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Heating and Ventilation Study of Inco's Creighton Mine

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Heating and Ventilation Study of Inco's Creighton Mine HEATING AND VENTILATION STUDY OF INCO'S CREIGHTON MINE BY Michel J-G Sylvestre B.Sc., P-Eng. Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering McGill University, Montreal December, 1989. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research As Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of 0 Master of Engineering Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographii Services services bibliographiques 395 W.lnnglon Stroet 395, rwWeWington -ON KlAûN4 OüawaûN K1AM CMada Canada The author bas granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libr;iry of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire7prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fomats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The authot retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the &oit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de ceile-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The author wishes to acknowledge the following friends for their support throughout the preparaton of this thesis: To Ferd Hasani, Webster Chair Professor of Mining Engineering, Departmen t of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill Universitu, for his vision and leadership in promoting further education and for his support, encouragement and detemination to see this work completed. To Jozef Stachulak, Chief Mines Ventilation Engineer, lnco Ltd., for his instruction, guidance and patience. To Colette Malvaso and Denis Boulard for their tremendous contribution in prepating the text, figures and tables. Abstract Heat and Ventilation Study of Inco's Cnighton Mine As near surface deposits are depleted, it becomes increasingly apparent that we will have to mine deeper in order to meet Mure world demand for metals. Along with deeper mining comes its associateci challenges: increased stresses and seismicity, increased heat load and increased inefficiencies due to hoisting constraints and travel time. All of these challenges, and more, contribute to safety conœms, higher initial capital costs and higher operating costs, which combined, can make deep resewes uneconornic. In order to meet these challenges, we must closely examine present deep mining infrastructures and operating practices with a view to leam and enhanœ upon "Best Practiœs". This thesis will examine the challenges of providing ventilation within deep. hot mines. Specifically, we will examine lnco Limited's Creighton Mine. A current expansion at Creighton will see mining progress to the 7660 level wiMin the next few years. A key issue, which anses, is the question as to whether Creighton wïll need a refrigeration system or can it continue to rely on its natural heat exchange 0 capacity. Etude sur la chaleur et l'air ambiant A la mine Creighton d'lnco. Afin de répondre B b demande mondiale des métaux, lnco réalise l'importance d'accentuer l'exploitation miniere plus en profondeur au fur et à mesure que les r6serves en surface diminuent. L'extraction du minerai en profondeur presente des défis techniques: augmentation des stress dus au minage et B l'activité sismique, augmentation de la température ambiante et une perte d'efficacité causée par des distances de transport du minerai et de materiaux plus grandes. Ces difficuîtt5s engendrent également des coûts d'opération et un investissement initial en capital suppl&nentaires et une réévaluation de la sécurité au travail. Tous ces fadeurs réâuisent la rentabilité des projets miniers en profondeur. Pour répondre B ces nouvelles exigences. nous proposons d'examiner l'infrastructure et les m6thodes d'exploitation miniere actuelles en milieu profond afin de mieux comprendre et d'améliorer les meilleures méthodes existantes. Cette recherche presente ies defis reliés Q la livraison d'une quantité et qualit6 adéquate d'air dans les mines profondes et chaudes. Nous étudierons plus particuliérement la mine Creighton d'ho Limitée. Dans les prochaines années. lnco projette dgaccroÎtrele d6veloppement de la mine Creighton jusqu'au niveau a 7660. Eventuellement, la mine Creighton devra bvaluer si les besoins de ventilation de la mine sont mieux servis avec un systeme de réfrigération ou le procede actuel d'échange d'air naturel. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 1 1. 1 ~NTROOUCT~ON 1.2 CREIGHTON MINE 1-2.1 No. 3 MINE 1.2.2 No. 9 MINE 1.3 STRESSESAND SEISMICITY AT CREIGHTON 13 1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 1-3.2 CREIGHTON GEOLOGY 1-3.2.1 1290 Shear, 2001, RAR (Retum Air), 402 Orepass Shear 1.4 NISTORICALPERSPECTIVE 1.5 VEN~~AT~ONSYSTEM 1-5.1 OVERVIRN 1 -5.2 TERMINOLOGY 1-53 PRESENTVEN~LATION SYSTEM 1.5.4 BASIS FOR DESIGNING THE FUTUREVENTILATION SYSTEM 1.6 GENERAL CHAPTER 2 20 2.1 VENTILATION CONSIDERATIONS IN HARD ROCK MINES 2.1.1 ~NTRODUC~ON 2.2 GENERALNETWORK CONFIGURATION 2.3 AIRFLOW REQUlREMENTS 2.3.1 DIESEL FUME CONTAMINATION 2.3.2 ~LASTFUME CONTAMINATION 2.3.3 Dusr CONTAMINATION 2.4 HEATLOAO PRED~CTION AND AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS 2.4.1 EMPIRICAL METHOD 2.4.2 MATHEMATICALMETHODS 2.5 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 3 30 3.1 MINE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CONTROL IN DEEP CANADIAN MINES 30 3.1.1 ~NTRODUCTION 30 3.2 STOBIE MINE AIR CONDITIONING 30 3.3 CREIGHTON NATURALHEAT EXCHANGE AREAS 33 3.4 HEATTRANSFER FROM EXHAUST MINE AIR TO COU) (NTAKE FRESHAIR 34 3.5 HEATENERGY FROM AIR COMPRESSORS 36 3.5.1 KIDD CREEKMINE 36 Table of Contents I CHAPTER 4 38 HEAT STRESS 4.1 ~N~RODUCTION 4.2 ENVIRONMEN~ALCONDCTIONS 4.3 PWSICAL EFFECTS 4.3.1 CIRCULATORYDEFICIENCY HEATEXHAUSTION 4.3.2 SALTDEFICIENCY HEATEXHAUSTION 4.3.3 HEATRASH 4.3.4 MANAGINOHEAT STRESS 4.3.5 OTHEREFFECTS OF WARMENVIRONMENTS 4.4 INDICESOC HEATSTRESS FOR WORK REGULATION 4.4.1 SINGLE MEASUREMENTS 4.4.2 EMPIRICAL METHODS 4.4.3 EFFECTIVETEMPERATURE INDEX (ET) 4.4.4 PREDICTED4 HOURSwmf RATE(P4SR) 4.4.5 HEATSTRESS INDEX (HSI) 4.4.6 WET BULBGLOBE TEMPERATURE (WBGT) 4.4.7 RATIONALINDICES 4.5 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 5 51 5.1 SOURCES OF HEAT IN DEEP MINES 5.1.1 ~NTRODUCTION 5.2 HEATFLOW FROM STRATA 5.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient and Moisture 5.4 ADIABATIC COMPRESSION 5.5 ELECTRICALAND MECHANICALEQUIPMENT 5.5.1 DIESEL ENGINES 5.5.2 ELECTRICALEQUIPMENT 5.6 HEATFROM OXIDATION 5.7 HEATFROM WATER FLOW 5.8 CURINO FROM CEMENED ~ACKFILL 5.9 BLAS~NG 5.10 BODYMETABOLISM 5.1 1 Conclusion Table of Contents CHAPTER 6 62 6.1 HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY OF CREIGHTON'S NATURAL HEAT EXCHANGE AREAS 62 6.1.1 INTRODUCTION 62 6.2 COOUNGCAPACITY OF HEATEXCHANOE AREAS 64 6.3 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION 64 6.4 AVAILABLE COOLTHIN THE CAVEDAREA (BLOCKS 5 AND 6) 65 6.5 DISCUSSIONOF WE RESULTS 68 6.6 HEAT~RANSFER AND TEMPERATUREVARIATION IN THE FRAOMENTEDROCK 69 CHAPTER 7 74 7.1 REFRIGERATION 7.1.1 ~NTRODUCTION 7.2 NATURALREFRIOERATION 7.3 ICESvsr~nms 7.3.1 MANUFACTUREOF ICE 7.3.2 ECONOMICSOF ICESYSTEM 7.4 ICESTOPES 7.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 7.5 MECHANICALREFRIOERATION 7.5.1 BASIC VAPORCYCLE 7.5.2 PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS 7.5.3 LARGESURFACE REFRIOERATION PLANTS 7.5.4 SURFACEPLANT 7.5.5 LARGEUNDERGROUND REFRIOERATION PUNTS 7.6 UNDERGROUNDSPOT COOLERS 7.6.1 PERFORMANCEAND EFFICIENCY 7.6.2 THE POSITIONAL EFFICIENCY 7.7 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 7.8 HEATEXCHANGE SYSTEMS 7.8.1 INDIRECTCOOUNOMETHODS 7.8.2 DIRECT CONTACTAIR COOUNOMETHOD CHAPTER 8 90 8.1 NATURAL SOURCE OF REFRIGERATION VERSUS MECHANICAL REFRJGERATION FOR MINING BELOW 7000 LEVEL AT CREIGHTON 90 8.1 .l IN~ODUC~ON 90 8.2 ~RFLOWREQUIREMENTS 91 8.3 ES~MAT~ONOF RE^ RIOERATION REQUIREMENTSFOR CREIOHTON MINE 93 CAPITALCOST 94 8.4 THE REV~EWOF CURRENT- 1899 VENTILATIONEXPANSION 95 8.4.1 BASIS FORDESIGNING THE CURRENTVENTILATION =STEM 95 Table of Contents iii CHAPTER 9 101 9.1 CONCLUSIONAND FUTUREWORK 101 Appendix 1 - Cornparison of Datamine Versus Manual Calculations For Broken Rock in the 3 Shaft Pit of Creighton's Natural Heat Exchange Air Conditioning 110 Appendix 2 - Report of Cmighton Heat Load Assessrnent As Per 1993 Suwey - Inco's 1995 Intemal Report 157 Table of Contents Table of Figures Figure 1.7. Plan of the Sudbury Basin ........................................................................................ 4 Figure 1.2. Sedion of Creighton Orebody ................................................................................... 5 Figure 1.3. Creighton Mine Ventilation Schernatr'c - Resent System.. ........................................ 10 Figure 1.4: Variation of Rock and lntake Air Temperatures with Depth. (Affer Stachulak. 1979). -12 Figure 1.5. Heat Absoribing Capa- of Ventilating Air at Depth, (ARer Stachulak, 1978)............ 13 Figure 1.6. Air Requimments Versus Depth ..................... ... ................................................ 14 Figure 1.7. Creighton Mine Ventilation Schematic - ThM Fresh Air System............................... 16 Figure 1.8: Cooling Power as a Funclon of Wet Bulb Temperatun?and WIYd Speed - ~her Stewart 1979 ............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 1.9: Station Wet Bulb Temperatms as a Functron of Depth - Alter Whillier and Ramsden 1975 .......................................................................................................................... f8 Figure 2.1.- S~inplïîZedPressure Diagram ..................................................................................
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