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ALI HAZIN a Critical Evaluation of His Poetic Writings

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ALI HAZIN a Critical Evaluation of His Poetic Writings ALI HAZIN A Critical Evaluation of his Poetic Writings ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PERSIAN BY Mrs. Noor Afshan Kirmani DEPARTMENT OF PERSIAN ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH 1986 1 SWiMAliY OF THE THESIS ^^ SEP i' 'i'ne introduction throws light on the initial stages when I nad to think hard in choosing the topic of my thesis. An explanation has been given in the beginning for this choice which also includes my special attraction for the Indo-Persian poetry. The spade work done in this connection, involving a broad-survey of both nistorical as well as cultural and literary sources, has also been mentioned. The first chapter of my thesis gives the socio­ political background of Hazin's poetry. iiitice Hazin spent his life ooth in Iran and India, a brief history of contempo­ rary perioa of ooth the countries is reviev/ed and the social as veil as the literary conditions have aiso been discussed. Tne development of literature and art, like any other kind of development, depenca much on the socio-political conditions of a country, HS a mat e r of fact, the i:>afavj.d dynasty in Iran nnd the rulinc liughai dynat>ty in India, vjere passing through almort similai CTrcumstances of their tall. As Wv ic, M.'Itu. ayn-ifaties had cordial relations from the very beginning, the Iranian iiinmigrants were accorded warm v/clcome in India. The Iranian moncrchj pruceuing Sultan Husain could not successfully meet the chillenges of the expending Iranian 2 economy and took resort to the incroasincj meacurcs of taxation. So happened with Sultan Husain too. The peasants, v/ho were already over burdened with taxes started deserting their lands and, in order to tie them up v/ith their lands. Sultan Husain adopted stringent measures of severe punishments. This created chaotic conditions in tine country. The short-lived seven years' of Afghan rule also did not result in any sort of amelioration dn the lots of the teeming millions. Nadir Shah did liberate the country from the foreign yoke and also temporarily pacified the people but coulfl not bring prosperity to his countrymen. He himself, once the hero of Iranians, started committing all sorrs of atrocities over his own people. It was curing his rule that Shaikh Ali Hazin and a large number of Iranians left their country. These political upheavels went a long way in shaping Hazin's personality. Many times, and at many places, the Shaikh, v/herever he came to know of the atrocities committed by the officials, intervened and pleaded the cases of the innocents and succeeded in getting the peoples' grievances redres'^ed. it was this intervention of the Shaikn and nis resentment against oppression and cruelty that made him a suspected rebel in the eyes of the government. Th? conditions in India were no better than those prevailing in Iran whcrofrom a lot of people, including Hazin, had fled. TrE Court of uelni was fraught with factionalism and conspiracies of nooles struggling tor their own interests and power. Mohammad Shah, x:he then ruling monarch and his successors, subsequently found themselves at the mercy of the powerful nobles 3 and courtiers. Despj te (.ieqcnc;i,,ricp and degradation mentioned above, the literary atmosphere v;as not so bad and a large niimber of Indian poets of distinction as v;ell as of Iranian origin were present in the Court of Delhi. Hazin's v/hole family had been attached with the Safavid kings and so was Hazin with Sultan Husain and his son Shah Tahmasp II, But he never accepted any government position or patronage either in Iran or in India. However, the Shaikh criticised India and its people in general and those of Delhi and Kashmir in particular, riis criticism crossed the confines of prose and the Shaikh v;rote many verses against India and the Indians. This made Hazin's stay in i^elhi difficult and after mor than a aecade, he had to leave Delhi for Benares where he passed tlie rest of hJ s life. The second chapter deals with the life history of Shaikh Hazin, his family background, his exceptional devotion to studies end h Ls contacts v/ith the outstanding learned persons which v.'ent into the shaping his care ;r orK^ poetic temperament. Snajkh 'Ui Hazjn w.^s born in 1103 A.H. at the royal residence of Isfahan. Hazin had a healthy mind and sharp memory. rio wan oble to r'-^ao and'writo v;hen he was only four years of age. Hazin's father, him-elf also a very learned man, .introauced Hazin to outstanajng scholars. He also attended the classes of nis fatner a^id uncle .r, one of ch ir puoils. Hazin also learnt the the art of composjng.verses but kept them secret from his father > for some ti me. Shaikh Ali Hazin vjas a Shi' a by D.i rth and tajth and has written many 'qasidas' in i.roise of the Imams. But, at tne same tim> , ne v/as so broad-minded anc"^ accommodative, at least in reli­ gious matters, that ne dia not v/rite any thing against the first three Caiipns not accepted Py his sect. Tne Shaikn haa a real love for reading. He not only stuoied the books on Islam and its various sects, but also made a thorough study of the religions of the Cnristians, the Jews, and the Magians etc. 'Shaikh Hazin v;as busy in learning and peaceful academic pursuits in Isfahan •^•'hen the events took a turn. The Shaikh's fathc! pasced away in 1127 A.H. followed bv the de.ith of his Drother and the gr.uidmother. Duo to the 1"niG-management of the anccstornl property nt Lahijan, the family income also reduced to the minimume Lastly came the seige of Isfahan and occupation of the ceipital by the Afghans in which Hazin* s library containing about five thousand volumies v;as pludered and many of his valuable writings, v/ere lost for all times to come. After spending fcrty-three years of his life in Iran, the Shaikh came to India. But the vicissitudes of time had left such indelible impressions on his mind that he could not adjust himself to the ne\<f country. Hazin thought to go back to his motherland many times but luck v/ould not have it so and Hazin died in 1180 A.H. at Benares and was buried therfe. Despite a few weaknesses in his personality, the Shaikh was a dignified and religious-minded person. 5 The third,tourth and tifth chapters on poetry review the total contriDution of the poet which includes different genres such as'QasidaJ 'mathnawis'and tragments. As ghasal happens to be the main field of Hazin, a separate chapter takes it up tor closer analysis. The salient features of Hazin's'ghazal'along v/ith their narure and poetic quality have been highlighted with relevant quota­ tions from the text. Due consideration has been given to the forces at work behind his poetry and the important poets of the past v/ho exercised their influence on the poet'S thinking as well as modes of expres.^:ion. For instance, Jalaluddin Rumi and Hafiz, among other several poets, v/ere found to be Hazin's chief mentors in poetry, A thorough study of the above - mentioned tv;o poets reveal many common ideas and attitudes with i-iazin. For a comparative study, ' ghazals' written in the same rhyme and metre by those poets and their poetic responses to various situations have been noted down side by side to speak for themselves, Hazin's affinity with such clasrical masters of Persian poetry has provided him with much better credentials, as he v/as a product of the artificial period of Persian poetry, Hazin's iiamediate predecessors such as, Kalim r.nd Sa'ib etc. have then been discussed and their impact on Hazin's poetry has been identified. In making a final assessment of Hazin's 'ghazal', this oackground 6 study has helped in eiccountinq tor his dest poetry v/hich h3s remoinod shrouded under the cover of sub-standard and artificial verses. After discussing various aspects and thrashing out the whole worh ol 'ghazal', an attempt has oeen made to indentity the distinctly valuable and lasting part of that work. Critical comments on the traditional line of thinking and the individual and personal element of the poet go side by side. The last chapter throws lignt on the style and aiction of the poet \;ith special reference to Sabk-i Hindi which was very common ar that time. A detaileol analysis has been carried out regarding the nature and dimensions of SabK-i-Hinda. i have traced the origin and development of this style from the very beginning and have mentioned its different aspects both negative and positive. Giving abundant Illustrations from various poets v/ho can be claimed to be the precursors and fore-runners of this much maligned but still admired style, I have traced its development to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries When Sabk-i Hindi was in full swing. I h,ive also pointed out the misunderstandings about this special style found among the v/riters and hove tried to give a correct and well-documented picture of it. In this conrection several Indo-Persian poets supposed to bo thiC special representative of Sabk-i Hindi 7 have been discussed. As tar as Hazin's own style and diction is concerned I have made a psycho-analytical study of his personality and have noted its different and some times conflictincr traits.
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