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Cultural Landscape Report: Garden Key, Dry Tortugas National Park

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Cultural Landscape Report: Garden Key, Dry Tortugas National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Dry Tortugas National Park Key West, Florida Dry Tortugas National Park Garden Key Cultural Landscape Report Cultural Resources Southeast Region Garden Key Dry Tortugas National Park Cultural Landscape Report June 2011 Susan L. Hitchcock and Beth W. Byrd National Park Service Southeast Regional Office Cultural Resources Division The cultural landscape report presented here exists in two formats. A traditional, printed version is available for study at the park, the Southeastern Regional Office of the NPS (SERO), and at a variety of other repositories. For more widespread access, the cultural landscape report also exists in a web-based format through ParkNet, the website of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps.gov for more Cultural Resources Division information. Southeast Regional Office National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404) 507-5847 Dry Tortugas National Park 40001 State Road 9336 Homestead, FL 33034-6733 http://www.nps.gov/drto About the cover: Fort Jefferson Parade Ground, 1867 (EVER 7393). National Park Service iii iv Garden Key Dry Tortugas National Park Cultural Landscape Report Table of Contents List of Figures Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction Management Summary...........................................................1 Historical Summary ..............................................................2 Study Boundary .................................................................4 Project Methodology ............................................................5 Summary of Findings ............................................................6 Period of Significance . .6 Integrity .......................................................................6 Treatment .....................................................................7 Site History Prehistoric Occupation of the Dry Tortugas...........................................9 Early History of Garden Key, 1513-1825......................................................................9 Strategic Importance of the Dry Tortugas, 1829-1844 .................................11 The Building of Fort Jefferson, 1846-1876...........................................13 Horatio G. Wright Command, 1846-1856 ........................................13 Daniel P. Woodberry Command, 1856-1861 .................................................................15 The Civil War Years, 1861-1865 ................................................16 Post-Civil War Construction, 1866-1876 .........................................18 Fort Jefferson Work Force ....................................................20 Yellow Fever ...............................................................21 Hurricanes .................................................................21 Maintaining Fort Jefferson, 1877-1888 .............................................22 Quarantine Station at Dry Tortugas, 1888-1900 ......................................23 Dry Tortugas Coal Depot, 1901-1916 . .23 The Intervening Years, 1917-1934 .................................................25 National Park Service Administration, 1935-Present...................................26 Park Development Era, 1935-1941..............................................26 World War II, 1941-1945......................................................28 Post-World War II, 1946-1956..................................................28 Mission 66, 1956-1966........................................................28 Post-Mission 66, 1967-Present .................................................33 2000-2009 .................................................................34 Landscape Characteristics Spatial Organization ............................................................37 Parade Ground .............................................................37 Garden Key Lightkeeper’s Complex ............................................42 National Park Service v Major Smith Monument .....................................................44 Italy Grave ................................................................44 Fort Exterior ..................................................................45 Counterscarp Walk ..........................................................47 Vegetation ...................................................................47 The Building of Fort Jefferson, 1846-1876 .......................................47 Dry Tortugas Coal Depot, 1901-1916 ...........................................55 Intervening Years, 1917-1934 .................................................56 NPS Administration, 1935-Present .............................................57 Garden Key Lightkeeper’s Complex ............................................61 Buildings and Structures .........................................................61 Fort Jefferson ..............................................................61 Terreplein .................................................................66 Counterscarp/Moat ..........................................................69 Sally port Gateway/Drawbridge................................................71 Officers’ Quarters ...........................................................74 Enlisted Men’s Quarters ......................................................78 Engineer Officers’ Quarters ...................................................79 Chapel/Office /Cistern .......................................................82 Concrete Cisterns ...........................................................84 Large Powder Magazine......................................................84 Small Powder Magazine......................................................85 Hot Shot Furnace ...........................................................87 Frame Buildings ............................................................87 Major Smith Monument......................................................88 Wharf ....................................................................89 Garden Key Lightkeeper’s Complex ............................................93 Coal Depot ................................................................96 Distilling Plant .............................................................97 Topography ...................................................................97 Subsidence................................................................100 Drainage/ditch ............................................................101 Dredging .................................................................105 Circulation ...................................................................105 Parade Ground ............................................................105 Terreplein/Parapet.............................................................109 Fort Exterior..................................................................109 Views and Vistas ..............................................................110 Small-scale Features ...........................................................111 Fencing ..................................................................111 Cannon ..................................................................112 Natural Systems and Features....................................................114 Geology ..................................................................114 Field Studies..................................................................116 Archeological Resources ........................................................117 Submerged Resources ..........................................................118 Land Use.....................................................................118 Existing Conditions Spatial Organization ...........................................................119 Parade Ground ............................................................119 Exterior of Fort/ Campground ................................................121 vi Garden Key Dry Tortugas National Park Cultural Landscape Report Counterscarp Walk .........................................................122 Vegetation ...................................................................122 Buildings and Structures ........................................................124 Fort Jefferson .............................................................124 Light Tower ...............................................................125 Terreplein/Parapet .........................................................126 Maintenance Area .........................................................127 Counterscarp/Moat .........................................................127 Officers’ Quarters ..........................................................129 Enlisted Men’s Quarters .....................................................129 Engineer Officer’s Quarters ..................................................129 Chapel/Office/Cistern .......................................................130 Large Magazine ...........................................................130 Small Magazine ...........................................................131 Hot Shot Furnace ..........................................................131 Lighthouse Foundation .....................................................131 Major Smith Monument ....................................................131 Wharf ...................................................................131 South Coaling Dock ........................................................132
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