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The Development and Application of Destressing The Development and Application of Destressing Techniques in the Mines of INCO Limited, Sudbury, Ontario. By J. Denis P. O'Donnell Sr. Laurentian University SUDBURY. Ontario. A thesis submitted to the School of Graduatr Studies in partial fulfilrnent of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. Apr. Yd. 1999 APPDEMCAoc O Copyright by J. Denis P. O'Donnell Sr. 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K 1A ON4 Canada Canada Your fi& Votre réUnmai Ow fi/e Notre reierence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowuig the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. iii Acknowledgements The destressing project. the research. and compilation of this thesis was carrird out with the help and encouragement of a number of people. Sincerr thanks are due to al1 of them. In particular. I wish to acknowledge: Doctors C. D. Martin and D.H. Rousell for their guidance and suggestions for the manuscript: INCO Limited. C. Langille for his encouragement and Cor sreking approval for the project as a thesis topic fiorn Mines Technical Services management: M. Sylvestre for approvd of the project as a thesis. Thanks are aiso extended to management at Stobie Mine particularly: J. Loring ( Manager): G. Elliott (Mine Superintendent): H. Buksa and H. Parsons (Chief Mine Engineers): W. Quinn (Grneral Foreman) for supplying the required support to kerp the project moving. Thanks are also extended to: Colin Mc Anulty (Division supervisor): Micliarl Paventi (plamer): and Chris Wereley (technical representative with Dyno Nobel): for their direct involvement in the project. The author wishes also to acknowledge Chris Preston. research scientist with Dyno Nobel and guest Professor of the Advanced Explosives course at Laurentian University. for his encouragement and guidance at the on-set of the project. In particular I wish to thank my wife. Susan O'Donnell. and my farnily for their encouragement. and patience during my absence while taking courses and panicularly during the writing of the thesis. iv Table of Contents Page Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Appendices List of Figures List of Tables xii Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Rockbursts in Underground Mining 2.1 Introduction Factors Which Contribute to Rock bursting 2.1 .1 Lithostatic and Tectonic Stresses 2.1 .a Planar Discontinuities 2.2 Stored Strain Energy and Stress 2.3 Rock Strength v 2.4 StresdStrength an Indicator of Rock Mass Insta bility 11 2.5 Evidence of Over Stressed Regions in a Mine 2.6 Rockburst Mitigation 2.6.1 Rockburst Research 2.6.2 Support 2.6.3 Controlling the Failure Process 2.6.J Changing Mining Methods 3.63 Destressing 2.8 Summary Chapter 3 Destressing Case Histories 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.1.1 Developrnent of Destressing at INCO Limited 35 3.2 A List of Destressing Techniques Developed by the Author and Associates at INCO Ltd. 39 3 2.1 Drift Destressing 39 3 2.2 Break Through Destresssing 39 3.2.3 Destressing in Stopes. 40 3.2.4 The Destressing Pillars on the Si11 CUI. JO vi 3.2.5 Destressing a VRM Extraction Horizon at 2 Mm. 3.2.6 Destressing Stopes at Mid Height. 3.2.7 Destressing of Drifts Driven in Stressed Pillars 3.2.8 Abutment Destressing 3.2.9 Hanging Wall Destressing in VRM Topsill. 3.3 Cautions and Controls with Destressing 3.4 Problems Destressing RockWith Widely Spaced Joints 3.5 Destressing in Tabular Ore Zones in South Africa 55 3.6 Examples of Pillar Destressing 3.6.1 Galena Mine 1970 3-62Campbell Mine 1980's 3.6.3 Macassa Mine 1987 3.6.4 Mt. Charlotte Mine 1995 3.6.5 Sigma Mine 1996 3.7 Analysing the Success of Destressing 3.8 Summary Chapter 4 Destressing a Regional Pillar at Stobie Mine 41.1 Geological Setting 4.1 2 Stress Conditions At Stobie Mine 4.13 Rock Strengths vii 4.1.4 Joints 4-13 Mining Sequence 4.2 Mining Induced Seismicity 4.3 Numerical Modeling 4.3.1 Stages Modelled 4.3 .? Phases Evaluated 4.3 -3 Strength PararnetersIFailure Cntenon 4.3.4 Mode1 Indicating the Effect of the Destress Slot 4.3.1 Summary of Modelling Results 4.4 Explosives and Blast Design 4.4.1 Configuration of Destress Holes 4.4.2 E~plosives 4.4.3 Timing of Holes and Kg of Explosives per Del- 4.5 Instrumentation 45.1 Stress Monitoring 45.2 Microseisrnic System 4.53 Blast Monitor 4.5.4 Observations Before and Afier the Blast 4.6 Interpretation of Results Chapter 5 Summary and Conclusions viii Appendices Appendix A Time line of the Project 120 Appendix B Numerical Analysis B. 1 Description of the Mining Phases Modelled 8.2 Surnmary of Key Findings B.3 Conclusion Appendix C Glossary of Terms Appendix D Correspondence and Approvals 139 D. 1 Letter recomrnending to management to destrrss 25 pi llar 129 D.2 Lrtter to INCO reqursting approval of destressing as a thesis 130 References 131 List of Figures Figure Number Description Exarnples of strain. pillar. and fault-slip rockbursts at Creighton Mine Measured stress variations with depth Extraction ratio and pillar stress Discing of 150-mm core of granite Spalling in the sidewall of a bored mise Progressive developmrnt of the notch geometry in a tunnel at URL Borehole breakout in a 28cm diameter raise bore pilot hole Borehole breakout in 16.jcm diameter production holes on 55rn lrvel Shear failure and sidewall spalling in highly stressed drifts in quartzite Curved failure in drift corners Progressive failure dur to spalling Effect of total tidal force on rockbursts and falls of ground Exarnples of cable lacing installation and hardware Slender and squat pillars General mangement of destress holes during the 60's Photo of a blasted destress hole Breakthrough destressing Darnage caused by destressing a drift wall Destress pattern 2070m mechanized cut & fil1 unit Destress pattern used on 2 195m level extraction horizon X List of Figures Continued Figure Num ber Description Abutment destressing Hanging wall destressing in a VRM topsill Types of failurr in different rock masses and stress regimes Destressing pattern for drifts in rock with widely spaced joints Instantaneous failure and gradua1 sloughing in pillars Destressing pattern at the Galena Mine Layout of destress holes ai the Campbell Mine Layout of destress holes at the Macassa Minr Preconditioning at the Mt. Charlotte Minr Blasthole layout and charging design at Mt. Charlotte Mine Longitudinal sections of the Sigma Mine Destress pattern at the Sigma Mine Geological map of the Sudbury Structure Frood-Stobie Offset dike and Section of Stobie Mine Long. Section of Frood-Stobie indicating 85% extraction ratio Section of 25 pillar indicating mining Rockbursts per year at Stobie Mine Rockbursts and seismic events associated with 25 Pillar Plot of numerical mode1 geometry from Surface to 730m Ievel Plot of the destress slot area xi List of Figures Continued Figure Number Description Plans indicating geometry of nurnerically modelled phases Plot of (s, on a vertical grid through the 25 pillar Plot of ai on a vertical grid through the 25 pillar Safety factor plot on a vertical grid through the 25 pilla Plan of 55Om level indicating stress change between phases 2 and 3 Plan of 55Om level indicating mining pnor to destress blast Long. section of destress slot indicating attitude of destress holrs Destress hole spacing and detonation sequence at Stobie Mine Photos of the boosters with detonators and their installation Photos of the destress drift prior to the blast Plot of the wave form of the destress blast Photos of the destress slot after the blast Photos of the back of the destress slot after the blast Plot of tnces captured of the 2.4 Mn rockburst Plot of strain change captured by the stress ce11 Photo of a CSiRO hollow inclusion stress ce11 xii List of Tables Table Number Description Influence of q/o, Ratio on Stability Data from significant pillar destrrssing projects Formulae from stress measurements at Stobie Mine Caiculated stresses in the 25 PiIlar area Uniavial and triaxial compressive strengths of rocks near 35 pillar Attitudes of joint sets on 420m to 550m Ievel List of seismic rvents and rockbursts associated with 75 pillar Propenies of RUS rmulsion manufactured by Dyno Nobel Ltd. Changes in stresses caused by the drstress blast at Stobie PPV and peak sound pressure Ievels of the drstress blast List of runs and descriptions of phases modelled Abstract Rockbursts are the result of the sudden release of stored strain energy derived £iom the stresses induced by rnining at depth or to a high extraction ratio. Conml methods range fiom modifiing geometries to altering the rock properties by destressing. The physical expression of the release of stored strain energy includes dog-earing, core disking, slabbing, pillar failure and bursting.
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