Black Germany: the Making and Unmaking of a Diaspora Community, 1884–1960 Robbie Aitken and Eve Rosenhaft Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04136-3 - Black Germany: The Making and Unmaking of a Diaspora Community, 1884–1960 Robbie Aitken and Eve Rosenhaft Index More information

Index

Abbott, Robert S., 111, 145, 216 Antelmann, Bruno, 56–7, 59–60 Abyssinia, 207 Anumu, (Heinrich Ernst) Wilhelm, 105, Adam, Ahmed, 129 129, 134, 158 Adenauer, Konrad, 185 Aqua-Kaufmann, Zoya, 261, 270, 276, 278, African American (See also Robert 321, 324–6 S. Abbott, James Ford, Roi Ottley, Askari see military service Joel Augustus Rogers, Edward asocial, internment as, 274, 325 B. Toles, Scottsboro campaign) Association for German Settlement and experience of community, 5 Migration see Vereinigung für individuals in Nazi Germany, 253, 273–4 deutsche Siedlung und Wanderung interactions with Afro-Germans, 4, 153, Association France-Cameroun, 289–91 212, 216 Association of German-Spirited Cameroon press, reporting on Germany, 111, 114, Natives see Kamerun Eingeborenen 145, 154, 234, 248, 265, 273, 294–5 Deutsch Gesinnten Verein troops in Germany, 322, 327 Atangana, Karl, 81, 132, 172–3, 182–5 visitors to Germany, 111, 123, 163, 314, Atangana, Katharina, 177, 182–5, 319 319, 322 Atemengue, Joseph, 185 African Fruit Company, 227 Atoy, Thomas see Thoy Esomber African Training Institute, Wales, 42 Attang, Julius, 56 African Welfare Association Austerlitz, Gare d’, 314 see Afrikanischer Hilfsverein Auvergne, 307 Afrikanischer Hilfsverein, 129–31, 135, Awoudi, 84 203, 205, 209 Ayim, May see May Opitz Ahlert (Berlin butcher), 56 Akwa, Betote, 226 Bakari, Mtoro bin Mwinyi, 107 Akwa, Daniel, 50 Baker, Josephine, 146, 153, 163 Akwa, Dibussi, 226 Baldwin, James, 163 Akwa, Dika, 30, 84 Baum, Marie, 179 Akwa, Din, 226 Bavaria, 73–4, 130, 142 Akwa, Ludwig Mpundu, 30, 34–5, 39, 65, see also Munich, Würzburg 196, 198, 226 Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne, 166 Akwa, Thomas Manga, 77, 81, 84–6, 104, Bell, Alexander Douala Manga, 31, 45–7, 111, 126, 140–1, 156, 164, 175–6, 64, 68, 81, 114–16, 173, 176, 186, 199, 204, 207, 218, 223, 225–7, 230, 189, 196, 281, 283, 308, 317 261 Bell, Alfred, 1, 24–30, 34, 39, 42, 44, 65, Albers, Hans, 149 195 Allen, Ferdinand, 274 Bell, Andrea Emma Manga (Tüke), 115, 289 Allen, Helen, 154 Bell, Andrea Manga, 114–16, 279, 289, Allen, Josie, 235, 262, 268, 274, 319, 322 309–10, 320 Altona see Hamburg Bell, August Manga, 14, 23, 27–8, 30, 46, Amrhein, Andreas, 35 48, 65, 97 Andritzki, Charlotte, 89, 112 Bell, Bismarck, 54–5

354

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04136-3 - Black Germany: The Making and Unmaking of a Diaspora Community, 1884–1960 Robbie Aitken and Eve Rosenhaft Index More information

Index 355

Bell, Eitel Manga Douala, 283 Boholle, Josef Bohinge, 60, 63, 74–5, 127, Bell, Ekwe, 84 131, 143, 176, 237–8, 240, 244, 253, Bell, Esebou, 68 320 Bell, Gottfried Manga, 36, 65 Boholle, Josefa Luise, 74–5, 151–2, 237–8, Bell, Hans, 71 253, 273, 278, 324 Bell, Henri Duala Manga, 281, 288, Boholle, Paul Artur, 74–5, 237–8, 247, 253, 304–5 273 Bell, Jacques Moudoute, 303 Boholle, Rudolf Bohinge, 74–5, 127, 151, Bell, Johannes, 107 237–8, 247, 253, 258, 320 Bell, José Manuel Manga, 115, 327 Boholle, Stefanie see Stefanie Urbanowski Bell, Joseph, 25, 27, 62–3, 112, 128, 141 Boimbo, Karl, 57 Bell, King see Ndumbe Lobe Bell Bonny, Ndoumbe, 68 Bell, Lobe, 197 Borck, Martha Ndumbe see Martha Bell, Manga Duala Manga see José Manuel Ndumbe Manga Bell Bordeaux, 82–3, 108, 191, 214, 282, 285, Bell, Mange Ndumbe see August Manga 306 Bell Bormann, Martin, 250, 256, 263 Bell, Max Same, 96, 176, 259 Bouli, Pierre N’Dongo, 303 Bell, Ndumbe Lobe (King Bell), 14, 24–5, Bower, Tom Jak, 133 27, 54, 186 Bremen, 44, 99–101, 141–2, 218, 263–4, Bell, Richard Din Manga, 137, 223 269, 273, 276 Bell, Rudolf Duala Manga, 31, 34, 42, 45, Britain (see also League of Nations) 56, 81, 84, 281, 303 black people in, 2–3, 6 ‘revolt’ and martyrdom, 182, 188–9, 196, Brittany, 304 198, 296 Brody, Louis, 93, 113, 117, 129, 146–9, Bell, Rudolphe Mandenge, 68 154, 170, 203, 207, 218, 247, 298, Bell, Rudolphe Njo, 81 322 Bell, Victor, 65, 127, 154, 207, 209, 214, Brown, Jacqueline Nassy, 10–11 216, 218, 231, 243, 259 Bruce, J. C., 56–7, 145 Benga, Féral, 163, 305 Bruce, Kwassi, 143–4, 235, 241, 246, Benga, François-Xavier, 306 250–2, 298, 322 Berger, Astrid, 328 Brückner, Edmund, 248, 250–1, 271 Berlin (see also sociability, prisons, Seminar Brühl, Bertha, 90, 105, 147 for Oriental Languages) Bund deutscher Mädel, 262–3 places of residence of Blacks, 128 Burkett, Charles, 145, 153 Berlin Conference 1885 (Congo Conference), 7, 24 Camelots du Roi, 295 Berlin, Ira, 14 Cameroon Besatzungskinder, 3, 327–8 Africans seeking repatriation to after Béton, Isaac, 301 World War One, 80–7 Bilé, Esther Sike, 179–82, 185 as German protectorate, 8–9 Bilé, Joseph Ekwe, 15, 64, 81, 90, 105–6, return of early travellers to, 37–43 131, 147, 153, 176, 207–23, 230–1, Cameroonian Union see Union 279, 291–5, 317 Camerounaise Bilé, Robert Ebolo, 64, 72–3, 181, Campt, Tina, 10–11, 104 208, 223 Chamberlain, Neville, 295, 297 Bilé a M’bule, James, 31, 49, 179, 181 Chan, Gottfried, 284, 289, 295–6, 298 Biloa, Maria, 132, 172, 182 Chattopadhyaya, Virendranath, 206, 210, bin Adamu, Subeiru, 81, 132 213, 215 bin Mohamed, Abdullah, 131 children, black, 94, 99–101, 105, 129–30 Bismarck, Herbert von, 24, 27–8, 195 see also Paul Malapa, Hans Bismarck, Otto von, 172 Massaquoi, Marie Nejar, Erika Diek, Bizer, Johannes, 52 Dorothea Diek) Blumenthal, Wally, 103, 164, 269 in National Socialism, 259–64 Bohner, Heinrich, 49 Christaller, Theodor, 27, 29, 53

356 Index

circuses and circus performers, 68, 74, 92, Deutsche Gesellschaft für 144–6, 149–53, 209, 221, 251, Eingeborenenkunde, 69, 80, 87, 311–12, 320 98, 137–43, 156, 175, 194, 209, citizenship and naturalisation, 4, 16, 65, 69, 226, 232, 247–8, 250, 253, 255–7, 71–5, 79, 87, 96, 99–102, 104, 115, 271 143, 152, 163, 215, 233, 236–7, 240, Deutsche Gesellschaft für 244, 282–3, 302, 312, 317 Eingeborenenschutz, 139 in National Socialism, 236–40 Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft, 58, 69, 138, Clifford, James, 10 143, 176, 228–9 Cohen, Anthony, 6 Deutsche Negerliga zur Verständigung und Cologne, 119, 299 Förderung des Colonial Institute, Hamburg, 23, 123, 132, Reichsgemeinschaftsgefühls und 134–5, 183 Anwaltschaft für deutsche colour line, 12, 14, 16, 88, 234 Negerrechte 1930, 204 Comité National pour la Défense des Diagne, Blaise, 191 Interêts du Cameroun, 295–6, 298 diaspora, 15–16, 18, 200, 216, 222–3 Communist Party of Germany deﬁned, 9–11 see Kommunistische Partei Dibobe, Alma see Alma Rodmann Deutschlands Dibobe, Martin Quane, 16, 56, 60, 64, Communist University of the Toilers of 81–2, 91, 97, 103, 107–9, 176, the East, Moscow, 205, 210, 199–202, 205 219–22 Dibonge, Heinrich, 103, 128, 144–5, community, 11, 16–20, 63, 68, 117, 122, 163–4, 269, 320 126–7, 152, 159, 161–2, 234, 277, Dibonge, Sam, 147, 254 280, 320, 323, 328 Dibonge, Wally see Wally Blumenthal and post-1945 memory, 21, 324, 327 Dibotto, Richard, 303 deﬁned, 7 Dick, Anna, 288 leaders see Mandenga Diek, Theophilus Dick, Christoph Anjo, 128, 148 Wonja Michael Dick, Josef Ekwé, 90–1 concentration camps Dickson, James see Benedikt Gambe Auschwitz, 232, 275, 314, 324 Dido, Ebobse, 1 Buchenwald, 274 Dido, Samson, 54, 178 Mauthausen, 309 Diek, Carl-Heinz, 129, 277 Ravensbrück, 273 Diek, Dorothea, 101, 116, 235, 238, Sachsenhausen, 270, 272–3 259–61, 265, 268, 272–3, 277–8, Stutthof, 273, 278 321–2, 324, 328 crime (see also sexuality) Diek, Emilie see Emilie Wiedelinski crime as a survival strategy, 155–9 Diek, Erika, 93, 101, 116–17, 238, 259, Cullen, Countee, 163 265, 271, 328 Diek, Erika Mandenga, 101, 116–17, 129, Daehnel, Hugo, 144 144, 238–40, 245, 249, 277, 319, Dagwe, Leo, 35 327 Daladier, Édouard, 297 Diek, Friederike see Friederike Schöning dandy see dress Diek, Mandenga, 63, 65, 72, 74, 81, 91–3, Danzig, 57, 65, 92, 128, 137, 153, 173, 96, 101, 116–17, 128, 133, 136–7, 238, 245, 261, 267–8, 277 148, 153, 173, 238, 243, 245, 298, Dayas, Doo, 64 302, 328 Deibold, Konrad, 29, 53 Dikonge, Joki, 37, 41 Deido, Eboa, 197 Dikongue de Mbongo, Peter Mukuri, Deido, Epee Ekwalla see Jim Ekwalla 227–9 Deido, Songue Epeye Ekuala, 46 Din, Adolf Ngoso, 188–9, 196, 198 Demba, Alfons, 34, 37–8, 41 Dinn, Richard, 126, 133, 142, 151, 207, Deutsche Afrika-Schau, 250–8, 271–2, 210 321 Diop, Alioune, 308 Deutsche Arbeitsfront, 246, 251, 255–6 Diop, Christiane, 191

Index 357

Diop, David Léon Mandessi, 191–2, Epassi, Bernhard, 33, 59, 65, 163 309–10 Epo, M’bende, 32 Diop, Maria see Maria Mandessi Bell Ernst, Ferdinand, 49 Diop Yandé, Mamadou, 190–2 Esangi, Elisabeth, 178 Diouf, Galandou, 285, 303 Esomber, Thoy, 73–4, 77, 104, 111, 142, 253 Dipongo, Davis Innak, 133 Etama, Bebe, 178 Dirlenbach, Lydia, 270 Ethiopia, 293, 296 displaced persons camps, 320, 323 Ethiopians, 253 Dix, Rudolf, 189 Ewane, August Djemba, 55, 58, 178 Dollfus, Maurice, 306 exhibitions Dominik, Hans, 56, 172 Colonial Exhibition, Berlin 1896, 54–60, Doo, Eduard, 50, 52 127, 163, 178 Dörﬂing, Frederika, 34, 41 Health Exhibition, Düsseldorf 1926, 140 Dose, Olli, 98 ‘human zoos’,53–4 Douala, plans for Europeanisation, 188, International Exposition, Paris 1937, 284 191, 196, 198, 223, 242 Dowo, David Ibon, 65 Farbe bekennen, 4, 328 Drancy, 314 Federal Council of Churches, United dress (see also Hosenneger), 34, 39, States, 294 168–73, 303 Fernando Po, 86, 183–4, 230 Du Bois, W. E. B., 111, 171 Fettin, Otto, 152 Duala (people), 14 ﬁlm, 220 (see also Josef Soppo Muange, protests and petitions, 195–8, 224 Louis Brody) Dumbe, Dinne see Heinrich Eugen Ndine depiction of Blacks in, 147, 322 Duncker, Hermann, 209 employment of Blacks in, 144, 147–9, Dünkeloh, Charley, 153, 272 152, 209, 258–9, 322 Dutine, Luise, 89, 92, 113, 176, 235, 240, Fischer, Eugen, 12 245, 268, 310–11, 315 Flad, Friedrich, 37 Folli, Bonifatius, 101, 116–17, 128, 133, East Prussia, 130, 140, 187, 208 149, 243 Ebalé, Ngoto, 279 Folli, Erika see Erika Mandenga Diek Ebelé, Joseph, 290–1, 298 Fonyonga II, 43, 49–50 Economic Agency in the Ministry of Ford, James, 211 Colonies, France, 281, 283, 291, France (see also Paris, League of Nations) 298, 304 Afro-German emigration to, 241–4, educational travellers, 23–36 279–81, 320 Edwards, Brent Hayes, 9, 281 colonial and mandate subjects in, 282–5 Egiomue, Alice see Alice Henke Popular Front, impact on black Egiomue, Anton M’bonga, 59–60, 63, 81, community, 293, 297–8, 301 89, 103, 112, 127, 131, 199, 244, post-war reprisals against Blacks, 314–15 277, 298 World War Two and occupation Egiomue, Charles M’bonga, 303 Afro-Germans in, 308–14 Egiomue, Gottfried, 129, 320 impact on Blacks, 304–8 Egiomue, Günter, 322 Frankfurt, 89, 150, 206–7, 235, 239–41, Egiomue, Helmut, 277 245, 268, 288, 320 Egiomue, Werner, 259, 277, 320 French Communist Party see Parti Ekamby, Richard, 204, 244 Communiste Français Ekollo, Joseph, 50–1, 53 Frick, Wilhelm, 232–4, 237–8, 249, 263, Ekwalla, Etuman, 25 266, 268, 271 Ekwalla, Jim, 1, 23, 30, 46 Friedrich III, 26 Ekwalla, Otto, 46 Frobenius, Leo, 193 Ekwe, Franz, 59 Frost, Diane, 6 Elame, Soppo, 36, 43 Full, August, 184 Elokan, Ndumbe, 29, 37 Fuller, Johannes, 37 Eltester, Paul, 99, 109–10, 175 Fuller, Joseph Jackson, 27, 50

358 Index

Gambe, Benedikt, 116, 147, 253, 274 Hamburg, xi, xii, xvi, 2, 23, 28, 31, 36, 43, Ganty, Vincent, 224, 289 53, 62–3, 65, 71–2, 89, 91–3, 96, 98, Garber, Deska, 253–4, 298 101, 103–5, 108, 114–15, 117, 119, Garber, Hans, 253–4, 298 122–3, 126, 128–36, 144, 148, 157, Garber, Johanna, 253 163, 166–7, 172, 183, 186, 189, 207, Garber, Josef, 57, 60, 138, 236, 253 211–14, 217–18, 222, 227, 238–9, Garber, Käthe, 253–4, 298 249, 251, 259, 271, 292, 299–300, Garber, Magdalen, 253–4, 298 324, 327 (see also sociability, Garvey, Marcus, 223 Colonial Institute, Institute for Gaula, 56 Maritime and Tropical Diseases, gender International Trade Union femininity, 177 Committee of Negro Workers) masculinity, 17, 168–77 places of residence of Blacks, 122–3 Gerlach, Helmut von, 188, 293 Hanover, 65, 89, 102, 119, 128, 240, 268, German Academy for Politics 270, 323 see Hochschule für Politik Harrison, Johann, 272 German Africa Show see Deutsche Afrika- Hassi, 35 Schau Hecht, Gerhard, 255 German Colonial House, 57 Heepe, Martin, 133 German Colonial Society see Deutsche Heinrich, Barbara, 89, 102, 105, 128 Kolonialgesellschaft Hellfeld, Hans von, 278, 321 German Labour Front see Deutsche Henke, Alice, 89, 103, 127 Arbeitsfront Herring, Karl see Sam Dibonge German League of Negroes for Mutual Hertig, Hermann, 228 Understanding and Advancement of Hess, Rudolph, 249 the National Sense of Community Heydrich, Reinhard, 255 and Advocacy of the Rights of Hillerkus, Adolf, 250–2 German Negroes see Deutsche Himmler, Heinrich, 233, 249, 275, 311 Negerliga zur Verständigung und Hindenburg, Paul von, 156, 204 Förderung des Hitler, Adolf, 231–2, 250, 266, 280, 291, Reichsgemeinschaftsgefühls und 295–6 Anwaltschaft für deutsche Hitlerjugend, 262 Negerrechte Hochschule für Politik, 209 German Society for the Protection of Hoffmann, Luise, 99 Natives see Deutsche Gesellschaft für homosexuality, 163 Eingeborenenschutz Hosenneger, 14, 23, 38–9, 56, 160–2, 175 German Society for the Study of Native housing and residential patterns, 98 Cultures see Deutsche Gesellschaft (see also Berlin, Hamburg, Paris) für Eingeborenenkunde hostility of landlords and neighbours, Geyso, Mimi von, 179 112, 126 Gilges, Hilarius, 235 shared accommodation, 128, 164, 288 Gilroy, Paul, 6, 10 Hughes, Langston, 163 Goebbels, Joseph, 249, 258 Hughes, William, 42 Goering, Hermann, 264 Husen, Heinz Bodo, 277 Gold, Michael, 153 Husen, Mohamed, 77, 236, 270, 272, 277 Goll, Claire, 111–12 Goslau, Heinrich, 251 Ilten Sanatorium, 274 Grosse, Pascal, 147 Institut Pasteur, Paris, 286 Grunwaldt, Dorothea, 89 Institute for Maritime and Tropical ‘Gypsies’, 232–3, 237, 261–2, 266, 274–6, Diseases, Hamburg, 122 323–4 International Congress of Negro Workers, Hamburg 1930, 211 Habe, Hans, 272 International League Against Antisemitism Hagenbeck, Carl, 53–4 see Ligue Internationale Contre Halpert, David, 188–9 l’Antisemitisme

Index 359

International League for Human Rights, Kouyaté, Tiemoko Garan, 191, 206–7, 211, 157, 211, 289, 293, 298 213–16, 222, 286, 291–4, 309 International Red Aid, 212, 217, 221 Kribi, 43, 54, 59, 64, 84, 127, 133, 163, International Trade Union Committee of 199, 224, 271, 289 Negro Workers, 206, 211–14, 217, Kromm, Gerhard, 247 219, 231 Kümpel, C., 208–9 Ipuabato, Daniel, 134, 271 Kwami, Robert, 234

Jansen, Heipold, 81, 83–4, 151, 176, 253 Lang, Fritz, 149 jazz, 83, 111, 122, 145, 150–1, 163, 246, Larcheveaut, Lewis Elidio, 133–4 286, 322 Laval, Pierre, 297 bans and restrictions, 234, 246 League Against Colonial Oppression, Jean-Louis, Henri, 289, 292 204 Jenge, Samuel, 50–1 League Against Imperialism, 203–4, 206, Jeunesse Camerounaise Française, 229 209–13, 215–17, 224, 231 Jeunesses Patriotes, 295 League for the Defence of the Negro Race, Jews, 73, 90, 103, 232–3, 237, 239, 245, French see Ligue de Défense de la 260–2, 268, 272, 274–6, 289, 294–5, Race Nègre 298, 304–5, 312, 314, 316, 324–6 League for the Defence of the Negro Race, Joeden-Forgey, Elisa von, 16, 42 German see Liga zur Verteidigung Joss, Rudolf Massako, 58 der Negerrasse Jungmädelbund, 262 League of Nations Jungvolk, 262 High Commission for Refugees, 294 mandate system, 16, 67 Kala Lobe, Ndumbè, 190 status of ‘natives’ as protected persons, Kallscheuer, Pauline, 128 78–9 Kaltenbach, Artur, 178 status of ‘natives’ as protected persons Kaltenbach, Maria Ngambe, 178, 239–41, in Britain and France, differences 298 between the, 78, 80 Kamerun Eingeborenen Deutsch Lecache, Bernard, 293–4 Gesinnten Verein, 227–8 Lehmann, Marta, 109–10 Karsten, Paula, 59 Lexow, Frida, 93–4, 116, 313 Kater, Michael, 150 Lexow, Wilhelm, 94, 313 Kenyatta, Jomo, 219 ‘Liban’ resistance network, 314 Kessern, Hermann Muna, 92, 102, 146, Liberia, 108, 140, 207, 249–50 151, 153, 236, 323, 327 Liberians, 35, 102, 130–1, 159, 222, 233, Kiel, 31, 324 236, 251, 259, 267 King Bell see Ndumbe Lobe Bell Liga zur Verteidigung der Negerrasse, 154, King Charles see Gottlieb Kala Kinger 205–10, 213–16, 218, 223, 226, 231, Kinger, Bertha see Bertha Brühl 243, 289, 295 Kinger, Gottlieb Kala, 64, 76, 81–2, 86, 90, Ligue de Défense de la Race Nègre, 206–7, 103, 105, 146–7, 242, 298, 321, 328 224, 286, 289, 291–2, 296 Kirchhoff, August, 172 Ligue Internationale Contre Kleinfeld, Ida, 89, 268 l’Antisemitisme, 294–5, 298, 312 Kohl, Fritz, 99–101, 263–4, 269 Limburg, 52, 184 Kohl, Johannes, 74, 99–101, 103, 142, 240, Lindequist, Friedrich von, 248, 256 269, 273 Lobe, Mundi ma, 52 Kohl, Veronika see Veronika Meiners Locke, Alain, 163 Köhler, Alfred Mangundo, 78, 98, 112, Lorre, Peter, 149 140, 149 Lück, Ernst, 90 Köhler, Herta, 98 Lück, Gertrud, 90, 105–6 Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, Lück, Helene, 90, 105–6 209–10, 212, 216–17, 219, 224, 231 Lukenje, Richard, 34, 37–8, 41 Koni, Titia, 178–9 Lusane, Clarence, 234 Kotto, Gregor, 170, 218, 258, 267, 319 Luschan, Felix von, 55–6, 178

360 Index

Macaulay, Frank, 212–13 Mbida, Johannes, 62 Mader (Basel Missionary), 39 M’Billo, Victor, 286, 303 Madéviné, Malapa, 43 McAllen, Willi, 322 Makembe, Erna see Erna Pusch McKay, Claude, 122, 163 Makembe, Peter Mukuri, 64, 81, 94, 98, m’Ebono, Mebenga see Martin-Paul Samba 128–30, 134–7, 140–1, 155–7, 164, Mecklenburg, 71, 130 169, 175, 204–5, 218, 279, 311 Meetom, David, 24, 31 Makembe, Thomas, 303 Meetom, Ferdinand Edingele, 228–9 Makube, Elisabeth, 129 Meetom, Tube, 30–2, 34, 56 Makube, Otto, 140, 144, 151, 154, 279, Meiners, Veronika, 99–101, 263 285–6 Meinhof, Carl, 134, 139 Malapa, Benny, 316 Menzel, Charlotte. See Charlotte Andritzki Malapa, Bruno, 279 Menzel, Georg Soppo Ekambi, 89, 112, Malapa, Frida see Frida Lexow 128, 133, 164 Malapa, Jakob, 127 Messi, Paul, 36, 81, 84, 126, 131–2, 184 Malapa, Paul see Rudolf Paul Malapa Metziger, Joseph, 116–17 Malapa, Paul Bulu, 64, 93–4, 106, 116, Michael, Christiane, 312 128–9, 134, 164 Michael, James, 116, 153, 312 Malapa, Rudolf Paul, 93–4, 106, 116, Michael, Juliana, 126–7, 131, 312, 320 129–30, 163, 175, 271, 279, 288, Michael, Marta see Marta Lehmann 301, 303, 312–14, 316–17 Michael, Martha see Martha Wegner Malapa, Suzanne see Suzanne Rubin Michael, Theodor Wonja, 81, 129, 246, Mambingo, Josef, 64, 81 259, 263, 273, 278, 320 Mandel, Georges, 302–3 Michael, Theophilus Wonja, 63, 81, Mandene, Josef, 52 109–10, 116, 131, 133, 153, 199, Mandenge, Barbara see Heinrich, Barbara 279, 311 Mandenge, Harry Thomson, 81, 84, 279, Michels, Stefanie, 14 288, 291, 295, 303, 314 Mierzwiack, Paul, 319–20 Mandenge, Jakob, 89, 101–2, 128, 146 military service by Africans and their Mandenge, Mathilde, 102 children Mandessi Bell, David, 31, 186, 190–2 France, 177, 302–4, 310 Mandessi Bell, Jean, 282–3, 290, 292, French Foreign Legion, 300, 312 296–8, 301 Germany, 114, 177, 277 Mandessi Bell, Maria, 17, 177, 186–93, Misipo, Ekwé, 92, 310, 315 196, 279, 281, 288, 308, 310, Misipo, Luise see Luise Dutine 315 Misipo, Stephan Dualla, 63–4, 70, 89, 92, Manga, Dominikus, 140, 279 113, 150, 163, 172, 176, 189–90, Manga, Duala see Rudolf Duala Manga Bell 245, 288, 310–11, 315 Mano, Charlie, 272 Der Junge aus Duala, 89, 113, 172, 315 Mansfeld, Alfred, 109–10, 138–41, 159, Missions 226, 228, 271 American Presbyterian Church, 43 Manuilsky, Dmitri, 220 Baptist, 48, 179–81, 186–8 marriage and courtship, 89–118 Basel, 52, 181 Marseille, 82–3, 192, 214, 282, 313 North German, 44 Martin, Anna, 92 Pallotine (Catholic), 52, 182–4 Marxist Workers’ School see Marxistische Paris Protestant, 285 Arbeiterschule Mittelstadt, 61 Marxistische Arbeiterschule, 209 Mofutsanyana, Edwin Thabo, 219 Massaquoi, Hans, 259–60, 262 Money, Ekwa, 25 Masso, Joseph, 128 Morgen, Kurt von, 56, 61 May, Joe, 148 Morocco, 79, 284, 311–12 Mbalé, 291 Morris, Charles see Joseph Ekwe Bilé Mbange, Andreas, 31, 35–6, 53, 65 Moscow (see also Communist University of Mbene, Richard Edube, 45–8, 53, 172 the Toilers of the East) Mbenge, Bertha Ebumbu, 179–82, 185 experience of black activists in, 220–1

Index 361

Moudio, Vincent Eyoum, 286, 288–9, 300, Native Baptist Church, 229 303 see also Lotin a Samé Moumé Étia, Léopold, 296 Naue, Bello, 81–2 Moutet, Marius, 298, 300–2 Ndanke, Ige, 279, 288 Mpesa, Louis Mbebe see Louis Brody Ndanke, Kassan, 81, 279, 288, 303 Muange, Joseph Soppo, 64, 86, 128, 134, Ndenge, Johann, 183 157–8 Ndine, Heinrich Eugen, 41, 173 Muange, Pauline see Pauline Kallscheuer N’Doki, Jonas Alexander, 105, 165–9, 176, Mukeke, Paul, 65 253, 256, 271, 277 Mukumbulan, Ekoko, 30 Ndonge, Hanzen, 129, 253 Mukumbulan, Lobe, 31 Ndonge, Johanna see Johanna Stachowiak Müller, Herbert, 261 Ndonge, Mathias, 89, 128–9, 176, 253 Mungeli, Peter, 52–3 Ndumbe, Bebe see Joseph Bell Mungu, Etame, 25 Ndumbe, Belle see Alfred Bell Munich, 35, 50, 68, 73, 103–4, 119, 133, Ndumbe, Dei see Victor Bell 142, 151, 165, 239, 253, 262, 267, Ndumbe, Dora see Dorothea Grunwaldt 272 Ndumbe, Ebonge, 62 Anthropological Institute, 267 Ndumbe, Jakob Njo, 89 Munumé, Wilhelm Edimo, 64, 81, 126, Ndumbe, Kwelle see Bismarck Bell 138–41, 149, 152, 155–7, 169, 194, Ndumbe, Martha, 273 204–5, 210–11, 215, 217–18 Ndungo, Anna, 178 Münzenberg, Willi, 204–6, 292 Nebe, Arthur, 275 mutual aid, 15, 17, 119, 128, 130, 159, 204, Negritude, 191–2 207, 278, 280 Nejar, Marie, 104, 117–18, 259–60, 263 Nekes, Hermann, 36 Nachtigall, Gustav, 256 Ngambe, Maria see Maria Ngambe Nagel, Mohamed, 270 Kaltenbach Nagl, Tobias, 152 Ngambi ul Kuo, Erika see Erika Diek National Federation of German Ngambi ul Kuo, Thomas, 79–80, 104, 117, Housewives’ Associations, 151 207, 218, 231, 279, 322 National Socialism (see also asocial, Ngando, Bruno Ekwe, 60, 63, 65, 89, 240, children, citizenship and 268 naturalisation, concentration camps, Ngando, Erika, 270, 273–4 Deutsche Afrika-Schau, ‘Gypsies’, Ngando, Ida see Kleinfeld, Ida jazz, Jews, prisons, psychiatric) Ngando, Lisbet Elong, 106, 114, 175 Blacks in, 234–78 Ngando, Manga, 268 ban on public performance, 258 Ngando, Reinhold Elong, 81, 106, 114, boycott and expropriation, 275 135, 137, 175 exclusion from employment, 245–6 Ngange, Adolf, 146, 153 exclusion from public schools 1939, Ngange, Hermann Same, 128, 146, 209, 243 261 Ngondo, Mwange see David Meetom forced labour, 238, 247, 272–3 N’Gongui, Pierre Manga, 303 Nuremberg Laws and, 237, 266, Nio, Hans, 131 268 Niort, 312 plans for deportation to Liberia, 250 N’Joya (Sultan of Bamoun), 227 post-1945 compensation claims, 326 Nkoti, N’Seke, 68, 110 Rassenschande and pressure on mixed Nnomo, Katharina see Katharina Atangana couples, 268–71 Noster, Helene, 91, 97, 103 registration order 1942, 275 Nsahme, Paul Muduru Dibongo, 228 sterilisation, 264–8 plans for post-war colonial order, 270 Ofﬁce of Control and Assistance for the racial policy, foundations and limitations, Indigenous People in the Colonies, 231–2 France, 281, 286, 291, 300–2 nationalist movements in Cameroon after Oguntoye, Katharina, 328 1945, 225, 317 Oldenburg, 234

362 Index

O’Neill, Eugene, 153 schwarze Schmach campaign, 113 Opitz, May, 328 Ring, Ernst, 116, 322 Ottley, Roi, 314–15 Ringseis, Emilie, 35 Robeson, Paul, 146, 153 Padmore, George, 211, 217–18, 221–2, Rodmann, Alma, 103, 107–9 231, 292–4 Rogers, Joel Augustus, 173 Panzer, Wilhelm see Willi McAllen Rosenhaft, Friedrich, 91 Paris Roth, Joseph, 279, 289 Cameroonians in, 285–91 Röver, Carl, 234 places of residence of Africans and other Rubin, Jules (Gilod), 314 Blacks, 286 Rubin, Leibisch, 313–14 Parti Communiste Français, 291, 295 Rubin, Sam, 313 performance of blackness, 159–60, 222, 322 Rubin, Suzanne, 313, 316 strategic exoticism, 158 pictures of Blacks in popular culture and Saklatvala, Shapurji Dorabji, 210 propaganda, 112, 169, 257, 303 Sale, Andreas Ekame, 34, 41 see also Hosenneger Samba, Martin-Paul, 61 Pierre-Bloch, Jean, 298 Sambo, Wilhelm, 176 Plehn, Albert, 178–9 Samé, Lotin a, 223, 226, 289 Plehn, Marianne, 178–9 Schack, Frieda, 270 Plehn, Rose, 178–9 Schall, Martin, 56, 58 Pomaine, Édouard de, 286 Scheve, Alfred, 48 Présence Africaine, 191–2, 308, 315 Scheve, Eduard, 28, 44–8, 64, 179, 181 Priso, Henri, 303 Schiffer, Marcellus, 155 Priso, Manfred Kotto, 143, 207, 244 Schläfereit, Hermine, 269 prisoners of war in World War Two, French Schler, Lynn, 177 colonial Schlüter, Joseph Morton von see Joseph murder and mistreatment, 306–7 Soppo Muange on German ﬁlm sets, 259 Schmidt, Eduard, 1 prisons Schneider, Alfred, 252 Blacks in German, 238 Schomburgk, Hans, 148 in National Socialism, 236 Schöning, Friederike, 92 Pankratz (Prague), 270 Schramm, Gert, 274 Plötzensee (Berlin), 156 Schüler, Eugen, 51 St Charles (Digne), 303 Schwamme, Namalui, 84 St Étienne, 303 schwarze Schmach campaign see Rhineland Proﬁntern (Red Trade Union Schweinitz, Hans Hermann von, 57 International), 211 Schwicherski, Elisabeth see Lisbet Elong Fifth Congress, Moscow 1930, 212, 216 Ngando psychiatric Scottsboro campaign, 216–18, 221 impact of experience under National Josef Bilé in, 217, 222 Socialism, 269, 325 Wilhelm Munumé in, 217 institutions, Blacks in, 157, 274 Seegert, Carl, 58 Pusch, Erna, 279, 311 Seitz, Theodor, 62–3, 97, 138–9, 141, 143, Puttkamer, Jescko von, 41 159, 165, 218 Seminar for Oriental Languages, Berlin, 36, Ramses, Eduard bin Minjuma, 150 128, 132, 141 Rassemblement Colonial, 298 Senegalese in France and French Reiprich, Dorothea see Dorothea Diek Empire, 163, 190, 280, 285, 303, Reiprich, Herbert, 322–3 306, 308 Rettig, Charlotte, 116, 253 see also Maria Mandessi Bell Rhineland Senghor, Lamine, 191, 206, 286 occupation after World War One Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 288, 307–8 Rhineland children, 233, 251, 259, Sewonu, Arthur, 262, 270, 273 264–5 Sewonu, Joseph, 150

Index 363

sexuality, 11, 16, 88, 114, 177, 181 see also welfare (see also homosexuality, Rhineland, Union Camerounaise, 295–6, 301 schwarze Schmach) Union des Populations du Cameroun, problematic behaviour, 168 317 Singh, Hardas, 122 Union des travailleurs nègres, xvi, 291–3, Singi, 178 296 slavery in Cameroon, 26, 217 Union of Negro Workers see Union des Small, E. F., 212–13 travailleurs nègres Smeral, Bohumir, 206, 209 Urban League, 294 sociability, 8, 17, 128, 159, 257 Urbanowski, Stefanie, 74–5 meeting places Berlin Baptist Mission, 64 van der Want, Cornelius, 273, 278, 321 Café Central, Berlin, 153 van der Want, Josefa see Josefa Luise Chez Boudon, Paris, 286, 288, 299, Boholle 306 Verband deutscher Neger 1922, 113 Filmbörsen, Berlin, 152 Verein der Gemeinschaft der Duala-Leute Helmstedt autobahn service station, 323 1926, 204 Indian Bar, Hamburg, 122 Verein der Kameruner 1926, 204 Social Democrats, 196, 198–9, 202 Vereinigung für deutsche Siedlung und Society of Friends, Race Relations Wanderung, 140, 250 Commission, 294 Vieter, Heinrich, 39 Soden, Julius von, 23–5, 27–9, 34, 195 Virchow, Rudolf, 55 Solf, Wilhelm, 73, 95–7 Soller, Wilhelm, 257 Walton, Clarence, 253 Sommern, Thomas see Thoy Esomber Weber, Ernestine, 188 Sosiga, Noah, 49–50 Wegner, Martha, 109 Sozialistischer Schülerbund, 209 Weimar National Assembly, Africans Stachowiak, Johanna, 89 petition 1919, 199–202 Steane, Carl, 47 Weinberg, Michael, 286 Steffens, August, 45 welfare, dependency and eligibility, 77, 104, Steinberg, Rudolf Walter, 112, 128 137, 139–40, 142–3, 238, 247, Stern, Jacques, 297 284–5, 288, 316 Stock, Georg, 252, 256 see also Deutsche Gesellschaft für Strasser, Paul, 155 Eingeborenenkunde, Economic Stuttgart, 72–3 Agency in the Ministry of Colonies Westermann, Diedrich, 139 Tadek, Wolde, 253 Westphalia, 130, 146 Thuringia, 74, 100, 234 Wetzel, Ehrhard, 255 Tiko, 227, 229 Whittier, Arstella, 322 Timba, Josef, 31, 35, 37, 41 Wiedelinski, Emilie, 92, 238, 269, 278 Tipner, Juliette, 251, 253 Wiesbaden, 29, 38, 138, 150, 205, Titia see Titia Koni 262, 270 Toko, Andreas, 52 Wilson, Joseph, 44, 50 Tokoto, Rodolphe, 303 Wilson, Stephan, 44, 46 Toles, Edward B., 319–20 Wilson, Woodrow, 197 Tongo, 60 Windthorst, Ludwig, 35 Trochon, Louis, 303 Wißtoff, Ernst, 187, 189 Truitard, Léon, 283–5, 291, 297 Wittfogel, Karl, 209 Tsala, Vinzenz, 37 women Tube, Isaak, 37 and political activism, 182, 207, 224 Tunisia, 79, 284 and sociability, 129, 159 ﬁrst generation travellers, 177–92 Ulrich, Hans-Walter, 255 Womenduga, Jean Lucas, 303 unemployment, 81, 86, 128, 131–2, 140, World War One, 67–8, 94, 183–4 142, 207, 244, 247, 284 see also military service, Rhineland

364 Index

World War Two, 271–8, 302–15 Würzburg, 102 see also military service Wüsten, Karl, 32 aftermath (see also displaced persons camps) Zampa see Martin-Paul Samba Blacks in Soviet Zone, 319–20 Zeitschel, Carltheo, 255 division of Germany, 323 Zimmerer, Eugen von, 32, 39, 49 emigration to US, 320 Zimmerman, Andrew, 12 Württemberg, 41, 44, 72–3, 327 Zusmanovich, Alexander, 219–20