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Isu-Isu Wanita Dalam Fiqh Jihad Kumpulan Ekstremisme Agama: Kajian Terhadap Majalah Dabiq Dan Kaitannya Di Malaysia

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Isu-Isu Wanita Dalam Fiqh Jihad Kumpulan Ekstremisme Agama: Kajian Terhadap Majalah Dabiq Dan Kaitannya Di Malaysia ISU-ISU WANITA DALAM FIQH JIHAD KUMPULAN EKSTREMISME AGAMA: KAJIAN TERHADAP MAJALAH DABIQ DAN KAITANNYA DI MALAYSIA MUHD IMRAN ABD RAZAK AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM UNIVERSITI MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2018 ISU-ISU WANITA DALAM FIQH JIHAD KUMPULAN EKSTREMISME AGAMA: KAJIAN TERHADAP MAJALAH DABIQ DAN KAITANNYA DI MALAYSIA MUHD IMRAN ABD RAZAK TESIS DISERAHKAN SEBAGAI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM UniversityUNIVERSITI MALAYAof Malaya KUALA LUMPUR 2018 UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama: (No. K.P/Pasport: ) No. Pendaftaran/Matrik: Nama Ijazah: Tajuk Kertas Projek/Laporan Penyelidikan/Disertasi/Tesis (“Hasil Kerja ini”): Bidang Penyelidikan: Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa-apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; (4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain; (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya (“UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil Kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. Tandatangan Calon Tarikh: UniversityDiperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan,of Malaya Tandatangan Saksi Tarikh: Nama: Jawatan: iii ISU-ISU WANITA DALAM FIQH JIHAD KUMPULAN EKSTREMISME AGAMA: KAJIAN TERHADAP MAJALAH DABIQ DAN KAITANNYA DI MALAYSIA ABSTRAK Gejala penglibatan wanita dalam aktiviti ekstremisme semakin membimbangkan. Penyertaan mereka bukan sahaja bersama kumpulan pejuang di kawasan konflik, malah juga luar kawasan konflik. Begitu juga dengan peranan mereka yang semakin berani kerana tidak lagi terhad sebagai pejuang di belakang tabir, bahkan turut bersama di barisan hadapan, umpamanya sebagai pengebom berani mati dalam serangan ‘serigala tunggal’. Statistik Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) menunjukkan jumlah peningkatan tahanan wanita yang terlibat dengan ekstremisme dari tahun 2013-2018, dengan jumlah kumulatif seramai 43 orang. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini menfokuskan terhadap isu-isu fiqh jihad bagi golongan wanita dalam majalah Dabiq, keluaran kumpulan Islamic State (IS) dan kaitannya dengan penglibatan wanita Malaysia dalam gejala ekstremisme. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, kajian kualitatif ini telah menggunakan kajian perpustakaan yang berasaskan metode dokumentasi dan kajian lapangan yang berasaskan metode temubual. Metode dokumentasi diaplikasi bagi mendapatkan literatur tentang ekstremisme agama dan penelitian terhadap 15 siri majalah Dabiq. Data ini dianalisis kandungannya bagi mengenalpastiUniversity isu fiqh jihad wanita aliran ekstremismeof Malaya agama. Manakala metode temu bual berstruktur diaplikasikan bagi mendapat data tentang hukum berkaitan penglibatan wanita, dan juga realiti penglibatan wanita Malaysia dalam aktiviti ekstremisme. Informan merangkumi pakar deradikalisasi, mufti, pihak E8 PDRM dan saksi terlibat. Walau bagaimanapun, informan wanita yang terlibat dengan ekstremisme agama terdapat kekangan untuk ditemu bual. Data temu bual dianalisis kandungannya secara tematik iv dengan menggunakan perisian Atlas.ti. Hasil kajian mendapati fiqh jihad wanita dalam majalah Dabiq khususnya dan kumpulan IS umumnya mempunyai pandangan hukum yang keras berikutan pendekatan mereka yang cenderung kepada pemahaman secara literal dan selektif di samping tidak meraikan konteks semasa masyarakat Islam secara global. Senario ini dapat dilihat dalam isu wanita mengangkat senjata dan menjadi pengebom berani mati yang mempunyai unsur beban tugas berganda; manakala jihad nikah dan musafir tanpa mahram menunjukkan wujudnya elemen stereotaip wanita. Pengkaji mendapati bahawa isu terbabit mempunyai hubung kait dengan penglibatan wanita Malaysia dalam kumpulan ekstremisme agama, terutamanya melibatkan jihad nikah dan bermusafir tanpa mahram. Selaras dengan itu, pendekatan ‘counter-hukum’ Islam yang bersifat wasatiyyah diperlukan bagi mengimbangi antara tuntutan tekstual dan realiti kontekstual agar aktiviti dan fahaman ekstrem yang mengeksploitasi agama dapat ditangani. Pendekatan ini turut membantu dalam menjaga kelestarian hukum Islam, maslahah wanita serta kedamaian setempat dan global. Kata kunci: ekstremisme agama, wanita, jihad, deradikalisasi, wasatiyyah University of Malaya v WOMEN ISSUES IN FIQH JIHAD AMONG RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM GROUP: THE STUDY ON DABIQ MAGAZINE AND ITS RELATION IN MALAYSIA ABSTRACT The phenomenon of women’s involvement in extremism activity is concerning. Their involvements with the extremist groups do not only revolve around the conflicting area, but also the outside of the conflicting area. They are fighting bravely on the front line as suicide bombers in ‘lone wolf’ attacks, thus not only limited to operating behind the scene. Statistics from Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) has shown an increase in the number of women detainees from the year 2013 until 2018 to a cumulative number of 43. In regard to this, this study is focusing on the jihad ruling issues involving women in Dabiq magazine, published by the Islamic State (IS) and its relation to Malaysian women’s involvement in extremist activity. To achieve this objective, this qualitative study is conducted based on library documentation research and a field work study using interviews. The documentation method was applied in order to analyze the literature on religious extremism and the tracking of 15 publications of Dabiq magazines. The content of the data were analyzed to identify the jihad ruling issues involving women. On top of that, structured interviews were conducted to gather the data on the Islamic ruling with regards to women’s involvement andUniversity the reality of Malaysian women’s involvementof Malaya in extremist activities. Some of the sources include de-radicalization experts, Islamic clerics, the E8 unit of PDRM and witnesses. However, some difficulties were faced in trying to interview the women who were directly involved in extremist activities. The data from the interview was analyzed thematically by using Atlas.ti software. The findings showed that the understanding of women jihad ruling in Dabiq specifically and in IS groups generally is following an vi extreme view on ruling due to their tendency to be literal and selective and does not celebrate the current context of the Muslim globally. This scenario is clearly portrayed through the involvement of women which multiply their responsibilities as combatants and suicide bombers; meanwhile, the elements of women’s stereotype are further amplified through jihad-marriage and travelling without mahram. The researcher has found a relation between these issues and Malaysian women’s involvement in religious extremism. Hence, a more moderate and acceptable counter-ruling is needed to balance the real needs of the textual and contextual reality to address the extreme activities and understanding that exploit religion. This approach is also crucial in sustaining the sanctity of Islamic ruling and the common good for women as well as maintaining the local and global peace. Keywords: religious extremism, jihad, de-radicalisation, moderation University of Malaya vii PENGHARGAAN Alhamdulillah, puji dan syukur dipanjatkan ke hadrat Allah ‘azza wa jalla yang telah memberikan taufik dan hidayahNya, sehingga kajian ini dapat diselesaikan dalam tempoh yang dirancangkan. Mudah-mudahan ia memberikan sumbangan signifikan dalam dunia keilmuan dan mendapat keberkatan di sisi Allah SWT. Pada kesempatan ini juga, saya ingin merakamkan penghargaan tidak terhingga buat Dr. Mohd Anuar Ramli selaku penyelia, pensyarah, sahabat serta abang yang telah banyak memberikan bimbingan, galakan, tunjuk ajar serta nasihat yang tidak ternilai. Penghargaan juga ditujukan khusus buat Prof. Madya Dr. Rahimin Affandi Abdul Rahim yang merintiskan jalan awal dalam pemilihan bidang dan idea kajian, Dr. Luqman Abdullah, Ketua Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul yang banyak membantu memudahkan urusan pengajian serta seluruh barisan murabbi daripada JFU yang disegani dan dihormati. Tanpa dilupakan, ucapan terima kasih dan doa buat semua para guru dan murabbi daripada Maahad Tarbiyah Islamiyah, Derang dan Madrasah Tarbiyah Diniyah, Kulim, Kedah dan semua guru yang berjasa dalam membekalkan ilmu bermanfaat kepada saya. Istimewa buat ibu ayah tercinta, Norhayati Adam dan Abd Razak Hj Ahmad Hejas yang telah mendidik dan mencurahkan sepenuh kasih sayang sedari kecil, semoga jika ada pahalaUniversity daripada kajian ini, ia mengalir buatof kalian Malaya sebagai tanda penghargaan dan kasih sayang daripada
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