DOCSLIB.ORG

Seismicity in Mines a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seismicity in Mines a Review 2004:22 TECHNICAL REPORT Seismicity in Mines A Review Kristina Larsson Luleå University of Technology Technical Report Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Rock Mechanics 2004:22 - ISSN: 1402-1536 - ISRN: LTU-TR--04/22--SE PREFACE This literature review is part of a joint research project between SveBeFo, Boliden Mineral AB, LKAB, and Luleå University of Technology. The project is aimed at increasing the knowledge of seismicity induced by mining in Sweden. The financial support for the project is provided by SveBeFo, Boliden Mineral AB and LKAB. The work presented in this report is the result of a literature study and several discussion meetings with the project reference group. The reference group consists of M.Sc. Christer Andersson, SKB (Swedish Nuclear Waste Management), Mr. Tomas Franzén, Research Director at SveBeFo, Tech. Lic. Lars Malmgren, LKAB, M.Sc. Per-Ivar Marklund, Boliden Mineral AB, Professor Arne Myrvang, NTNU, Dr. Jonny Sjöberg, SwedPower AB, and my supervisor Professor Erling Nordlund, Division of Rock Mechanics at Ltu. Thanks also to Mr. Meirion Hughes for checking the language. Luleå, November 2004 Kristina Larsson i ii SUMMARY The virgin stress state in the rock mass depends on several factors, for instance gravity and tectonics. Around a mine the stress state is disturbed, which leads to locally increased or decreased stresses. The rock mass in Sweden is generally composed of high strength brittle rock types, so the risk of violent failures increases with increasing depth of mining due to increasing stress levels. The problem with violent failures is that they are a safety risk for mine personnel. During the past few years an increased number of violent failures causing fallouts have been observed in both LKAB and Boliden mines. These types of failures are generally called rockbursts, but different mines give different meaning to the phenomena. Therefore the terms seismicity and seismic event will be introduced here. Seismicity is the rock mass response to deformation and failure. A seismic event is the sudden release of potential or stored energy in the rock. The released energy is then radiated as seismic waves. A rockburst is defined as a mining-induced seismic event that causes damage to openings in the rock. In this literature report, mining induced seismicity is reviewed and the influencing factors described. The state of stress is one important factor that influences the occurrence of rockbursts; hence the state of stress in Scandinavia is described briefly, and examples of how the most common Swedish mining methods influence the stress field are given. The behavior of the rock mass in different situations is described, dealing with the relationship between stress state and seismicity and rock response to energy changes during excavation. Different rockburst mechanisms are described including failure mechanisms and type of damage caused. Rockburst classifications and the varying definitions of rockbursts are briefly summarized. Seismic monitoring is an important tool for many mines today, and is therefore reviewed including a description of the most common seismological terms that are used to describe seismicity. Some different methods of predicting and explaining rockbursts are described. Methods of preventing seismicity, for example different ways of destressing the rock mass and reinforcement have also been reviewed. iii iv SAMMANFATTNING Det primära spänningstillståndet i bergmassan beror av flera faktorer, bland annat gravitation och tektonik. Spänningstillståndet runt en gruva är stört, vilket leder till lokalt ökade eller minskade spänningar. Bergmassan i Sverige består generellt av höghållfasta spröda bergarter, varför risken för våldsamma brottförlopp ökar med ökande brytningsdjup på grund av de högre spänningarna. Problemet med de våldsamma brotten är att de utgör en säkerhetsrisk för personalen. Under de senaste åren har antalet våldsamma brott som orsakat utfall ökat i både Bolidens och LKABs gruvor. Dessa typer av brott kallas generellt för smällberg (eng. rockburst), men olika gruvor har olika uppfattning om vad smällberg är. Därför introduceras i denna rapport begreppet seismicitet och seismisk händelse. Seismicitet är bergmassans respons på deformation och brott. En seismisk händelse är en plötslig frigörelse av potentiell eller lagrad energi i berget, vilken avges i form av seismiska vågor. Smällberg definieras som en seismisk händelse som orsakar en skada (utfall) på öppningar i bergmassan. I denna litteraturrapport beskrivs brytningsinducerad seismicitet och dess påverkande faktorer. Spänningstillståndet är en viktig faktor som påverkar förekomsten av smällberg, varför spänningstillståndet i Skandinavien beskrivs kort tillsammans med en förklaring om hur de vanligaste svenska brytningsmetoderna påverkar spänningsfältet runt gruvan. Bergmassans beteende i olika situationer beskrivs, främst förhållandet mellan spänningstillstånd och seismicitet samt hur bergmassan beter sig vid energiförändringar. Olika mekanismer för smällberg ges en kort beskrivning där också brottmekanismen och typiska skador tas upp. Klassificering av smällberg samt några olika sätt att definiera smällberg beskrivs. Seismisk övervakning är ett viktigt verktyg för många gruvor idag, så en generell översikt ges tillsammans med en summering av seismologiska termer som används för att beskriva seismicitet. Några olika metoder som utvecklats för att beskriva och förutsäga smällberg tas upp. Metoder att förhindra seismicitet, till exempel olika former av avlastning och förstärkning beskrivs också. v vi LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS σv ,σz = vertical stress, compressive stresses are taken as positive σH = major horizontal stress σh = minor horizontal stress σ1 = major principal stress σ2 = intermediate principal stress σ3 = minor principal stress σx = horizontal stress in x-direction σy = horizontal stress in y-direction σn = stress normal to e.g., fault plane σs = seismic stress, proportional to seismic energy and seismic moment ε = strain εs = seismic strain, proportional to seismic moment εst = static shear strain τ = shear stress τs = static shear stress τd = dynamic shear stress τe = excess shear stress ρ = rock density, kg/m3 or t/m3 g = gravity acceleration, m/s2 γ = unit weight, N/m3 z = depth below ground surface, m k = σH /σv ν = Poisson’s ratio E = Young´s modulus G = shear modulus or modulus of rigidity S = boundary surface Si = surface of initial excavation Sm = surface of enlargement V = volume Vm = volume of enlargement vii Wk = kinetic or seismic energy Wr = released energy Ws = energy absorbed in support deformation Wt = change in potential energy Uc = stored strain energy Um = stored energy in removed rock Us = energy stored in spring Uu = increase in stored energy U1 = initial strain energy of test cell in MGW U2 = strain energy after event in MGW K = stiffness of spring or surrounding rock F = force, N N = normal force acting perpendicular to surface of interest µs = static coefficient of friction µd = dynamic coefficient of friction A = area s = speed φ = friction angle cs = cohesion α = strike angle, or azimuth β = dip angle λ = rake D = average shear displacement d = distance Λ0 = amplitude Λ = maximum amplitude ∆ = focal depth T = period of the measured wave h = range ϕ = epicentral distance, ° Ξ = epicentral distance in kilometers Γ = instrument magnification factor ∆σ = stress drop viii r0 = radius of fault f0 = corner frequency ML = local or Richter magnitude M0 = seismic moment MS = surface wave magnitude mb = body wave magnitude Mw = moment magnitude Mn = Nuttli magnitude ES, EP = seismic energy in S-, and P-wave respectively Et = total seismic energy N = number of events a = constant b = relation between small and large events in a certain time interval ERR = Energy Release Rate ESS = Excess Shear Stress VESS = Volume Excess Shear Stress MGW = Modeled Ground Work LERD = Local Energy Release Density ID = departure index Pi , Pj = parameters RHI = rockburst hazard indication Ψ = function with value 1 or 0 depending on the departure index Q1 = stress parameter in cell evaluation method Q2 = strain energy parameter in cell evaluation method ST = factor of safety tn, tn’ = traction, before and after event un, un’ = displacement, before and after event ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.........................................................................................................................................i Summary ...................................................................................................................................iii Sammanfattning ......................................................................................................................... v List of symbols and abbreviations............................................................................................vii Table of contents .......................................................................................................................xi 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objective and outline of report................................................................................... 2 2 Rock stress.........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the Scanned
    'fnp AtvrERrcAN MrxERALocrsr JOURNAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vor,. 8 JUNE, 1923 No.5 MINERALOGRAPHY AS AN AID TO MILLING1 Brrrs TsousoN,University of Toronto The accurate determination of the opaque minerals present in an ore is very often of prime importance to the mill-man if he would work out the problem of separation intelligently. It is sufficiently obvious that a chemical analysis or an assay will only give him data as to the elements present and will leave him more or lessin the dark as to the minerals representedin the ore. Since it has been found that certain sulfidesare more amenable to flota- tion methods than others, the value of accurate mineralogical determination of the ores would appear to be particularly necessary 'in this form of milling. However, it should also be quite evident that any milling problem would be benefited at its inception by a careful study of the mineral content of the ore, the approximate quantitative proportions of the minerals present, and their mutual inter-relationships. As far as the writer is aware the only satisfactory method for examining these ores microscopically is by means of , polished sections in reflected light. This branch of Mineralogy, known variously as Mineralography or Mineragraphy, may also be applied to the microscopic study of mill-products in the difierent stages of separation. Where the fragmental ma-terial is fairly coarse a thin layer of it may be set in melted sealing-wax and polished in the ordinary way. If the material is fine enough to pass through a 4S-meshscreen, before polishing, it must be mixed with a combination of melted sealing-wax and balsam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and Application of Destressing
    The Development and Application of Destressing Techniques in the Mines of INCO Limited, Sudbury, Ontario. By J. Denis P. O'Donnell Sr. Laurentian University SUDBURY. Ontario. A thesis submitted to the School of Graduatr Studies in partial fulfilrnent of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. Apr. Yd. 1999 APPDEMCAoc O Copyright by J. Denis P. O'Donnell Sr. 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K 1A ON4 Canada Canada Your fi& Votre réUnmai Ow fi/e Notre reierence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowuig the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. iii Acknowledgements The destressing project. the research. and compilation of this thesis was carrird out with the help and encouragement of a number of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Activity in the Northern Ontario Portion of the Canadian Shield: Annual Progress Report for the Period January 01 – December 31, 2014
    Seismic Activity in the Northern Ontario Portion of the Canadian Shield: Annual Progress Report for the Period January 01 – December 31, 2014 NWMO-TR-2015-21 December 2015 J. Adams1 J.A. Drysdale1 S. Halchuk1 P. Street1 V. Peci2 1 Canadian Hazards Information Service, Geological Survey of Canada Natural Resources Canada Government of Canada 2 V.Peci under contract Nuclear Waste Management Organization 22 St. Clair Avenue East, 6th Floor Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S3 Canada Tel: 416-934-9814 Web: www.nwmo.ca i Seismic Activity in the Northern Ontario Portion of the Canadian Shield: Annual Progress Report for the Period January 01 – December 31, 2014 NWMO-TR-2015-21 December 2015 J. Adams1 J.A. Drysdale1 S. Halchuk1 P. Street1 V. Peci2 1 Canadian Hazards Information Service Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada Government of Canada 2 V. Peci under contract This report has been prepared under contract to NWMO. The report has been reviewed by NWMO, but the views and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the NWMO. All copyright and intellectual property rights belong to NWMO. ii Document History Seismic Activity in the Northern Ontario Portion of the Canadian Shield: Title: Annual Progress Report for the Period January 01 – December 31, 2014 Report Number: NWMO-TR-2015-21 Revision: R000 Date: December December 2015 Canadian Hazards Information Service, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada Authored by: J. Adams, J.A. Drysdale, S. Halchuk, P. Street and V. Peci, Verified by: J.A. Drysdale Approved by: J Adams Nuclear Waste Management Organization Reviewed by: Richard Crowe Accepted by: Mark Jensen iii ABSTRACT Title: Seismic Activity in the Northern Ontario Portion of the Canadian Shield: Annual Progress Report for the Period January 01 – December 31, 2014 Report No.: NWMO-TR-2015-21 Author(s): J.
    [Show full text]
  • 1985, November
    Publications Editor Trialngle Peter vom Scheidt Writer In this issue Frank Pagnucco Published by the Public Affairs Fun is first Department of Inco Limited, Copper Cliff, A sense of family is what makes the Salto Gymnastics Ontario PPM INO - Phone 705-682-5425 Club special. 4 Creighton deep On the cover Innovative techniques and equipment allow development of orebody below 7,000 level to be Our stylistic version of Canada carried out in an efficient and cost effective planner. 10 Geese flying south reminds us that Fall has arrived and that Summer is officially over. This seasonal change comes too fast Classic Cars for some and for others it doesn't happen fast enough. Classic cars help classy people raise money for community projects. But our cover doesn't just 14 symbolize the changing seasons it also features the newest tenants United Way of Inco's tailings area. To learn This year's United Way campaign for employees in the more about these new guests see Sudbury area will take place during the week of story beginning on page 16 of October 21. All money collected will go to one of 19 this issue. Sudbury agencies. 22 Cliff smelter complex who appear in the next issue. praised the significant milestone. In order to publish the large Ernie, a lubrication engineer backlog of retirement interviews inspector at the smelter, says that have occurred during the safety is something he considers past few months it was necessary every day on the job. "I think that the last edition of the about safety first," he states.
    [Show full text]
  • Myths of Deep and High Stress Mining — Reality Checks with Case Histories
    Deep Mining 2017: Eighth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining – J Wesseloo (ed.) © 2017 Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 978-0-9924810-6-3 doi:10.36487/ACG_rep/1704_58_Suorineni Myths of deep and high stress mining — reality checks with case histories FT Suorineni University of New South Wales, Australia Abstract The theme of this conference is ‘deep and high stress mining’. Obviously, mining at depth and in high stress is a current challenge and will continue to be so. Despite the several years of dedication to this subject and its importance, the definition of what is ‘deep’ and ‘high stress’ remains a matter of conjecture. Clear understanding of these terms, are fundamental to the design of excavations to achieve the benefits of the knowledge accumulated on the subject over the years. This paper aims at critically examining conditions that constitute high stress and explores what is ‘depth’ in the mining context. International case histories are used to demonstrate how a misunderstanding of ‘depth’ and ‘high stress’ can result in wrong mine layouts and excavation designs. The paper then provides conditions that constitute high stress and deep mining as a guide to mine layouts and the design of excavations to cope with these conditions. Keywords: deep mining, high stress, case histories 1 Introduction Stress is a significant factor in determining the safe and economic extraction of orebodies and, hence, an important consideration in determining mining methods. Stacey and Wesseloo (1998) state that from the point of view of planning of mining operations, the in situ stress field is the most important input parameter for modelling of excavations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Nickel Sulphide Deposits Within the Area of the Canadian Shield
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 1970 A Comparative Study of Nickel Sulphide Deposits Within the Area of the Canadian Shield Robert G. Kreiner Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Kreiner, Robert G., "A Comparative Study of Nickel Sulphide Deposits Within the Area of the Canadian Shield" (1970). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1528. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1528 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NICKEL SULPHIDE DEPOSITS WITHIN THE AREA OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD BY Robert G. Kreiner Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theM.A. Degree in Geography Faculty of Graduate Studies Waterloo Lutheran University Waterloo, Ontario 1970 Property ii i,\j Library Waterloo University College UMI Number: EC56498 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI EC56498 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sudbury Basin Stress Tensor – Myth Or Reality?
    Deep Mining 2014 – M Hudyma and Y Potvin (eds) © 2014 Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 978-0-9870937-9-0 doi:10.36487/ACG_rep/1410_43_Suorineni The Sudbury Basin stress tensor – myth or reality? FT Suorineni The University of New South Wales, Australia F Malek Vale Canada Ltd., Canada Abstract Sudbury Basin is host to many underground mines, most of which are seismically active. Some of these mines, e.g. Creighton Mine, have been in operation for over a century and can be said to be matured. Others, e.g. Glencore Xstrata Nickel Rim South Mine, have just been opened and can be classified as young. Several in situ stress measurements have been performed in these mines over the years. Mine seismicity and rockburst research has been very active in the Sudbury Basin since 1984 following the then Falconbridge Mine disaster. Stress tensor is one of the critical inputs in numerical models for the assessment of excavation performance, support demand and rockbursts and seismicity potential. It is also an important input in closed-form solutions for similar purposes. Over the years, several technical reports have referred to a Sudbury Basin stress tensor. In a recent review study of stress measurements in the Sudbury Basin as a means of validating the so called Sudbury Basin stress tensor, the supposed stress tensor source could be hardly identified. It is important to recognise that in situ stress measurement errors remain significantly high and would be unacceptable in any other branch of engineering (Hoek 1994). To improve confidence in these measurements several carefully measured data are required.
    [Show full text]
  • Examples of Ground Support Practice in Challenging Ground Conditions at Vale’S Deep Operations in Sudbury
    Deep Mining 2014 – M Hudyma and Y Potvin (eds) © 2014 Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 978-0-9870937-9-0 doi:10.36487/ACG_rep/1410_19_Yao Examples of ground support practice in challenging ground conditions at Vale’s deep operations in Sudbury M Yao Vale Canada Ltd., Canada A Sampson-Forsythe Vale Canada Ltd., Canada AR Punkkinen Vale Canada Ltd., Canada Abstract Vale has operated a number of underground mines in the Ontario division in Sudbury for over a century. During this time, numerous mining methods have been employed including cut-and-fill, drift-and-fill, post pillar cut-and-fill, modified sublevel caving, underhand cut-and-fill/drift and fill plus bulk mining methods such as vertical retreat mining (VRM)/slot-slash, uppers retreat and underhand bulk mining. The division hosts a wide variety of orebodies of varying geometries, many of these at advanced stages of mining extraction. Consequently, the geomechanical challenges are substantial and include both gravity-driven and rockburst-prone ground failure conditions that are further exacerbated by rock mass characteristics and ever-increasing mining depths. Typically the gravity-driven scenarios include the recovery of remnant pillars in old mined out areas, mining through consolidated backfill and recovery of post-failure sill pillars. Burst-prone conditions become a challenge when mining through stiff and brittle geological structures, upon recovery of highly stressed sill pillars in narrow vein ore bodies or when mining at depths in excess of 2,500 m from surface. Gravity driven and stress induced ground failures may occur simultaneously. Underhand cut-and-fill for sill pillar recovery in narrow vein ore bodies are also known to involve risk from both of these failure mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Orientation of Exsolved Pentlandite in Natural and Synthetic Nickeliferous
    AmericanMineralogist, Volume61, pages913-920, 1976 Orientationof exsolvedpentlandite in naturaland synthetic nickeliferous pyrrhotite Cenr A. FRANCISI,MtcHesl E. FLestz, KuL,q MlsnA.8,AND JenrEs R. Cnntcl rDepartment of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uniuersity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 2Department of Geology, The Uniuersity of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A3K7 sDepartment of Geological Sciences, The Uniuersity of Tennessee,Knoxuille, Tennessee37916 Abstract Pentlandite(pn), (Fe, Ni)rSB,exsolves from nickeliferouspyrrhotite (po), (Fe, Ni)r-,S, in the form of flamesexhibiting weak reflectionanisotropism and preferredorientation. X-ray precessionstudies on both natural and syntheticcrystals have establishedthe orientation relation:(111)pnll (00.1)po; (0Tl )pn ll (l 1.0)po;(TT2)pn ll (10.0)po.In synthesisexperiments, rapidlyquenched samples of (Fe,Ni)r-,Ssolid solutions contain randomly oriented blebs of pentlandite,whereas slowly cooled charges contain coherent lamellae of pentlanditeparallel to (00.1)of pyrrhotite. Introduction typical Sudbury-typeFe-Ni sulfideassemblages lie within the monosulfidesolid-solution field at higher Threetextural varieties of pentlandite,(Fe,Ni)156, temperatures(Naldrett and Kullerud, 1967;Craig are common in the pyrrhotite-bearing(Sudbury- and Kullerud, 1969) further supportsthis inter- type) naturalnickel sulfide assemblages: (l) massive pretation.Thus the subsolidusexsolution origin of (blocky) pentlandite,often containingislands of pentlanditein nickel-sulfideassemblages
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Improving the Performance of Creighton Mine's Natural Heat
    Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering (MCM'17) Rome, Italy – June 8 – 10, 2017 Paper No. MMME 150 ISSN: 2369-8136 DOI: 10.11159/mmme17.150 Towards Improving the Performance of Creighton Mine’s Natural Heat Exchange Area Negar Saeidi1, Lorrie Fava1, Cheryl Allen2 1MIRARCO – Mining Innovation 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, Canada [email protected]; [email protected] 2Vale Canada Limited, Ontario Operations 18 Rink St, Copper Cliff, ON, Canada [email protected] Abstract – The Canadian climate features long, cold winters and short, mild summers that provides the opportunity for Vale’s Creighton Mine in Sudbury, ON, Canada to manage mine cooling requirements over a 50 year period. The intake air for Creighton Mine’s ventilation system is conditioned by continuously pulling ambient air through the Natural Heat Exchange Area (NHEA). The NHEA is a large-scale volume created by previous open-pit and block cave mining at Creighton that contains significant broken rock tonnage with the ability to store ambient coolth and heat on a seasonal basis. The study reported in this paper is part of an on-going collaborative research project conducted by Vale and MIRARCO. The project is investigating options to extend the efficiency of the NHEA system and provide cooler air to deeper levels of Creighton Mine. A three- dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is being developed and calibrated for dynamic modeling and simulation of the NHEA’s thermal physics. The calibrated model will be used to support the assessment of both operation and system design variations to improve the NHEA’s performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraining the Formation and Alteration of Sudbury Breccia, Ontario, Canada: Implications for Footwall Cu-Ni-PGE Exploration
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-6-2016 12:00 AM Constraining the Formation and Alteration of Sudbury Breccia, Ontario, Canada: Implications for Footwall Cu-Ni-PGE Exploration Jonathan W. O'Callaghan The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. G.R. Osinski The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Dr. R.L. Linnen The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Jonathan W. O'Callaghan 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation O'Callaghan, Jonathan W., "Constraining the Formation and Alteration of Sudbury Breccia, Ontario, Canada: Implications for Footwall Cu-Ni-PGE Exploration" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4075. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4075 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Abstract Sudbury breccia is an impactite situated in the footwall of the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure, situated in Ontario. Developing exploration vectors towards Sudbury breccia- hosted Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization is inhibited by an insufficient understanding of the relative contributions of footwall lithologies versus impact melt. By combining whole-rock geochemistry, field observations, statistical modelling and petrography, this study has determined that Sudbury breccia is a parautochthonous shock melt, which does not require a melt sheet contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Contributions to the Geology of Georgia
    SHORT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA ATLANTA 1978 BULLITIN 93 For convenience in selecting our reports from your bookshelves, they will be color-keyed across the spine by subject as follows: Red Valley & Ridge mapping and structural geology Dk. Purple Piedmont & Blue Ridge mapping and struc- tural geology Maroon Coastal Plain mapping and stratigraphy Lt. Green Paleontology Lt. Blue Coastal Zone studies Dk. Green Geochemical and Geophysical studies Dk. Blue Hydrology Olive Economic geology Mining directory Yellow Environmental studies Engineering studies Dk. Orange Bibliographies and lists of publications Brown Petroleum and natural gas Black Field trip guidebooks Dk. Brown Collections of papers Colors have been selected at random, and will be augmented as new subjects are published. ---- -·-- ------·- -~-~-·-·--· ·- .. SHORT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA STATE OF GEORGIA Department of Natural Resources Joe D. Tanner. Commissioner Environmental Protection Division J. leonard Ledbetter. Director Georgia Geologic Survey John R. George, Acting State Geologist ATLANTA 1978 CONTENTS Page The Huber Formation of Eastern Central Georgia by B. F. BUIE . 1 Figure 1. Contact of Huber Formation overlain unconformably by Clinchfield Sand . 2 Figure 2. Close-up view of fossil zone in clayey sand, near top of Huber Formation . 2 Figure 3. Schematic diagram of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata, Macon-Gordon area, Georgia . 3 Table 1. Detailed stratigraphic section of Huber Formation 4 Figure 4. Road cut exposure of updip Huber Formation 5 Figure 5. Photograph of measured section (Table 1) . 5 Table 2. Characteristics of kaolins of the Cretaceous beds undifferentiated and Huber Formation . 6 Figure 6. Contrast of fracture form in Tertiary and Cretaceous kaolin 6 Figure 7.
    [Show full text]