃeə/ noun a chair on western western / westən/ adjective referring to wheels used by people who cannot walk the west wheelchair access access / wiltʃeə kses/ westernmost westernmost / westənməυst/ adjective noun a slope for wheelchairs ć There is no furthest west wheelchair access into the restaurant. Westminster westminstə whelk Westminster / / noun a bor- whelk /welk/ noun SEAFOOD a type of edi- ough in London where the Houses of Parlia- ble sea snail ć We bought some whelks at a ment are situated ć Tourists always go to stall on the pier. whey Westminster as part of their visit to London. whey /wei/ noun DAIRY the watery liquid westward westward / westwəd/ adjective, adverb that separates from the solid part of milk towards the west when it turns sour or when enzymes are westwards westwards / westwədz/ adverb towards added in cheese making. Compare curd whip the west whip /wip/ verb CATERING to make food west wind west wind / west wind/ noun a wind such as batter or cream stiff and creamy by coming from the west adding air to it with short quick movements, wet /wet/ adjective 1. covered or soaked using a fork, whisk, or electric beater with water or other liquid ˽ I’m wet whipped cream cream / wipt krim/ noun through or soaking wet all my clothes are DAIRY cream, beaten until it is stiff, flavoured very wet 2. rainy ć If it is wet, the walk to the with sugar and vanilla beach will be cancelled. ć There’s nothing I whipping cream cream / wipiŋ krim/ noun a like better than a wet Sunday in London. heavy cream containing a high proportion of wet sales wet sales / wet seilz/ plural noun BUSI- butterfat, which causes it to stiffen when NESS sales of beer and other drinks in a pub whipped ć The trade split is: wet 20%, food 50%, whirlpool / wlpul/ noun water which accommodation 30%. turns rapidly round and round ć Be careful, ‘…the pub has been totally no-smoking for eight there are whirlpools in the river. years and, apart from an initial negative impact whirlpool bath wlpul bɑθ on wet sales, it has traded successfully ever since’ whirlpool bath / / noun a [Caterer & Hotelkeeper] type of bath, often in a spa, where the water wetsuit wetsuit / wetsut/ noun SPORT a suit worn is made to turn round and round whisk by divers, windsurfers, etc., which keeps the whisk /wisk/ CATERING noun a kitchen tool body warm with a layer of water between the made of curved or coiled wires attached to a body and the suit handle, or of a bundle of twigs or stalks, used whale /weil/ noun a huge mammal that to whip soft or liquid foods í verb to whip a lives in the sea ć You can take a boat into the soft or liquid substance with a fork, whisk, or mouth of the river to see the whales. other utensil whiskey whale watching watching / weil wɒtʃiŋ/ noun whiskey / wiski/ noun BEVERAGES TOURISM the tourist attraction of watching whisky, made in Ireland and the USA whisky whales ć They run whale-watching tours whisky / wiski/ noun 1. BEVERAGES a into the bay. strong alcohol distilled from grain, usually 341 wife
white wine made in Scotland ˽ whisky sour cocktail of white wine / wait wain/ noun BEVER- whisky, lemon juice and sugar 2. BEVERAGES AGES wine made without leaving the grape a glass of this alcohol ć Two large whiskies, skins in the fermenting mixture, making the please. wine pale yellow or green instead of deep red COMMENT: Whisky may be drunk on its COMMENT: Dry white wines are drunk with own (neat), with ice cubes (on the rocks) fish, and also as apéritifs. Sweet white or diluted with water, soda water or a gin- wines are drunk as dessert wines. All ger-flavoured fizzy drink. white wines are drunk chilled. whisky and soda whiting whisky and soda / wiski ən səυdə/ whiting / waitiŋ/ noun SEAFOOD a type of noun BEVERAGES a drink of whisky with small sea fish (NOTE: The plural form is soda water whiting.) whisky sour Whitsun whisky sour / wiski saυə/ noun BEVER- Whitsun / witsən/ noun a Christian festi- AGES a cocktail of whisky, lemon juice and val on the seventh Sunday after Easter sugar Whit Sunday Sunday / wit sndei/ noun the white /wait/ adjective, noun the colour of seventh Sunday after Easter wholefood snow or milk í noun, adjective FOOD same wholefood / həυlfud/ noun FOOD food, as egg white grown naturally, which has not been given whitebait whitebait / waitbeit/ noun SEAFOOD a artificial fertilisers and has not been proc- small young fish fried and eaten whole essed ć A wholefood diet is healthier than (NOTE: The plural form is whitebait.) eating processed foods. wholegrain whiteboard həυl rein whiteboard / waitbɔd/ noun a board on wholegrain / / noun FOOD food a wall which can be written on using col- such as rice of which the whole of the seed is oured pens eaten wholemeal white bread wholemeal / həυlmil/ adjective contain- white bread / wait bred/ noun BREAD, ETC. ing wheat germ and bran bread made from refined white flour wholemeal bread white coffee həυl mil bred wait kɒfi wholemeal bread / | /, white coffee / / noun BEVER- həυl wit bred wholewheat bread / | / noun AGES coffee with milk or cream white meat BREAD, ETC. bread made from wholemeal wait mit white meat / / noun FOOD light- flour coloured meat, like the breast meat on a wholemeal flour flour / həυlmil flaυə/ noun chicken whites FOOD flour which has had nothing removed whites /waits/ plural noun white clothes ć or added to it and contains a large proportion the traditional chef’s whites of the original wheat seed, including the bran white sale white sale / wait seil/ noun a sale of wholesale / həυlseil/ noun the sale of sheets, towels, etc. goods in large quantities to retailers white sauce wholesome white sauce / wait sɔs/ noun SAUCES, wholesome / həυls(ə)m/ adjective ETC. a basic sauce made from fat, flour and healthy, good for one’s health liquid usually milk or stock wholesome food food / həυls(ə)m fud/ white sugar white sugar / wait ʃυ ə/ noun FOOD noun CATERING food that is good for your same as granulated sugar health wholewheat white tie tie / wait tai/ adjective referring to wholewheat / həυlwit/ noun mainly US a formal evening banquet or reception at FOOD same as wholemeal which men wear a white bow tie and black wide-bodied aircraft aircraft / waid bɒdid tail coat. ı black tie eəkrɑft/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft with whiteware whiteware / waitweə/ noun CATERING a body wider than 5 metres, e.g. the Airbus white plates, cups and saucers, etc., as or a Boeing 747 wiener opposed to decorated china wiener / winə/ noun US FOOD same as ‘…the recession has forced caterers to be price- frankfurter ć We cooked wieners on the bar- conscious and whiteware can cost a third less becue. than colourfully designed products. We have Wiener schnitzel / winə ʃnits ə l/ seen three- and four-star hotels moving to white- Wiener schnitzel ( ) ware, but still striving for standards with elegant noun FOOD a slice of veal, covered in bread- design or embossed lines’ [Caterer & Hotel- crumbs and fried ć I’ve been in Germany for keeper] four days and all I’ve eaten are Wiener white-water canoeing canoeing / rɑftiŋ/, raft- Schnitzels. wife ing noun SPORT the sport of riding in a wife /waif/ noun a woman to whom a man canoe or on a raft down rapidly flowing riv- is married ć He and his wife are both vege- ers tarians. (NOTE: The plural form is wives.) wild fowl 342
wild fowl windsurfing wild fowl / waild faυl/ noun SPORT game windsurfing / windsfiŋ/ noun SPORT birds which are shot for sport the sport of riding on water on a special wildlife / waildlaif/ noun birds, plants and board with a sail attached ć This is a very animals in their natural conditions ć They popular beach for windsurfing. windward spent the week studying the wildlife in the windward / windwəd/ adjective, adverb national park. (NOTE: There is no plural SHIPS AND BOATS on or to the side of a ship form.) from which the wind is blowing. Compare wildlife park waild laif pɑk leeward wildlife park / | / noun windy windi ENTERTAINMENT a park where wild animals windy / / adjective when a strong are allowed to run free wind is blowing ć We have a lot of windy wild mushroom ć wild mushroom / waild mʃrum/ weather in March. Dress warmly, it’s a cold windy day outside. noun VEGETABLES any of various types of wine wain edible mushroom found in the countryside wine / / noun BEVERAGES 1. an alco- ć and which are now also cultivated (NOTE: holic drink made from the juice of grapes Ceps and chanterelles are the best-known We’ll have a bottle of the house wine. ć Do wild mushrooms.) you sell wine by the glass? 2. an alcoholic wild rice drink made from the juice of fruit or flowers wild rice / waild rais/ noun FOOD a spe- ć elderberry wine í verb ˽ to wine and dine cies of grass which is found naturally in someone to take someone out for an expen- North America and which is similar to rice wind sive dinner and drinks wind verb /waind/ to roll up or to roll down wine bar wine bar / wain bɑ/ noun BARS a bar ć You can wind down the window if it is too which serves wine, and usually food hot. (NOTE: winding – wound) í noun wine basket wine basket, wine cradle noun CATER- /wind/ air moving outdoors ć The wind is blowing from the sea. ˽ in high winds in ING 1. a wickerwork cradle with handles for very strong winds holding a bottle of vintage red wine at an windbreak windbreik angle, so that the wine can be served without windbreak / / noun a fence, holding the bottle upright and the sediment is hedge or screen which protects against the not disturbed 2. a wickerwork container wind holding several bottles of wine upright, used wind chill factor wind chill factor / wind tʃil f ktə/ for serving wine on an aircraft wine bucket noun a way of calculating the risk of expo- wine bucket / wain bkit/ noun BARS sure in cold weather by adding the speed of same as ice bucket the wind to the number of degrees of temper- wine cellar wine cellar / wain selə/ noun BARS an ature below zero underground room where wine is kept or window window / windəυ/ noun an opening in a served wine cooler wall or door or the side of a vehicle, filled wine cooler / wain kulə/ noun 1. BARS with glass a bucket with ice and water, in which a bottle window seat window seat / windəυ sit/ noun TRAVEL of wine is placed to keep cold 2. MEDICAL a a seat in a train, plane, etc., next to a window special plastic holder in which a bottle of windscreen windscreen / windskrin/ noun ROAD chilled wine is placed to keep cold wine glass TRAVEL a glass window in the front of a vehi- wine glass / wain lɑs/ noun CATERING cle a glass for serving wine ć These wine glasses windscreen washer washer / windskrin are very expensive. wine-growing wɒʃə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL an attachment on wine-growing / wain rəυiŋ/ adjective a car which squirts water on to the wind- in which vines are grown to produce wine wine list screen to clean the glass wine list / wain list/ noun CATERING a list windscreen wiper wiper / windskrin of wines which are available at a restaurant wine merchant waipə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a device on a wine merchant / wain mtʃənt/ noun vehicle which wipes rain away from the somebody who sells wines wine route windscreen wine route / wain rut/ noun ROAD windshield windshield / windʃild/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a road which goes through vineyards winery TRAVEL a screen on a motorcycle 2. US a winery / wainəri/ noun US a vineyard, windscreen where wine is made windsurfer wine tasting windsurfer / winsfə/ noun SPORT wine tasting / wain teistiŋ/ noun somebody who does windsurfing ć Wind- ENTERTAINMENT a visit to a vineyard or a surfers were waiting for some wind to make wine merchant’s to taste wine before buying really big waves. it 343 world
wine waiter Worcester sauce wine waiter / wain weitə/ noun CATER- Worcester sauce, Worcestershire ING the person in charge of serving the wines sauce noun SAUCES, ETC. a trademark for a in a restaurant. Also called sommelier bottled sauce, made of vinegar, herbs and wing /wiŋ/ noun 1. part of a bird used for spices ć a tomato juice with a dash of flying, eaten as food ć Which part of the Worcester sauce in it chicken do you prefer, white meat or a wing? word processing processing / wd prəυsesiŋ/ 2. AIR TRAVEL one of two large flat surface at noun the use of a computer to produce, the side of aircraft, which enable it to fly ć check and change texts, reports and letters He had a seat over the wing, so could not see work /wk/ noun a job ˽ in work having a much out of the cabin window. job ˽ out of work with no job í verb 1. to winkle winkle / wiŋkəl/ noun SEAFOOD a type of have a job ć She works in a travel agent’s. ć small edible sea-snail ć We bought winkles He works at the Swan Hotel. ć He is working and jellied eels from the stall on the pier. as a commis in a London restaurant. 2. to winter / wintə/ noun the last season of the make a machine operate ć Do you know how year, following autumn and before spring, to work the cash register? 3. to have the when the weather is coldest and the days are desired effect or result ć The plan worked. worker short worker / wkə/ noun somebody who is winter resort wintə ri zɔt employed ˽ hotel worker, shop worker a winter resort / | / noun TOURISM a town which is mainly visited in person who works in a hotel or a shop workforce the winter because of skiing nearby workforce / wkfɔs/ noun BUSINESS all winter schedule schedule / taimteib(ə)l/, winter the employees in a hotel or a company working wkiŋ timetable noun TRAVEL a special timetable working / / adjective referring to for planes or trains or ferries, which applies work ˽ the normal working week the usual during the low season number of hours worked per week, generally winter sports ć Even though he is a casual winter sports / wintə spɔts/ plural about 35 hours worker, he works a normal working week. noun SPORT sports which take place in the working capital winter, e.g. skiing or skating working capital / wkiŋ k pit(ə)l/ winter sports destination noun BUSINESS capital in the form of cash, winter sports destination / wintə stocks and debtors, used by a company in its spɔts destineiʃ(ə)n/ noun TOURISM a ć day-to-day operations place where people go to for winter sports working conditions wkiŋ kən Flights to winter sports destinations are full working conditions / | diʃ ə nz around Easter. ( ) / plural noun the general state of wiper waipə the place where people work, e.g. whether it wiper / / noun same as windscreen is well lit, well ventilated, too hot, noisy, wiper wire dark or dangerous waiə working holiday wire / / noun 1. a thin metal line or working holiday / wkiŋ hɒlidei/ ć thread Do not touch the electric wires. 2. a noun a holiday during which volunteers ć í telegram to send someone a wire verb to work on a project of benefit to a community ć send a telegram She wired the hotel to con- work permit wk pmit firm her arrival on the 5th of May. work permit / / noun BUSI- wok wɒk NESS an official document which allows wok / / noun CATERING a Chinese someone who is not a citizen to work in a round-bottomed frying pan ć A wok is used country for stir-fry cooking. work schedule wk ʃed ul woman wυmən work schedule / / noun a woman / / noun a female adult timetable of jobs to be done, with dates and human being (NOTE: The plural form is times for finishing them women.) workstation wk steiʃ ə n women’s toilet workstation / | ( ) / noun wiminz tɔilət women’s toilet / / noun a BUSINESS a desk with a terminal, monitor, public toilet for women keyboard and mouse, where a computer won ton won ton / wn tn/ noun FOOD in Chinese operator works ć The system has five work- cookery, a small dumpling made from a stations linked in a network. square of noodle dough with a little filling in workwear / wkweə/ noun clothing the middle, boiled in soup or deep-fried worn for work, especially a uniform wooden spoon wooden spoon / wυd(ə)n spun/ noun world /wld/ noun 1. the planet Earth 2. CATERING a spoon made of wood, used for the people in a particular business, or people cooking with a special interest ć the world of big wood pigeon wood pigeon / wυd pid ən/ noun MEAT business ć the world of lawyers or the legal a wild pigeon which is shot for food world World Heritage site 344 World Heritage site Heritage site / wld heritid damage to a ship ć The ship was wrecked on sait/ noun a place that is considered to be of the coast of Ireland. outstanding value to humanity and is given write /rait/ verb to put down words on special protection paper ć Please write your home address on world tour world tour / wld tυə/ noun TOURISM a the registration form. ć He wrote a letter to tour which visits various countries in differ- the management to complain about the serv- ent parts of the world and goes round the ice. (NOTE: writing – wrote – written) world writing table table / raitiŋ teib(ə)l/ noun a World Tourism Organisation Tourism Organisation / wld table where someone can write letters, etc. tυəriz ə m ɔ ənaizeiʃ ə n written permission rit ə n pə ( ) ( ) / noun an written permission / ( ) | agency of the United Nations that aims to miʃ(ə)n/ noun a document which allows promote tourism, especially responsible and someone to do something ć You need the sustainable tourism, throughout the world. written permission of the owner to visit the Abbr WTO castle. worldwide worldwide / wldwaid/ adjective, wrong /rɒŋ/ adjective 1. not right, contain- adverb all over the world ć a worldwide net- ing a mistake ć The bill was wrong, and we work of couriers ć Our hotels have a world- had to ask the waiter to check it. ć Our meal wide reputation for good service. ć The air- was sent to the wrong table. ć There is some- line operates worldwide. thing wrong with the television in our room. wrap wrap /r p/ noun FOOD a soft bread, like a ć They took a wrong turning and ended up in tortilla, wrapped round a filling to make a an industrial estate. 2. morally bad wrongful dismissal ć rɒŋf ə l dis snack chargrilled aubergines, courgettes wrongful dismissal / ( ) | and peppers, served in a warm tortilla wrap mis(ə)l/ noun BUSINESS removal of some- wrapping / r piŋ/ noun the paper or plas- one from a job for a reason which does not tic used to wrap something up justify dismissal and which is in breach of wrapping paper / r piŋ peipə/ noun the contract of employment wrapping paper wrong number paper used to wrap presents wrong number / rɒŋ nmbə/ noun a tel- wrap up up / r p p/ verb 1. to wear warm ephone number which is not the one you wanted to dial ć We tried dialling several clothes ć You need to wrap up warmly – it is very cold outside. 2. times, but each time got a wrong number. to cover up completely WTB ć She wrapped the book up in coloured WTB abbreviation Wales Tourist Board paper. WTO abbreviation World Tourism Organi- wreck wreck /rek/ SHIPS AND BOATS noun 1. same sation as shipwreck 2. the act of wrecking a ship WTTC abbreviation World Travel and or of being wrecked í verb to cause severe Tourism Council XYZ
XC skiing XC skiing SPORT same as cross-country for yellow fever and it can be fatal, but vac- skiing cination can prevent it. Yellow fever is xenophobia zenə fəυbiə endemic in Central Africa and the northern xenophobia / | / noun a dis- part of South America; travellers to these like of foreigners areas should carry a certificate of vaccina- Y noun a YMCA or YWCA hostel tion. yen (informal) yen /jen/ noun FINANCE the currency used yacht yacht /jɒt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS 1. a sail- in Japan (NOTE: This is usually written as ¥ ing boat, or a boat used for pleasure and sport before a figure: ¥2,700 (say ‘two thousand 2. a large luxurious boat with a motor ć She seven hundred yen’).) yield spent her holiday on a yacht in the Mediter- yield /jild/ BUSINESS noun money pro- ranean. duced as a return on an investment, i.e. reve- yacht club yacht club / jɒt klb/ noun SPORT a sail- nue from sales minus operating costs and ing club cost of sales í verb to produce as interest or yachting ć ć yachting / jɒtiŋ/ noun SPORT the activity dividend shares which yield 10% Gov- of sailing a yacht ć Yachting holidays in the ernment stocks which yield a small interest. Greek Islands are very popular. COMMENT: To work out the yield on an yachting harbour jɒtiŋ hɑbə investment, take the gross dividend per yachting harbour / / noun annum, multiply it by 100 and divide by the SPORT a harbour with special facilities for price you paid for it (in pence): an invest- yachts such as mooring buoys ment paying a dividend of 20p per share yachtsman / jɒtsmən/, yachtswoman and costing £3.00, is yielding 6.66%. YMCA / jɒtswυmən/ noun SPORT somebody who YMCA noun a worldwide welfare organisa- sails a yacht tion that runs hostels providing inexpensive yam yam /j m/ noun VEGETABLES 1. the thick accommodation for young people. Full form tuber of a tropical plant Dioscorea 2. US Young Men’s Christian Association yoghurt same as sweet potato yoghurt, yogurt / jɒ ərt/ noun DAIRY year year /jiə/ noun a period of twelve months ć fermented milk usually eaten as a dessert We are going back to the hotel where we Yorkshire pudding pudding / jɔkʃə pυdiŋ/ stayed last year. ć Next year they are going noun FOOD a mixture of eggs, flour and milk, to Corsica. cooked in the oven, the traditional accompa- year end year end / jiə end/ noun BUSINESS the niment to roast beef end of the financial year, when a company’s COMMENT: Yorkshire pudding may be accounts are prepared ć The accounts cooked in the oven in one large dish or in department has started work on the year-end several small ones. It used to be cooked in the oven in a pan under the roasting beef, accounts. so that the juices of the meat dripped onto yeast yeast /jist/ noun FOOD a living fungus the pudding. The pudding is usually used to make bread and beer served with the meat as part of the main yeast extract extract / jist ekstr kt/ noun course. youth hostel FOOD a thick sticky brown food obtained youth hostel / juθ hɒst(ə)l/ noun from yeast and eaten as a spread or used in TOURISM a building where young travellers cooking can stay the night cheaply ć If you can find yellow fever yellow fever / jeləυ fivə/ noun MEDICAL places at youth hostels, that’s the cheapest an infectious disease, found especially in way of travelling. YWCA Africa and South America, caused by a virus YWCA noun a worldwide welfare organisa- carried by the mosquito Aedes aegypti tion that runs hostels providing inexpensive COMMENT: The fever affects the liver and accommodation for young people. Full form causes jaundice. There is no known cure Young Women’s Christian Association zabaglione 346 zabaglione z bəl jəυni í zabaglione / | / noun a dessert poses verb to divide a town into different made of egg yolks, sugar, and Marsala wine areas for planning purposes beaten over hot water until pale and foamy zoning regulations zəυniŋ re jυ zoning regulations / | and served hot with sponge finger biscuits leiʃ(ə)nz/, zoning ordinances plural zebra crossing zebra crossing / zebrə krɒsiŋ/ noun noun local bylaws which regulate the types same as pedestrian crossing of building and land use in a town zest zest zoological gardens zest / / noun FOOD the thin outer rind of zoological gardens / zuəlɒd ik(ə)l the peel of a citrus fruit that is cut, scraped, ɑd(ə)nz/, zoo /zu/ noun ENTERTAIN- or grated to yield a sharp fruity flavouring MENT a place where wild animals are kept for for foods and drinks ZIP code zip kəυd the public to see ZIP code / / noun US letters and zucchini zυ kini numbers used to indicate a town or street in zucchini / | / noun US VEGETABLES an address (NOTE: The British English is same as courgette zwieback postcode.) zwieback / zwib k/ noun US BREAD, zone zone /zəυn/ noun an area of a town or ETC. a type of biscuit made of bread baked country, considered for administrative pur- hard SUPPLEMENTS
Aircraft registration codes Airline codes Airport codes Local times around the world International dialling codes International currencies Public holidays Accommodation ratings HLTT (Hospitality, Leisure, Travel and Tourism) classifications Websites Aircraft registration codes These codes are painted on all aircraft, showing their country of registration. 3A Monaco A2 Botswana 3B Mauritius A3 Tonga 3C Equatorial Guinea A40 Oman 3D Swaziland A5 Bhutan 3X Guinea A6 United Arab Emirates 4K Azerbaijan A7 Qatar 4R Sri Lanka A9C Bahrain 4U United Nations Organisation AP Pakistan 4X Israel B China & Taiwan 5A Libya B-H Hong Kong 5B Cyprus B-M Macau 5H Tanzania C Canada 5N Nigeria C2 Nauru 5R Madagascar C3 Andorra 5T Mauritania C5 Gambia 5U Niger C6 Bahamas 5V Togo C9 Mozambique 5W Samoa CC Chile 5X Uganda CN Morocco 5Y Kenya CP Bolivia 6O Somalia CS Portugal 6V Senegal CU Cuba 6Y Jamaica CX Uruguay 7O Yemen D Germany 7P Lesotho D2 Angola 7Q Malawi D4 Cape Verde 7T Algeria D6 Comoros Islands 8P Barbados DQ Fiji 8Q Maldives EC Spain 8R Guyana EI Ireland 9A Croatia EK Armenia 9G Ghana EP Iran 9H Malta ER Moldova 9J Zambia ES Estonia 9K Kuwait ET Ethiopia 9L Sierra Leone EW Belarus 9M Malaysia EY Tajikistan 9N Nepal EZ Turkmenistan 9Q Democratic Republic of the F France Congo F New Caledonia (France) 9U Burundi F Guadeloupe (France) 9V Singapore F Martinique (France) 9XR Rwanda F Tahiti (French Polynesia) 9Y Trinidad and Tobago G United Kingdom Aircraft registration codes continued H4 Solomon Islands RA Russian Federation HA Hungary RP Philippines HB Switzerland and S2 Bangladesh Liechtenstein S5 Slovenia HC Ecuador S7 Seychelles HH Haiti S9 Sao Tome and Principe HI Dominican Republic SE Sweden HK Colombia SP Poland HL South Korea ST Sudan HP Panama SU Egypt HR Honduras SX Greece HS Thailand T2 Tuvalu HV The Vatican T3 Kiribati HZ Saudi Arabia T7 San Marino I Italy T8A Palau J2 Djibouti T9 Bosnia-Herzegovina J3 Grenada TC Turkey J5 Guinea Bissau TF Iceland J6 St Lucia TG Guatemala J7 Dominica TI Costa Rica J8 St Vincent and the TJ Cameroon Grenadines TL Central African Republic JA Japan TN Congo-Brazzaville JU Mongolia TR Gabon JY Jordan TS Tunisia LN Norway TT Chad LV Argentina TU Cote d’Ivoire LX Luxembourg TY Benin LY Lithuania TZ Mali LZ Bulgaria UK Uzbekistan N USA UR Ukraine OB Peru V2 Antigua and Barbuda OD Lebanon V3 Belize OE Austria V4 St Kitts and Nevis OH Finland V5 Namibia OK Czech Republic V6 Micronesia OO Belgium V7 Marshall Islands OY Denmark V8 Brunei P North Korea VH Australia P2 Papua New Guinea VN Vietnam P4 Aruba VP, VQ British Overseas PH Netherlands Territories PJ Netherland Antilles VP-A Anguilla (UK) PK Indonesia VP-B Bermuda (UK) PP Brazil VP-C Cayman Islands (UK) PZ Surinam VP-F Falkland Islands Aircraft registration codes continued VP-G Gibraltar (UK) YA Afghanistan VP-L British Virgin Islands YI Iraq VP-M Montserrat YJ Vanuatu VQ-H St Helena (UK) YK Syria VQ-T Turks and Caicos YL Latvia Islands (UK) YN Nicaragua VR-B Bermuda YR Romania VR-C Cayman Island YS El Salvador VR-G Gibraltar YU Serbia & Montenegro VR-H Hong Kong YV Venezuela VT India Z Zimbabwe XA Mexico ZA Albania XT Burkina Faso ZK New Zealand XU Cambodia ZP Paraguay XY Myanmar ZS South Africa Airline codes 2J Air Burkina FG Ariana Afghan Airlines 4U GermanWings FI IcelandAir 9U Air Moldova FJ Air Pacific AA American Airlines FO Airlines of Tasmania AB Air Berlin FR Ryanair AC Air Canada GA Garuda Indonesia AF Air France GC Gambia International AH Air Algerie Airlines AI Air India GF Gulf Air AM Aeromexico GH Ghana Airways AQ Aloha Airlines GL Air Greenland AR Aerolineas Argentinas GN Air Gabon AS Alaska Airlines GR Aurigny Air Services AT Royal Air Maroc GY Guyana Airways AY Finnair HA Hawaiian Airlines AZ Alitalia HM Air Seychelles BA British Airways HP America West Airlines BB Seaborne Airlines HV Transavia Airlines BD bmi British Midland HY Uzbekistan Airways BG Biman Bangladesh Airlines IB Iberia BH Transtate Airlines IC Indian Airlines BI Royal Brunei Airlines IE Solomon Airlines BL Pacific Airlines IR Iran Air BM Air Sicilia IV Wind Jet BO Bouraq Indonesia Airlines IY Yemenia – Yemen Airways BP Air Botswana JL Japan Airlines BR EVA Air JM Air Jamaica BU Braathens ASA JP Adria Airways BW BWIA – West Indies JU JAT Airways Airways JY Interisland Airways CA Air China International KE Korean Air Lines CB ScotAirways KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines CI China Airlines KM Air Malta CJ China Northern Airlines KP Kiwi International Airlines CM COPA (Compania KQ Kenya Airways Panamena de Aviación) KU Kuwait Airways CO Continental Airlines KV Kavminvodyavia CU Cubana KX Cayman Airways CX Cathay Pacific Airways KY Linhas Aereas de Air Sao CY Cyprus Airways Tome and Principe CZ China Southern Airlines LA Lan-Chile DL Delta Air Lines LG Luxair DS Easyjet Switzerland LH Lufthansa DT TAAG Angola Airlines LN Jamahiriya Libyan Arab DU Hemus Air Airlines DY Air Djibouti LO LOT Polish Airlines EI Aer Lingus LY El Al Israel Airlines EK Emirates LX Swiss ET Ethiopian Airlines LZ Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines FC Finncomm Airline codes continued MA MALEV Hungarian RK Royal Khymer Airlines Airlines RO TAROM MD Air Madagascar SA South African Airways MH Malaysia Airlines SD Sudan Airways MK Air Mauritius SK SAS MN Commercial Airways SN SN Brussels Airlines MR Air Mauritanie SQ Singapore Airlines MS Egyptair SU Aeroflot Russian Airlines NF Air Vanuatu SV Saudi Arabian Airlines NG Lauda Air SW Air Namibia NH All Nippon Airways TC Air Tanzania NO Aus-Air TE Lithuanian Airlines NQ Air Japan TG Thai Airways International NV Nakanihon Airlines TK Turkish Airlines NW Northwest Airlines TM LAM – Lineas Aereas de NZ Air New Zealand Moçambique OA Olympic Airlines TN Air Tahiti Nui OB Astrakhan Airlines TP TAP – Air Portugal OK Czech Airlines TU Tunisair OM MIAT – Mongolian U2 Easyjet Airlines UA United Airlines ON Air Nauru UB Myanmar Airways OO SkyWest Airlines UI Eurocypria Airlines OS Austrian Airlines UL SriLankan Airlines OU Croatia Airlines UM Air Zimbabwe OV Estonian Air US US Airways PB Provincial Airlines UY Cameroon Airlines PC Air Fiji VE AVENSA PH Polynesian VH Aeropostal PK Pakistan International VJ Jatayu Airlines Airlines VN Vietnam Airlines PR Philippine Airlines VO Tyrolean Airlines PS Ukraine International VR TACV – Transportes Airlines Aereos de Cabo Verde PU Pluna Lineas Aereas VS Virgin Atlantic Uruguayas VU Air Ivoire PX Air Niugini VX V Bird PY Surinam Airways W6 Wizz Air PZ TAM – Transportes Aereos WG Wasaya Airlines del Mercosur WJ Labrador Airways QF Qantas Airways W6 Wizz Air QM Air Malawi WG Wasaya Airlines QR Qatar Airways WJ Labrador Airways QU East African Airlines WN Southwest Airlines QV Lao Airlines WR Royal Tongan Airlines QX Horizon Air WY Oman Aviation RA Royal Nepal Airlines YK Kibris Turk Hava Yollari RB Syrian Arab Airlines YN Air Creebec RG Varig YU Dominair RJ Royal Jordanian ZB Monarch Airlines Airport codes code airport country ABJ Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire ABZ Aberdeen UK ACA Acapulco Mexico ACC Accra Ghana ADD Addis Ababa Ethiopia ADL Adelaide Australia AGP Malaga Spain AKL Auckland New Zealand ALC Alicante Spain ALG Algiers Algeria AMM Amman Jordan AMS Amsterdam Netherlands ANC Anchorage USA ANK Ankara Turkey ANR Antwerp Belgium ANU Antigua Antigua ARN Stockholm Arlanda Sweden ASU Asuncion Paraguay ATH Athens Greece ATL Atlanta USA AUH Abu Dhabi UAE AXA Wallblake Anguilla BAH Bahrain Bahrain BCN Barcelona Spain BDA Bermuda Bermuda BER Berlin Germany BEY Beirut Lebanon BFS Belfast UK BGI Bridgetown Barbados BGO Bergen Norway BHX Birmingham UK BIO Bilbao Spain BJL Banjul Gambia BJM Bujumbura Burundi BJS Beijing China BKK Bangkok Thailand BLQ Bologna Italy BNE Brisbane Australia BOD Bordeaux France BOG Bogota Colombia BOM Mumbai India BOS Boston USA BRE Bremen Germany BRN Berne Switzerland BRS Bristol UK Airport codes continued code airport country BRU Brussels Belgium BSL Basle/Mulhouse Switzerland BTS Bratislava Slovakia BUD Budapest Hungary BUE Buenos Aires Argentina BUH Bucharest Romania BWI Baltimore USA BZV Brazzaville Congo CAI Cairo Egypt CAS Casablanca Morocco CBR Canberra Australia CCS Caracas Venezuela CCU Calcutta India CDG Paris Charles de Gaulle France CGK Jakarta Indonesia CGN Cologne Germany CHC Christchurch New Zealand CHI Chicago USA CLE Cleveland USA CMB Colombo Sri Lanka CMN Casablanca Mohamed V Morocco CNS Cairns Australia COO Cotonou Benin CPH Copenhagen Denmark CPT Cape Town South Africa CUR Curacao Neth.Antilles CVG Cincinnati USA CWL Cardiff UK DAC Dhaka Bangladesh DAM Damascus Syria DBV Dubrovnik Croatia DCA Washington National USA DCF Dominica Dominica DEL Delhi India DEN Denver USA DFW Dallas/Fort Worth USA DKR Dakar Senegal DOM Dominica Oman DRW Darwin Australia DTT Detroit USA DUB Dublin Ireland DUR Durban South Africa DUS Dusseldorf Germany DXB Dubai UAE EBB Entebbe Uganda Airport codes continued code airport country EDI Edinburgh UK EMA East Midlands UK EWR Newark USA FAO Faro Portugal FCO Rome Fiumicino Italy FIH Kinshasa Congo FRA Frankfurt Germany FUK Fukuoka Japan GBE Gabarone Botswana GCI Guernsey UK GCM Grand Cayman Cayman Islands GEO Georgetown Guyana GIB Gibraltar Gibraltar GIG Rio de Janeiro Brazil GLA Glasgow UK GND Grenada Grenada GOA Genoa Italy GOT Gothenburg Sweden GRU Sao Paulo Brazil GRZ Graz Austria GUA Guatemala City Guatemala GVA Geneva Switzerland HAJ Hanover Germany HAM Hamburg Germany HAV Havana Cuba HEL Helsinki Finland HKG Hong Kong Hong Kong HNL Honolulu USA HOU Houston USA HRE Harare Zimbabwe IAD Washington Dulles USA IAH Houston Intl. USA INN Innsbruck Austria ISB Islamabad Pakistan IST Istanbul Turkey JED Jeddah Saudi Arabia JER Jersey UK JFK New York Kennedy Intl. USA JKT Jakarta Indonesia JNB Johannesburg South Africa KEF Reykjavik Iceland KHI Karachi Pakistan KIN Kingston Jamaica KLU Klagenfurt Austria KOJ Kagoshima Japan Airport codes continued code airport country KRT Khartoum Sudan KUL Kuala Lumpur Malaysia KWI Kuwait Kuwait LAD Luanda Angola LAS Las Vegas USA LAX Los Angeles USA LBA Leeds/Bradford UK LCA Larnaca Cyprus LCY London City UK LED St Petersburg Russia LEJ Leipzig Germany LGA New York La Guardia USA LGW London Gatwick UK LHR London Heathrow UK LIL Lille France LIM Lima Peru LIN Milan Italy LIS Lisbon Portugal LJU Ljubljana Slovenia LLW Lilongwe Malawi LNZ Linz Austria LOS Lagos Nigeria LPA Gran Canaria Spain LPB La Paz Bolivia LPL Liverpool UK LTN London Luton UK LUN Lusaka Zambia LUX Luxembourg Luxembourg LYS Lyons France MAA Chennai India MAD Madrid Spain MAN Manchester UK MBA Mombasa Kenya MCI Kansas City Intl. USA MCO Orlando USA MCT Muscat Oman MEL Melbourne Australia MEX Mexico City Mexico MIA Miami USA MIL Milan Italy MKC Kansas City USA MLA Malta Malta MLW Monrovia Liberia MME Teeside UK MNL Manila Philippines Airport codes continued code airport country MOW Moscow Russia MPM Maputo Mozambique MQS Mustique Grenadines MRS Marseilles France MRU Mauritius Mauritius MSP Minneapolis St Paul USA MSY New Orleans USA MUC Munich Germany MVD Montevideo Uruguay MXP Milan Italy NAP Naples Italy NAS Nassau Bahamas NBO Nairobi Kenya NCE Nice France NCL Newcastle UK NGO Nagoya Japan NOU Nourrea New Caledonia NRT Tokyo Narita Japan NUE Nuremburg Germany NYC New York USA ORD Chicago O’Hare USA ORK Cork Ireland ORL Orlando USA ORY Paris Orly France OSA Osaka Japan OSL Oslo Norway OTP Bucharest Otopeni Romania PAR Paris France PBM Paramaribo Surinam PDX Portland USA PEK Beijing China PER Perth Australia PHL Philadelphia USA PHX Phoenix USA PIT Pittsburgh USA PLH Plymouth UK PMI Palma de Mallorca Spain POM Port Moresby Papua New Guinea POS Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago PPT Papeete French Polynesia PRG Prague Czech Republic PSA Florence Pisa Italy PTY Panama City Panama RAR Rarotonga Cook Islands REK Reykjavik Iceland Airport codes continued code airport country RIO Rio de Janeiro Brazil RIX Riga Latvia ROM Rome Italy RTM Rotterdam Netherlands RUH Riyadh Saudi Arabia SAH Sana’a Yemen SAN San Diego USA SAO Sao Paulo Brazil SCL Santiago Chile SEA Seattle USA SEL Seoul South Korea SFO San Francisco USA SHA Shanghai China SHJ Sharjah UAE SIN Singapore Singapore SKG Thessaloniki Greece SLC Salt Lake City USA SLU Saint Lucia Saint Lucia SNN Shannon Ireland SOF Sofia Bulgaria SOU Southampton UK STL Saint Louis USA STN London Stansted UK STO Stockholm Sweden STR Stuttgart Germany SVG Stavanger Norway SVO Moscow Sheremetyevo Russia SVQ Seville Spain SXB Strasbourg France SXF Berlin Schoenefeld Germany SYD Sydney Australia SZG Salzburg Austria TCI Tenerife Spain TGU Tegucigalpa Honduras THF Berlin Tempelhof Germany THR Tehran Iran TLL Tallinn Estonia TLS Toulouse France TLV Tel Aviv Israel TPA Tampa USA TPE Taipei Taiwan TRN Turin Italy TUN Tunis Tunisia TYO Tokyo Japan UIO Quito Ecuador Airport codes continued code airport country VCE Venice Italy VIE Vienna Austria VLC Valencia Spain VNO Vilnius Lithuania WAS Washington DC USA WAW Warsaw Poland WDH Windhoek Namibia WLG Wellington New Zealand YEA Edmonton Canada YEG Edmonton Intl. Canada YMQ Montreal Mirabel Canada YOW Ottawa Canada YTO Toronto Canada YUL Montreal Pierre Elliot Canada Trudeau Intl. YVR Vancouver Canada YWG Winnipeg Canada YYC Calgary Canada YYZ Toronto Lester Pearson Canada ZAG Zagreb Croatia ZRH Zurich Switzerland Local times around the world Universal Time (UT) 1200 London 1200 Abu Dhabi 1600 Luanda 1300 Adelaide 2130 Luxembourg 1300 Algiers 1300 Madagascar 1500 Amsterdam 1300 Madrid 1300 Ankara 1400 Malé 1700 Astana 1800 Malta 1300 Athens 1400 Manila 2000 Baghdad 1500 Mexico 0600 Bangkok 1900 Minsk 1400 Beijing 2000 Montevideo 0900 Beirut 1400 Montreal 0700 Berlin 1300 Moscow 1500 Bern(e) 1300 Mumbai 1730 Bogota 0700 Nairobi 1500 Brasilia 0900 Nassau 0700 Brazzaville 1300 New York 0700 Brussels 1300 Oslo 1300 Bucharest 1400 Ottawa 0700 Budapest 1300 Panama 0700 Buenos Aires 0900 Paris 1300 Cairo 1400 Perth 2000 Calcutta (Kolkata) 1730 Phnom Penh 1900 Canberra 2200 Prague 1300 Cape Town 1400 Pretoria 1400 Caracas 0800 Pyongyang 2100 Chicago 0600 Quebec 0700 Colombo 1730 Rangoon 1830 Copenhagen 1300 Reykjavik 1200 Costa Rica 0600 Rio de Janeiro 0900 Damascus 1400 Riyadh 1500 Delhi 1730 Rome 1300 Dhaka 1800 San Francisco 0400 Dublin 1200 Santiago 0800 Gibraltar 1300 Seoul 2100 Hanoi 1900 Seychelles 1600 Harare 1400 Singapore 2000 Helsinki 1400 Stockholm 1300 Hong Kong 2000 Sydney 2200 Honolulu 0200 Taipei 2000 Istanbul 1400 Tallinn 1400 Jakarta 1900 Tbilisi 1600 Jerusalem 1400 Tehran 1530 Kabul 1630 Tirana 1300 Karachi 1700 Tokyo 2100 Khartoum 1400 Toronto 0700 Kiev 1400 Tripoli 1300 Kinshasa 1400 Tunis 1300 Kuala Lumpur 2000 Ulan Bator 2000 Kuwait 1500 Vienna 1300 Lagos 1300 Warsaw 1300 La Paz 0800 Washington DC 0700 Lima 0700 Wellington 0000 (+1 day) Lisbon 1200 Yaoundé 1300 International dialling codes Afghanistan 93 Egypt 20 Albania 355 El Salvador 503 Algeria 213 Equatorial Guinea 240 Andorra 376 Estonia 372 Angola 244 Ethiopia 251 Anguilla 1264 Falkland Islands 500 Antigua 1268 Fiji 679 Argentina 54 Finland 358 Armenia 374 France 33 Australia 61 French Guiana 594 Austria 43 Gabon 241 Bahamas 1242 Gambia 220 Bahrain 973 Georgia 679 Bangladesh 880 Germany 49 Barbados 1246 Ghana 233 Belarus 375 Gibraltar 350 Belgium 32 Great Britain 44 Belize 501 Greece 30 Benin 229 Grenada 1473 Bermuda 1441 Guatemala 502 Bhutan 975 Guinea 224 Bolivia 591 Guinea-Bissau 245 Bosnia 387 Guyana 592 Botswana 267 Haiti 509 Brazil 55 Honduras 504 Brunei 673 Hong Kong 852 Bulgaria 359 Hungary 36 Burkina Faso 226 Iceland 354 Burma (see Myanmar) India 91 Burundi 257 Indonesia 62 Cambodia 855 Iran 98 Cameroon 237 Iraq 964 Canada 1 Irish Republic 353 Cape Verde Islands 238 Israel 972 Cayman Islands 1345 Italy 39 Central African Republic 236 Ivory Coast 225 Chad 235 Jamaica 1876 Chile 56 Japan 81 China 86 Jordan 962 Colombia 57 Kazakhstan 7 Comoros 269 Kenya 254 Congo (Republic of the) 242 Kuwait 965 Congo 243 Kyrgyzstan 996 (Democratic Republic of the) Laos 856 Costa Rica 506 Latvia 371 Croatia 385 Lebanon 961 Cuba 53 Lesotho 266 Cyprus 357 Liberia 231 Czech Republic 420 Libya 218 Denmark 45 Liechtenstein 423 Djibouti 253 Lithuania 370 Dominica 1767 Luxembourg 352 Dominican Republic 1809 Macao 853 Ecuador 593 International dialling codes continued Macedonia 389 St Vincent 1784 (Former Yugoslav Republic of) Samoa 378 Madagascar 261 Saudi Arabia 966 Madeira 351 Senegal 221 Malawi 265 Serbia & Montenegro 381 Malaysia 60 Seychelles 248 Maldives 960 Sierra Leone 232 Mali 223 Singapore 65 Malta 356 Slovakia 42 Mauritania 222 Slovenia 386 Mauritius 230 Somalia 252 Mexico 52 South Africa 27 Moldova 373 South Korea 82 Monaco 377 Spain 34 Mongolia 976 Sri Lanka 94 Montserrat 1664 Sudan 249 Morocco 212 Suriname 597 Mozambique 258 Swaziland 268 Myanmar 95 Sweden 46 Namibia 264 Switzerland 41 Nauru 674 Syria 963 Nepal 977 Taiwan 886 Netherlands 31 Tanzania 255 New Zealand 64 Thailand 66 Nicaragua 505 Togo 228 Niger 227 Tonga 676 Nigeria 234 Trinidad & Tobago 1868 North Korea 850 Tunisia 216 Norway 47 Turkey 90 Oman 968 Turkmenistan 993 Pakistan 92 Tuvalu 688 Panama 507 Uganda 256 Papua New Guinea 675 Ukraine 380 Paraguay 595 United Arab Emirates 971 Peru 51 United Kingdom 44 Philippines 63 USA 1 Poland 48 Uruguay 598 Portugal 351 Uzbekistan 998 Puerto Rico 1787 Vanuatu 678 Qatar 974 Venezuela 58 Réunion 262 Vietnam 84 Romania 40 Yemen 967 Russia 7 Zambia 260 Rwanda 250 Zimbabwe 263 St Lucia 1758 International currencies In the following list, units of currency marked (*) usually have no plural: e.g. 1 kyat (one kyat), 200 kyat (two hundred kyat), etc. Country Currency Divided into Abbreviation Afghanistan Afghani* puli Af or Afs Albania Lek* qindars Lk Algeria Algerian dinar centimes DA Andorra Euro cents € Angola Kwanza* lwei Kzrl Antigua East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$ Argentina Argentinian peso australes Australia Australian dollar cents A$ Austria Euro cents € Bahamas Bahamian dollar cents B$ Bahrain Bahraini dinar fils BD Bangladesh Taka* poisha Tk Barbados Barbados dollar cents Bd$ or BD$ Belarus Rouble kopeks Belgium Euro cents € Belize Belize dollar cents BZ$ Benin CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Bermuda Bermuda dollar cents Bda$ Bhutan Ngultrum* chetrum N Bolivia Boliviano or Bolivian peso centavos $b Bosnia Marka para Botswana Pula thebe P Brazil Real centavos R$ Brunei Brunei dollar sen B$ Bulgaria Lev* stotinki Lv Burkina Faso CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Burma (see Myanmar) Burundi Burundi franc centimes Bur Fr or FrBr Cambodia Riel* sen RI Cameroon CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Canada Canadian dollar cents Can$ or C$ Cape Verde Islands Escudo Caboverdiano centavos CV esc Cayman Islands Cayman Island dollar cents CayI$ Central African Republic CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Chad CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Chile Chilean peso centavos Ch$ China Yuan* or renminbi* fen Y Colombia Colombian peso centavos Col$ Comoros CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Congo (Republic of) CFA franc centimes CFA Fr International currencies continued Country Currency Divided into Abbreviation Congo (Democratic Republic of) Congolese franc centimes Costa Rica Colón* centimos C/ Croatia Kuna lipas Cuba Cuban peso centavos Cub$ Cyprus Cyprus pound cents £C or C£ Czech Republic Koruna haleru K¢ Dahomey (see Benin) Denmark Krone öre DKr or DKK Djibouti Djibouti franc centimes Dj Fr Dominica East Caribbean dollar cents EC$ Dominican RepublicDominican peso centavos DR$ Ecuador Sucre* centavos Su Egypt Egyptian pound piastres £E or E£ Eire (see Irish Republic) El Salvador Colón* centavos ES¢ Equatorial Guinea CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Estonia Kroon sents Ethiopia Birr* or Ethiopian dollar cents EB Fiji Fiji dollar cents $F or F$ Finland Euro cents € France Euro cents € French Guiana Euro cents € Gabon CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Gambia, The Dalasi* butut Di Germany Euro cents € Ghana Cedi* pesewas ¢ Georgia Lari tetri Great Britain (see United Kingdom) Greece Euro cents € Grenada East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$ Guatemala Quetzal centavos Q Guinea Guinea franc centimes Guinea-Bissau CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Guyana Guyana dollar cents G$ or Guy$ Haiti Gourde* centimes Gde Holland (see Netherlands) Honduras Lempira* centavos La Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar cents HK$ Hungary Forint filler Ft Iceland Króna aurar Ikr India Rupee paisa R or Re or R$ Indonesia Rupiah* sen representative International currencies continued Country Currency Divided into Abbreviation Iran Rial* dinars RI Iraq Iraqi dinar fils ID Irish Republic Euro cents € Israel Shekel agora IS Italy Euro cents € Ivory Coast CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Jamaica Jamaican dollar cents J$ Japan Yen* sen Y or ¥ Jordan Jordanian Dinar fils JD Kazakhstan Tenge Kenya Kenya shilling cents KSh or Sh Korea (North) North Korean won* chon NK W Korea (South) South Korean won* jeon SK W Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar fils KD Kyrgystan Som tyin Laos Kip* at K or Kp Latvia Lat santims Lebanon Lebanese pound piastres £Leb or L£ Lesotho Loti* lisente L Liberia Liberian dollar cents L$ Libya Libyan dinar dirhams LD Liechtenstein Swiss franc centimes SFr or FS Lithuania Lita Luxembourg Euro cents € Macedonia Dinar paras Macau Pataca* avos P or $ Madeira Euro cents € Malagasy Republic Malagasy franc centimes FMG or Mal Fr Malawi Kwacha* tambala K or MK Malaysia Ringgit or Malaysian Dollar sen M$ Maldives Rufiyaa laaris MvRe Mali CFA franc cents CFA Fr Malta Maltese pound or lira cents £M or M£ Mauritania Ouguiya* khoums U Mauritius Mauritius rupee cents Mau Rs or R Mexico Peso centavos Mex$ Moldova Leu Monaco Euro cents € Mongolian Republic Tugrik* möngös Tug Montserrat East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$ Morocco Dirham centimes DH Mozambique Metical* centavos M International currencies continued Country Currency Divided into Abbreviation Myanmar Kyat* pyas Kt Namibia Namibian dollar cents Nauru Australian dollar cents A$ Nepal Nepalese rupee paise NR or Nre Netherlands Euro cents € New Hebrides (see Vanuatu) New Zealand New Zealand dollar cents NZ$ Nicaragua Córdoba centavos C$ or C Niger CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Nigeria Naira* kobo N or N Norway Krone ore NKr Oman Rial Omani baizas RO Pakistan Pakistan rupee paise R or Pak Re Panama Balboa centesimos Ba Papua New Guinea Kina* toea Ka or K Paraguay Guarani* centimos G Peru Sol cents S Philippines Philippine peso centavos P or PP Poland Zloty groszy Zl Portugal Euro cents € Puerto Rico US dollar cents $ or US$ Qatar Qatar Riyal dirhams QR Reunion CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Romania Leu* bani L or l Russia Rouble kopeks Rub Rwanda Rwanda franc centimes Rw Fr St Lucia East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$ St Vincent East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$ Samoa Tala sene Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal or rial halala SA R Senegal CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Serbia & Montenegro Dinar paras DN Seychelles Seychelles rupee cents Sre or R Sierra Leone Leone cents Le Singapore Singapore dollar cents S$ or Sing$ Slovakia Koruna haliers Sk Slovenia Tolar stotin SIT Solomon Islands Solomon Island dollar cents SI$ Somalia Somali shilling cents Som Sh or So Sh South Africa Rand* cents R Spain Euro cents € Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee cents SC Re International currencies continued
Country Currency Divided into Abbreviation Sudan Sudanese dinar pounds SD Suriname Suriname guilder cents S Gld Swaziland Lilangeni* cents Li or E Sweden Krona örer SKr Syria Syrian pound piastres S£ Taiwan New Taiwan dollar cents T$ or NT$ Tanzania Tanzanian shilling cents TSh Thailand Baht* satang Bt Togo CFA franc centimes CFA Fr Tonga Pa’anga seniti Trinidad & Tobago Trinidad & Tobago dollar cents TT$ Tunisia Tunisian dinar millimes TD Turkey Turkish lira kurus TL Turkmenistan Manat tenesi Tuvalu Australian dollar cents $A Uganda Uganda Shilling cents Ush Ukraine Hryvna kopiykas United Arab Emirates UAE dirham fils UAE Dh or UD United Kingdom Pound sterling pence £ or £Stg USA Dollar cents $ or US$ Uruguay Uruguayan peso centesimos N$ Uzbekistan Sum tiyin Vanuatu Vatu centimes Venezuela Bolívar centimos BS Vietnam Dong* xu D Virgin Islands US dollar cents US$ Yemen Riyal fils YR Zambia Kwacha* ngwee K Zimbabwe Zimbabwe dollar cents Z$ Public holidays Most countries have many public holidays: some are observed worldwide, while some are particular to each country. Many countries celebrate the birthday of their ruler, or past rulers. Many countries also celebrate their independence.
International Public Holidays 1st January New Year’s Day: Observed almost universally as a public holiday. 1st May May Day or Labour Day: Observed in many socialist and western countries. 12th October Columbus Day or Discovery of America Day: Observed in many countries in South and Central America. 24th October United Nations Day: Observed in some (but not all) member countries of the United Nations.
International Religious Holidays These are observed in many countries, depending on their religion. Many religious festivals are not celebrated on a single fixed date, but vary from year to year depending on the calendar. end of January or February Chinese New Year: Observed in China, and many other countries with large Chinese populations. October or November Diwali: Observed in India and many other countries with Hindu populations. March or April Easter: Observed in most Christian countries or countries with large Christian populations; the date of Easter is not the same in the Western or Catholic Church, and the Eastern or orthodox Church. May Wesak or Buddha Day: Celebrated in Thailand and other Buddhist countries. 15th August Assumption: Observed in most Catholic countries. 25th December Christmas Day: Observed in most countries; the orthodox Christmas varies in date. Muslim Festivals Ramadan: The most important Muslim festival is Ramadan (the ninth month in the Muslim calendar) which varies in date from year to year. The Eid al-Fitr holiday is the last three days of Ramadan. Hajj: The Hajj (or pilgrimage to Mecca) takes place during the last month of the Muslim calendar; the last day of the pilgrimage is the holiday of Eid al-Adha. 30th August Observed in most Muslim countries. Public holidays continued
National Holidays 1st January Jewish calendar is lunar the holiday Haiti (Independence Day) may occur in April or May. Sudan (Independence Day) 27th April 4th January Sierra Leone (Independence Day) Myanmar (Independence Day) South Africa (Freedom Day) 26th January 3rd May Australia Day Japan (Constitution Day) India (Republic Day) Poland (Constitution Day) 4th February 14th May Sri Lanka (Independence Day) Paraguay (Independence Day) 11th February 17th May Iran (Republic Day) Norway (Constitution Day) 16th February 20th May Lithuania (Independence Day) Cameroon (Republic Day) 18th February 22nd May Gambia (Independence Day) Yemen (Unification Day) 23rd February 24th May Guyana (Republic Day) Bermuda Day 24th February 25th May Estonia (Independence Day) Jordan (Independence Day) 25th February Argentina (Revolution Day) Kuwait (National Day) 2nd June 27th February Italy (Republic Day) Dominican Republic 5th June (Independence Day) Denmark (Constitution Day) 17th March 10th June Ireland (St Patrick’s Day) Portugal Day 20th March 12th June Tunisia (Independence Day) Philippines (Independence Day) 21st March 17th June Namibia (Independence Day) Iceland (Independence Day) 23rd March 25th June Pakistan (Republic Day) Mozambique (Independence Day) 25th March Slovenia (Statehood Day) Greece (Independence Day) 26th June Gabon (National Day) Madagascar (Independence Day) 17th April 30th June Syria (Independence Day) Democratic Republic of the Congo 18th April (Independence Day) Zimbabwe (Independence Day) 1st July Burundi (Independence Day) 26th April Canada Day Tanzania (Union Day) Rwanda (Independence Day) Israel (Independence Day) NOTE: Although Israel declared 4th July independence on 14 May 1948, as the USA (Independence Day) Public holidays continued
6th July 31st August Malawi (Independence Day) Trinidad & Tobago (Independence Day) 11th July 1st September Mongolia (Independence Day) Libya (Revolution Day) 14th July 6th September France (Bastille Day) Swaziland (Independence Day) 17th July 7th September Iraq (Revolution Day) Brazil (Independence Day) 20th July 9th September Colombia (Independence Day) North Korea (Founding of DPR Korea) 21st July 15th September Belgium (National Day) Costa Rica (Independence Day) 26th July El Salvador (Independence Day) Liberia (Independence Day) Guatemala (Independence Day) Cuba (Rebellion Day) Honduras (Independence Day) Nicaragua (Independence Day) 28th July Peru (Independence Day) 16th September Mexico (Independence Day) 30th July Morocco (Throne Day) 18th September Chile (Independence Day) 1st August Switzerland (National Day) 22nd September Benin (National Day) Mali (Independence Day) 1st Monday in August 1st October Jamaica (Independence Day) Botswana Day China (Anniversary of the Founding of 6th August the People’s Republic of China) Bolivia (Independence Day) Nigeria (Independence Day) 7th August Cyprus (Independence Day) Cote d’Ivoire (Independence Day) NOTE: the Turkish Cypriot area celebrates Independence Day on 15 9th August November Singapore (Independence Day) 2nd October 10th August Guinea (Independence Day) Ecuador (Independence Day) 3rd October 11th August Germany (Unity Day) Chad (Independence Day) 4th October 15th August Lesotho (Independence Day) Republic of the Congo (Independence Day) 9th October South Korea (Liberation Day) Uganda (Independence Day) 17th August 12th October Indonesia (Independence Day) Spain (National Day) Equatorial Guinea (Independence Day) 20th August Hungary (St Stephen’s Day) 2nd Monday in October Fiji (Independence Day) 25th August Uruguay (Independence Day) 24th October Zambia (Independence Day) 31st August Malaysia (Independence Day) Public holidays continued
26th October 1st December Austria (National Day) Central African Republic (Republic Day) 29th October Romania (Unification Day) Turkey (Independence Day) 2nd December 1st November Laos (Republic Day) Algeria (Revolution Day) United Arab Emirates (Independence Day) 2nd November Antigua & Barbuda (Independence Day) 6th December Finland (Independence Day) 3rd November Dominica (Independence Day) 10th December Cuba (Independence Day) 11th November Angola (Independence Day) 11th December Burkina Faso (Republic Day) 18th November Latvia (Independence Day) 12th December Kenya (Independence Day) 22nd November Lebanon (Independence Day) 16th December Bahrain (National Day) 25th November Bangladesh (Victory Day) Suriname (Independence Day) 17th December 28th November Bhutan (National Day) Mauritania (Independence Day) 18th December 30th November Niger (Republic Day) Barbados (Independence Day) Accommodation ratings
In response to consumer demand, VisitBritain, the Automobile Association and RAC created one overall rating scheme for serviced accommodation, using stars to represent hotels and diamonds for guest accommodation (guesthouses, inns, farmhouses, bed & breakfasts).
Serviced Accommodation: Star ratings Star ratings symbolise the level of service, range of facilities and quality of guest care that you can expect. Hotels are required to meet progressively higher standards as they move up the scale from one to five stars. The gradings are: ȡ Practical accommodation with a limited range of facilities and services, but a high standard of cleanliness throughout. Restaurant/eating area. 75% of bedrooms with ensuite or private facilities. ȡȡ Better-equipped bedrooms, all with ensuite/private bathroom and a colour TV. A lift is normally available. Dinner available. ȡȡȡ Higher standard of services and facilities including larger public areas and bedrooms, a receptionist, room service, laundry. ȡȡȡȡ Accommodation offering superior comfort and quality; all bedrooms with ensuite bath, fitted overhead shower and WC. Spacious and well-appointed public areas. More emphasis on food and drink. Room service for all meals and 24 hour drinks, refreshments and snacks. Dry cleaning service. Excellent customer service. ȡȡȡȡȡ A spacious, luxurious establishment offering the highest quality of accommodation, facilities, services and cuisine, with a range of extra facilities. Professional, attentive staff should provide flawless guest services.
Serviced Accommodation: Diamond ratings Diamond ratings for guest accommodation reflect visitor expectations, where quality is seen as more important than facilities and services. Guest accommodation is required to meet progressively higher standards of quality and guest care as they move up the scale from one to five diamonds. « Clean, comfortable accommodation, providing breakfast. «« Good overall level of quality and comfort, more emphasis on guest care. ««« Well-maintained, a good choice of breakfast dishes, a very good level of customer care. «««« An even higher level of quality and comfort. Very good levels of customer care. ««««« Exceptional overall quality in furnishing, rooms and customer care, anticipating guests’ needs. Accommodation ratings continued
Self-catering Accommodation All properties have to meet an extensive list of minimum requirements before they can be considered for a star rating. Serviced apartments provide self-catering accommodation with additional elements of service, such as a 24-hour concierge service, or a 5 out of 7 day cleaning service. ȡ Acceptable overall level of quality. Adequate provision of furniture, furnishings and fittings. ȡȡ Good overall level of quality. All units self-contained; 2 bathrooms where there are eight or more guests. ȡȡȡ Good to very good level of quality. Good standard of maintenance and decoration. Ample space and good quality furniture. All double beds with access from both sides. Microwaves. ȡȡȡȡ Excellent overall level of quality. Very good care and attention to detail. Either access to washing machine and drier, or a 24-hour laundry service. ȡȡȡȡȡ Exceptional overall level of quality. High levels of décor, fixtures and fittings, together with excellent standards guest services. Excellent range of accessories and personal touches.
Holiday, Touring and Camping Parks Every year the National Tourist Boards inspect more than 1,000 parks. They assess over 50 separate aspects of the parks, from landscaping and layout to maintenance, customer care, and most importantly cleanliness. ȡ Acceptable – to achieve this grade, the park must be clean with good standards of maintenance and customer care. ȡȡ Good – all the above points plus an improved level of landscaping, lighting, refuse disposal and maintenance. ȡȡȡ Very good – most parks fall within this category; three stars represent the industry standard. The range of facilities provided may vary from park to park, but they will be of a very good standard and will be well maintained. ȡȡȡȡ Excellent quality – careful attention to detail in the provision of all services and facilities. ȡȡȡȡȡ Exceptional standards can be expected from these parks, with the highest levels of customer care and attractive surroundings. All facilities will be maintained in pristine condition. As well as the star rating, all parks have a designator to explain the type of accommodation. Holiday Parks offer caravan holiday homes for hire or for sale. Touring Parks are for people who want to take their own touring caravan, motorhome or tent. Camping Parks have pitches available for tents only. Many parks offer combinations of these, for example ‘Holiday and Touring Park’ or ‘Touring and Camping Park’. Accommodation ratings continued
Hostels: Star ratings Hostels are rated from one to five stars. They must meet a minimum entry requirement for both the provision and quality of facilities and services, including fixtures, fittings, furnishings, décor and any other extra facilities. The more stars, the higher the overall level of quality. Group Hostels provide hostel style accommodation that caters for groups only. Bunkhouses offer a similar style of accommodation to hostels, but usually with more limited service and facilities, usually on a self-catering basis. Bunkhouses are not star rated but meet the same minimum requirements as hostels, where applicable. Camping Barns provide very simple self-catering accommodation. Often referred to as ‘stone tents’, they have the advantage of being roomy and dry. Camping Barns are not Star rated and will be assessed as being fit for the purpose, meeting a specific minimum entry requirement.
Campus Accommodation: Star ratings Campus accommodation includes educational establishments such as universities and colleges with sleeping accommodation in halls of residence. It is rated from one to five stars.
Holiday Villages: Star ratings Holiday villages are rated from one to five stars. A holiday village usually offers a variety of types of accommodation, with the majority provided in custom-built rooms (e.g. chalets, hotel rooms). A range of facilities and activities are also available which may, or may not, be included in the tariff. HLTT classifications Business Activity
UK SIC Description Sector
55.1 Hotels Hospitality
Camping sites and other provision of short stay 55.2 accommodation Hospitality
55.3 Restaurants Hospitality
55.4 Bars Hospitality
55.5 Canteens and catering Hospitality
60.22 Taxi operation Travel
60.23 Renting of buses and coaches Travel
60.3 Activities of travel agents and tour operators Tourism/Travel
74.873 Activities of exhibition and fair organisers Tourism
74.874 Activities of conference organisers Tourism
92.13 Motion picture projection Leisure
92.311 Live theatrical presentations Leisure
92.32 Operation of arts facilities Leisure
92.33 Fair and amusement park activities Leisure
Dance halls, discos & dance instructors; other 92.34 entertainment activities Leisure
Museum activities and preservation of historical 92.52 sites/buildings Leisure
Botanical and zoological gardens and nature 92.53 reserves activities Leisure
92.61 Operation of sports arenas and stadiums Leisure
92.62 Other sporting activities Leisure
92.7 Other recreational activities Leisure HLTT classifications continued Occupation
SOC Description
1221 Hotel and accommodation managers
1222 Conference and exhibition managers
1223 Restaurant and catering managers
1224 Publicans and managers of licensed premises
1225 Leisure and sports managers
1226 Travel agency managers
5434 Chefs, cooks
6211 Sports and leisure assistants
6212 Travel agents
6213 Travel and tour guides
6214 Air travel assistants
6215 Rail travel assistants
6219 Leisure and travel service occupations
6231 Housekeepers and related occupations
8213 Bus and coach drivers
9222 Hotel porters
9223 Kitchen and catering assistants
9224 Waiters, waitresses
9225 Bar staff
9226 Leisure and theme park attendants
Marginal
2452 Archivists and curators
8214 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Websites
Academy of Food and Wine Service www.acfws.org The Academy of Food and Wine Service is the industry’s professional training body, dedicated to improving the basic knowledge of all restaurant staff, incorporating bar skills, wine service and food service.
British Hospitality Organisation www.bha-online.org.uk The British Hospitality Association has been representing the hotel, restaurant and catering industry for 90 years. The Association exists to ensure that the views of the British hospitality industry are represented to government and policy makers in the UK and internationally, in order that its members’ businesses can flourish.
British Institute of Innkeeping www.bii.org With over 16,000 members, this is the professional body for the licensed retail sector. It promotes high standards of professionalism throughout the licensed retail sector; aims to encourage new entrants into the industry, and to help them develop their long-term careers.
Caterer www.caterer.com Online recruitment resource for hotel, restaurant and bar jobs.
Hospitality Training Foundation www.htf.org.uk
The Restaurant Association www.bha-online.org.uk/restaurantassociation.asp Part of the British Hospitality Organisation, representing the interests of restaurateurs for over 40 years
Springboard UK Limited www.springboarduk.org.uk Springboard UK is a young dynamic organisation which promotes careers in hospitality, leisure, tourism and travel to a range of potential recruits and influencers through a network of centres across the UK.
VisitBritain www.visitbritain.org VisitBritain was created on 1 April 2004, to market Britain to the rest of the world and to the British.