VCHS Thursday April 23 - Wednesday May 6, 2020 Students I

Remote Learning Packet 3

Subject — English IV

School — VCHS

Thursday April 23 - Wednesday May 6, 2020 Students if you are working online then please continue to work online. If you are using paper pencil you can then please adhere to the daily instructions that are attached.

Remind Code — @bergiv Email — [email protected]

Students can login to Apex to access the work. Email me or message me on remind if you need help logging in. Otherwise you will complete the packet that is provided.

Day Date Online Activity Paper and Pencil Day 21 April 23 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.1.2-7.1.5: "Read and Quiz: 7.1.2-7.1.5: "Read and Quiz: Historical Context in World War II: Historical Context in World Part 1" & "Study and Quiz: War II: Part 1" & "Study and Understand Wartime Rhetoric" Quiz: Understand Wartime Rhetoric

pages 1-22 Day 22 April 24 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.1.6-7.1.7: "Read and Quiz: 'Their 7.1.6-7.1.7: "Read and Quiz: Finest Hour' by Winston Churchill" 'Their Finest Hour' by Winston Churchill"

pages 23-36 Day 23 April 27 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.1.9-7.1.10: "Study and Quiz: 7.1.9-7.1.10: "Study and Quiz: Analyze Wartime Rhetoric" Analyze Wartime Rhetoric"

pages 37-51 Day 24 April 28 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.2.2-7.2.5: "Read and Quiz: 7.2.2-7.2.5: "Read and Quiz: Historical Context in World War II: Historical Context in World Part 2" & "Study and Quiz: War II: Part 2" & "Study and Understand Perspectives in Quiz: Understand Perspectives Language" in Language"

pages 52-70 Day 25 April 29 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.2.6-7.2.7: "Read and Quiz: Joseph 7.2.6-7.2.7: "Read and Quiz: Stalin's Radio Broadcast" Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast"

pages 71-84 Day 26 April 30 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.2.9-7.2.10: "Study and Quiz: 7.2.9-7.2.10: "Study and Quiz: Analyze Perspectives in Language" Analyze Perspectives in Language"

pages 85-97 Day 27 May 1 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.3.2-7.3.5: "Read and Quiz: 7.3.2-7.3.5: "Read and Quiz: Historical Context in World War II: Historical Context in World Part 3" & "Study and Quiz: War II: Part 3" & "Study and Understand Audience Appeal" Quiz: Understand Audience Appeal"

pages 98-118 Day 28 May 4 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.3.6-7.3.7: "Read and Quiz: Two 7.3.6-7.3.7: "Read and Quiz: Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt" Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt"

pages 119-135 Day 29 May 5 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.3.9-7.3.10: "Study and Quiz: 7.3.9-7.3.10: "Study and Quiz: Analyze Audience Appeal" Analyze Audience Appeal"

pages 136-149 Day 30 May 6 Apex Paper and Pencil

7.4.1-7.4.2: "Review and Test: World 7.4.1-7.4.2: "Review and Test: War II" World War II"

pages 150-168

4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_29727/printables/Reading_Materials1011726.htm

7.1.2 Read: Historical Context in World War II: Part I Reading Materials English 12 Honors (2018) (S5677325) Name: ______Date: ______

How Did World War II Begin?

You've seen the movies about World War II. [2] They show soldiers dug into trenches, planes painted with swastikas dropping bombs on cities, concentration camps full of starving and dying people, and countless other scenes of horror. Those movies are based on the real events of what was arguably the bloodiest war the world has ever seen.

World War II took place over six years, between 1939 and 1945. Battles took place on three different continents. Approximately 17 million soldiers were killed. Over twice that number of civilians — ordinary people who weren't even sent out to fight — died of starvation, bombings, or mass murder in concentration camps. 2 [3]

What made this war happen? What powerful forces could inspire people to sacrifice themselves or to kill others on such a massive scale?

Part of the answer to this question is that complex historical relationships swept many countries into the conflict. To understand this, we need to rewind to the end of another huge war, World War I. From 1914 to 1918, the countries of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against a group of countries, including Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire. (The United States joined World War I on the side of the latter group in 1917.)

After World War I, a peace agreement called the Treaty of Versailles placed all the blame for the war on Germany. Under the terms of the treaty, Germany had to give up much of its territory, drastically shrink its military, and pay heavy reparations to mitigate damages the winning side suffered during the war.

Partly because of the strict terms of this treaty, Germany faced major economic challenges in the years that followed. German money underwent rapid inflation and became virtually worthless, thus leaving the majority of people in poverty. The German people grew angry and resentful. [4] acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_29727/printables/Reading_Materials1011726.htm 1/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_29727/printables/Reading_Materials1011726.htm German resentment about the Treaty of Versailles was about not only the reparations but also the limitations to its territory and military. Germany wanted to expand its borders in order to increase its access to economic and political power. Many European countries on the winning side of World War I had recently expanded their territory as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and other peace agreements. And a few countries, especially Great Britain, had spent centuries building vast empires that stretched around the world. By the 1920s and 1930s, Great Britain no longer controlled the domestic affairs of all of the countries in its empire, but it still had access to natural resources, economic markets, and manpower from its political ties around the world. [5] This gave Great Britain an edge over its neighbors. Germany wanted that kind of power, too. [6]

During the interwar [7] period, a new political group called the Nazi Party arose in Germany. This party called for restoring Germany's military power and consolidating all German-speaking people into a single country, even though this would violate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazis also placed much of the blame for Germany's economic problems on the country's Jewish minority. [8]

In 1933, a Nazi leader named Adolf Hitler rose to power, and within a short time, transformed his country into a totalitarian dictatorship. [9] He eliminated political parties that opposed the Nazis, began censoring newspapers, and decreed that all children over age 10 had to join youth groups that taught them to follow Nazi beliefs. [10]

During this period, Hitler also began violating the Treaty of Versailles. He rebuilt Germany's military, transforming it into a formidable [11] army, and he took over a great deal of land. First, he took over a region called the Rhineland, which Germany had officially given up after World War I. Later, he annexed the country of Austria — with the general support of Austria's people at the time — and seized a German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland.

Although Hitler's actions at this time violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, France and Great Britain did little to stop him. Both countries were occupied with their own domestic problems, and neither trusted the other to take a fair share of the responsibility to fight Germany's advances. Rather than take military action, they met with Hitler in Munich, Germany, to talk it out. In this meeting, Hitler promised not to attack any other countries in Europe — but he was lying. In fact, he was already making plans for a sudden, violent invasion of Poland.

After the Munich Agreement, the prime minister of Great Britain, Neville Chamberlain, returned home and assured his people that he had secured "peace for our time." 3

But within a few months, Hitler attacked Poland, and Chamberlain became a laughingstock. His declaration of peace was one of the most widely mocked statements of his era. [12]

The betrayal of the Munich Agreement was too great for France and Great Britain to overlook. Within days, both countries declared war. Because of Great Britain's political ties around the world, many other countries — such as India, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa — soon declared war as well.

In Great Britain, Neville Chamberlain was soon replaced by a new prime minister named Winston Churchill, a military veteran and an inspirational speaker who had been warning his country about Hitler for years. [13] Churchill understood military tactics, and he had the ability to motivate his people to accept the hardships of war.

This leads us to another, very powerful reason why so many people were willing to sacrifice themselves and kill others during World War II — words. The public had mocked Neville Chamberlain's pleasant but untrue words about peace, but now they embraced Winston Churchill's grim, gritty words about war.

Churchill's first speech after his election did not try to lull people into a false sense of peace. Rather, he gave his people a new, much harsher message about the problems they faced. He said, "I have nothing to offer but blood, tears, toil, and sweat." 4 [14] Harsh as this message was, it was an accurate description of the hardships Great Britain would face in the following years as the country faced a ruthless advancing enemy. In the years that followed, Churchill's speaking skills would become a critical component of his side's chances for victory. [15] acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_29727/printables/Reading_Materials1011726.htm 2/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_29727/printables/Reading_Materials1011726.htm

Works Cited 1. "Timeline of World War II," eHistory @ The Ohio State University, accessed November 4, 2013, http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/timeline/timeline.cfm?Era_id=6&IsDetail=1 and S. Mintz and S. McNeil, "World War II Timeline," Digital History, accessed November 4, 2013, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm? eraID=15&smtID=4.

2. S. Mintz and S. McNeil, "Overview of World War II," Digital History, accessed November 4, 2013, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=15&smtID=1.

3. Richard Hacken, Neville Chamberlain, "Peace for Our Time" (speech), September 30, 1938, transcript, EuroDocs, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, last modified September 19, 2013, accessed November 13, 2013, http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Neville_Chamberlain's_%22Peace_For_Our_Time%22_speech.

4. Winston Churchill, "Blood, Tears, Toil, and Sweat" (speech), May 13, 1940, The Churchill Centre website, last updated July 29, 2010, accessed November 13, 2013, http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches- of-winston-churchill/92-blood-toil-tears-and-sweat.

1. What was the Treaty of Versailles?

2. What movies have you seen about World War II?

3. What is your reaction to these numbers? Does it surprise you how many people died in World War II? Why or why not?

4. Do you think Germans had a right to feel angry and resentful? How do you think you would have felt in that situation?

5. What kind of "domestic affairs" do you think this sentence refers to?

6. What role do you think power plays in war?

7. Define interwar.

8. What's your impression of the Nazis and what they stood for? How are they usually portrayed on TV and in the movies?

9. Define totalitarian dictatorship.

10. How might censorship of newspapers be an important part of controlling a population?

11. Define formidable.

12. Why do you think people laughed at Chamberlain because of what he said?

13. Why would people support someone who had been warning them about Hitler?

14. What makes this statement powerful?

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15. Why would Churchill's speaking skills have been an important part of winning the war?

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Quiz: Historical Context in World War II: Part I

Question 1a of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058641 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What event started World War II? A. Great Britain imposed trading embargos on Germany. B. Germany invaded the neighboring country of Poland. C. Churchill overthrew Chamberlain in British Parliament. D. Japan bombed U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbor.

Question 1b of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058642 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which event led to World War II? A. Germany was blamed as the cause of World War I. B. President Roosevelt enforced an anti-German foreign policy. C. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor without warning. D. Prime Minster Chamberlain took action against German invasions.

Question 1c of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058643 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which event led to World War II? A. Great Britain refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. B. Churchill gave a war-inspiring speech to British citizens. C. France violated the Munich Agreement. D. Hitler began to take over former German territories.

Question 2a of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058645 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What resulted from the Treaty of Versailles? A. The United States was required to cease importing products from Germany. B. Great Britain did not trade goods until Germany paid off debt. C. France had to give amnesty to German refugees. D. Germany was forced to give up some of its territory.

Question 2b of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058646 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629766 1/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What resulted from the Treaty of Versailles? A. Germany had to downsize its military forces. B. Germany had to elect a new head of government. C. The United States had to cease trade with Germany. D. France had to return German prisoners to Germany.

Question 2c of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058647 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What resulted from the Treaty of Versailles? A. Germany had to elect a new head of government. B. Germany had to pay compensation to the families of dead British soldiers. C. Germany could no longer trade with outside countries for a specified time. D. Germany had to make financial amends for the damage of World War I.

Question 3a of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058649 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is a characteristic of the Nazi party? A. It hoped to create a European alliance with Great Britain. B. It wanted a fully democratic government. C. It wished to restore Germany's military power. D. It believed in equal power for all German provinces.

Question 3b of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058650 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is a characteristic of the Nazi party? A. It wanted to consolidate all German-speaking people into a single country. B. It valued women in the military and created jobs especially for them. C. It enticed U.S. businesses to move into Germany to help create a stronger financial market. D. It embraced the idea of a world government with equal national powers.

Question 3c of 5 ( 1 Historical Context in World War II 1058651 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is a characteristic of the Nazi party? A. It adopted the American dollar as Germany's currency. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629766 2/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. It hoped to create a European alliance with France. C. It wanted a fully democratic government ruled by a president. D. It blamed Jewish people for Germany's economic problems.

Question 4a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in World War II 1058653 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, what was one of Hitler's first political actions? A. He eliminated all political parties that opposed him. B. He changed the official name of Germany to the Sovereign States of Deutschland. C. He deported non-German speaking peoples outside of Germany's borders. D. He allowed women to become a part of the Nazi military.

Question 4b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in World War II 1058654 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, what was one of Hitler's first political actions? A. He removed peoples' ability to access radio broadcasts. B. He encouraged other countries to investigate his military services. C. He started censoring the information printed in newspapers. D. He allowed women to become part of the Nazi military.

Question 4c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in World War II 1058655 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, what was one of Hitler's first political actions? A. He implemented a mandatory Nazi youth program. B. He built secret bunkers for his family to hide in during the war. C. He notified Great Britain that Germany would be viewed as a world power. D. He deported non-German speaking peoples outside of Germany's borders.

Question 5a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in World War II 1058657 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, why did the British people welcome Churchill as their new prime minster? A. He could give vast amounts of money to the military. B. He had a military background and understood military tactics. C. He could control the French government and troops. D. He had written the well-respected Munich Agreement.

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Question 5b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in World War II 1058658 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, why did the British people welcome Churchill as their new prime minster? A. He was of German descent and understood German thinking. B. He had given large amounts of money to military development. C. He was closely related to the royal family. D. He was an inspirational and motivational speaker.

Question 5c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in World War II 1058659 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, why did the British people welcome Churchill as their new prime minster? A. He had warned Great Britain of Hitler before Hitler began waging war. B. He had been appointed as a member of the World Security Council. C. He was of German descent and understood German thinking. D. He was friends with the French and Russian heads of state.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629766 4/4 Politicians and leaders use rhetoric all the time to convince audiences to support their ideas and policies. In wartime, these leaders face a special set of challenges.

Leaders across time and cultures have used wartime rhetoric to gain support for war efforts. In order to ask people to make the sacrifices needed in such times, these leaders have relied on a variety of persuasive techniques, often in speeches given to the public.

In this activity, we'll examine:

● How the rhetorical situation influences wartime rhetoric ● Audience appeals, tone, and figurative language ● Different reasons leaders need to speak in wartime ● The impact of technological advances on speechmakers

By understanding these concepts, you'll be better prepared to analyze the impact of rhetorical decisions made in speeches.

People use rhetoric all the time for all kinds of purposes. At its simplest, rhetoric is used whenever you are trying to change someone else's perspective. Rhetoric can be something as basic as trying to convince a friend of the merits of a particular movie.

A rhetorical situation has to do with the circumstances surrounding the rhetoric used. Audience, purpose, and context make up a rhetorical situation. In the above example, the rhetorical situation might look something like this:

Audience: Y our friend

Purpose: T o convince your friend that the movie you're watching is brilliant

Context: Y ou've seen the movie 17 times and think it's the most amazing movie ever made.

In studying historical rhetoric, it's important to keep the rhetorical situation in mind. What was the context of the speech or text? What was the speaker trying to convince the audience of? Who was the audience?

In every rhetorical situation, the speaker or writer uses audience appeals to persuade the audience. These are usually determined by the particulars of the rhetorical situation. To review, there are three main types of appeals:

Logos: Appeals to the audience's logic and reason, using facts to persuade

Ethos: Appeals to the audience's sense of ethics, including arguing fairly and responsibly , to show the speaker can be trusted

/ Pathos: Appeals to the audience's emotions, using reasoning that accesses the audience's emotions and sympathy

Part of audience appeal includes choosing how to present information. When you write an essay, you use an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The same is true for speeches — from pep rallies to wartime speeches. What does the speaker use as a hook when his country is at war, or about to go to war? What does he or she use as evidence to persuade citizens that war is the only answer?

When you read or listen to a wartime speech, pay particular attention to the structure and ask yourself how the speaker is appealing to the audience with the structure. Is he or she starting off by getting people angry or frightened? Is he or she appealing first to a sense of patriotism? Does he or she start by listing facts and figures?

Rhetorical strategies also include choosing an appropriate tone and effectively using figurative language. In wartime speeches, you can be pretty sure the tone won't be humorous. Instead, it will likely be one of the following:

● Grave and somber (to reflect upon danger or losses) ● Uplifting and encouraging (to convince the audience that they can conquer the enemy) ● Serious (to explain the hardships to come)

Even though we typically think of figurative language as something related to poetry, it can be very powerful in wartime rhetoric. Leaders have to paint a picture with words, making the enemy seem as monstrous as possible and making his or her own people seem as noble, brave, and worthy as possible. They often do this with simile , metaphor , and hyperbole . Take a minute to identify the examples of figurative language in the activity below.

Let's take a look at some wartime speeches from the past to see how they use the rhetorical strategies we've discussed.

One of the most famous wartime speeches in history, Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, comes out of a particular rhetorical situation: Lincoln is addressing an audience gathered to dedicate a cemetery in the place where a famous battle, the Battle of Gettysburg, took place. One of his main purposes was to motivate his audience, the people of the Union, to keep going, to maintain morale, and to remember why this conflict — the Civil War — was important.

Take a look at the last part of Lincoln's speech below and think about how he used audience appeals to reach his audience.

The passage reads:

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it

/ can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

Question 1: How does Lincoln use emotional appeals, or pathos, in his address, and is it effective?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract." Highlighting also appears on "we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

Feedback: He appeals to the audience's emotions when he talks about the men who fought and died on the battlefield, and when he names concepts like "freedom" and "God." It's effective because it gets the audience's attention and sympathy.

Question 2: How does Lincoln try to persuade people to keep going, to take up the task of the dead? Hint: Highlighting appears on "It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion"

Feedback: When he calls on the audience to take up the task of the dead, he appeals to their sense of honor and justice. These are ideas that are important to people — everyone wants to feel like he or she is honorable and noble.

Leaders in wartime sometimes have to explain to their people why they've made a decision not to keep fighting.

In 1945, after the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II and after the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan, Japan agreed to surrender. Japan's emperor, Hirohito, recorded a speech to explain to the Japanese people what had happened and why he had decided to surrender.

Take a look at an excerpt from his speech below. Roll over the text for more information about the kinds of appeals and techniques Hirohito used.

The passage reads:

Indeed, we declared war on America and Britain out of our sincere desire to ensure Japan's self-preservation and the stabilization of East Asia, it being far from our thought either to infringe upon the sovereignty of other nations or to embark upon territorial aggrandizement.

But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by everyone—the gallant fighting of the military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of our servants of the state, and the devoted service of our 100,000,000 people—the war situation has

/ developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.

Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.

Highlighted text: we declared war on America and Britain out of our sincere desire to ensure Japan's self-preservation and the stabilization of East Asia

Explanatory text: Hirohito reminds people that there was a good reason to go to war in the first place, which is an effective appeal to character or ethos: He didn't just drag them into an unnecessary war.

Highlighted text: the gallant fighting of the military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity

Explanatory text: Hirohito's language is more formal and elevated than the average speech of his audience, which might have added a sense of seriousness and authority to his words. This also might have helped his ethos.

Highlighted text: Moreover , the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives.

Explanatory text: Here, Hirohito brings up the atomic bomb that was dropped on Japan, using some emotional appeals or pathos, by referring to the loss of innocent lives.

Highlighted text: Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Explanatory text: With strong emotional appeals or pathos, Hirohito emphasizes the reason Japan can no longer participate in the war.

In addition to situations of surrender, sometimes the rhetorical situation during wartime includes rationalizing a defensive position: Someone has attacked us, and we need to defend ourselves. This kind of rhetoric can differ from other situations and sometimes requires a different set of appeals in order to be persuasive.

There have only been two attacks on the United States in modern times: the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In both of these situations, the president of the United States at the time had to speak to the American people, explaining what the next step would be while also reassuring people in a time of grief and fear. In the activity below, compare the speeches of Franklin D. Roosevelt (president at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor) and George W. Bush (the president when the 9/11 attacks occurred) to see what they might have in common.

As you could probably guess, wartime rhetoric isn't confined to defensive positions. Throughout history, there have been leaders that pursued war for other reasons, and they wanted to motivate their audience to support this effort as the attacker rather than as the attacked. During World War II, Joseph Goebbels was Hitler's right-hand man in charge of Nazi propaganda . He controlled all newspapers, magazines, and presses at the time of Hitler's reign, and he also wrote

/ speeches for Hitler and managed his public image in addition to making Nazi propaganda films. He was what is now known as a spin doctor.

The Nazis were engaged in actions that no human would find acceptable unless those actions were "spun" in a way that made them seem patriotic or wise. As the spin doctor for Nazi propaganda, Goebbels, was so effective that he lulled a great number of German people into thinking that genocide and aggressive wartime tactics were actions to support.

World War II is an interesting time for studying wartime rhetoric , not only because of the magnitude and seriousness of the war itself but also because leaders were able to speak directly to their audiences through radio, reaching entire populations at once.

Think about it: Before radio technology, you actually had to be standing in front of a person to hear him or her speak. There were no recordings, no videos, no streaming media: The only way you could find out what a leader had to say was by personally attending a speech or by reading the text of the speech printed days or weeks later in the newspaper.

With the advent of radio, leaders not only had to choose their words carefully but also deliver those words in an effective, engaging manner. They had to be much more aware of how their tone came through. This could be a positive or a negative thing.

Not all politicians have terrific speaking skills. Some might talk too softly, too slowly, or too quickly. Some might have a speech impediment, like George VI, who was king of England during World War II. In King George's case, his weakness turned out to be a strength because it made him human, which was a counterbalance to the violent inhumanity of Hitler and the Nazis.

He also became an inspiration because he sought help for his speech impediment and was able to motivate the British people. What better inspiration from a leader than a man who faces a challenge head on and overcomes it? King George VI's story still inspires people — it was even made into a movie in 2010.

But even if a leader's speaking skills were terrific, what if he or she had a heavy regional accent and people from other parts of the country couldn't understand him or her? Technological advances like radio made it much easier to spread messages but added an extra layer of challenge to wartime rhetoric.

Of course, communication technology continued to develop, and we could eventually see our leaders on TV making speeches, which added a whole new layer to public perception. How a leader looked and the gestures he or she used became more important.

One leader who took advantage of this technology was John F. Kennedy, the charismatic 35th president of the United States — the man knew how to give a speech.

He was also pretty darn good-looking (O.K., you might not think so, but believe us, he was hot stuff back in the day).

What do looks and charisma have to do with anything, though? Isn't a leader a leader? Aren't words just words?

/ Though leaders have used similar persuasive techniques throughout time, wartime rhetoric has changed and evolved. New ways of communicating open new possibilities for leaders to get their message out.

What could wartime rhetoric look like today?

New communication platforms — like social media — no doubt change the way this kind of rhetoric is presented and shared. Is this a good thing, or do we lose something with these new technologies? Maybe it's neither a good thing or a bad thing — just another rhetorical situation.

/ 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Quiz: Understand Wartime Rhetoric

Question 1a of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058661 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which rhetorical appeal uses reason to stir up the audience's emotions and sympathy? A. Logos B. Telos C. Ethos D. Pathos

Question 1b of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058662 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which rhetorical appeal uses facts to persuade the audience? A. Logos B. Ethos C. Telos D. Pathos

Question 1c of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058663 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which rhetorical appeal uses speaker credibility to persuade an audience? A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Logos D. Kairos

Question 2a of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058665 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What term refers to a speaker's use of persuasive language to persuade an audience? A. Rhetoric B. Circumstantial C. Context D. Logic

Question 2b of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058666 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 1/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What term refers to a speaker's use of emotion, logic, and ethics to influence an audience? A. Rhetorical situation B. Listener entreaty C. Audience appeal D. Dramatic oratory

Question 2c of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058667 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What term refers to a speaker's consideration of audience, purpose, and context when giving a speech? A. Audience appeal B. Public validation C. Circumstantial evidence D. Rhetorical situation

Question 3a of 10 ( 4 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058669 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is a major difference between Goebbels's 1943 speech and Hirohito's speech? A. Hirohito focuses on the freedoms that Japan has gained while Goebbels focuses on the freedoms Germans still need to acquire. B. Goebbels uses combative language to incite aggression in Germans while Hirohito's speech uses businesslike language to inform Japanese citizens. C. Goebbels uses threatening language to frighten Germans while Hirohito uses submissive language to inform his people. D. Hirohito uses many exaggerations while Goebbels avoids figurative language altogether.

Question 3b of 10 ( 4 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058670 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is a major difference between Goebbels's 1943 speech and President Roosevelt's "Day of Infamy" speech? A. Roosevelt's speech was televised while Goebbels's speech was broadcast on the radio. B. Goebbels's tone is more aggressive and harsh while Roosevelt's tone is confident and determined. C. Roosevelt's speech was given solely to inspire U.S. armed forces while Goebbels's speech addressed German citizens. D. Goebbels's speech is one of surrender and resignation while Roosevelt's speech speaks of a strong- willed power to win the war.

Question 3c of 10 ( 4 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058671 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 2/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What element do Roosevelt's "Day of Infamy" speech and Bush's 9/11 speech have in common? A. Both recognize the threat of the enemy but emphasize America's power to defeat it. B. Both call on the American people to offer forgiveness to their attackers yet realize the need for defensive tactics. C. Both address the war strategies that the United States will take against the enemy country. D. Both focus mainly on inspiring the U.S. military troops, not the American people.

Question 4a of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058673 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following rhetorical situation:

Janelle, a local citizen, is upset with the poor lighting at the little league sports complex in her community. On the second Monday of the month, citizens may give presentations in front of the city commissioners at a town hall meeting to address community concerns. Janelle plans to speak at the town hall meeting regarding her concerns about the sports complex.

Which part of Janelle's rhetorical situation would most likely be the purpose? A. To influence the community to participate in town hall meetings B. To call citizens to vote for specific city commissioners C. To persuade the county commission to build a new park D. To convince others that poor lighting is a danger to kids

Question 4b of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058674 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following rhetorical situation:

Which part of Janelle's rhetorical situation would most likely be the context? A. A child from another community wants to use the fields for his team's practices. B. A mother fears that the poor lighting poses a danger to the children who play there. C. A business owner in the community wants to place advertisement posters along the field fences. D. A coach wishes to increase the price of game tickets for the games played in the complex.

Question 4c of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058675 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following rhetorical situation:

Janelle, a local citizen, is upset with the poor lighting at the little league sports complex in her community. On the second Monday of the month, citizens may give presentations in front of the courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 3/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning city commissioners at a town hall meeting to address community concerns. Janelle plans to speak at the town hall meeting regarding her concerns about the sports complex.

Which part of Janelle's rhetorical situation would most likely be the targeted audience? A. Business owners who install lighting B. City commissioners who attend the meeting C. People who live in the community D. Sports coaches who work at the complex

Question 5a of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058677 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address":

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this

ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.

Which audience appeals does Lincoln most clearly use in this excerpt? A. Telos and pathos B. Logos and pathos C. Pathos and ethos D. Ethos and logos

Question 5b of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058678 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from Hirohito's speech addressing Japan's surrender in World War II:

Indeed, we declared war on America and Britain out of our sincere desire to ensure Japan's self-

preservation and the stabilization of East Asia, it being far from our thought either to infringe upon the sovereignty of other nations or to embark upon territorial aggrandizement.

Which audience appeal does Hirohito most clearly use in this excerpt? A. Pathos and logos B. Justos and pathos C. Ethos and logos D. Kairos and ethos

Question 5c of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058679 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from George W. Bush's 9/11 speech:

Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the

foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.

Which audience appeals does Bush most clearly use in this excerpt? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 4/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Pathos and ethos B. Ethos and logos C. Justos and ethos D. Logos and pathos

Question 6a of 10 ( 2 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058681 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why was King George VI's war speech such a daunting task for him? A. Since his brother had been a better king than him, the speech had to win the favor of his kingdom. B. Since the Parliament did not agree with him about entering the war, his presentation had to change their minds. C. Since it was broadcast by radio, his presentation had to be as effective as his wording. D. Since he had a reputation as a weak-willed king, the speech had to dispel his negative image to British citizens.

Question 6b of 10 ( 2 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058682 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why was King George VI's war speech such a daunting task for him? A. He had previously stated that Hitler wasn't a threat, so he had to apologize for his lack of foresight. B. He had initially refused the kingship, so he had to prove he deserved to lead the country in one speech. C. He had a speech impediment, so he was worried he would be perceived as weak and unable to win a war. D. He had never been a king in wartime, so he was concerned that he couldn't lead Britain to victory.

Question 6c of 10 ( 2 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058683 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why was King George VI's war speech such a daunting task for him? A. He could be hard to understand due to a speech impediment. B. He would be considered an unfit king if he couldn't rally the unwilling troops to fight Hitler. C. He had chosen to ignore Hitler's vicious acts when he could have stood against them earlier. D. He had only been king for a few days when he had to give the speech.

Question 7a of 10 ( 2 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058685 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which technological advancement most strongly affected a leader's speech during World War II? A. Television B. Radio courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 5/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. Telephone D. Telegraph

Question 7b of 10 ( 2 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058686 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which technological advancement most strongly affected a leader's speech during President Kennedy's time? A. Radio B. Television C. Telegraph D. Telephone

Question 7c of 10 ( 2 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058687 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which leadership characteristic became most important after the invention of television? A. Personal charisma B. Vocal ability C. Speech writing D. Humble honesty

Question 8a of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058689 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this sentence:

With this unprovoked attack upon our country, the enemy must realize he has awoken a sleeping giant and will regret the day he threatened the resolve of those who live in freedom!

What type of figurative language is used in this passage? A. Simile B. Metaphor C. Tone D. Hyperbole

Question 8b of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058690 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this sentence:

The Air Force will soar like eagles of freedom into a land that mutes any citizen who speaks of gaining it.

What type of figurative language is used in this passage? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 6/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Hyperbole B. Rhetoric C. Understatement D. Simile

Question 8c of 10 ( 3 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058691 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this sentence:

After today's surprise attack on American soil, the treaty of peace signed in good faith by your

faithful president and the tyrannical enemy is destroyed, ripped into shreds, sitting at the bottom of a trash can.

Which type of figurative language is used in this passage? A. Understatement B. Simile C. Hyperbole D. Metaphor

Question 9a of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058693 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following is part of the rhetorical situation? A. Propaganda B. Audience appeals C. Figurative language D. Context

Question 9b of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058694 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following is part of the rhetorical situation? A. Audience Appeals B. Metaphorical language C. Purpose D. Tone

Question 9c of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058695 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following is part of the rhetorical situation? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 7/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Hyperbole B. Audience C. Propaganda D. Format

Question 10a of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058697 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which element of figurative language uses exaggeration to make a point? A. Metaphor B. Simile C. Hyperbole D. Pathos

Question 10b of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058698 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which element of figurative language uses comparisons between two unlike things? A. Spin Doctor B. Rhetorical Language C. Metaphor D. Hyperbole

Question 10c of 10 ( 1 Understand Wartime Rhetoric 1058699 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which element of figurative language compares two things using the words like or as? A. Hyperbole B. Metaphor C. Simile D. Rhetoric

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629768 8/8 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm

7.1.6 Read: "Their Finest Hour" Reading Materials English 12 Honors (2018) (S5677325) Name: ______Date: ______

Their Finest Hour by Winston Churchill

I spoke the other day of the colossal [1] military disaster which occurred when the French High Command failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of fifteen or sixteen French divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force. Our Army and 120,000 French troops were indeed rescued by the British Navy from Dunkirk but only with the loss of their cannon, vehicles and modern equipment. This loss inevitably took some weeks to repair, and in the first two of those weeks the battle in France has been lost. When we consider the heroic resistance made by the French Army against heavy odds in this battle, the enormous losses inflicted upon the enemy and the evident exhaustion of the enemy, it may well be the thought that these 25 divisions of the best-trained and best-equipped troops might have turned the scale. However, General Weygand had to fight without them. Only three British divisions or their equivalent were able to stand in the line with their French comrades. They have suffered severely, but they have fought well. We sent every man we could to France as fast as we could re-equip and transport their formations. [2]

I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination. [3] That I judge to be utterly futile and even harmful. We cannot afford it. I recite them in order to explain why it was we did not have, as we could have had, between twelve and fourteen British divisions fighting in the line in this great battle instead of only three. Now I put all this aside. I put it on the shelf, from which the historians, when they have time, will select their documents to tell their stories. We have to think of the future and not of the past. [4] This also applies in a small way to our own affairs at home. There are many who would hold an inquest in the House of Commons on the conduct of the Governments — and of Parliaments, for they are in it, too — during the years which led up to this catastrophe. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious [5] process. There are too many in it. Let each man search his conscience and search his speeches. I frequently search mine.

Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future. Therefore, I cannot accept the drawing of any distinctions between Members of the present Government. It was formed at a moment of crisis in order to unite all the Parties and all sections of opinion. It has received the almost unanimous support of both Houses of Parliament. Its Members are going to stand together, and, subject to the authority of the House of Commons, we are going to govern the country and fight the war. It is absolutely necessary at a time like this that every Minister who tries each day to do his duty shall be respected; and their subordinates must know that their chiefs are not threatened men, men who are here today and gone tomorrow, but that their directions must be punctually and faithfully obeyed. Without this concentrated power we cannot face what lies before us. I should not think it would be very advantageous for the House to prolong this Debate this afternoon under conditions of public stress. Many facts are not clear that will be clear in a short time. We are to have a secret Session on Thursday, and I should think that would be a better opportunity for the many earnest expressions of opinion which Members will desire to make and for the House to discuss vital matters without having everything read the next morning by our dangerous foes.

The disastrous military events which have happened during the past fortnight have not come to me with any sense of surprise. Indeed, I indicated a fortnight ago as clearly as I could to the House that the worst possibilities were open; and I made it perfectly clear then that whatever happened in France would make no difference to the acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 1/7 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm resolve of Britain and the British Empire to fight on, "if necessary for years, if necessary alone." During the last few days we have successfully brought off the great majority of the troops we had on the line of communication in France; and seven-eighths of the troops we have sent to France since the beginning of the war— that is to say, about 350,000 out of 400,000 men — are safely back in this country. Others are still fighting with the French, and fighting with considerable success in their local encounters against the enemy. We have also brought back a great mass of stores, rifles and munitions of all kinds which had been accumulated in France during the last nine months.

We have, therefore, in this Island today a very large and powerful military force. This force comprises all our best-trained and our finest troops, including scores of thousands of those who have already measured their quality against the Germans and found themselves at no disadvantage. We have under arms at the present time in this Island over a million and a quarter men. [6] Behind these we have the Local Defense Volunteers, numbering half a million, only a portion of whom, however, are yet armed with rifles or other firearms. We have incorporated into our Defense Forces every man for whom we have a weapon. We expect very large additions to our weapons in the near future, and in preparation for this we intend forthwith to call up, drill and train further large numbers. Those who are not called up, or else are employed during the vast business of munitions production in all its branches — and their ramifications are innumerable — will serve their country best by remaining at their ordinary work until they receive their summons. We have also over here Dominions armies. The Canadians had actually landed in France, but have now been safely withdrawn, much disappointed, but in perfect order, with all their artillery and equipment. And these very high-class forces from the Dominions will now take part in the defense of the Mother Country.

Lest the account which I have given of these large forces should raise the question: Why did they not take part in the great battle in France? I must make it clear that, apart from the divisions training and organizing at home, only 12 divisions were equipped to fight upon a scale which justified their being sent abroad. [7] And this was fully up to the number which the French had been led to expect would be available in France at the ninth month of the war. The rest of our forces at home have a fighting value for home defense which will, of course, steadily increase every week that passes. Thus, the invasion of Great Britain would at this time require the transportation across the sea of hostile armies on a very large scale, and after they had been so transported they would have to be continually maintained with all the masses of munitions and supplies which are required for continuous battle — as continuous battle it will surely be. [8]

Here is where we come to the Navy — and after all, we have a Navy. Some people seem to forget that we have a Navy. We must remind them. [9] For the last thirty years I have been concerned in discussions about the possibilities of oversea invasion, and I took the responsibility on behalf of the Admiralty, at the beginning of the last war, of allowing all regular troops to be sent out of the country. That was a very serious step to take, because our Territorials had only just been called up and were quite untrained. Therefore, this Island was for several months particularly denuded of fighting troops. The Admiralty had confidence at that time in their ability to prevent a mass invasion even though at that time the Germans had a magnificent battle fleet in the proportion of 10 to 16, even though they were capable of fighting a general engagement every day and any day, whereas now they have only a couple of heavy ships worth speaking of — the Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau. We are also told that the Italian Navy is to come out and gain sea superiority in these waters. If they seriously intend it, I shall only say that we shall be delighted to offer Signor Mussolini a free and safeguarded passage through the Strait of Gibraltar in order that he may play the part to which he aspires. [10] There is a general curiosity in the British Fleet to find out whether the Italians are up to the level they were at in the last war or whether they have fallen off at all.

Therefore, it seems to me that as far as sea-borne invasion on a great scale is concerned, we are far more capable of meeting it today than we were at many periods in the last war and during the early months of this war, before our other troops were trained, and while the B.E.F. had proceeded abroad. Now, the Navy have never pretended to be able to prevent raids by bodies of 5,000 or 10,000 men flung suddenly across and thrown acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 2/7 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm ashore at several points on the coast some dark night or foggy morning. The efficacy of sea power, especially under modern conditions, depends upon the invading force being of large size; It has to be of large size, in view of our military strength, to be of any use. If it is of large size, then the Navy have something they can find and meet and, as it were, bite on. Now, we must remember that even five divisions, however lightly equipped, would require 200 to 250 ships, and with modern air reconnaissance and photography it would not be easy to collect such an armada, marshal it, and conduct it across the sea without any powerful naval forces to escort it; and there would be very great possibilities, to put it mildly, that this armada would be intercepted long before it reached the coast, and all the men drowned in the sea or, at the worst blown to pieces with their equipment while they were trying to land. We also have a great system of minefields, recently strongly reinforced, through which we alone know the channels. [11] If the enemy tries to sweep passages through these minefields, it will be the task of the Navy to destroy the mine-sweepers and any other forces employed to protect them. There should be no difficulty in this, owing to our great superiority at sea.

Those are the regular, well-tested, well-proved arguments on which we have relied during many years in peace and war. But the question is whether there are any new methods by which those solid assurances can be circumvented. Odd as it may seem, some attention has been given to this by the Admiralty, whose prime duty and responsibility is to destroy any large sea-borne expedition before it reaches, or at the moment when it reaches, these shores. It would not be a good thing for me to go into details of this. It might suggest ideas to other people which they have not thought of, and they would not be likely to give us any of their ideas in exchange. [12] All I will say is that untiring vigilance and mind-searching must be devoted to the subject, because the enemy is crafty and cunning and full of novel treacheries and stratagems. The House may be assured that the utmost ingenuity [13] is being displayed and imagination is being evoked from large numbers of competent officers, well-trained in tactics and thoroughly up to date, to measure and counterwork novel possibilities. Untiring vigilance and untiring searching of the mind is being, and must be, devoted to the subject, because, remember, the enemy is crafty and there is no dirty trick he will not do.

Some people will ask why, then, was it that the British Navy was not able to prevent the movement of a large army from Germany into Norway across the Skagerrak? But the conditions in the Channel and in the North Sea are in no way like those which prevail in the Skagerrak. In the Skagerrak, because of the distance, we could give no air support to our surface ships, and consequently, lying as we did close to the enemy's main air power, we were compelled to use only our submarines. We could not enforce the decisive blockade or interruption which is possible from surface vessels. Our submarines took a heavy toll but could not, by themselves, prevent the invasion of Norway. In the Channel and in the North Sea, on the other hand, our superior naval surface forces, aided by our submarines, will operate with close and effective air assistance.

This brings me, naturally, to the great question of invasion from the air, and of the impending struggle between the British and German Air Forces. [14] It seems quite clear that no invasion on a scale beyond the capacity of our land forces to crush speedily is likely to take place from the air until our Air Force has been definitely overpowered. In the meantime, there may be raids by parachute troops and attempted descents of airborne soldiers. We should be able to give those gentry a warm reception both in the air and on the ground, if they reach it in any condition to continue the dispute. But the great question is: Can we break Hitler's air weapon? Now, of course, it is a very great pity that we have not got an Air Force at least equal to that of the most powerful enemy within striking distance of these shores. [15] But we have a very powerful Air Force which has proved itself far superior in quality, both in men and in many types of machine, to what we have met so far in the numerous and fierce air battles which have been fought with the Germans. In France, where we were at a considerable disadvantage and lost many machines on the ground when they were standing round the aerodromes, we were accustomed to inflict in the air losses of as much as two and two-and-a-half to one. In the fighting over Dunkirk, which was a sort of no-man's-land, we undoubtedly beat the German Air Force, and gained the mastery of the local air, inflicting here a loss of three or four to one day after day. Anyone who looks at the photographs which were published a week or so ago of the re-embarkation, showing the masses of troops assembled on the beach acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 3/7 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm and forming an ideal target for hours at a time, must realize that this re-embarkation would not have been possible unless the enemy had resigned all hope of recovering air superiority at that time and at that place.

In the defense of this Island the advantages to the defenders will be much greater than they were in the fighting around Dunkirk. We hope to improve on the rate of three or four to one which was realized at Dunkirk; and in addition all our injured machines and their crews which get down safely — and, surprisingly, a very great many injured machines and men do get down safely in modern air fighting — all of these will fall, in an attack upon these Islands, on friendly soil and live to fight another day; whereas all the injured enemy machines and their complements will be total losses as far as the war is concerned.

During the great battle in France, we gave very powerful and continuous aid to the French Army, both by fighters and bombers; but in spite of every kind of pressure we never would allow the entire metropolitan fighter strength of the Air Force to be consumed. This decision was painful, but it was also right, because the fortunes of the battle in France could not have been decisively affected even if we had thrown in our entire fighter force. That battle was lost by the unfortunate strategical opening, by the extraordinary and unforseen power of the armored columns, and by the great preponderance of the German Army in numbers. Our fighter Air Force might easily have been exhausted as a mere accident in that great struggle, and then we should have found ourselves at the present time in a very serious plight. But as it is, I am happy to inform the House that our fighter strength is stronger at the present time relatively to the Germans, who have suffered terrible losses, than it has ever been; and consequently we believe ourselves possessed of the capacity to continue the war in the air under better conditions than we have ever experienced before. I look forward confidently to the exploits of our fighter pilots — these splendid men, this brilliant youth — who will have the glory of saving their native land, their island home, and all they love, from the most deadly of all attacks.

There remains, of course, the danger of bombing attacks, which will certainly be made very soon upon us by the bomber forces of the enemy. It is true that the German bomber force is superior in numbers to ours; but we have a very large bomber force also, which we shall use to strike at military targets in Germany without intermission. [16] I do not at all underrate the severity of the ordeal which lies before us; but I believe our countrymen will show themselves capable of standing up to it, like the brave men of Barcelona, and will be able to stand up to it, and carry on in spite of it, at least as well as any other people in the world. Much will depend upon this; every man and every woman will have the chance to show the finest qualities of their race, and render the highest service to their cause. For all of us, at this time, whatever our sphere, our station, our occupation or our duties, it will be a help to remember the famous lines: He nothing common did or mean / Upon that memorable scene.

I have thought it right upon this occasion to give the House and the country some indication of the solid, practical grounds upon which we base our inflexible resolve to continue the war. There are a good many people who say, "Never mind. Win or lose, sink or swim, better die than submit to tyranny — and such a tyranny." And I do not dissociate myself from them. But I can assure them that our professional advisers of the three Services unitedly advise that we should carry on the war, and that there are good and reasonable hopes of final victory. We have fully informed and consulted all the self-governing Dominions, these great communities far beyond the oceans who have been built up on our laws and on our civilization, and who are absolutely free to choose their course, but are absolutely devoted to the ancient Motherland, and who feel themselves inspired by the same emotions which lead me to stake our all upon duty and honor. We have fully consulted them, and I have received from their Prime Ministers, Mr. Mackenzie King of Canada, Mr. Menzies of Australia, Mr. Fraser of New Zealand, and General Smuts of South Africa — that wonderful man, with his immense profound mind, and his eye watching from a distance the whole panorama of European affairs — I have received from all these eminent men, who all have Governments behind them elected on wide franchises, who are all there because they represent the will of their people, messages couched in the most moving terms in which they endorse our decision to fight on, and declare themselves ready to share our fortunes and to persevere to the end. That is what we are going to do.

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 4/7 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm We may now ask ourselves: In what way has our position worsened since the beginning of the war? It has worsened by the fact that the Germans have conquered a large part of the coast line of Western Europe, and many small countries have been overrun by them. [17] This aggravates the possibilities of air attack and adds to our naval preoccupations. It in no way diminishes, but on the contrary definitely increases, the power of our long- distance blockade. Similarly, the entrance of Italy into the war increases the power of our long-distance blockade. We have stopped the worst leak by that. We do not know whether military resistance will come to an end in France or not, but should it do so, then of course the Germans will be able to concentrate their forces, both military and industrial, upon us. But for the reasons I have given to the House these will not be found so easy to apply. If invasion has become more imminent, as no doubt it has, we, being relieved from the task of maintaining a large army in France, have far larger and more efficient forces to meet it.

If Hitler can bring under his despotic control the industries of the countries he has conquered, this will add greatly to his already vast armament output. On the other hand, this will not happen immediately, and we are now assured of immense, continuous and increasing support in supplies and munitions of all kinds from the United States; and especially of aeroplanes and pilots from the Dominions and across the oceans coming from regions which are beyond the reach of enemy bombers.

I do not see how any of these factors can operate to our detriment on balance before the winter comes; and the winter will impose a strain upon the Nazi regime, with almost all Europe writhing and starving under its cruel heel, which, for all their ruthlessness, will run them very hard. We must not forget that from the moment when we declared war on the 3rd September it was always possible for Germany to turn all her Air Force upon this country, together with any other devices of invasion she might conceive, and that France could have done little or nothing to prevent her doing so. We have, therefore, lived under this danger, in principle and in a slightly modified form, during all these months. In the meanwhile, however, we have enormously improved our methods of defense, and we have learned what we had no right to assume at the beginning, namely, that the individual aircraft and the individual British pilot have a sure and definite superiority. Therefore, in casting up this dread balance sheet and contemplating our dangers with a disillusioned eye, I see great reason for intense vigilance and exertion, but none whatever for panic or despair.

During the first four years of the last war the Allies experienced nothing but disaster and disappointment. That was our constant fear: one blow after another, terrible losses, frightful dangers. Everything miscarried. And yet at the end of those four years the morale of the Allies was higher than that of the Germans, who had moved from one aggressive triumph to another, and who stood everywhere triumphant invaders of the lands into which they had broken. During that war we repeatedly asked ourselves the question: "How are we going to win?" and no one was able ever to answer it with much precision, until at the end, quite suddenly, quite unexpectedly, our terrible foe collapsed before us, and we were so glutted with victory that in our folly we threw it away.

We do not yet know what will happen in France or whether the French resistance will be prolonged, both in France and in the French Empire overseas. The French Government will be throwing away great opportunities and casting adrift their future if they do not continue the war in accordance with their Treaty obligations, from which we have not felt able to release them. The House will have read the historic declaration in which, at the desire of many Frenchmen — and of our own hearts — we have proclaimed our willingness at the darkest hour in French history to conclude a union of common citizenship in this struggle. However matters may go in France or with the French Government, or other French Governments, we in this Island and in the British Empire will never lose our sense of comradeship with the French people. If we are now called upon to endure what they have been suffering, we shall emulate their courage, and if final victory rewards our toils they shall share the gains, aye, and freedom shall be restored to all. We abate nothing of our just demands; not one jot or tittle do we recede. [18] Czechs, Poles, Norwegians, Dutch, Belgians have joined their causes to our own. All these shall be restored.

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 5/7 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour." [19] Source Winston Churchill, "Their Finest Hour" (speech), June 18, 1940, The Churchill Centre, http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/122-their-finest-hour.

Speech Text

1. Define colossal.

2. Why do you think Churchill starts his speech here, addressing the Battle of France?

3. Define recrimination.

4. Why might it be a good rhetorical technique to say "We have to think of the future and not of the past" in the beginning of this speech?

5. Define pernicious.

6. Why is Churchill going over how many men and weapons they have?

7. Why does Churchill ask this question and then answer it?

8. What exactly is Churchill saying here? Why might this inspire confidence in his audience?

9. How is Churchill using humor here?

10. Italy is fighting with the Germans. What do you think Churchill means by "the part to which he aspires"?

11. Why is Churchill addressing possible scenarios of attack by sea?

12. What other people is Churchill talking about here? Why wouldn't they give ideas in exchange?

13. Define ingenuity.

14. How does this fit in with what Churchill has discussed in his speech so far?

15. Why does Churchill admit this?

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 6/7 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_1/Activity_68114/printables/Reading_Materials1011731.htm 16. How does Churchill inspire confidence here without seeming as if he's being dishonest?

17. Why does Churchill keep bringing up the negatives?

18. What does he mean by "not one jot or tittle do we recede"?

19. What is Churchill appealing to in this last line?

Speech Audio

1. 0:00 - 0:55: How would you describe Churchill's tone?

2. 1:40 - 2:14: What seems to be Churchill's attitude toward what he's saying? Does he seem to believe in his words?

3. 3:19 - 3:51: How does Churchill's tone change here? What effect does this have on what he's saying?

4. 4:04 - 4:17: What is the difference here between Churchill's words and how he delivers them?

5. 4:30 - end: How would you deliver this last part of Churchill's speech differently?

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Quiz: "Their Finest Hour"

Question 1a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059242 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, which force is ready to enter the war with Germany? A. The British Civil Defense Brigade B. The Australian Air Force C. The Women's War Support League D. The Canadian military

Question 1b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059243 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, which British group is ready to enter the war with Germany? A. The Women's War Support League B. The Jewish population of Britain C. The Local Defense Volunteers D. The Oxford Military Academy cadets

Question 1c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059244 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, which country is ready to enter the war as British allies? A. Canada B. Norway C. America D. Ireland

Question 2a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059246 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill believe an invasion of British soil is not likely to occur in the near future? A. Because the enemy would have to cross the heavily guarded sea to get there B. Because the enemy would have to get past the French army C. Because the enemy did not have enough foot soldiers to invade by ground D. Because the enemy did not have a strong enough air force

Question 2b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059247 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629770 1/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill believe an invasion of British soil is not likely to occur in the near future? A. Because the enemy did not have a powerful enough air force B. Because French forces were pushing the Germans back into Poland C. Because American ships were blocking entrance to the English Channel D. Because the enemy could not keep its troops supplied from such a great distance

Question 2c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059248 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill believe an invasion of British soil is not likely to occur in the near future? A. Because the American troops had begun a counterattack on Germany B. Because the enemy could not mount a successful air attack C. Because the British naval forces created a strong barrier in the ocean D. Because the enemy did not have enough foot soldiers to invade by ground

Question 3a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059250 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, which aspect of the British military is not quite as strong as the Germans? A. The war intelligence agency B. The naval fleet C. The domestic troops D. The air force

Question 3b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059251 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, what British military aspect is the strongest? A. The air force B. The war intelligence agency C. The domestic troops D. The navy

Question 3c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059252 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, which British military aspect is evenly matched to its German counterpart? A. The British Bomber Force courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629770 2/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. The Royal Navy C. The British Army D. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service

Question 4a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059254 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, why did Britain fail in helping Norway when Germany attacked? A. Because Norway's communications were intercepted by German intelligence B. Because Britain had suffered a great loss of soldiers at the Battle of France C. Because Norway did not ask for Britain's help until it was too late D. Because Britain could not give military air support to their surface ships

Question 4b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059255 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, why did Britain fail in helping Norway when Germany attacked? A. Because German intelligence intercepted vital war strategies discussing Britain's plans to help Norway

B. Because Norway's troops were already largely depleted before they called on Britain for help C. Because Britain's submarine fleet was Norway's only defensive aid D. Because Britain had suffered a great loss of military machinery while battling against France

Question 4c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059256 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill say they will be able to defend the English Channel and North Sea? A. Because naval surface forces and submarines can work together to fight off the enemy B. Because the French navy will fight alongside them to protect the waters C. Because armored utility vehicles can take out the enemy from long distances D. Because the air force is putting the B-52 bomber into action

Question 5a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059258 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, why was the Battle of France lost? A. Because of an oversight in military strategy B. Because of a breach in French secret intelligence C. Because fighter pilots were not used D. Because Britain did not supply ammunition

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Question 5b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059259 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, why was the Battle of France lost? A. Because German air power was too powerful B. Because the French soldiers wanted to surrender C. Because of the large number of German soldiers and tanks D. Because of a breach in British secret intelligence

Question 5c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059260 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, why was the Battle of France lost? A. Because France could not handle the power of the armored columns B. Because Germany used suicide pilots in their fighter planes C. Because the French soldiers wanted to surrender D. Because Britain refused to send in naval help by sea

Question 6a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059262 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What reason does Churchill give for going forward with the war? A. British military superiors believe they can be victorious. B. Britain must lead the world in the fight. C. Hitler's atrocities toward Jews must be stopped. D. America and Canada will fight alongside of them.

Question 6b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059263 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What reason does Churchill give for going forward with the war? A. He says that British Dominion countries agree with Britain's decision to go to war. B. He tells the audience that the French need their help on a larger scale. C. He points out that Germany will gain vast power with Russia's help, so they must act now. D. He explains that America has already entered the war, so they must follow.

Question 6c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059264 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629770 4/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

What reason does Churchill give for going forward with the war? A. He points out that France and Italy need their help on a larger scale. B. He tells the audience that Germany will enslave them and strip away their freedoms if they don't fight. C. He says that the heads of state for the commonwealth countries believe Britain must enter the war. D. He warns that Hitler will continue to kill Jews if they don't fight back.

Question 7a of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059266 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, how has Britain's position in the war changed since the war started? A. It has worsened because Germany has conquered a large part of the European coastline. B. It has improved because Norway is helping to guard the Skagerrak. C. It has improved because America is distracting the Japanese military. D. It has worsened because the French army is now refusing to fight with the British.

Question 7b of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059267 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, how has Britain's position in the war changed since the war started? A. It has improved because the House of Commons has agreed to use all air force capabilities to fight the Germans. B. It has improved because the secret intelligence agency has intercepted valuable German war strategies. C. It has worsened because Germany has overtaken smaller countries, which hinders Britain's air power. D. It has worsened because the French army is depleted and can no longer fight.

Question 7c of 10 ( 2 Their Finest Hour 1059268 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, how has Britain's position in the war changed since the war started? A. It has improved because the secret intelligence agency has intercepted valuable German war plans. B. It has improved because Britain's air power and navy have been strengthened. C. It has worsened because the Canadian army is now refusing to fight with the British. D. It has worsened because the air force is severely depleted after the Battle of France.

Question 8a of 10 ( 4 Their Finest Hour 1059270 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is most likely one of Churchill's main purposes when giving his speech? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629770 5/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. He wants to explain Britain's war tactics and strategies. B. He wants to give British citizens a realistic picture of the war situation. C. He wants to give an account of Germany's war atrocities. D. He wants to blame various political associates for the losses in Belgium.

Question 8b of 10 ( 4 Their Finest Hour 1059271 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is most likely one of Churchill's main purposes when giving his speech? A. He wants to prompt America to join in the war effort. B. He wants to inspire men and women to volunteer for military service. C. He wants to give British citizens confidence that they can beat the Germans. D. He wants to raise awareness of Hitler's gruesome war tactics.

Question 8c of 10 ( 4 Their Finest Hour 1059272 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is most likely one of Churchill's main purposes when giving his speech? A. He wants to prompt America to join in the war effort. B. He wants to warn British citizens about German spies living amongst them. C. He wants to reassure the British people that entering the war is the best option for Britain. D. He wants to blame various political associates for the losses in Belgium.

Question 9a of 10 ( 3 Their Finest Hour 1059274 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Churchill begin his "Their Finest Hour" speech? A. He begins by summarizing recent battle losses. B. He begins by addressing Hitler's political atrocities. C. He begins by listing his qualifications for managing the war effort. D. He begins with a discussion of why war is necessary.

Question 9b of 10 ( 3 Their Finest Hour 1059275 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Churchill begin his "Their Finest Hour" speech? A. He recounts the events that led to the loss of the Battle of France. B. He discusses Mussolini and Hitler's plans for world domination. C. He lists Britain's advantages for winning a war with Germany. D. He focuses on how the future will look if Britain doesn't enter the war. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629770 6/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 9c of 10 ( 3 Their Finest Hour 1059276 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Churchill begin his "Their Finest Hour" speech? A. He summarizes a "colossal military disaster." B. He addresses the "danger of bombing attacks." C. He discusses the "House of Commons inquest." D. He speaks of "Local Defense Volunteers."

Question 10a of 10 ( 4 Their Finest Hour 1059278 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is the most likely reason Churchill regularly brings up negative details about the war, such as the German victory in the Battle of France? A. He is a pessimistic person and sees only the negatives of war. B. He hopes Germany will think Britain is weak and attack them. C. He thinks Britain will not have any allies to fight the enemy. D. He wants Britain to have realistic expectations about the future.

Question 10b of 10 ( 4 Their Finest Hour 1059279 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is the most likely reason Churchill regularly brings up negative details about the war, such as Germany's larger air force? A. He hopes Germany will think Britain is weak and attack them. B. He wants the British people to understand both the negative and positive aspects of Britain's war- readiness. C. He wants his listeners to believe things are worse than they are so that people are encouraged when Britain starts winning the war. D. He believes Britain will be fighting the war against Germany alone.

Question 10c of 10 ( 4 Their Finest Hour 1059280 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill most likely raise questions about the sense and necessity of continuing the war? A. He is not sure about entering the war himself. B. He believes Germany questions Britain's ability to fight. C. He wants to address the same questions that his audience is thinking about. D. He knows France is angry and questioning its loyalty to Britain.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629770 7/7 What makes a speech famous? Why do we remember and celebrate some speeches while others are forgotten completely?

Studying a speech can be a great way to understand a specific moment in history. For example, speeches given during wartime can help us understand the rhetoric surrounding a certain conflict or war.

But what is that other quality — the one that makes some pieces of wartime rhetoric stand out? What makes us want to continue to study and analyze those pieces today?

In this activity, you'll be looking at one of these speeches — Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour," dating from 1940 — in order to answer these questions. You'll also be able to compare the audio of part of Churchill's speech with the text to see how the delivery of a speech can affect its impact.

Now that you've got a good idea of the historical context in general, let's zoom in closer and take a look at the specific rhetorical situation of Churchill's speech.

Before the British Empire got involved in World War II, Neville Chamberlain was Britain's prime minister. Britain and France were trying to stay out of the war — one of the lessons from World War I was to avoid rushing into war — so Chamberlain and others took the path of diplomacy. They met with Hitler and negotiated, and Hitler said he wouldn't invade any more countries in Europe. He lied.

Just months after his promise, Hitler invaded Poland. Great Britain and France had no choice but to enter into the war. The British people elected Winston Churchill as prime minister. Chamberlain had been naïve in his dealings with Hitler, and then he had come home and glossed over the situation with rhetoric about peace. Churchill was a smart military strategist who understood the realities of the situation.

Churchill spoke following the Battle of France, which was a defeat for France and Britain and a win for Germany. People in England were scared. A German attack was imminent.

Even though a wartime speech has quite a different purpose from an essay you'd write for class, there are some similarities. Essays need to start off with a hook, or an introduction that catches the readers' attention, and the same is true of speeches, especially in wartime.

Churchill gets right to the point from the very first sentence of his speech:

I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. 1

This is a hook for his listeners because it references the invasion of France by Germany. The enemy was winning and getting closer. People were terrified.

Churchill goes on to summarize the losses as a result of this "colossal military disaster" and how the Allied forces lost the Battle of France.

While Churchill begins his speech with a brief description of the losses suffered in France, he doesn't dwell on them. He gets that topic out of the way in the very beginning and then moves on: "Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future."1 In looking to the future, Churchill talks next about how Britain is in a good position to fight Germany. He goes over the different ways the British have prepared to defend against an invasion, using logos through the use of facts and ethos through his tone to reassure his audience. Take a look at an excerpt in which he does this

The passage reads:

During the last few days we have successfully brought off the great majority of the troops we had on the line of communication in France; and seven-eighths of the troops we have sent to France since the beginning of the war — that is to say, about 350,000 out of 400,000 men — are safely back in this country. Others are still fighting with the French, and fighting with considerable success in their local encounters against the enemy. We have also brought back a great mass of stores, rifles and munitions of all kinds which had been accumulated in France during the last nine months.

Question 1: What numbers does Churchill use? How is this use of logos effective?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "seven-eighths of the troops we have sent to France since the beginning of the war — that is to say, about 350,000 out of 400,000 men — are safely back in this country."

Feedback: He uses numbers to indicate how many men have returned to Britain from France, as well as how many armed men there are overall. This use of logos answers concerns about the Battle of France and probably makes people have confidence in Britain's position.

Question 2: How does Churchill use ethos to inspire confidence in the preparedness of Britain's military in this part of his speech?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "We have, therefore, in this Island today a very large and powerful military force. This force comprises all our best-trained and our finest troops, including scores of thousands of those who have already measured their quality against the Germans and found themselves at no disadvantage."

Feedback: He says the military has "all our best-trained and our finest troops" and that some have already been successful in fighting the Germans. He also points to the fact that there are many troops and they brought back ammunition.

Bringing up possible concerns that your audience might have and addressing them is a good rhetorical technique, and Churchill does this in his speech. After going over several scenarios and examples of how Britain has an advantage, he talks about Britain's possible challenges or weak spots. For example, after discussing a possible attack by sea, Churchill brings up what a lot of people are worried about: an attack by air. He starts out with a question, admitting a weakness — a technique of ethos :

But the great question is: Can we break Hitler's air weapon? Now, of course, it is a very great pity that we have not got an Air Force at least equal to that of the most powerful enemy within striking distance of these shores.1

So how does he answer this question? How does he address this concern? Read on in the activity below and answer the question that follows.

Churchill goes even further in bringing up concerns and objections when he discusses how Britain might be weaker since the war started:

We may now ask ourselves: In what way has our position worsened since the beginning of the war? 1 In answering this question, Churchill can't gloss over the truth. His audience needs to know what's going on. At the same time, one of the purposes of his speech is to answer the public's fears and provide confidence in Britain's ability to defeat the enemy. So how does he balance these two things?

The conclusion of a good speech inspires the audience. It's usually where we find more emotional appeals, or pathos — something that moves people. This is often where the tone of the speech works to encourage and inspire the audience.

Near the end of his speech, Churchill prepares for the grand finale. He has made his points. He has provided the House of Commons and the British people with a realistic idea of the situation and also given ways that Britain has an advantage over Germany. He has answered questions and concerns that the audience might have by outlining ways Britain will overcome its weaknesses.

Now take a look at the end of the second-to-last paragraph to see how Churchill wraps up his speech. Roll over the excerpt for more information.

The passage reads:

The House will have read the historic declaration in which, at the desire of many Frenchmen — and of our own hearts — we have proclaimed our willingness at the darkest hour in French history to conclude a union of common citizenship in this struggle. However matters may go in France or with the French Government, or other French Governments, we in this Island and in the British Empire will never lose our sense of comradeship with the French people. If we are now called upon to endure what they have been suffering, we shall emulate their courage, and if final victory rewards our toils they shall share the gains, aye, and freedom shall be restored to all. We abate nothing of our just demands; not one jot or tittle do we recede. Czechs, Poles, Norwegians, Dutch, Belgians have joined their causes to our own. All these shall be restored.

Highlighted text: we have proclaimed our willingness at the darkest hour in French history to conclude a union of common citizenship in this struggle. Explanatory text: Churchill uses the language of community and unity to emphasize Britain's loyalty to France.

Highlighted text: we shall emulate their courage

Explanatory text: Churchill uses a lot of "shall" in this part of his speech, opting for an elevated kind of language like that found in the Bible.

Highlighted text: if final victory rewards our toils they shall share the gains, aye, and freedom shall be restored to all.

Explanatory text: The parallel structure and repetition of the word "shall" emphasize Churchill's point that the two countries will share victory.

Highlighted text: W e abate nothing of our just demands;

Explanatory text: In this part of his speech, Churchill shifts from talking about events and details to more general, lofty language and concepts like "just demands."

Highlighted text: not one jot or tittle do we recede.

Explanatory text: The words "jot or tittle" might seem silly to us now, but they create emphasis in Churchill's speech through the use of consonance, or the repetition of the "t" sound.

Highlighted text: All these shall be restored.

Explanatory text: In the final line of the paragraph, Churchill repeats phrasing he used earlier when he said "freedom shall be restored to all" in order to emphasize his words.

We see Churchill's language shift at the end of his speech. Instead of talking about events and concrete details of the war, he zooms out a little and talks about the larger implications of the war and Britain's role in it.

How does Churchill do this, and is it an effective technique? Let's look now at the very last paragraph of his speech to dissect some of this language.

The passage reads:

Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

Question 1: What does Churchill say is at stake in the next battle? Hint: Highlighting appears on "the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire."

Feedback: He says that Christian civilization and British life are at stake.

Question 2: What is the price, according to Churchill, of losing the next battle?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science."

Feedback: If they lose the next battle, the world "will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age," which doesn't sound pleasant.

Question 3: What is the effect of that last sentence? How do you think it might have been effective in motivating Churchill's audience?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.'"

Feedback: It makes people think about the significance of that moment and how they will be remembered by future generations, which was probably effective in motivating the audience because everyone wants to be remembered.

Of course, Churchill's audience didn't just read the text of his speech. They listened to him deliver it. And reading a speech and listening to a speech can be very different experiences.

The delivery of a speech relies on other qualities, including the way a speaker slows down or speeds up or raises the volume of his or her voice. A speaker uses tone and pace to add emotion and emphasis to certain parts of his or her speech. The way a speech is delivered gives the audience clues about how to interpret it: Is it supposed to be funny? Is this part important? Is the speaker being genuine?

Now that we've looked at the text of some of Churchill's speech, let's compare it with the audio. As you're listening to Churchill, think about how his delivery differs from the text. How does the emphasis change in the audio?

Audio Clip:

CHURCHILL: I have thought it right upon this occasion to give the House and the country some indication of the solid, practical grounds upon which we base our inflexible resolve to continue the war. There are a good many people who say, "Never mind. Win or lose, sink or swim, better die than submit to tyranny — and such a tyranny." And I do not dissociate myself from them. But I can assure them that our professional advisers of the three Services unitedly advise that we should carry on the war, and that there are good and reasonable hopes of final victory. We have fully informed and consulted all the self-governing Dominions, these great communities far beyond the oceans who have been built up on our laws and on our civilization, and who are absolutely free to choose their course, but are absolutely devoted to the ancient Motherland, and who feel themselves inspired by the same emotions which lead me to stake our all upon duty and honor.

Some people criticized Churchill for how he sounded in his broadcast of the speech. People thought he might have been sick. Some complained that his delivery was simply uninspired.

What do you think? Does it matter? Should the delivery be important, or should it be the words that matter most? In the activity below, read the very last part of Churchill's speech again, listening along as you read. Try to pick out where in this finale Churchill's tone seems to differ most dramatically from the text.

The passage reads:

What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

Choice 1: "Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war."

Follow-up question: Incorrect. Look at the highlighted passage. ["If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands." is now highlighted.] How does Churchill's delivery differ from the tone of the written text in this section?

Feedback: He seems really serious and almost sad in the audio, whereas in the text he seems optimistic and positive.

Choice 2: "If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands."

Follow-up question: Correct. This is one of the places where Churchill's delivery and the written text differ in tone and emphasis. How are they different?

Feedback: He's talking about something really grand and emotional in the text, but in the audio, he doesn't show any emotion, and he doesn't seem to care very much about what he's saying.

Choice 3: "Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.'" Follow-up question: Incorrect. Look at the highlighted passage. How does Churchill's delivery differ from the tone of the written text in this section?

Feedback: He seems really serious and almost sad in the audio, whereas in the text he seems optimistic and positive.

Though some people criticized Churchill's delivery, it was an important speech given at a significant time in history.

Churchill delivered his speech when Britain's fate hung in the balance and the British people needed to be reassured that everything was going to be O.K. What makes this speech even more impressive is that Churchill didn't have a speechwriter to write those powerful words for him. He was the speech's sole author and creator.

Looking at the speech, we can see Churchill's rhetorical powers. He balanced honesty with inspiration and crafted some phrases that are still praised and used today, including the last: "This was their finest hour."

4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Quiz: Analyze Wartime Rhetoric

Question 1a of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058601 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

In the meantime, there may be raids by parachute troops and attempted descents of airborne

soldiers. We should be able to give those gentry a warm reception both in the air and on the ground, if they reach it in any condition to continue the dispute.

What tone is Churchill most clearly using? A. An evasive tone B. A frustrated tone C. An angry tone D. A flippant tone

Question 1b of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058602 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

. . . every man and every woman will have the chance to show the finest qualities of their race, and render the highest service to their cause. For all of us, at this time, whatever our sphere, our station, our occupation or our duties, it will be a help to remember the famous lines: He nothing common did or mean, Upon that memorable scene.

What tone is Churchill most clearly using? A. An inspirational tone B. An empathetic tone C. A wistful tone D. A sarcastic tone

Question 1c of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058603 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

What tone is Churchill most clearly using? A. A relaxed tone B. An introspective tone C. A celebratory tone D. An understated tone

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Question 2a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058605 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill most likely begin his speech by discussing Britain's recent battle loss? A. Because he is angry with France for asking them to send troops to help them B. Because he wants to take the blame for the poor decisions made on the battlefield C. Because he wants to give people an honest representation of the situation D. Because he feels France needed to know that they are responsible for the loss

Question 2b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058606 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill most likely begin his speech by discussing Britain's recent battle loss? A. Because he hopes that France would return the favor and join them in fighting for British land B. Because he knows people were seeking his resignation because of the loss C. Because he needs to show that Britain lost a great number of troops and is currently weaker than Germany D. Because he wants to address citizens' immediate concerns

Question 2c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058607 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why does Churchill most likely begin his speech by discussing Britain's recent battle loss? A. Because he feels France needed to be reminded they are at fault for the loss B. Because he hopes to mislead German leaders about Britain's weaknesses C. Because he wants to show that he is knowledgeable and trustworthy D. Because he needs to end his speech on a positive note to contrast with the negativity

Question 3a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058609 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

This force comprises all our best-trained and our finest troops, including scores of thousands of those who have already measured their quality against the Germans and found themselves at no disadvantage. We have under arms at the present time in this Island over a million and a quarter men.

Which audience appeal does Churchill most clearly use? A. Logos B. Ethos C. Pathos D. Kairos

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Question 3b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058610 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

Which audience appeal does Churchill most clearly use? A. Logos B. Ethos C. Telos D. Pathos

Question 3c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058611 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

The House may be assured that the utmost ingenuity is being displayed and imagination is being

evoked from large numbers of competent officers, well-trained in tactics and thoroughly up to date, to measure and counterwork novel possibilities.

Which audience appeal does Churchill most clearly use? A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Kairos D. Logos

Question 4a of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058613 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What did Churchill most clearly accomplish with his speech? A. He scared Britain's enemies into thinking that defeat is imminent for Germany. B. He provided his political colleagues and citizens with a realistic view of the situation. C. He inspired the United States to join in the war as members of the Allies. D. He analyzed German war tactics and gave ways to overcome each tactic.

Question 4b of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058614 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What did Churchill most clearly accomplish with his speech? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629773 3/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. He discredited any military weakness that the House of Commons had earlier identified. B. He scorned France for its failure to help Britain fight. C. He gave reasons Britain had the advantage over Germany. D. He verified Hitler's genocide of the Jews, which people had thought false.

Question 4c of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058615 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What did Churchill most clearly accomplish with his speech? A. He addressed audience concerns by outlining ways Britain will overcome Germany. B. He inspired the United States to join in the war as members of the Allies. C. He showed that Britain was stronger than Germany in every branch of the military. D. He verified Hitler's genocide of the Jews, which people had thought false.

Question 5a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058617 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

But I can assure them that our professional advisors of three Services unitedly advise that we should carry on the war, and that there are good and reasonable hopes of final victory.

Which audience appeal does Churchill use in this excerpt? A. Justos B. Ethos C. Pathos D. Credos

Question 5b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058618 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

I have thought it right upon this occasion to give the House and country some indication of the solid, practical grounds upon which we base our inflexible resolve to continue the war.

Which audience appeal does Churchill use in this excerpt? A. Pathos B. Credos C. Justos D. Ethos

Question 5c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058619 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629773 4/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Read this excerpt from "Their Finest Hour":

Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

Which audience appeal does Churchill use in this excerpt? A. Pathos B. Logos C. Credos D. Ethos

Question 6a of 10 ( 1 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058621 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, what is at stake in the battle against Germany? A. The ability of Christian civilization to survive B. The stability of American democracy C. The preservation of Britain's superiority D. The protection of the Jewish community

Question 6b of 10 ( 1 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058622 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, what is at stake in the battle against Germany? A. The ability to trade freely with America B. The continuation of British life as it is currently known C. The protection of women's rights D. The possibility of French dominance over Britain

Question 6c of 10 ( 1 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058623 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Churchill, what is at stake in the battle against Germany? A. The inherent power of Germany B. The valuable legacy of the Jewish people C. The lengthy heritage of Great Britain D. The protection of women's rights

Question 7a of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058625 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629773 5/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Why is Churchill's speech considered historically important? A. Because it defines the responsibility of both Britain and America in the war B. Because it was delivered during a critical time period in history C. Because it was the first speech to be broadcast by radio D. Because it outlines the horrors of Hitler's reign

Question 7b of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058626 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why is Churchill's speech considered historically important? A. Because it caused countries to consider the value of women in the military B. Because it renewed Britain's resolve to fight the war against Germany C. Because it defined the steps Britain would take to enter the war D. Because it invoked the creation of the Allied Forces

Question 7c of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058627 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why is Churchill's speech considered historically important? A. Because it was written by Churchill and not a speechwriter B. Because it caused Hitler to attack British soil C. Because it spurned Mussolini and his involvement with Germany D. Because it was Churchill's first speech that addressed British citizens

Question 8a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058629 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What do some critics see as a notable difference between the audio and text of Churchill's speech? A. Churchill varies his speaking rate and volume to create emphasis in the audio version, but the sentences in the text version are lengthy and lack variety. B. Churchill uses sarcasm in the audio version, but sarcasm cannot be identified in the text version. C. The tone in the text seems inspirational, but in the audio version, Churchill sounds unemotional. D. The tone in the text seems sad and defeatist, but in the audio version, Churchill speaks with determination.

Question 8b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058630 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What do some critics see as a notable difference between the audio and text of Churchill's speech? A. Churchill's voice has a musical quality in the audio, but the text version reads choppy and concise.

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B. Churchill delivers the speech in an angry tone, but the text version shows the tone to be serious and inspirational. C. Churchill expresses many emotions in the text, but when he delivers the speech, he does not show great emotion in his voice. D. Churchill uses sarcasm in the audio version, but sarcasm cannot be identified in the text version.

Question 8c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058631 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What do some critics see as a notable difference between the audio and text of Churchill's speech? A. Churchill's tone in the text is powerful and moving, but he seems bored and uninspired in the audio version. B. The tone in the text seems sad and defeatist, but in the audio version, Churchill speaks with determination. C. The radio static interrupts Churchill's sentences, causing confusion, but the text version reads smoothly making it easier to understand. D. Churchill delivers the speech in an angry tone, but the text version shows the tone to be serious and inspirational.

Question 9a of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058633 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What overall message does Churchill leave his audience with in the conclusion? A. Britain will most likely lose the war but it must fight anyway. B. The future of a peaceful world depends on Britain's resolve to remain neutral. C. The fate of the world depends on Britain's next step in the war. D. Britain will need the aid of other countries in order to defeat its enemies.

Question 9b of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058634 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What overall message does Churchill leave his audience with in the conclusion? A. Germany is no match for the powerful British forces. B. Britain must join its American ally in order to win the war. C. Germany cannot successfully attack British soil. D. Britain has the ability to defeat Germany.

Question 9c of 10 ( 2 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058635 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What overall message does Churchill leave his audience with in the conclusion? A. The future of a peaceful world depends on Britain's resolve to remain neutral. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629773 7/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. Britain must join its American ally in order to win the war. C. The war will be won quickly and decisively if Britain acts now. D. Britain will be remembered in history based on its actions in this war.

Question 10a of 10 ( 1 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058637 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Churchill replace Chamberlain as Britain's new prime minister shortly after World War II began? A. Because Churchill was a better military strategist than Chamberlain B. Because Churchill called on the House of Commons to fire Chamberlain C. Because Chamberlain lied to the British citizens about Hitler's promise of no war D. Because Chamberlain had become too ill to continue his duties

Question 10b of 10 ( 1 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058638 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Churchill replace Chamberlain as Britain's new prime minister shortly after World War II began? A. Because Churchill was preferred by King George VI B. Because Chamberlain had become too ill to continue his duties C. Because Chamberlain was diplomatic instead of forceful with Hitler D. Because Churchill was the leader of the Battle of France

Question 10c of 10 ( 1 Analyze Wartime Rhetoric 1058639 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Churchill replace Chamberlain as Britain's new prime minister shortly after World War II began? A. Because Churchill had a better understanding of the situation with Hitler than Chamberlain did B. Because Churchill had radical ideas about war that Britain felt would help win the war C. Because Chamberlain signed a peace treaty with Mussolini D. Because Chamberlain was assassinated by a German spy

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7.2.2 Read: Historical Context in World War II: Part II Reading Materials English 12 Honors (2018) (S5677325) Name: ______Date: ______

A Monster of World War II

Millions of people died under [Stalin's] regime. People were sent to camps where they were forced to do hard labor under terrible conditions. Sometimes his soldiers gathered people into large groups to be shot or gassed. In many cases, the victims of these executions had committed no crimes; they were simply born into a racial group he considered a threat. [1]

If the paragraph above makes you think of Adolf Hitler, you're not wrong — but Hitler wasn't the only leader in World War II whose monstrous actions fit that description. The same words could apply to Joseph Stalin, the acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_23628/printables/Reading_Materials1011769.htm 1/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_23628/printables/Reading_Materials1011769.htm dictator of the Soviet Union. But Stalin, unlike Hitler, fought on the side of the Allies — the side Americans tend to remember as the good guys.

In world politics, groups of countries that work together toward a goal are called allies. [2] World War II had two sides, comprised of two sets of countries that allied with each other. Talking about these groups can get confusing because one of the groups named itself the Allies. Whenever you read about World War II, the word allies written with a lowercase a may refer to members of either side. But if it's written with a capital A, the word Allies refers to the side that eventually won the war.

Great Britain and France were the first Allies (note the capital A) in World War II. In the first few days of the war, their side expanded to include many countries that belonged to the British Empire, including Australia, India, New Zealand, and South Africa. The United States did not officially enter the war until 1941, but American sympathies rested with the Allies — mostly democratic countries that shared the American ideal of freedom — from the beginning.

The opposing set of allies (note the lowercase a) in World War II was called the Axis powers. This group began with Germany and Italy, two countries with totalitarian leaders who both wanted to conquer a great deal of land. Eventually, these countries joined forces with Japan, which had similar expansionist goals in Asia.

At the beginning of World War II, nobody expected the Soviet Union to join the Allies. [3] In fact, it seemed likely that the Soviet Union would side with Germany and the other Axis powers. Hitler and Stalin were both powerful dictators who oppressed all opposition within their ranks, and both wanted to expand their borders in order to increase their own country's power. But they didn't trust or like each other, and they wanted some of the same territory.

In 1939, just before the German invasion of Poland that historians now recognize as the official beginning of World War II, Hitler and Stalin signed a nonagression pact. Publicly, they agreed not to attack each other for the next 10 years. Secretly, they also arranged to take over Poland and divide the country between themselves.

Now that he had assurance that the Soviet army would not attack Germany, Hitler was able to commit more troops to his attacks on Poland and several other European countries. But historians believe that Hitler never intended to keep the truce with Stalin for long. Just two years after the nonaggression pact, in 1941, Hitler broke the terms of the agreement and invaded the Soviet Union.

As soon as the Soviet Union was fighting Germany, Stalin became an automatic member of the Allies. [4] The democratic leaders of these countries didn't really trust Stalin, but they did send military aid and coordinate plans with him.

But this new ally was, by all accounts, a monster. Even before World War II, during the famine of 1930 to 1933, Stalin took huge stores of grain from the Soviet-occupied countries of Ukraine and Kazakhstan. This meant the peasants of these countries were left to starve — and their deaths were part of Stalin's goal. He wanted to reduce the populations of these areas so his communist government could incorporate more land into vast community-run farms.

Later, during a period known as the Great Purge, Stalin imprisoned, exiled, or killed anyone in his country that he saw as a threat to his own power. He targeted government leaders, bureaucrats, and military leaders who disagreed with him or gained popularity of their own. He also launched a huge campaign against people he accused of spying and terrorism, many of whom were targeted only because they had Polish or other Eastern European ancestry and thus, in Stalin's eyes, posed a risk of disloyalty to the Soviet government.

People targeted by the Great Purge were often tortured until they made false confessions. Then they were placed on trial, convicted, and executed or sent to prison camps called Gulags. These camps were notorious for housing prisoners like writers, professors, and political leaders whom Stalin considered a threat, even though acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_23628/printables/Reading_Materials1011769.htm 2/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_23628/printables/Reading_Materials1011769.htm many of them had never actually challenged him. In the Gulag system, prisoners were forced to do hard labor for long hours without adequate food, shelter, and clothing. Many prisoners died.

After joining the Allied side in World War II, Stalin continued using ruthless tactics. His army executed prisoners of war by the thousands. He ordered the destruction of food supplies in areas the German army seemed likely to occupy, even though this meant his own people would starve. His military leaders conscripted many soldiers by force; if they ran away from a fight, they were killed and their families were arrested. [5]

Throughout this period, the United States provided Stalin with weaponry and support, which raises an important question: How much of the blame for Stalin's actions during the war did the other Allies share? After all, they were, in effect, putting guns in the hands of a known murderer. [6]

Without the help of their allies, the Soviets probably wouldn't have been able to keep up the fight against the German army. Hitler was also a mass murderer, and he had a truly monstrous plan about what to do after he conquered the Soviet Union. He was going to deprive millions of Soviet citizens of food, and he wanted to shoot, enslave, or deport millions more. 2 Moreover, if he had managed to occupy and subdue the Soviet Union, he would have commanded vast resources to supply his army for a continued — and possibly successful — campaign against his remaining democratic neighbors.

But that's not what happened. Stalin ultimately pushed Hitler's army back out of the Soviet Union, and some of his brutal tactics probably contributed to his success. [7] His ruthless destruction of food supplies left Hitler's soldiers without the resources they needed to advance, particularly during the winter. His insistence on total control probably helped him raise the troops necessary to repel the German army.

By 1944, as the war turned in the Allies' favor, the relationship between the Soviet Union and the other Allied forces began to cool. Great Britain, France, and the United States wanted to establish democracies in the countries that were no longer under Hitler's control, whereas the Soviet Union favored communism. [8] At the end of the war, the Soviets raced the Western democracies to establish spheres of influence across Europe. The world fell into a new kind of conflict, a warlike state without direct fighting called the Cold War.

Ultimately, World War II contained so many horrors that, even from the vantage point of history, it is difficult to discern who was a monster and who was simply doing what was necessary. Hitler and Stalin are easy to condemn, but who else deserves the label "monster"? Does that label also fit some of the people we consider heroes? [9] [10]

Works Cited 1. "Timeline of World War II," Ohio State University, Ehistory, accessed November 4, 2013, http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/timeline/timeline.cfm?Era_id=6&IsDetail=1 and Mintz, S., & McNeil, S. (2013). "World War II Timeline," Digital History. Retrieved November 4, 2013, from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm? eraID=15&smtID=4.

2. Timothy Snyder, "Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?" The New York Review of Books (blog), January 27, 2011, accessed November 13, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/jan/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who- was-worse/.

1. Does this description remind you of any other political leader, past or present? If so, who?

2. Explain the difference between allies and Allies. acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_23628/printables/Reading_Materials1011769.htm 3/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_23628/printables/Reading_Materials1011769.htm

3. Why didn't people expect the Soviet Union to join the Allies?

4. What prompted Stalin to join the Allies?

5. If Stalin was such a monster, on par with Hitler, why does Hitler receive so much more attention in American history?

6. Why might the Allies have allowed the Soviet Union to join them when they knew full well about Stalin's tactics?

7. How did Stalin's brutal tactics help him defeat Hitler's forces?

8. Define communism.

9. Name an American hero whose actions might be considered monstrous to another group of people. What did he or she do?

10. Have you ever done something morally gray in order to help another? Explain.

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Quiz: Historical Context in World War II: Part II

Question 1a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058828 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How were Hitler and Stalin different? A. Stalin fought with the Allies while Hitler fought with the Axis during World War II. B. Stalin was a Fascist while Hitler sought total dictatorship. C. Stalin deported his enemies whereas Hitler imprisoned and killed his enemies. D. Stalin believed Italy to be a weak ally whereas Hitler valued his alliance with Italy.

Question 1b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058829 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How were Hitler and Stalin similar? A. They were both members of the Axis powers. B. They were both ruthless dictators of their countries. C. They were both descendants of European royalty. D. They were both elected into their political positions.

Question 1c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058830 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How were Hitler and Stalin similar? A. They both expanded their country's territory after World War II was over. B. They both wished to fight against the Allied powers. C. They both wanted to expand their country's borders. D. They both planned to invade Britain before the war started.

Question 2a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058832 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement best describes the Allies in World War II? A. A group of activists who disagree about Stalin's plans for the Soviet Union B. A group of military strategists that decipher military intelligence C. A group of countries that share a democratic ideal of freedom D. A group of world leaders who try to unite Soviet states

Question 2b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058833 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629780 1/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which countries were the first to form the Allied forces during World War II? A. Great Britain and France B. France and Italy C. Great Britain and the United States D. The United States and the Soviet Union

Question 2c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058834 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which country didn't join the Allied forces until 1941? A. Italy B. France C. The United States D. Australia

Question 3a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058836 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

At the beginning of World War II, what action did people expect Stalin to take? A. They expected him to surrender. B. They expected him to join the Allies. C. They expected him to remain neutral. D. They expected him to join the Axis forces.

Question 3b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058837 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why didn't Stalin join forces with Hitler during World War II? A. Because Stalin planned to invade Germany B. Because Stalin did not trust Hitler C. Because Hitler told Stalin that he didn't want him as an ally D. Because Hitler failed to sign a peace agreement with Stalin

Question 3c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058838 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why didn't Stalin join forces with Hitler during World War II? A. Because Hitler sent word to Stalin that he would invade Russia courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629780 2/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. Because Stalin wanted some of the same territories that Hitler wanted C. Because Stalin tricked Hitler and joined the Axis powers after making a peace agreement D. Because Hitler kidnapped some of Stalin's top-ranking generals

Question 4a of 5 ( 1 Historical Context of World War II 1058840 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is the period called when Stalin struck out against anyone who he believed to be a threat to his power? A. The Great Purge B. The Holocaust C. Détente D. De-Stalinization

Question 4b of 5 ( 1 Historical Context of World War II 1058841 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was the name of the camps where Stalin imprisoned his enemies? A. Cold War prisons B. Gulags C. Death camps D. Concentration camps

Question 4c of 5 ( 1 Historical Context of World War II 1058842 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Who did Stalin believe to be a threat to the Soviet government? A. Any person of Eastern European ancestry B. Any person from Siberia C. Any current military leader D. Any non-native Soviet resident

Question 5a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058844 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did Stalin help the Allies defeat Hitler? A. He launched an effective air attack on Berlin. B. He pushed Hitler off of Soviet land. C. He infiltrated the German Intelligence Agency. D. He won the Battle of the Bulge.

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Question 5b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058845 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did Stalin help the Allies defeat Hitler? A. He kept German soldiers from ever entering Russian soil. B. He destroyed food sources in areas where Hitler's soldiers encamped, leaving them to starve. C. He placed German soldiers in the Gulag. D. He launched a successful air raid on Stuttgart, killing thousands of German and Italian troops.

Question 5c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context of World War II 1058846 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did Stalin help the Allies defeat Hitler? A. He kept German soldiers from ever entering Russian soil. B. He imprisoned German soldiers in his Gulags. C. His dictatorial control helped him raise large numbers of Soviet troops to fight off the Germans. D. His naval ships created a blockade in the Arctic Ocean, preventing German ships from advancing.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629780 4/4 Joseph Stalin: Was he man or monster? Stalin was the Soviet Union's second dictator. A dictator is an absolute ruler who achieves and maintains power through force.

In this activity, you'll learn more of the context of Stalin's rule during and after World War II. Understanding this context will help you analyze his wartime speech later on. Here are some questions to keep in mind:

● How did a man who caused the suffering and deaths of so many people manage to maintain his rule? ● How much of his power came from his effective use of rhetoric ?

When looking at wartime speeches, it's especially important to consider the rhetorical situation. Roll your mouse over the activity below to learn a bit about the political situation in the country Stalin would come to rule. Keep what you learn in mind as you read about Stalin's later actions and how the Soviets might have responded to them.

Note: You may hear of Stalin and the Soviet Union and think we're talking about Russia, but that's not exactly true. At the time of World War II, Russia was a region in the Soviet Union, which is also known as the USSR. The people over whom Stalin ruled are known as Soviets .

The passage reads:

For generations, czars had ruled the Russian people. The czars and their nobles had absolute power over the lower classes and often abused their power.

After World War I, the Russian people lost faith in Czar Nicholas II. They suffered from chronic food shortages. The Russian army had experienced tremendous losses during the war. Russia's economy lagged behind the rest of Europe, and corruption was rampant in the czar's government.

In 1917, demonstrators overthrew Czar Nicholas II's government. Almost immediately, the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, took control. Lenin nationalized Russia's industry, made peace with Germany, and quelled the anti-Bolshevik armies.

By 1920, Lenin had defeated the anti-Bolsheviks, and in 1922 he established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). At its height, the U.S.S.R. included Russia and 14 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (Kyrgyzstan), Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia (Moldova), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

Lenin was now dictator of the first Marxist state in the world.

Highlighted text: Bolshevik

Explanatory text: From 1903 to 1917, the term Bolshevik referred to a member of the radical majority of the Social Democratic Party. The Bolsheviks wanted the people to forcefully take power from the czar. After 1918, Bolshevik meant any member of the Russian Communist Party.

/ Highlighted text: Vladimir Lenin

Explanatory text: Lenin founded the Russian Communist Party, led the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and headed the U.S.S.R. In his later years, he worried about the dictatorial power of other party members, especially Joseph Stalin. When he died, his body was embalmed and displayed in Moscow's Red Square. It's still there today.

Highlighted text: Socialist

Explanatory text: Socialism is defined as "a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies."

In 1924, Joseph Stalin succeeded Lenin as head of the USSR. During his 25 years as Soviet dictator, Stalin acquired the reputation as one of history's most powerful and murderous tyrants.

His policies killed millions of Soviet citizens, yet his leadership brought victory over Nazi Germany. Under Stalin's guidance, the Soviet Union went from an underdeveloped nation to a formidable world superpower, and at a terrible human cost. Some estimate Stalin was responsible for 20 million deaths.

There are many words and images associated with the USSR's communist ideology, including this hammer and sickle image. The hammer represented factory workers, while the sickle stood for agricultural workers. Originally the seal included a sword for the army, but Stalin removed it, wanting to portray the USSR as peaceful.

As you read Stalin's speech later on, it'll help to know the definitions of the words listed below, also associated with the communist ideology.

Bolshevik: Any member of Russia's Communist Party .

comrade: The title for any member of the Communist Party .

USSR: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the Soviet Union. At its height, the USSR included Russia and 14 republics — more than 8.5 million square miles of land.

Lenin: The founder of the Russian Communist Party , leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and first head of the USSR. He was revered as the founder of the USSR. His embalmed body has been on display in Moscow's Red Square since his death in the 1920s.

socialism: A societal structure in which the government, rather than individuals or companies, own and control industries.

/ fascism: A societal organization that is controlled by a dictator and in which people are punished for any disagreement with the government.

Once Stalin seized power, he destroyed anyone he perceived as a threat. This reign of terror known as the Great Purge began by killing off the party elite. Once Stalin had disposed of the party's old leaders, he set out to find traitors in nearly every intellectual profession.

Stalin distrusted educated intellectuals and felt inferior to them. In consequence, he annihilated the Soviet Union's brightest and best-educated minds, leaving himself as the nation's only expert.

Thousands were executed as "enemies of the people."1 Millions were sent to slave labor camps known as Gulags.

There would come a time when Stalin would regret exterminating so many talented and capable people.

Following the Great Purge, Stalin took control of Soviet farmland with a policy called collectivization . In theory, collectivization meant the government took control of the farmland and redistributed the food among the people.

However, Stalin wanted to turn the Soviet Union from a peasant society to a world superpower. He forcefully took food from the peasants, executed the wealthiest peasants as traitors, and organized a man-made famine. He wanted to decrease the rural population and create a food surplus.1

During this time, Stalin executed three million peasants and starved five million to death. These policies created a food surplus that Stalin used to feed the workers in his new industries and to sell overseas.

So how did a guy like Stalin manage to keep and maintain control of such an enormous country? Why did so many go along with his ideas? Part of the answer is through his use of propaganda .

Propaganda is a form of rhetoric , but one that intends to deceive or manipulate.

All governments employ propaganda to some extent, especially during wartime. But Stalin's propaganda machine created a new identity for him, depicting him as a Soviet god, a hero of the revolution, and a benevolent father to his people.

Stalin had cities renamed after himself; had history books rewritten with his heroic past; had his name added to the national anthem; and was the subject of countless songs, images, and literary works praising him.

Stalin's use of propaganda extended to the media. He forced photographers to retouch photographs, wiping away traces of his enemies. He ordered the media to depict him as benevolent and peaceful, even as he purged the USSR of its military leaders, engineers, writers, and other professionals.

/ By manipulating information and creating a false image of himself, Stalin deceived people into thinking he was a good leader. They followed him, believing the lies he told them.

Stalin extended his influence to school-aged children. He successfully encouraged children to turn any disloyal adults over to the authorities. Children turned their parents over to the secret police, and Stalin's media praised them for it.

Propaganda is a strategy used to manipulate and often to deceive. No wonder it's been the rhetorical tool of choice of dictators throughout history.

While Stalin used propaganda to lead the same nation of people he was exterminating, Adolf Hitler — the fascist leader of Germany — was doing similar things close by. Hitler's propaganda was bent on convincing Germans that all other countries were enemies and that anyone who wasn't an Aryan German was also an enemy.

In their speeches, Hitler and Stalin had to use effective audience appeals to sway the masses. It could be said that they were able to brainwash or hypnotize people with their rhetoric — otherwise how could so many be deceived?

As you probably remember, there are three types of audience appeals: logos , pathos , and ethos . What would dictators, tyrants, or murderers use?

Most likely, they would use all three — or appear as if they're using all three. The fact is, audience appeals can be manipulated.

Other rhetorical strategies a leader can use are an effective use of tone and figurative language. As you read or listen to a speech, pay attention to whether the speaker is serious, lighthearted, casual, angry, or something else. What can that tell you about his or her purpose?

Listen also for the use of figurative language like metaphor , simile , hyperbole and paradox .

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Quiz: Understand Perspectives in Language

Question 1a of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058848 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Stalin suffer from a sense of inferiority? A. His hometown was one of the poorest in the Soviet Union. B. His father was imprisoned for stealing. C. He suffered severe scarring from a childhood disease. D. He lost a leg during a childhood accident.

Question 1b of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058849 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Stalin suffer from a sense of inferiority? A. His father was imprisoned for stealing, which embarrassed him. B. He had a speech impediment, which made him withdrawn. C. He had a deformed arm, which made him insecure. D. His mother abandoned his family, which made him feel unloved.

Question 1c of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058850 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Stalin suffer from a sense of inferiority? A. His mother abandoned his family when he was young. B. He suffered from a learning disability. C. His family was known to be thieves. D. He grew up in an abusive family situation.

Question 2a of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058852 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Who was known for overthrowing Czar Nicholas II and defeating the anti-Bolshevik party in Russia? A. Lenin B. Stalin C. Morozov D. Gulag

Question 2b of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058853 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629782 1/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Who was known for turning his father over to the secret police for stealing grain from the government? A. Joseph Stalin B. Nikita Khrushchev C. Adolf Hitler D. Pavlik Morozov

Question 2c of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058854 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Who was known for targeting and killing educated intellectuals in order to protect his political position? A. Joseph Stalin B. Vyacheslav Molotov C. Czar Nicholas II D. Nikita Khrushchev

Question 3a of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058856 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is the best example of propaganda? A. A leader giving a speech regarding recent battle losses B. A picture depicting people applauding a country's leader C. Naming an ice cream flavor after a popular rock star D. Naming a child after a civil rights leader

Question 3b of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058857 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is the best example of propaganda? A. Naming a candy bar after a popular TV character B. A leader giving a speech that dedicates a government building C. Naming a child after a civil rights leader D. An advertisement depicting a country's leader happily interacting with children

Question 3c of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058858 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is the best example of propaganda? A. A picture of a popular movie star shaking hands with the president courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629782 2/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. A picture of a leader vacationing at the beach C. A leader giving a speech at a local high school graduation D. A picture of the president's family

Question 4a of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058860 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which social structure allows the government, rather than individuals, to own and control industries? A. Marxism B. Collectivism C. Socialism D. Fascism

Question 4b of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058861 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which social organization is controlled by a dictator who punishes people for any disagreement with the government? A. Fascism B. Bolshevism C. Socialism D. Marxism

Question 4c of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058862 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is it called when a government takes farmland and redistributes the food among its people? A. Fascism B. Socialism C. Comradization D. Collectivization

Question 5a of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058864 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What goals did Stalin hope to accomplish in the USSR with collectivization? A. He hoped it would help the USSR to become an agricultural superpower. B. He wanted to feed his factory workers well so they could produce more exportable goods. C. He hoped to instigate a riot among the poor so he would have a reason to kill them. D. He wanted to reserve the surplus food for his political friends, so they would stay loyal to him.

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Question 5b of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058865 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What goals did Stalin hope to accomplish in the USSR with collectivization? A. He hoped to use the sale of the food to build a bigger palace for himself. B. He wished to feed his soldiers to keep them healthy to fight Hitler's armies. C. He wanted to send a message to his people that they would be a world agricultural power. D. He wanted to harvest the food and sell the surplus overseas.

Question 5c of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058866 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What action did Stalin take to accomplish collectivization in the USSR? A. He organized a man-made famine, which killed many of the farm-owning peasants. B. He permitted communist North Korea to invade South Korea. C. He gave the poorest farmers more land to farm. D. He began an aggressive relationship with the United States that began the Cold War.

Question 6a of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058868 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did Stalin use propaganda to control his people? A. He wrote personal letters to each Soviet town leader. B. He waged war on smaller countries to make himself look powerful. C. He had cities renamed after him to create a sense of power. D. He forced parents to name their children after him.

Question 6b of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058869 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did Stalin use propaganda to control his people? A. He posted large images of traitors receiving punishment in the town squares. B. He forced artists to remove his enemies from pictures. C. He rewrote history books to make his predecessor Lenin sound like a coward. D. He spoke out against the Bolshevik party's aggressive tactics.

Question 6c of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058870 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629782 4/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

How did Stalin use propaganda to control his people? A. His cities were covered in anti-Bolshevik rhetoric. B. He had schoolteachers tell children stories of his heroism. C. His early speeches focused on the atrocities of other countries. D. He distributed images that depicted him as a benevolent father figure.

Question 7a of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058872 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Soviets follow Stalin so eagerly despite his atrocities? A. Because he was depopulating the USSR so there was more food for everyone B. Because citizens suffered greatly under Lenin and now they were flourishing C. Because starving peasant farmers were now eating well under Stalin's rule D. Because the media showed images that depicted him as peaceful

Question 7b of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058873 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Soviets follow Stalin so eagerly despite his atrocities? A. Because his rule resembled the czarist reign that Lenin had destroyed B. Because he promised them plentiful food and jobs C. Because he made peace with Germany whom they had feared D. Because he manipulated information to create a false image of himself as a good leader

Question 7c of 10 ( 2 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058874 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Why did Soviets follow Stalin so eagerly despite his atrocities? A. Because he made peace with Germany whom they had feared B. Because he was a Fascist that destroyed their unfair socialist society C. Because he conditioned the younger generation to honor him above their families D. Because his rule resembled the czarist reign that Lenin had destroyed

Question 8a of 10 ( 3 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058876 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which type of government would most likely not allow class distinctions so that all people are seen as equals both financially and socially? A. Czarist B. Dictatorship courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629782 5/7 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. Socialist D. Fascist

Question 8b of 10 ( 3 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058877 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which type of government would most likely own a country's farming industry and distribute food equally to its citizens? A. Fascist B. Democratic C. Czarist D. Socialist

Question 8c of 10 ( 3 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058878 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which type of government would most likely kill those who were deemed enemies of the government? A. Fascist B. Czarist C. Plutocratic D. Democratic

Question 9a of 10 ( 3 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058880 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How would a speaker most likely reach the emotions of an audience? A. By using pathos appeals B. By incorporating figurative language C. By adding charts and graphs D. By speaking in a steady voice

Question 9b of 10 ( 3 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058881 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How would a speaker most likely help the audience understand the reasons for going to war? A. By incorporating anti-enemy propaganda B. By showing images of the destruction of war C. By using military statistics D. By speaking in an angry tone

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Question 9c of 10 ( 3 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058882 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How would a speaker most likely establish credibility in the eyes of his or her audience during wartime? A. By incorporating anti-enemy propaganda B. By quoting respected military strategists C. By using formal language D. By using hyperboles and metaphors

Question 10a of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058884 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What type of figurative language involves a speaker exaggerating to make a point? A. Hyperbole B. Metaphor C. Simile D. Rhetoric

Question 10b of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058885 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What type of figurative language involves a speaker comparing two unlike things using the words like, as, or resembles? A. Rhetoric B. Metaphor C. Hyperbole D. Simile

Question 10c of 10 ( 1 Understand Perspectives in Language 1058886 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What type of figurative language involves a speaker comparing two unlike things to each other? A. Paradox B. Rhetoric C. Metaphor D. Hyperbole

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7.2.6 Read: Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast Reading Materials English 12 Honors (2018) (S5677325) Name: ______Date: ______

Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast, July 3, 1941 Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and Sisters! Men of our Army and Navy!

I am addressing you, my friends!

The perfidious [1] military attack on our fatherland, begun on June 22 by Hitler Germany, is continuing.

In spite of heroic resistance of the Red Army, and although the enemy’s finest divisions and finest air force units have already been smashed and have met their doom on the field of battle, the enemy continues to push forward, hurling fresh forces into the attack.

Hitler’s troops have succeeded in capturing Lithuania, a considerable part of Latvia, the western part of Byelo- Russia [White Russia] and a part of the Western Ukraine.

The Fascist [2] air force is extending the range of operations of its bombers and is bombing Murmansk, Orsha, Mogilev, Smolensk, Kiev, Odessa, Sevastopol.

A grave danger overhangs our country.

How could it have happened that our glorious Red Army surrendered a number of our cities and districts to the Fascist armies? [3]

Is it really true that the German Fascist troops are invincible, as is ceaselessly trumpeted by boastful Fascist propagandists? Of course not! "No Invincible Armies" History shows that there are no invincible armies, and never have been. Napoleon’s army was considered invincible, but it was beaten successively by Russian, English and German Armies. Kaiser Wilhelm’s German Army in the period of the first imperialist war was also considered invincible, but it was beaten several times by Russian and Anglo-French troops, and was finally smashed by Anglo-French forces.

The same must be said of Hitler’s German-Fascist Army of today. This army has not yet met with serious resistance on the Continent of Europe. Only on our territory has it met serious resistance, and if as a result of this resistance the finest divisions of Hitler’s German Fascist Army have been defeated by our Red Army, it means that this army, too, can be smashed and will be smashed as were the armies of Napoleon and Wilhelm.

As to part of our territory having nevertheless been seized by German Fascist troops, this is chiefly due to the fact that the war of Fascist Germany on the U.S.S.R. began under conditions favorable for German forces and unfavorable for Soviet forces. [4]

The fact of the matter is that troops of Germany, as a country at war, were already fully mobilized, and 170 divisions hurled by Germany against the U.S.S.R. and brought up to the Soviet frontiers were in a state of acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm 1/6 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm complete readiness, only awaiting the signal to move into action, whereas Soviet troops had little time to effect mobilization and move up to the frontiers. [5]

Of no little importance in this respect is the fact that Fascist Germany suddenly and treacherously violated the non-aggression pact she concluded in 1939 with the U.S.S.R., disregarding the fact that she would be regarded as an aggressor by the whole world. Naturally, our peace-loving country, not wishing to take the initiative of breaking the pact, could not resort to perfidy. [6]

It may be asked: How could the Soviet Government have consented to conclude a non-aggression pact with such treacherous fiends as Hitler and Ribbentrop? Was not this an error on the part of the Soviet Government? Of course not! [7]

Non-aggression pacts are pacts of peace between two States. It was such a pact that Germany proposed to us in 1939. Could the Soviet Government have declined such a proposal? I think that not a single peace-loving State could decline a peace treaty with a neighboring State even though the latter was headed by such fiends and cannibals as Hitler and Ribbentrop. [8]

But that, of course, only on one indispensable condition — namely, that this peace treaty does not infringe either directly or indirectly on the territorial integrity, independence and honor of a peace-loving State.

As is well known, the non-aggression pact between Germany and the U.S.S.R. is precisely such a pact.

What did we gain by concluding a non-aggression pact with Germany? We secured for our country peace for a year and a half and the opportunity of preparing its forces to repulse Fascist Germany should she risk an attack on our country despite the pact. [9]

This was a definite advantage for us and a disadvantage for Fascist Germany. Losses and Gains What has fascist Germany gained and what has she lost by treacherously tearing up the pact and attacking the U.S.S.R.?

She has gained a certain advantageous position for her troops for a short period, but she has lost politically by exposing herself in the eyes of the entire world as a bloodthirsty aggressor.

There can be no doubt that this short-lived military gain for Germany is only an episode, while the tremendous political gain of the U.S.S.R. is a serious and lasting factor that is bound to form the basis for development of decisive military successes of the Red Army in the war with Fascist Germany.

That is why our whole valiant Red Army, our whole valiant navy, all our falcons of the air, [10] all peoples of our country, all the finest men and women of Europe, America and Asia, and, finally, all the finest men and women of Germany, condemn the treacherous acts of the German Fascists and sympathize with the Soviet Government, approve the conduct of the Soviet Government and see that ours is a just cause, that the enemy will be defeated, that we are bound to win.

By virtue of this war which has been forced upon us [11] our country has come to death grips with its most malicious and most perfidious enemy—German fascism. Enemy "Armed to the Teeth" acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm 2/6 4/9/2020 y acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm Our troops are fighting heroically against an enemy armed to the teeth with tanks and aircraft. Overcoming innumerable difficulties the Red Army and Navy are self-sacrificingly disputing every inch of Soviet soil.

The main forces of the Red Army are coming into action armed with thousands of tanks and airplanes. Men of the Red Army are displaying unexampled valor. Our resistance to the enemy is growing in strength and power. Side by side with the Red Army the entire Soviet people is rising in defense of our native land. [12]

What is required to put an end to the danger hovering over our country, and what measures must be taken to smash the enemy?

Above all, it is essential that our people, the Soviet people, should understand the full immensity of the danger that threatens our country and abandon all complacency, all heedlessness, all those moods of peaceful constructive work which were so natural before the war but which are fatal today when war has fundamentally changed everything.

The enemy is cruel and implacable. He is out to seize our lands watered with our sweat, to seize our grain and soil secured by our labor. [13]

He is out to restore the rule of landlords, to restore Czarism, to destroy national culture and the national State existence of Russians, Ukrainians, Byelo-Russians, Lithuanians, Letts, Estonians, Uzbeks, Tartars, Moldavians, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanians, and the other free peoples of the Soviet Union, to Germanize them, to convert them into slaves of German princes and barons. [14] Issue of "Life or Death" Thus the issue is one of life or death for the Soviet State, for the peoples of the U.S.S.R.; the issue is whether peoples of the Soviet Union shall remain free or fall into slavery.

The Soviet people must realize this and abandon all heedlessness, they must mobilize themselves and reorganize all their work on a new, wartime lines, when there can be no mercy to the enemy.

Further, there must be no room in our ranks for whimperers and cowards, for panic-mongers and deserters; our people must know no fear in the fight and must selflessly join our patriotic war of liberation, our war against the Fascist enslavers. [15]

Lenin, the great founder of our State, used to say that the chief virtue of the Soviet people must be courage, valor, fearlessness in struggle, readiness to fight together with the people against the enemies of our country.

This splendid virtue of the Bolshevik must become the virtue of millions and millions of the Red Army, of the Red Navy, of all peoples of the Soviet Union.

All our work must be immediately reconstructed on a war footing, everything must be subordinated to the interests of the front and the task of organizing demolition of the enemy.

The peoples of the Soviet Union now see that there is no taming of German fascism in its savage fury and hatred of our country which has insured all working people labor in freedom and prosperity. [16]

The peoples of the Soviet Union must rise against the enemy and defend their rights and their land. The Red Army, Red Navy and all citizens of the Soviet Union must defend every inch of Soviet soil, must fight to the last acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm 3/6 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm drop of blood for our towns and villages, must display the daring initiative and intelligence that are inherent in our people.

We must organize all-round assistance to the Red Army, insure powerful reinforcements for its ranks and supply of everything it requires, we must organize rapid transport of troops and military freight and extensive aid to the wounded.

We must strengthen the Red Army’s rear, subordinating all our work to this cause, all our industries must be got to work with greater intensity to produce more rifles, machine guns, artillery, bullets, shells, airplanes; we must organize the guarding of factories, power stations, telephonic and telegraphic communications, and arrange effective air raid precautions in all localities. Fight on Spies and Saboteurs We must wage a ruthless fight against all disorganizers of the rear, deserters, panic-mongers rumor-mongers, exterminate spies, diversionists, enemy parachutists, rendering rapid aid in all this to our destroyer battalions. We must bear in mind that the enemy is crafty, unscrupulous, experienced in deception and dissemination of false rumors.

We must reckon with all this and not fall victim to provocation. All who by their panic-mongering and cowardice hinder the work of defense, no matter who they are, must be immediately hailed before a military tribunal. [17]

In case of a forced retreat of Red Army units, all rolling stock must be evacuated; to the enemy must not be left a single engine, a single railway car, not a single pound of grain or a gallon of fuel.

Collective farmers must drive off all their cattle and turn over their grain to the safekeeping of State authorities for transportation to the rear. All valuable property including non-ferrous metals, grain and fuel that cannot be withdrawn must without fail be destroyed.

In areas occupied by the enemy, Guerilla units, mounted and foot, must be formed, diversionist groups must be organized to combat enemy troops, to foment guerilla warfare everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph lines and to set fire to forests, stores and transports.

In occupied regions conditions must be made unbearable for the enemy and all his accomplices. They must be hounded and annihilated at every step, and all their measures frustrated. [18]

This war with Fascist Germany cannot be considered an ordinary war. It is not only a war between two armies, it is also a great war of the entire Soviet people against the German fascist forces. Aim of the War The aim of this national war in defense of our country against the fascist oppressors is not only elimination of the danger hanging over our country, but also aid to all European peoples groaning under the yoke of German fascism.

In this war of liberation we shall not be alone. In this great war we shall have loyal allies in the peoples of Europe and America, including German people who are enslaved by Hitlerite despots. [19]

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm 4/6 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm Our war for the freedom of our country will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence, for democratic liberties. It will be a united front of peoples standing for freedom and against enslavement and threats of enslavement by Hitler’s Fascist armies.

In this connection the historic utterance of the British Prime Minister Churchill regarding aid to the Soviet Union and the declaration of the U.S.A. Government signifying readiness to render aid to our country, which can only evoke a feeling of gratitude in the hearts of the peoples of the Soviet Union, are fully comprehensible and symptomatic.

Comrades, our forces are numberless. The overweening enemy will soon learn this to his cost. Side by side with the Red Army and Navy thousands of workers, collective farmers and intellectuals are rising to fight the enemy aggressor. The masses of our people will rise up in their millions. The working people of Moscow and Leningrad already have commenced to form vast popular levies in support of the Red Army.

Such popular levies must be raised in every city which is in danger of an enemy invasion, all the working people must be roused to defend our freedom, our honor, our country—in our patriotic war against German fascism.

In order to insure a rapid mobilization of all forces of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., and to repulse the enemy who treacherously attacked our country, a State Committee of Defense [20] has been formed in whose hands the entire power of the State has been vested.

The State Committee of Defense has entered its functions and calls upon all our people to rally around the Party of Lenin-Stalin and around the Soviet Government so as self-denyingly to support the Red Army and Navy, demolish the enemy and secure victory.

All our forces for the support of our heroic Red Army and our glorious Red Navy!

All the forces of the people—for the demolition of the enemy!

Forward, to our victory! [21] Source Text of Stalin Broadcast from the NYTimes (7/3/41), Freerepublic.com, posted July 3, 2011, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2743435/posts/.

1. Define perfidious.

2. Define fascist.

3. Why might Stalin have chosen to start his speech with the bad news (Hitler's army is winning)?

4. What excuse does Stalin give for why Hitler's army has successfully seized Soviet territory?

5. Historically, Stalin suffered politically for being unprepared to enter the Soviet Union into World War II. How does the clause "whereas the Soviet troops had little time to effect mobilization and move up to the frontiers" depict Stalin's role in this? acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm 5/6 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_2/Activity_64681/printables/Reading_Materials1011774.htm

6. How do the words "treacherously," "aggressor," and "perfidy" depict Germany? How does Stalin's depiction of Germany contrast with that of the Soviet Union?

7. How does Stalin rationalize his former alliance with Hitler?

8. How does Stalin portray German leadership compared to Soviet leadership? Is there anything hypocritical in his depiction of himself?

9. Stalin states the pact was an advantage because it gave the Soviet Union time to prepare for war. How does this contradict an earlier statement?

10. Who are "our falcons in the air"? Why might Stalin call them this?

11. Knowing what you do about Stalin's entry into World War II, what's ironic about the phrase "this war which has been forced upon us"?

12. What's Stalin's purpose in the previous two paragraphs?

13. What's ironic about Stalin's insistence that Hitler will "seize [Soviet] lands"?

14. How does Stalin inspire fear of Hitler in his listeners?

15. According to Stalin, what must the Soviet people do to fight Hitler?

16. How does Stalin simultaneously attack fascism and applaud communism in this statement?

17. How do the previous two paragraphs mirror Stalin's actions in the Great Purge?

18. What tactics does Stalin propose to use against Hitler's forces? How did these tactics contribute to Stalin's victory over Hitler?

19. Define despot.

20. What is the State Committee of Defense?

21 What emotion does Stalin intend to arouse in his listeners?

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Quiz: Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast

Question 1a of 10 ( 3 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059288 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the opening of his speech, Stalin refers to his audience as his friends. What type of audience appeal is he using? A. Ethos B. Telos C. Logos D. Pathos

Question 1b of 10 ( 3 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059289 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In his speech, Stalin calls Hitler a ruthless cannibal. What type of audience appeal is he using? A. Logos B. Pathos C. Telos D. Ethos

Question 1c of 10 ( 3 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059290 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In his speech, Stalin refers positively to Lenin and then repeats one of Lenin's famous quotes. What type of audience appeal is he using? A. Telos B. Pathos C. Ethos D. Logos

Question 2a of 10 ( 3 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059292 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this line from Stalin's speech:

That is why the whole of our valiant Red Army, our whole valiant Navy, all our falcons in the air . . .

Which type of figurative language does Stalin use in this passage? A. Hyperbole B. Metaphor courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 1/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. Pathos D. Propaganda

Question 2b of 10 ( 3 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059293 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this line from Stalin's speech:

I think that not a single peace-loving state could decline a peace treaty with a neighboring state even though the latter were headed by such fiends and cannibals as Hitler and Ribbentrop.

Which type of figurative language does Stalin use in this passage? A. Metaphor B. Logos C. Rhetoric D. Hyperbole

Question 2c of 10 ( 3 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059294 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this line from Stalin's speech:

In spite of heroic resistance of the Red Army, and although the enemy's finest divisions and finest air force units have already been smashed and have met their doom on the field of battle . . . .

Which type of figurative language does Stalin use in this passage? A. Hyperbole B. Simile C. Logos D. Rhetoric

Question 3a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059296 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, why did Germany have the upper hand in attacking the USSR? A. Because Stalin did not have armies prepared to fight B. Because Hitler tricked Stalin by lying about his army's position C. Because it was already engaged in war with a mobilized army D. Because its navy was stronger than the Soviets'

Question 3b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059297 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, why did Germany have the upper hand in attacking the USSR? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 2/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Because the USSR was waiting on Great Britain for military aid B. Because Germany was fighting other countries already C. Because Germany imprisoned Soviets through deceit D. Because the USSR lacked combat supplies and machinery

Question 3c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059298 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, why did Germany have the upper hand in attacking the USSR? A. Because the German soldiers outnumbered the Red Army soldiers B. Because Germans violated the nonaggression pact Stalin expected them to uphold C. Because the USSR's combat machinery was inferior to the German army's machinery D. Because the German army was stronger than the Red Army

Question 4a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059300 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Stalin justify the USSR's signing of the nonaggression pact with Hitler? A. He says Soviets needed Hitler as an ally in the war. B. He says it didn't infringe on Soviet territory rights. C. He says that Hitler threatened to stop trade with the USSR. D. He says that he was trying to gain Hitler's trust.

Question 4b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059301 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Stalin justify the USSR's signing of the nonaggression pact with Hitler? A. He says that he wanted to trick Hitler into trusting him. B. He reminds his audience that the USSR gained Polish territory as a result. C. He reminds his audience that Soviets are a peace-loving people. D. He says that Hitler promised he would protect the USSR in the war.

Question 4c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059302 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Stalin justify the USSR's signing of the nonaggression pact with Hitler? A. He says that Germany had acknowledged the USSR as a world power. B. He says that the Soviet military had become a European threat. C. He says that the USSR gained Polish land to increase its territory. D. He says the treaty gave the Red Army extra time to prepare for war. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 3/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 5a of 10 ( 4 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059304 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Stalin compare the Soviet Union to Germany? A. He portrays Germany as an easily defeated foe while he acknowledges the supreme power of the Red Army.

B. He makes it known that the intellectual elite of Germany have Soviet heritage. C. He consistently refers to Germany as Fascist while praising the Communist party of the USSR. D. He declares both nations to be world powers to be feared and unconquerable.

Question 5b of 10 ( 4 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059305 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Stalin compare the Soviet Union to Germany? A. He refers to Germans as spoiled children who take from others while he extols the virtues of the selfless Soviets. B. He says the Red Army and Hitler's army are evenly matched for the war ahead. C. He reports that Hitler is imprisoning cowards and he will do the same. D. He describes Hitler as a cruel dictator while praising Soviets for their peaceful and patriotic attitudes.

Question 5c of 10 ( 4 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059306 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How does Stalin compare the Soviets to Hitler? A. He hails the USSR as a peace-loving country but depicts Hitler as a treacherous fiend. B. He says the Red Army and Hitler's army are evenly matched for the war ahead. C. He demonstrates Hitler's promise to care for the German people is the same as his fatherly love for the Soviets. D. He depicts Hitler as a deceitful father while Soviets are trustworthy brothers and sisters.

Question 6a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059308 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what effect did disobeying the pact have on Germany? A. Germany gained an advantageous position for its troops. B. Germany gained Italy as an ally. C. Germany gained honor among its people for being deceitful. D. Germany gained a feared status among world powers.

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Question 6b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059309 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what effect did disobeying the pact have on Germany? A. Germany lost the respect of other world powers besides the USSR. B. Germany lost thousands of troops due to their distrust of Hitler. C. Germany lost the opportunity to fight the Soviets on their own soil. D. Germany lost the chance to become a world military superpower.

Question 6c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059310 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what effect did Germany's disregard for the nonaggression pact have on the Soviets? A. The Soviets gained a positive political position in the eyes of the world. B. The Soviets lost the right to declare war on Germany. C. The Soviets gained the opportunity to fight on German soil. D. The Soviets lost the ability to become allies with Great Britain and America.

Question 7a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059312 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In Stalin's opinion, why did the USSR decide to go to war with Germany? A. Because their troops were ready to fight B. Because war was forced upon them by Hitler C. Because the USSR wanted to acquire German land to expand their territory D. Because the United States requested their assistance in the war

Question 7b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059313 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In Stalin's opinion, why did the USSR decide to go to war with Germany? A. Because Soviet troops — including the navy — had received threats from German ships B. Because Great Britain would be fighting with the Soviets C. Because people of the world — including dissenters in Germany — had approved their cause D. Because Hitler took Polish territory when he broke the nonaggression pact

Question 7c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059314 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In Stalin's opinion, why did the USSR decide to go to war with Germany? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 5/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Because the Soviet way of life had been threatened by Hitler B. Because German military strategies were no match for the Red Army C. Because Hitler had turned the peasant population against Stalin D. Because he wanted to conquer world powers so he could be the ultimate superpower

Question 8a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059316 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what is Hitler's plan for the USSR? A. Hitler is hoping to kidnap Soviet children and make them fight with the Germans. B. Hitler is searching for Lenin's memorials to desecrate them. C. Hitler is planning to take land and crops that the Soviets have toiled over. D. Hitler is going to annihilate the entire Soviet population and give Germans their land.

Question 8b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059317 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what is Hitler's plan for the USSR? A. Hitler is going to destroy all national memorials. B. Hitler is going to restore Czarism. C. Hitler is going to divide people up into unjust social classes. D. Hitler is going to kill Soviet children.

Question 8c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059318 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what is Hitler's plan for the USSR? A. He is going to use the USSR as a prison encampment. B. He is going to force young males to join his Nazi army. C. He is going to enslave Soviets to serve German royalty. D. He is going to desecrate Lenin's grave.

Question 9a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059320 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what must Soviets do to defeat Hitler? A. They must build newer and stronger planes. B. They must create a military intelligence agency. C. They must strengthen the Red Army's rear troops. D. They must enlist male children to become a part of the army. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 6/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 9b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059321 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what must Soviets do to defeat Hitler? A. Naval ships must be built faster and stronger. B. Medical doctors need to leave their practices to work with the army. C. Farmers need to destroy their crops and move to the city. D. Industries need to work with greater intensity and produce more.

Question 9c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059322 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Stalin, what must Soviets do to defeat Hitler? A. They should allow their children to join the military to begin training. B. They should save their money for the hard times that are ahead. C. They must implement effective air raid plans to protect important localities. D. They must allow Hitler to believe he has defeated them, and then attack.

Question 10a of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059324 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What specific military tactics does Stalin suggest the Soviets use to defeat Hitler? A. Medical doctors should surrender their services to the government. B. Parents should sacrifice their children if children rebel against helping the war effort. C. Farmers should turn over their grain and livestock to government authorities. D. Prisoners should be freed in order to fight with the Red Army.

Question 10b of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059325 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What specific military tactics does Stalin suggest the Soviets use to defeat Hitler? A. German soldiers should be tortured publically to incite fear in soldiers who are watching. B. Parents should send their children on local scouting expeditions to search for German spies. C. Women should offer their sewing abilities to keep the Red Army clothed. D. Guerilla forces must harass German forces in all occupied areas.

Question 10c of 10 ( 2 Joseph Stalin's Radio Broadcast 1059326 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 7/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

What specific military tactics does Stalin suggest the Soviets use to defeat Hitler? A. Soldiers should force prisoners of war to fight with the Red Army. B. Parents should send their children on local scouting expeditions to search for German spies. C. Goods and valuable property should be moved or destroyed to prevent enemy use. D. Prisoners should be freed in order to fight with the Red Army.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629784 8/8 Joseph Stalin was a murderer. He was responsible for the death of 20 million of his own people. How was he able to maintain control? Why did people continue to support him and allow him to continue his murderous practices?

It might surprise you to know that a tyrannical person often uses the same rhetorical strategies as anyone else — just sometimes in different ways or with different emphases.

In the coming pages, we'll look at how the rhetorical strategies you've learned about can work for a leader with questionable policies, as he or she persuades his or her people to come together against a new enemy.

In your opinion, what's the best way to stir up hatred for an enemy?

Call the enemy names

List the terrible crimes the enemy has committed

Accuse the enemy of wanting to destroy the country

Say nothing — the enemy's own actions will condemn him or her Let's start out by reviewing the r hetorical situation of Stalin's speech. Stalin acquired an inferiority complex early in life. He longed for greatness and felt life had treated him unfairly. Despite this, he climbed through the ranks of the Communist Party, succeeding Lenin as Soviet dictator.

Following Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin eliminated the old party leaders and anyone he felt posed a threat to his power. He collectivized agriculture, taking all farmland into government control, and created an industrial boom as well as a severe famine. He destroyed anyone who opposed him.

World War II broke out in 1939, shortly after Stalin and Hitler signed a nonaggression pact. In this pact, they publicly agreed not to attack each other for 10 years but privately agreed to split the country of Poland between them.

On June 21, 1941, Hitler broke the nonaggression pact and invaded the Soviet Union. Twelve days later, on July 3, 1941, Stalin gave the speech you just read.

The rhetorical situation, in a nutshell, was that Hitler had gone back on his word to Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union. And Stalin was pretty ticked off. In his speech, Stalin had several purposes. He had to defend signing the pact with Hitler. He had to make the Soviets angry at the enemy and aware of the dangers, but he also had to keep them from panicking and make them feel that they could overcome the difficulties of war.

One challenge Stalin had was that he was trying to make Hitler seem like a monster when he himself was a monster. In other words, he was trying to get people to believe that he was a noble, peace-loving leader whom they could trust to protect them from Hitler. What he really wanted to do was to work the e thos angle as he spoke to them.

/ Think about it, though: What sort of language would a leader who'd starved, tortured, and killed so many of his people use to make the surviving people trust him? Consider what you've learned about Stalin. Do you think he'd be honest about his past actions? Would he apologize to gain the trust of the people? Would he make promises? Would he use hypocritical language? Consider these questions — along with what you know about Stalin — as you complete the activity below.

The passage reads:

As to part of our territory having nevertheless been seized by German Fascist troops, this is chiefly due to the fact that the war of Fascist Germany against the U.S.S.R. began under conditions that were favorable for German forces and unfavorable for Soviet forces.

The fact of the matter is that troops of Germany, as a country at war, were already fully mobilized, and 170 divisions hurled by Germany against the U.S.S.R. and brought up to the Soviet frontiers were in a state of complete readiness, only awaiting the signal to move into action, whereas Soviet troops had little time to effect mobilization and move up to the frontiers.

It may be asked: How could the Soviet Government have consented to conclude a non-aggression pact with such treacherous fiends as Hitler and Ribbentrop? Was this not an error on the part of the Soviet Government? Of course not!

Question 1: What excuse does Stalin give for why the Red Army wasn't ready for the attack? What was the real reason?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "170 divisions hurled by Germany against the U.S.S.R. and brought up to the Soviet frontiers were in a state of complete readiness, only awaiting the signal to move into action, whereas Soviet troops had little time to effect mobilization and move up to the frontiers."

Feedback: Stalin claims the Nazis were fully mobilized, while the peaceful U.S.S.R. was honoring the nonaggression pact. In reality, Stalin had ignored all of his advisers' warnings and had deprived the army of its best leaders.

Question 2: How does Stalin describe the Nazis' behavior? What is hypocritical about this, considering Stalin's own plans?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "treacherously violated the non-aggression pact she concluded in 1939 with the U.S.S.R., disregarding the fact that she would be regarded as an aggressor by the whole world." Highlighting also appears on "treacherous fiends as Hitler and Ribbentrop?"

Feedback: He accuses the Nazi leaders of being "treacherous" and aggressive, despite his own plans to ally with them to invade Poland.

Question 3: Based on Stalin's policies, what is hypocritical about his description of the U.S.S.R. and, by extension, himself?

/ Hint: Highlighting appears on "Naturally, our peace-loving country, not wishing to take the initiative of breaking the pact, could not resort to perfidy."

Feedback: Stalin calls the U.S.S.R. "peace-loving" and honest, which is hypocritical considering how many deaths Stalin caused as well as his secret plans to invade Poland.

As we think about Stalin's purpose and how he chose his words to appeal to his audience, we have to consider that there are parts of this particular rhetorical situation we can probably never relate to directly — or we hope not, anyway. Stalin's audience was a population under attack by the Nazis, who were terrifying, unstoppable, and insatiable. At the same time, many Soviets had suffered greatly or seen others suffer and die under the Great Purge, which was driven by Stalin himself. In hindsight, we know that the clash between Hitler and Stalin was truly monster versus monster, but it's hard to know exactly what people felt at the time.

Stalin likely knew that he couldn't use moderate language to sway his audience. Instead, he had to use inflammatory language, such as hyperbole , or exaggeration, to make the enemy seem terrifying.

Stalin used other types of inflammatory language in addition to hyperbole . If you think back to his purposes, a lot of them had to do with demonizing the enemy, making people aware of the danger confronting them, and creating feelings of national pride and unity.

These particular purposes involved getting the emotions of the audience worked up. Read the excerpt in the activity below to examine how Stalin used the pathos audience appeal.

The passage reads:

We must wage a ruthless fight against all disorganizers of the rear, deserters, panic-mongers, rumor-mongers, exterminate spies, diversionists, enemy parachutists, rendering rapid aid in all this to our destroyer battalions. We must bear in mind that the enemy is crafty, unscrupulous, experienced in deception and the dissemination of false rumors.

We must reckon with all this and not fall victims to provocation. All who by their panic-mongering and cowardice hinder the work of defense, no matter who they are, must be immediately hailed before a military tribunal.

In case of a forced retreat of Red Army units, all rolling stock must be evacuated; to the enemy must not be left a single engine, a single railway car, not a single pound of grain or gallon of fuel.

Collective farmers must drive off all their cattle and turn over their grain to the safe keeping of State authorities for transportation to the rear. All valuable property, including non-ferrous metals, grain and fuel that cannot be withdrawn must without fail be destroyed.

Question 1: What is significant about Stalin's repetition of the words "cowards" and "panic-mongering"?

/ Hint: Highlighting appears on "whimperers and cowards, for panic-mongers and deserters;" and "All who by their panic-mongering and cowardice hinder the work of defense, no matter who they are, must be immediately hailed before a military tribunal."

Feedback: Stalin feels the situation is dire; Germany is invading, and anyone who undermines his control by fleeing from his or her duty must face harsh punishment.

Question 2: How is Stalin demonizing the enemy? What would the Soviets fear by hearing these words?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "enslavers" and "We must bear in mind that the enemy is crafty, unscrupulous, experienced in deception and the dissemination of false rumors."

Feedback: He calls them "enslavers," for one thing, and then describes them as deceptive and "crafty." This would make the Soviets feel afraid, perhaps, that anyone might be the enemy pretending to be a friend. If Soviets weren't very careful, the enemy might seep in and make them slaves.

Question 3: Stalin tells his people that they have to turn over or destroy all their animals, food, and property. Any other time, this might really make people angry. Why might it be an effective tactic here?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "all rolling stock must be evacuated; to the enemy must not be left a single engine, a single railway car, not a single pound of grain or gallon of fuel.

Feedback: Stalin is creating national unity, making it known that everyone has to pitch in and make sacrifices for the country as a whole to survive.

Stalin's speech depends mostly on pathos , with some attempts at establishing ethos . There aren't many facts or figures in his speech other than a list of countries Hitler has already invaded, which work to create fear in his listeners.

Knowing what you do about Stalin, why do you think his speech is so light on logos ?

If you have trouble coming up with any ideas, remember that Stalin killed or banished all the intellectuals and powerful people in his country because he was intimidated by them and feared they'd threaten his leadership. Also think about why people use logos.

Unless you speak Russian, it's going to be hard for you to really analyze Stalin's tone in his speech, but you might find it interesting to hear what he sounded like as he spoke to his people at this very important moment. Does he sound angry? Emotional? Scared? Try and imagine how his Russian-speaking audience might have interpreted his tone.

/ On-screen text: Comrades, citizens, brothers and sisters, men of our Army and Navy! I am addressing you, my friends! The perfidious military attack on our Fatherland, begun on June 22 by Hitler Germany, is continuing. In spite of heroic resistance of the Red Army, and although the enemy's finest divisions and finest air force units have already been smashed and have met their doom on the field of battle, the enemy continues to push forward, hurling fresh forces into the attack.

At the beginning of this study, we talked about how a leader with questionable policies could use the same rhetorical strategies as any other leader. The fact is, rhetorical strategies can be used for good or evil. In this case, Stalin, a tyrannical dictator, used rhetoric to engage his people in a war against another tyrannical dictator: Hitler. And Stalin's speech worked. The Soviet people did all Stalin asked of them and more, and the result was the defeat of Adolf Hitler. Stalin, in a way, saved Europe and the United States — possibly the entire world — from the terror of Hitler and his Nazis. The monster was, for a time, our friend.

Friedrich Nietzche, a famous philosopher (German, ironically) who died 40 years before the start of World War II, eerily spoke these predictive words: "The best weapon against an enemy is another enemy."

Nothing about war makes any sense at all.

/ 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Quiz: Analyze Perspectives in Language

Question 1a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059328 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was the rhetorical context of Stalin's speech? A. Stalin had faced an uprising against his political party. B. Japan had unexpectedly bombed the United States. C. Italy had defied a peace treaty with the USSR. D. Hitler had recently invaded the USSR.

Question 1b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059329 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In Stalin's rhetorical situation, who was his audience? A. The Soviet population that was under attack by Nazis B. Soviet and German armies in their encampments C. Military strategists and generals appointed by Stalin D. World powers seeking to go to war with the USSR

Question 1c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059330 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In Stalin's rhetorical situation, what was the main issue he addressed? A. The ability of the Red Army to defeat Hitler B. The request of Great Britain's help in the war C. Japan's bombing of Soviet naval ships D. The need to fight and win the war against Germany

Question 2a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059332 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this quote from Stalin's speech:

As to part of our territory having nevertheless been seized by German Fascist troops, this is

chiefly due to the fact that the war of Fascist Germany against the USSR began under conditions that were favorable for the German forces and unfavorable for the Soviet forces.

What rhetorical tactic is Stalin most clearly using? A. Demonizing the enemy B. Glossing over the negative C. Defending a leader's choices courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 1/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

D. Accusing the enemy of attacking a way of life

Question 2b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059333 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this quote from Stalin's speech:

Naturally, our peace-loving country, not wishing to take the initiative of breaking the pact, could not resort to perfidy.

What rhetorical tactic is Stalin most clearly using? A. Defending a leader's choices B. Glossing over the negative C. Raising people's spirits D. Accusing the enemy of attacking a way of life

Question 2c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059334 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read this quote from Stalin's speech:

Men of the Red Army are displaying unexampled valor. Our resistance to the enemy is growing in

strength and power. Side by side with the Red Army the entire Soviet people is rising in defense of our native land.

What rhetorical tactic is Stalin using? A. Glossing over the negative B. Defending a leader's choices C. Raising people's spirits D. Demonizing the enemy

Question 3a of 10 ( 2 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059336 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was one purpose of Stalin's speech? A. To request the help of the United States in the war B. To inform the Soviet citizens of their surrender to Hitler C. To explain why Stalin killed so many farmers D. To defend the signing of the nonaggression pact with Hitler

Question 3b of 10 ( 2 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059337 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was one purpose of Stalin's speech? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 2/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. To discourage Germans from going to war with the USSR B. To organize the Red Army troops C. To incite anger against Hitler D. To restructure the agricultural industry during wartime

Question 3c of 10 ( 2 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059338 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was one purpose of Stalin's speech? A. To organize the Red Army troops B. To explain why he joined the Allied forces C. To encourage a fighting spirit in the Soviet people D. To explain the problems with industry

Question 4a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059340 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is the best example of hyperbole? A. Stalin's quoting words by Lenin about Soviet's determination B. Stalin's reference to the non-aggression pact as a mutual agreement C. Stalin saying that Soviets will shed blood to save their way of life D. Stalin's accusation that Hitler is a cannibal

Question 4b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059341 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is the best example of hyperbole? A. Stalin's accusation that Hitler spread rumors B. Stalin saying that Soviets will shed blood to save their way of life C. Stalin's reference to Hitler tearing up the nonaggression pact D. Stalin's reasoning for signing the pact with Hitler

Question 4c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059342 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is the best example of hyperbole? A. Stalin's call to destroy manufactured goods to prevent enemy use B. Stalin's call for all Soviets to help in the war effort C. Stalin's reference to Hitler throwing soldiers onto the battlefield D. Stalin's reference to the Red Army air force as falcons courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 3/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 5a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059344 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which word best describes pathos as it relates to audience appeals? A. Truthful B. Logical C. Emotional D. Exaggerated

Question 5b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059345 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which word best describes ethos as it relates to audience appeals? A. Credible B. Rational C. Emotional D. Insinuated

Question 5c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059346 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which word best describes logos as it relates to audience appeals? A. Dependable B. Verbose C. Exaggerated D. Analytical

Question 6a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059348 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Based on what is known about Stalin from history, which statement from his speech is the best example of hypocrisy? A. Naturally, our peace-loving country, not wishing to take the initiative of breaking the pact, could not resort to perfidy. B. Side by side with the Red Army the entire Soviet people is rising in defense of our native land. C. Such popular levies must be raised in every city . . . all the working people must be roused to defend our freedom, our honor, our country . . . D. All the forces of the people — for the destruction of the enemy!

Question 6b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059349 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 4/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Based on what is known about Stalin from history, which statement from his speech is the best example of hypocrisy? A. . . . the historic utterance of the British Prime Minister Churchill regarding aid to the Soviet Union and the declaration of the U.S.A. Government signifying readiness to render aid to our country . . . B. The [Soviet] State Committee of Defense has entered its functions and calls upon all our people to rally around the Party of Lenin-Stalin . . . C. The perfidious military attack on our Fatherland, begun on June 22 by Hitler Germany, is continuing. D. [The enemy] is out to seize our lands watered with our sweat, to seize our grain and soil secured by our labor.

Question 6c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059350 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Based on what is known about Stalin from history, which statement from his speech is the best example of hypocrisy? A. All our work must be immediately reconstructed on a war footing, everything must be subordinated to the interests of the front and the task of organizing demolition of the enemy. B. History shows that there are no invincible armies, and never have been. C. . . . although the enemy's finest divisions and finest air force units have already been smashed and have met their doom on the field of battle . . . D. We must bear in mind that the enemy is crafty, unscrupulous, experienced in deception and the dissemination of false rumors.

Question 7a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059352 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

If Stalin wanted to appear to be a peaceful leader, which audience appeal would most likely be effective? A. Pathos B. Ethos C. Logos D. Caros

Question 7b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059353 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

When Stalin uses inflammatory language to describe the enemy, which audience appeal is he most clearly using? A. Pathos B. Logos C. Analgos D. Ethos courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 5/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 7c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059354 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

When Stalin refers to the number of Soviet troops ready to fight, what audience appeal was he most clearly using? A. Logos B. Ethos C. Analgos D. Pathos

Question 8a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059356 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What difficult task did Stalin most likely face when he tried to use ethos in his speech? A. Since he had built strong Soviet industries, he had to ensure that factories could produce war machinery. B. Since he had angered Great Britain, he had to try to appear eager to please them. C. Since he had starved and tortured many Soviets, he had to make himself seem trustworthy to his people. D. Since he had come from an abusive childhood, he had to make himself seem in control.

Question 8b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059357 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What difficult task did Stalin most likely face when he tried to use logos in his speech? A. Since he considered the Soviet people to be intelligent, he didn't feel he needed to present logic. B. Since he felt insecure about educated intellectuals, he had to avoid presenting a logical argument. C. Since he did not graduate from school, he could not present a logical case for fighting a war. D. Since the enemy had attacked the Soviet Union, he didn't need to be logical about the war.

Question 8c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059358 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What difficult task did Stalin most likely face when he tried to use pathos in his speech? A. Stalin hoped to make Hitler feel bad for the treachery yet still show the Soviet Union to be strong. B. Stalin needed to scare his people with the enemy yet instill a sense of courage to defeat the enemy as well. C. Stalin wished to engage the sympathies of Americans yet still be considered a world power. D. Stalin needed to scold his people for their laziness but also get them to give their goods to the war effort.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 6/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 9a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059360 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase from Stalin's speech is most clearly inflammatory? A. fighting heroically B. met serious resistance C. smash the enemy D. bloodthirsty aggressor

Question 9b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059361 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase from Stalin's speech is most clearly inflammatory? A. abandon all heedlessness B. panic-mongers and rumor-mongers C. demolition of the enemy D. self-sacrificingly disputing

Question 9c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059362 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase from Stalin's speech is most clearly inflammatory? A. peace-loving state B. treacherous fiends C. territorial integrity D. war footing

Question 10a of 10 ( 1 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059364 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase best describes rhetoric? A. A speaker's use of language to convince an audience B. The audience's reaction to a speaker's performance C. A speaker's ability to both write and deliver a speech D. The tone a speaker uses when giving a speech

Question 10b of 10 ( 1 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059365 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase best describes hyperbole? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 7/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Figurative language that uses exaggeration to make a point B. Rhetorical language that appeals to an audience's emotions C. Rhetorical language that focuses on facts and statistics D. Figurative language that compares two unlikely things

Question 10c of 10 ( 1 Analyze Perspectives in Language 1059366 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase best describes a rhetorical situation? A. The audience that hears a speech B. The art of using inflammatory language to build emotions C. The speaker's understanding of physical and verbal cues D. The circumstances surrounding a rhetorical act

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629787 8/8 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm

7.3.2 Read: Historical Context in World War II: Part III Reading Materials English 12 Honors (2018) (S5677325) Name: ______Date: ______

In the early 1940s, nearly every citizen of the United States participated in the effort to win World War II. Millions joined the fight as soldiers, but civilians played a role as well. Rationing efforts limited the public's access to necessary items like food, shoes, and toilet paper. [1] Women took over the household and job responsibilities of men who had been deployed to fight. The public was asked to purchase war bonds to help fund the country's military efforts. [2] Even children assisted the war effort by collecting change to buy war savings stamps for 25 cents apiece. 2 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm 1/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm But American participation in World War II was not always assured. In fact, at the beginning of the war, the United States stayed on the sidelines.

During the 1930s, as the countries of Europe marched toward war, American foreign policy was characterized by a strategy called isolationism — keeping out of other countries' political affairs. [3] At the time, the United States had many domestic problems, especially widespread unemployment and poverty associated with the Great Depression. Also, the public regretted the mistakes of World War I and did not want to repeat them. Although the American public sympathized with the Allied forces — Great Britain, France, and other democratic nations — that faced a threat of invasion by Germany and its allies, many citizens and politicians felt that Europe's conflicts were too far away to pose any danger to them personally.

But as the 1930s neared their end and war in Europe began to look inevitable, President Franklin D. Roosevelt grew dissatisfied with isolationism. He felt that the United States, as a free and democratic country, should stand up for freedom against the Nazis. [4] He did not want to send troops into battle, but he did advocate providing money, resources, and diplomatic assistance to the European war effort.

However, Roosevelt could not make this happen without support. During this period, one of his most powerful tools for convincing people was a series of informal speeches he gave over the radio. In these speeches, called "Fireside Chats," he spoke frankly with the American people, using simple and direct language to describe challenges to the country and to explain what he felt should be done to solve them. [5] Roosevelt had already used these Fireside Chats to help the public through the difficulties of the Great Depression, and now he used them to convince people that Hitler's army posed a threat to the United States.

In one Fireside Chat, delivered on December 29, 1940, Roosevelt explained that Germany's totalitarian government intended to "dominate all life and thought" at home, throughout Europe, and eventually around the world. [6] However, Roosevelt added, "We have every good reason for hope — hope for peace, yes, and hope for the defense of our civilization." 3 [7] Partly as a result of speeches like this one, Congress eventually approved an increasing level of involvement in the war effort — first by selling weapons to the Allies, and later by loaning money, providing diplomatic support, and lending weapons and other military equipment the Allies could not afford to buy outright.

But Europe was not the only region of the world that faced conflicts during this period. Throughout the 1930s, Japan pursued a policy of expanding its borders to secure more land and resources. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1933. A few years later, it launched an all-out war with China. After Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Japan allied itself with Germany and Italy.

At first, the United States government did not seriously consider war with Japan. However, it used diplomatic measures against the Japanese expansion. [8] This made it difficult for Japan to continue its fight against China, which was putting up a strong resistance. Unable to conquer adequate territory in Asia, Japanese military leaders turned their attention to the islands of the Pacific. Japan had a very strong navy at the time, and their only real threat in the region was a United States naval base in Hawaii.

As the 1940s began, the U.S. public was paying less attention to the Asian side of World War II than to the European side. Military experts expected Japan to attack some of the Pacific islands in order to gain access to raw materials to continue their war, but Americans did not consider the possibility of a direct attack on the United States. Many historians today believe that this lack of foresight was largely due to racism: White American leaders assumed that an Asian military force was no threat. [9]

All that changed on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on a Hawaiian base called Pearl Harbor. In short order, Japanese torpedoes and other warcraft demolished scores of American planes, battleships, and destroyers. Nearly 2,500 Americans died in the attack, and over 1,000 were wounded. This attack left American naval forces in the Pacific severely crippled. acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm 2/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm The Pearl Harbor attack shocked the American public, and it plunged the country into World War II. The following day, at the urging of President Roosevelt, Congress declared war on Japan. Because of the alliances governing World War II, this automatically placed the United States at war against Germany, Italy, and their allies, as well. Isolationism was over, and a new era had begun. [10]

Works Cited 1. [Image] "Timeline of World War II," Ehistory, http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/timeline/timeline.cfm? Era_id=6&IsDetail=1, and "World War II Timeline," Digital History, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm? eraID=15&smtID=4.

2. "War Bonds and the War Effort," The National World War II Museum, http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/take-a-closer-look/war-bonds.html.

3. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, "Address of the President Delivered by Radio from the White House (December 29, 1940)," Mid-Hudson Regional Information Center, http://www.mhric.org/fdr/chat16.html.

1. What is rationing? Why might people need to ration these items during the war?

2. What are war bonds? How would purchasing them help fund the country's military efforts?

3. Do you feel isolationism is a good response when other countries are at war? Why or why not?

4. Why do you think Roosevelt felt we needed to stand up for freedom against the Nazis?

5. Why do you think Franklin D. Roosevelt called his speeches "fireside chats"? What might that represent to the American people?

6. How do you feel people might have felt after hearing Roosevelt state this possibility? What call to action might he have been looking for?

7. Why do you think Roosevelt added this message about hope to his speech? How does a positive message affect a speech?

8. Why would the United States not want Japan to expand its borders?

9. Do you agree with the historians that it's possible white American leaders felt an Asian military force would be no threat? Why or why not?

10. This moment in time changed life for Americans. What are two situations that arose from this, according to what was mentioned earlier in the article?

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm 3/4 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_28735/printables/Reading_Materials1011787.htm 4/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Quiz: Historical Context in World War II: Part III

Question 1a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059031 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did the United States support the Allies' war effort before joining the war? A. They sent small groups of troops to fight with the Allies. B. They allowed British citizens to live in the states for protection. C. They made and sold weapons to the Allies. D. They sent spies into German territory.

Question 1b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059032 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did the United States support the Allies' war effort before joining the war? A. They housed enemy military prisoners of war. B. They lent military equipment to the Allies. C. They sent airplanes on reconnaissance missions for Britain. D. They infiltrated German intelligence and sent coded messages to the Allies.

Question 1c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059033 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How did the United States support the Allies' war effort before joining the war? A. They loaned money to the Allies. B. They sent military consultants and engineers to Great Britain. C. They sent small groups of troops to fight with the Allies. D. They housed enemy military prisoners of war.

Question 2a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059035 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, what caused Japan to attack Pearl Harbor? A. U.S. diplomatic measures made it difficult for Japan to fight China. B. The Allies began to gain ground in Germany, and Japan wanted to distract the Allies. C. The United States stole military secrets from Japan for the Allies. D. British ships in the English Channel sank Japanese ships, and Great Britain was allied with the United States.

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Question 2b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059036 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, what caused Japan to attack Pearl Harbor? A. When the Allies began to gain ground in Germany, Japan wanted to distract the Allies by attacking the United States.

B. Because it wanted to expand its borders, Japan sought to acquire the Pacific Islands. C. Because Hitler gained Chinese territory, Japan set its sights on conquering the United States. D. When the Germans turned against the Soviet Union, Japan feared losing more territory.

Question 2c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059037 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, what caused Japan to attack Pearl Harbor? A. Because Japan had a strong navy, the military felt it could conquer the United States and gain Hawaii. B. When Great Britain sank Japan's naval ships in the English Channel, Japan attacked the United States in retaliation. C. When Hitler decided to invade Russia, Japan couldn't help Germany with the invasion so its military attacked U.S. territory. D. Because Hitler gained Chinese territory, Japan set its sights on conquering the United States.

Question 3a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059039 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, how did the American people work together to support the war effort? A. Children collected change from their neighbors to purchase war stamps. B. Women decided to forego having more children in an effort to lessen supplies needed. C. Businesses closed down so employees could work in weapon production factories. D. Ordinary men ran for political offices to encourage others to be involved in government.

Question 3b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059040 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, how did the American people work together to support the war effort? A. Hospitals treated patients for free so more money could be given to the war effort. B. Families rationed their food and supplies. C. The government built bomb shelters in every town. D. Banks increased the number of loans given out to boost the economy.

Question 3c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059041 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629794 2/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, how did the American people work together to support the war effort? A. Hospitals treated patients for free so more money could be given to the war effort. B. The public purchased war bonds to help finance the war. C. Banks increased the number of loans given out to boost the economy. D. The government built bomb shelters in every town.

Question 4a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059043 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, how did Roosevelt connect with the American people during difficult times like the Great Depression and World War II? A. He appeared in advertisements selling war bonds. B. He gave weekly radio speeches called "fireside chats." C. He rationed the food in the White House. D. He declined to enforce the "isolationism" policy.

Question 4b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059044 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, how did Roosevelt's fireside chats affect the American people? A. The fireside chats informed the American people of the state of the union with facts and brusque speeches. B. The fireside chats allowed radio personalities to persuade Americans to think positively about the war effort. C. The fireside chats connected the American people with the president through plain, friendly speech. D. The fireside chats gave various American politicians the chance to speak to their constituents and encourage them to back the president.

Question 4c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059045 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to the article, how did President Roosevelt help the American people adjust to war? A. By giving casual radio speeches each week that informed the public of war details B. By invoking the rationing law and requiring the purchase of war bonds C. By sending government officials to hold town meetings and answer questions D. By increasing the number of troops through the draft

Question 5a of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059047 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629794 3/4 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

What changes to American life occurred as a result of World War II? A. Men went off to war, leaving the women to fill their jobs in the workplace. B. Families abandoned their homes and moved in with neighbors to save on utilities. C. Church services were suspended so that all people could work on Sundays. D. The United States quit exporting goods to other countries because of the war.

Question 5b of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059048 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What changes to American life occurred as a result of World War II? A. Public transportation was suspended due to gas rationing. B. Food and daily supplies became scarce, so people lived with the practice of rationing. C. Schools closed at lunchtime so that older children could work and support their families. D. Women quit having children because the government asked them to.

Question 5c of 5 ( 2 Historical Context in WWII 1059049 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What changes to American life occurred as a result of World War II? A. Hospitals lost more patients due to a lack of medical supplies. B. Church services were suspended so that all people could work on Sundays. C. Schools closed at lunchtime so that older children could work and support their families. D. Every family member, including children, did their part in supporting the war effort.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629794 4/4 Have you ever had to convince a person or people to support an idea of yours? Perhaps you needed to convince a friend to watch a movie you've been looking forward to seeing. Or talk your parents into allowing you to do something they disagree with. What tactics did you use to try to gain their approval? What worked? What didn't work?

Why might a person want to listen to another person's point of view? Usually, there must be some kind of benefit for the listener. Will listening to another point of view offer important information, a sense of security, entertainment, prosperity, or health?

In this study, we'll look at how presidents and other powerful individuals have used persuasive language to convince people to support something none of us wants to do: go to war.

Presidents and other Americans in leadership roles have to use many tactics in order to persuade both the government and American citizens to support their plans. A president might be the most powerful person in the country, but if a given president abuses his or her authority, that authority can be stripped from him or her. Therefore, he has to be very careful about not only the decisions he's making, but also the way he tries to gain support for them.

Usually, powerful people need to gain approval from more than one group, so they'll need to use different approaches, just like you might use one approach to get your friend to start recycling, and another approach to get your school to adopt a large-scale recycling program.

Though getting your friend to go see a movie, convincing your school to adopt a recycling program, and seeking support for a decision to go to war are all vastly different situations, they all require strategic use of language, audience appeals, and structural techniques.

Let's start looking at techniques of wartime persuasion by focusing on language. There's more to the effective use of language than simply using words like "terrible," "evil," and "monstrous" — the words have to build an image or scenario in the listeners' minds that evokes the right type of emotion.

The following excerpt is from a speech that Harry S. Truman gave on April 11, 1951. Roll your mouse over the highlighted text to see how Truman used persuasive techniques to explain to Americans why he sent military forces to Korea.

The passage reads: The Communists in the Kremlin are engaged in a monstrous conspiracy to stamp out freedom all over the world. If they were to succeed, the United States would be numbered among their principal victims. It must be clear to everyone that the United States cannot — and will not — sit idly by and await foreign conquest. The only question is: What is the best time to meet the threat and how is the best way to meet it?

Highlighted text: The Communists in the Kremlin are engaged in a monstrous conspiracy to stamp out freedom all over the world.

Explanatory text: This vocabulary evokes an image of a monster stamping out freedom — something that defines the core of American values.

Highlighted text: If they were to succeed, the United States would be numbered among their principal victims. Explanatory text: Here, Truman uses language meant to incite fear in his audience — the fear of being a victim of the freedom-stamping monster.

Highlighted text: It must be clear to everyone that the United States cannot — and will not — sit idly by and await foreign conquest.

Explanatory text: Using the phrases "sit idly by" and "await foreign conquest" implies that if we don't act, we're basically just lazily waiting for the freedom-stamping monster to come after us.

Language doesn't have to evoke fear to be powerful. Powerful language reminds people of what they value, what they're proud of, and what they're willing to fight to protect.

One of the most famous speeches of all times, Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address," was meant to inspire soldiers to keep fighting, despite the fact that they were tired, hungry, cold, and suffering. Match the excerpts from this speech to how they might have made listeners feel.

The Gettysburg Address

By Abraham Lincoln

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives, that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Now that we've looked at how language can be effective in speeches, let's look at appeals.

A president cannot send the military to hostile conditions in another country unless there is a declaration of war, congressional authority, or a national emergency. Therefore, the president has to appeal to Congress in order to gain approval if he or she wants to send out troops overseas for battle.

Think about it: Congress is made up of 535 people, from every state in the country, both Democrat and Republican. It's safe to assume that about half of congress is on the other side of the political fence from the president at any given time. A president has to make strategic use of language, structure, and approach to get results. Any argument — even a president's — has to use logos , pathos , and ethos .

A president doesn't just need approval to go to war: He or she needs support. Approval is just agreeing that something is a good idea; support involves contributing to the war effort, whether with time, money, or lives. If the president doesn't get enough support, people might not be inspired to fight for the cause.

In 2001, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States, then-President George W. Bush declared the War on Terror. While it might seem obvious to some that we had to fight back, many did not want to go to war because more lives would be lost. President George W. Bush had to convince both the government and American citizens to support going to war.

Click the activity below to read and answer questions about an excerpt of President Bush's address to Congress and the nation just days after the 9/11 attack. What type of appeals does he use to try to gain support?

The passage reads: Tonight, we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution. Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done.

I thank the Congress for its leadership at such an important time. All of America was touched on the evening of the tragedy to see Republicans and Democrats joined together on the steps of this Capitol, singing "God Bless America." And you did more than sing; you acted, by delivering $40 billion to rebuild our communities and meet the needs of our military. . . .

On September 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars — but for the past 136 years they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war — but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning. Americans have known surprise attacks — but never before on thousands of civilians. All of this was brought upon us in a single day — and night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack.

Question 1: How does Bush use logos in this excerpt? Would you say that this excerpt emphasizes logos?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "Americans have known wars — but for the past 136 years they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941."

Feedback: He uses logos by pointing out how many years it's been since America was attacked on its own soil. This excerpt really doesn't use much logos at all.

Question 2: How does Bush use ethos in this excerpt? Would you say that this excerpt emphasizes ethos?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "I thank the Congress for its leadership at such an important time. All of America was touched on the evening of the tragedy to see Republicans and Democrats joined together on the steps of this Capitol, singing "God Bless America." And you did more than sing; you acted, by delivering $40 billion to rebuild our communities and meet the needs of our military." Feedback: He uses ethos by acknowledging Republicans and Democrats on equal ground, which shows that he's thinking of the country as a whole.

Question 3: How does Bush use pathos in this excerpt? Would you say that this excerpt emphasizes pathos?

Hint: Highlighting appears on three phrases: "awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution. Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done;" "enemies of freedom;" and "a world where freedom itself is under attack."

Feedback: He uses pathos by talking about danger, anger, grief, justice, and freedom. I think this excerpt emphasizes pathos in its focus on the anger and grief, and the repeated mention of freedom as something that has enemies and is under attack.

We've covered language and appeals; finally, let's take a look at how the structure of a speech can be particularly effective. The most memorable, inspirational speeches in our history often have similarities to music. Think about it: Most songs have what's known as a "chorus" that repeats throughout the song, and it's often related to the main message the songwriter wants to communicate. This technique of repeating things to engage the listener and to make the words more memorable has been used since humans began giving speeches, telling stories, and writing songs. 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Quiz: Understand Audience Appeal

Question 1a of 10 ( 1 Understand Audience Appeal 1059075 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which element must an effective wartime speech have? A. An organized structure B. A balance of truth and secrets C. An angry yet passionate tone D. A rehearsed use of physical gestures

Question 1b of 10 ( 1 Understand Audience Appeal 1059076 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which element must an effective wartime speech have? A. A positive theme B. Selective half-truths C. Inflammatory wording D. Powerful language

Question 1c of 10 ( 1 Understand Audience Appeal 1059077 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which element must an effective wartime speech have? A. A focus on the positive B. Well-placed metaphors C. Rehearsed physical gestures D. Strategic use of audience appeals

Question 2a of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059079 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement best illustrates how a leader might use logos in a wartime speech? A. The leader focuses on language that paints the enemy as savage and unjust. B. The leader recounts the times the political parties have worked together to achieve a goal. C. The leader gives statistics that focus on military strengths and successes. D. The leader reminds the audience of the lives sacrificed in the war effort.

Question 2b of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059080 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 1/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement best illustrates how a leader might use pathos in a wartime speech? A. The leader will remind the audience of its patriotic spirit and neighborly unity. B. The leader will share the truth about the consequences of going to war. C. The leader will list the number of troops that various military branches have sent to war. D. The leader will align his or her ideas with various ethnic groups.

Question 2c of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059081 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement best illustrates how a leader might use ethos in a wartime speech? A. The leader will paint a negative and fearful picture of the enemy. B. The leader will be honest about the danger that faces a country when fighting a war. C. The leader will encourage unity between various political parties. D. The leader will state facts about a recent battle win.

Question 3a of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059083 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President George W. Bush's Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People:

All of America was touched the evening of the tragedy to see Republicans and Democrats joined together on the steps of this Capitol, singing "God Bless America."

What feeling is Bush most likely trying to evoke in the audience? A. A feeling of unity B. A feeling of sympathy C. A feeling of revenge D. A feeling of calm

Question 3b of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059084 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President George W. Bush's Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People:

Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution. Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done.

What feeling is Bush most likely trying to evoke in the audience? A. A feeling of sympathy B. A feeling of patriotism C. A feeling of determination courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 2/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

D. A feeling of contentment

Question 3c of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059085 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from a speech given by President Harry S. Truman shortly before sending troops to Korea:

The Communists in the Kremlin are engaged in a monstrous conspiracy to stamp out freedom all over the world. If they were to succeed, the United States would be numbered among their principal victims.

What feeling is Truman most likely trying to evoke in the audience? A. A threatened feeling B. A patriotic feeling C. An enthusiastic feeling D. A stubborn feeling

Question 4a of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059087 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from a speech given by President Harry S. Truman shortly before sending troops to Korea:

What type of audience appeal is most clearly used in the excerpt? A. Pathos B. Ethos C. Logos D. Kairos

Question 4b of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059088 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President George W. Bush's Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People:

On September 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars, but for the past 136 years they have been on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941.

What type of audience appeal is most clearly used in the excerpt? A. Ethos B. Logos C. Pathos D. Kairos courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 3/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 4c of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059089 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President John F. Kennedy's address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort:

We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills . . .

What type of audience appeal is most clearly used in the excerpt? A. Telos B. Pathos C. Ethos D. Logos

Question 5a of 10 ( 2 Understand Audience Appeal 1059091 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is a common characteristic of a successful speech's structure? A. Repetition of key ideas or phrases B. Establishing speaker credibility C. Use of questions D. Use of figurative language

Question 5b of 10 ( 2 Understand Audience Appeal 1059092 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is a common characteristic of a successful speech's structure? A. Telling a personal story B. A resemblance to music C. Use of questions D. An open-ended conclusion

Question 5c of 10 ( 2 Understand Audience Appeal 1059093 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is a common characteristic of a successful speech's structure? A. Photographs that create connecting ideas B. Factual information that reinforces ideas C. Emotional appeals that stir up feelings D. Repetition that resembles the chorus of a song courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 4/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 6a of 10 ( 1 Understand Audience Appeal 1059095 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which type of audience appeal asks the listener to make a character judgment about the speaker? A. Justos B. Ethos C. Pathos D. Logos

Question 6b of 10 ( 1 Understand Audience Appeal 1059096 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which type of audience appeal calls for a speaker to use facts, statistics, and common sense? A. Logos B. Justos C. Ethos D. Pathos

Question 6c of 10 ( 1 Understand Audience Appeal 1059097 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which type of audience appeal evokes feelings within the audience? A. Ethos B. Justos C. Pathos D. Logos

Question 7a of 10 ( 4 Understand Audience Appeal 1059099 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President Harry S. Truman's Korean War speech:

The best time to meet the threat is in the beginning. It is easier to put out a fire in the beginning when it is small than after it has become a roaring blaze. And the best way to meet the threat of aggression is for the peace-loving nations to act together. If they don't act together, they are likely to be picked off, one by one.

Which sentence best summarizes Truman's persuasive strategy in this part of the speech? A. Truman compares the situation to a fire, creating a logical explanation for war. B. Truman triggers fear in the audience by suggesting freedom could be lost. C. Truman repeats important words to create an ominous rhythm. D. Truman uses strong language to discredit his political opponents. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 5/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 7b of 10 ( 4 Understand Audience Appeal 1059100 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President Harry S. Truman's Korean War speech:

[M]eet the attack in Korea and defeat it there. That is what we have been doing. It is a difficult and bitter task. But so far it has been successful. So far, we have prevented World War III. So far, by fighting a limited war in Korea, we have prevented aggression from succeeding, and bringing on a general war.

Which sentence best summarizes Truman's persuasive strategy in this part of the speech? A. Truman stirs up anger in this audience by describing the enemy. B. Truman logically explains his reasoning for going to war. C. Truman earns credibility by explaining Korea's difficult situation. D. Truman passionately invites fellow Americans to continue the fight for freedom.

Question 7c of 10 ( 4 Understand Audience Appeal 1059101 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from President George W. Bush's 9/11 speech:

This is a day when all Americans from every walk of life unite in our resolve for justice and peace.

America has stood down enemies before, and we will do so this time. None of us will ever forget this day. Yet we go forward to defend freedom and all that is good and just in our world.

Which sentence best summarizes Bush's persuasive strategy in this part of the speech? A. Bush stirs up emotions of brotherhood and freedom to inspire Americans. B. Bush rationalizes the need for war with warnings for the enemy. C. Bush evokes fear of the enemy in his American audience. D. Bush creates credibility for the military by detailing battles won.

Question 8a of 10 ( 2 Understand Audience Appeal 1059103 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What challenge do presidents in particular face when persuading an audience? A. They must appeal to several different groups. B. They must repeat important points effectively. C. They need to use figurative language. D. They must use a formal and intelligent tone.

Question 8b of 10 ( 2 Understand Audience Appeal 1059104 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What challenge do presidents in particular face when persuading an audience? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 6/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. They must exaggerate the truth. B. They must speak briefly. C. They must focus on facts and statistics when there are none. D. They must avoid overstepping their authority.

Question 8c of 10 ( 2 Understand Audience Appeal 1059105 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What challenge do presidents in particular face when persuading an audience? A. They must remain unemotional. B. They must repeat important points effectively. C. They must use more than one persuasive approach. D. They must embellish political issues.

Question 9a of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059107 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from a speech by President Harry S. Truman:

If they were to succeed, the United States would be numbered among their principal victims. It must be clear to everyone that the United States cannot — and will not — sit idly by and await foreign conquest. The only question is: What is the best time to meet the threat and how is the best way to meet it?

Which phrase is most clearly meant to evoke fear in the listener? A. sit idly by B. only question is C. meet the threat D. foreign conquest

Question 9b of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059108 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from a speech by President George W. Bush:

Americans have known surprise attacks — but never before on thousands of civilians. All of this

was brought upon a single day — and night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack.

Which phrase is most clearly meant to evoke fear in the listener? A. Surprise attacks B. Thousands of civilians C. Freedom itself is under attack D. Night fell on a different world

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 7/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 9c of 10 ( 3 Understand Audience Appeal 1059109 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from a speech by President Harry S. Truman:

The Communists in the Kremlin are engaged in a monstrous conspiracy to stamp out freedom all

over the world. If they were to succeed, the United States would be numbered among their principal victims.

Which phrase is most clearly meant to evoke fear in the listener? A. Sit idly by B. Stamp out freedom C. All over the world D. Engaged in

Question 10a of 10 ( 4 Understand Audience Appeal 1059111 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What historical reality did both Harry S. Truman and George W. Bush face when they gave speeches to the American public? A. Going to war B. Explaining terrorist attacks C. Losing a large number of troops D. Requesting the rationing of food

Question 10b of 10 ( 4 Understand Audience Appeal 1059112 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What historical reality did both Harry S. Truman and George W. Bush face when they gave speeches to the American public? A. Requesting that people enlist in the military service B. Sending troops to another country C. Explaining America's vulnerability to surprise attacks D. Warning citizens about the threat of terrorism

Question 10c of 10 ( 4 Understand Audience Appeal 1059113 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What historical reality did both Harry S. Truman and George W. Bush face when they gave speeches to the American public? A. Explaining the loss of a large number of troops B. Persuading an audience to support a war C. Explaining America's vulnerability to surprise attacks D. Persuading an audience to view terrorist acts as acts of war courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 8/9 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629796 9/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm

7.3.6 Read: Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt Reading Materials English 12 Honors (2018) (S5677325) Name: ______Date: ______

Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation By Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives:

Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. [1]

The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific.

Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack. [2]

It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.

The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. [3]

Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.

Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.

Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.

Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.

Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.

And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island. [4]

Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. [5]

As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. But always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.

No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 1/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm righteous might will win through to absolute victory. [6]

I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.

Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.

With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph — so help us God.

I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire. [7] Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan By Franklin Delano Roosevelt

My fellow Americans:

The sudden criminal attacks perpetrated by the Japanese in the Pacific provide the climax of a decade of international immorality. [1]

Powerful and resourceful gangsters have banded together to make war upon the whole human race. [2] Their challenge has now been flung at the United States of America. The Japanese have treacherously violated the longstanding peace between us. Many American soldiers and sailors have been killed by enemy action. American ships have been sunk; American airplanes have been destroyed.

The Congress and the people of the United States have accepted that challenge.

Together with other free peoples, we are now fighting to maintain our right to live among our world neighbors in freedom, in common decency, without fear of assault.

I have prepared the full record of our past relations with Japan, and it will be submitted to the Congress. It begins with the visit of Commodore Parry to Japan eighty-eight years ago. It ends with the visit of two Japanese emissaries to the Secretary of State last Sunday, an hour after Japanese forces had loosed their bombs and machine guns against our flag, our forces and our citizens.

I can say with utmost confidence that no Americans today or a thousand years hence, need feel anything but pride in our patience and in our efforts through all the years toward achieving a peace in the Pacific which would be fair and honorable to every nation, large or small. And no honest person, today or a thousand years hence, will be able to suppress a sense of indignation and horror at the treachery committed by the military dictators of Japan, under the very shadow of the flag of peace borne by their special envoys in our midst.

The course that Japan has followed for the past ten years in Asia has paralleled the course of Hitler and Mussolini in Europe and in Africa. Today, it has become far more than a parallel. It is actual collaboration so well calculated that all the continents of the world, and all the oceans, are now considered by the Axis strategists as one gigantic battlefield.

In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo — without warning. acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 2/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm

In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia — without warning.

In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria — without warning.

In 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia — without warning.

Later in '39, Hitler invaded Poland — without warning.

In 1940, Hitler invaded Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg — without warning.

In 1940, Italy attacked France and later Greece — without warning.

And this year, in 1941, the Axis Powers attacked Yugoslavia and Greece and they dominated the Balkans — without warning.

In 1941, also, Hitler invaded Russia — without warning.

And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand — and the United States — without warning. [3]

It is all of one pattern.

We are now in this war. We are all in it — all the way. Every single man, woman and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history. We must share together the bad news and the good news, the defeats and the victories — the changing fortunes of war. [4]

So far, the news has been all bad. We have suffered a serious setback in Hawaii. Our forces in the Philippines, which include the brave people of that Commonwealth, are taking punishment, but are defending themselves vigorously. The reports from Guam and Wake and Midway Islands are still confused, but we must be prepared for the announcement that all these three outposts have been seized. [5]

The casualty lists of these first few days will undoubtedly be large. I deeply feel the anxiety of all of the families of the men in our armed forces and the relatives of people in cities which have been bombed. I can only give them my solemn promise that they will get news just as quickly as possible.

This Government will put its trust in the stamina of the American people, and will give the facts to the public just as soon as two conditions have been fulfilled: first, that the information has been definitely and officially confirmed; and, second, that the release of the information at the time it is received will not prove valuable to the enemy directly or indirectly. [6]

Most earnestly I urge my countrymen to reject all rumors. These ugly little hints of complete disaster fly thick and fast in wartime. They have to be examined and appraised.

As an example, I can tell you frankly that until further surveys are made, I have not sufficient information to state the exact damage which has been done to our naval vessels at Pearl Harbor. Admittedly the damage is serious. But no one can say how serious, until we know how much of this damage can be repaired and how quickly the necessary repairs can be made.

I cite as another example a statement made on Sunday night that a Japanese carrier had been located and sunk acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 3/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm off the Canal Zone. And when you hear statements that are attributed to what they call "an authoritative source," you can be reasonably sure from now on that under these war circumstances the "authoritative source" is not any person in authority.

Many rumors and reports which we now hear originate, of course, with enemy sources. For instance, today the Japanese are claiming that as a result of their one action against Hawaii they have gained naval supremacy in the Pacific. This is an old trick of propaganda which has been used innumerable times by the Nazis. [7] The purposes of such fantastic claims are, of course, to spread fear and confusion among us, and to goad us into revealing military information which our enemies are desperately anxious to obtain.

Our Government will not be caught in this obvious trap — and neither will the people of the United States.

It must be remembered by each and every one of us that our free and rapid communication these days must be greatly restricted in wartime. It is not possible to receive full and speedy and accurate reports front distant areas of combat. This is particularly true where naval operations are concerned. For in these days of the marvels of the radio it is often impossible for the Commanders of various units to report their activities by radio at all, for the very simple reason that this information would become available to the enemy and would disclose their position and their plan of defense or attack.

Of necessity there will be delays in officially confirming or denying reports of operations, but we will not hide facts from the country if we know the facts and if the enemy will not be aided by their disclosure.

To all newspapers and radio stations — all those who reach the eyes and ears of the American people — I say this: You have a most grave responsibility to the nation now and for the duration of this war.

If you feel that your Government is not disclosing enough of the truth, you have every right to say so. But in the absence of all the facts, as revealed by official sources, you have no right in the ethics of patriotism to deal out unconfirmed reports in such a way as to make people believe that they are gospel truth.

Every citizen, in every walk of life, shares this same responsibility. The lives of our soldiers and sailors — the whole future of this nation — depend upon the manner in which each and every one of us fulfills his obligation to our country.

Now a word about the recent past and the future. A year and a half has elapsed since the fall of France, when the whole world first realized the mechanized might which the Axis nations had been building up for so many years. America has used that year and a half to great advantage. Knowing that the attack might reach us in all too short a time, we immediately began greatly to increase our industrial strength and our capacity to meet the demands of modern warfare.

Precious months were gained by sending vast quantities of our war material to the nations of the world still able to resist Axis aggression. Our policy rested on the fundamental truth that the defense of any country resisting Hitler or Japan was in the long run the defense of our own country. That policy has been justified. It has given us time, invaluable time, to build our American assembly lines of production.

Assembly lines are now in operation. Others are being rushed to completion. A steady stream of tanks and planes, of guns and ships and shells and equipment — that is what these eighteen months have given us.

But it is all only a beginning of what still has to be done. We must be set to face a long war against crafty and powerful bandits. The attack at Pearl Harbor can be repeated at any one of many points, points in both oceans acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 4/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm and along both our coast lines and against all the rest of the Hemisphere.

It will not only be a long war, it will be a hard war. That is the basis on which we now lay all our plans. That is the yardstick by which we measure what we shall need and demand; money, materials, doubled and quadrupled production — ever-increasing. The production must be not only for our own Army and Navy and air forces. It must reinforce the other armies and navies and air forces fighting the Nazis and the war lords of Japan throughout the Americas and throughout the world.

I have been working today on the subject of production. Your Government has decided on two broad policies.

The first is to speed up all existing production by working on a seven day week basis in every war industry, including the production of essential raw materials.

The second policy, now being put into form, is to rush additions to the capacity of production by building more new plants, by adding to old plants, and by using the many smaller plants for war needs.

Over the hard road of the past months, we have at times met obstacles and difficulties, divisions and disputes, indifference and callousness. That is now all past — and, I am sure, forgotten. [8]

The fact is that the country now has an organization in Washington built around men and women who are recognized experts in their own fields. I think the country knows that the people who are actually responsible in each and every one of these many fields are pulling together with a teamwork that has never before been excelled.

On the road ahead there lies hard work — grueling work — day and night, every hour and every minute.

I was about to add that ahead there lies sacrifice for all of us.

But it is not correct to use that word. The United States does not consider it a sacrifice to do all one can, to give one's best to our nation, when the nation is fighting for its existence and its future life.

It is not a sacrifice for any man, old or young, to be in the Army or the Navy of the United States. Rather it is a privilege.

It is not a sacrifice for the industrialist or the wage earner, the farmer or the shopkeeper, the trainmen or the doctor, to pay more taxes, to buy more bonds, to forego extra profits, to work longer or harder at the task for which he is best fitted. Rather it is a privilege. [9]

It is not a sacrifice to do without many things to which we are accustomed if the national defense calls for doing without it.

A review this morning leads me to the conclusion that at present we shall not have to curtail the normal use of articles of food. There is enough food today for all of us and enough left over to send to those who are fighting on the same side with us.

But there will be a clear and definite shortage of metals for many kinds of civilian use, for the very good reason that in our increased program we shall need for war purposes more than half of that portion of the principal metals which during the past year have gone into articles for civilian use. Yes, we shall have to give up many things entirely. acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 5/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm

And I am sure that the people in every part of the nation are prepared in their individual living to win this war. I am sure that they will cheerfully help to pay a large part of its financial cost while it goes on. I am sure they will cheerfully give up those material things that they are asked to give up. [10]

And I am sure that they will retain all those great spiritual things without which we cannot win through.

I repeat that the United States can accept no result save victory, final and complete. Not only must the shame of Japanese treachery be wiped out, but the sources of international brutality, wherever they exist, must be absolutely and finally broken.

In my Message to the Congress yesterday I said that we "will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again." In order to achieve that certainty, we must begin the great task that is before us by abandoning once and for all the illusion that we can ever again isolate ourselves from the rest of humanity.

In these past few years — and, most violently, in the past three days — we have learned a terrible lesson.

It is our obligation to our dead — it is our sacred obligation to their children and to our children — that we must never forget what we have learned.

And what we have learned is this:

There is no such thing as security for any nation — or any individual — in a world ruled by the principles of gangsterism. [11]

There is no such thing as impregnable defense against powerful aggressors who sneak up in the dark and strike without warning.

We have learned that our ocean-girt hemisphere is not immune from severe attack — that we cannot measure our safety in terms of miles on any map any more.

We may acknowledge that our enemies have performed a brilliant feat of deception, perfectly timed and executed with great skill. It was a thoroughly dishonorable deed, but we must face the fact that modern warfare as conducted in the Nazi manner is a dirty business. We don't like it — we didn't want to get in it — but we are in it and we're going to fight it with everything we've got.

I do not think any American has any doubt of our ability to administer proper punishment to the perpetrators of these crimes.

Your Government knows that for weeks Germany has been telling Japan that if Japan did not attack the United States, Japan would not share in dividing the spoils with Germany when peace came. She was promised by Germany that if she came in she would receive the complete and perpetual control of the whole of the Pacific area — and that means not only the Ear East, but also all of the Islands in the Pacific, and also a stranglehold on the west coast of North, Central and South America.

We know also that Germany and Japan are conducting their military and naval operations in accordance with a joint plan. That plan considers all peoples and nations which are not helping the Axis powers as common enemies of each and every one of the Axis powers. acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 6/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm That is their simple and obvious grand strategy. And that is why the American people must realize that it can be matched only with similar grand strategy. We must realize for example that Japanese successes against the United States in the Pacific are helpful to German operations in Libya; that any German success against the Caucasus is inevitably an assistance to Japan in her operations against the Dutch East Indies; that a German attack against Algiers or Morocco opens the way to a German attack against South America and the Canal.

On the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the Germans in, let us say Serbia or Norway, helps us; that a successful Russian offensive against the Germans helps us; and that British successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

Remember always that Germany and Italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the United States at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with Britain or Russia. And Germany puts all the other Republics of the Americas into the same category of enemies. The people of our sister Republics of this Hemisphere can be honored by that fact.

The true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. When we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. We Americans are not destroyers — we are builders. [12]

We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this nation, and all that this nation represents, will be safe for our children. We expect to eliminate the danger from Japan, but it would serve us ill if we accomplished that and found that the rest of the world was dominated by Hitler and Mussolini.

So we are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows.

And in the difficult hours of this day — through dark days that may be yet to come — we will know that the vast majority of the members of the human race are on our side. Many of them are fighting with us. All of them are praying for us. But, in representing our cause, we represent theirs as well — our hope and their hope for liberty under God. [13] Sources Franklin Delano Roosevelt, "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation" (speech), December 8, 1941, accessed 3/12/14, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrpearlharbor.htm.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, "Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan" (speech), December 9, 1941, accessed 3/12/14, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3325.

Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation

1. Roosevelt carefully chooses his words in order to achieve a specific response from his audience. What type of a response is he trying to get from U.S. citizens?

2. What does Roosevelt want U.S. citizens to know? In other words, what is he hinting at?

3. How would you describe Roosevelt's language in this section? What effect does his tone have? acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 7/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 4. Why do you think Roosevelt chose to reveal the other ambushed countries in this manner instead of saying: "Japanese forces also attacked Malaya, Hong Kong, Guam, (etc.)"?

5. What is he trying to accomplish by using this phrasing in his speech?

6. What emotions does Roosevelt evoke with this one sentence? Do you feel this sentence is powerful? Why or why not?

7. How does his conclusion mirror his introduction? What does he re-emphasize, and why?

Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan

1. Is this a strong introduction to his speech? Why or why not?

2. What message is Roosevelt sending to the American people by phrasing this sentence this way?

3. What's the effect of this list of statements?

4. What might Roosevelt be preparing the American people for?

5. Why do you think Roosevelt wants to prepare people for the worst possible news? How might he want others to regard him?

6. If you were listening to this part of Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, would you feel confident and satisfied with the government's handling of the situation? Why or why not?

7. Why might Roosevelt want to mention this to his audience?

8. What is Roosevelt trying to do here with this one sentence?

9. Would his speech thus far make you feel as if joining the armed services or giving up money and small luxuries was a privilege? Would you be willing to do it? Why or why not?

10. When he mentions the need for American citizens to sacrifice material and monetary things for the war in this manner, how does Roosevelt want his audience to feel?

11. Using this sentence as a reference, what is "gangsterism"? Why would Roosevelt feel there would be no security for anyone if the world were "ruled by the principles of gangsterism"?

12. Roosevelt states who our allies are, and who Japan's allies are. And then he makes this statement. Read it carefully. What line is he drawing? What is he trying to tell the American people in order to gain their approval?

13. In his conclusion, he makes very strong statements that can't be proven or refuted. What are they, and what response are they likely to illicit from his audience?

acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm 8/9 4/9/2020 acecontent.apexlearning.com/online/eng_IV_cc_sem_2_2014/Unit_2/Lesson_3/Activity_69394/printables/Reading_Materials1011792.htm

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Quiz: Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question 1a of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059138 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What response is Roosevelt most likely trying to elicit from the American people in his "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation"? A. He is trying to shock Americans with news of the attack by Japan. B. He is trying to prove his credibility as Commander in Chief for the war. C. He is trying to inform Americans of the Allies's successes in the war effort. D. He is trying to explain to Americans how to properly prepare for an attack on U.S. soil.

Question 1b of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059139 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What response is Roosevelt most likely trying to elicit from the American people in his "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation"? A. He is trying to explain the military strategies the United States will take to defeat Japan. B. He is trying to prove his credibility as Commander in Chief for the war. C. He is trying to create a feeling of horror over the events of the attack by Japan. D. He is trying to soothe the grief of those who lost a loved one in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Question 1c of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059140 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What response is Roosevelt most likely trying to elicit from the American people in his "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation"? A. He is trying to give logical explanations for the heartaches that must be endured during war. B. He is trying to gain credibility for the Allied powers. C. He is trying to evoke a feeling of anger toward Japan over the attack. D. He is trying to explain how Japan has participated in atrocious, inhuman acts against its own citizens.

Question 2a of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059142 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which word pair best describes Roosevelt's explanation for how the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor? A. Surprising and mediocre B. Spontaneous and unsubstantial C. Expected and aggressive D. Premeditated and deceitful courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 1/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 2b of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059143 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase best summarizes Roosevelt's description of the outcome of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? A. Negligible, allowing quick recovery B. Ineffective, yet intimidating C. Devastating, with substantial damage D. Brutal, but provoked

Question 2c of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059144 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which phrase best describes Roosevelt's explanation of the German-Japanese war plan? A. Equal partnership to spread communism B. Trustworthy teammates with mutual dependency C. World domination earned through brutality D. World peace gained through diplomacy

Question 3a of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059146 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation," what elements of his speech does Roosevelt repeat to make his point? A. The date of the attack on Pearl Harbor B. The failed communication attempts with Japan C. The list of countries that make up the Allied powers D. The names of the naval ships that Japan sank

Question 3b of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059147 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation," what elements of his speech does Roosevelt repeat to make his point? A. A synopsis of the Allied successes in the war B. The names of the countries that the Axis powers have attacked C. A list of the losses experienced at Pearl Harbor D. The names of the countries that make up the Allied powers

Question 3c of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059148 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 2/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation," what elements of his speech does Roosevelt repeat to make his point? A. The timeline of the Axis's brutal attacks B. The number of civilians killed in Axis attacks C. The threats against the United States given by Hirohito D. The names of the pilots killed in the Pearl Harbor attack

Question 4a of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059150 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to "Fireside Chat #19," what has America done to prepare for war while all of Europe was already in the war? A. Local governments have implemented military training classes for teenage boys. B. The U.S. government has stockpiled nonperishable food in case of shortages during a war. C. The U.S. government has increased industrial production in preparation for modern warfare. D. Local governments have built bomb shelters in almost every town.

Question 4b of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059151 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to "Fireside Chat #19," what has America done to prepare for war while all of Europe was already in the war? A. Women have been trained to take over male-dominated jobs to keep industry moving. B. Large amounts of equipment have been sent to the Allied powers. C. Secret research has led to the creation of atomic bombs. D. Children have been taught necessary precautions should a wartime invasion occur.

Question 4c of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059152 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to "Fireside Chat #19," what has America done to prepare for war while all of Europe was already in the war? A. Ammunition and war machines have been produced in large quantities. B. Financial precautions have been taken in order to fund a war. C. Nonperishable food items have been stockpiled in various locations to prevent shortages. D. Improved bombs and artillery have been developed and produced.

Question 5a of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059154 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 3/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning According to Roosevelt in "Fireside Chat #19," what condition must be met before war information is released to the American people? A. Information must be officially confirmed by a government office. B. Information can only be distributed in the form of newsprint. C. Information will be given out only on government-run radio stations. D. Information must be sent by government offices to local towns to be read at town meetings.

Question 5b of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059155 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt in "Fireside Chat #19," what condition must be met before war information is released to the American people? A. War information to be released publicly must first be deemed useless to the enemy. B. Released information can only be distributed in the form of radio broadcasts. C. Released information must encompass the entire Allied war effort. D. Released information must focus on military gains, not losses.

Question 5c of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059156 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," what does Roosevelt ask the American people to do in response to news of the war effort? A. To share news with their neighbors who do not have radio access B. To accept the news broadcasts by national radio programs as authentic C. To visit their local post office for authorized updates on the war effort D. To reject rumors and unauthorized government information

Question 6a of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059158 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt in his "Fireside Chat #19," what were the effects of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor? A. Large numbers of sailors and soldiers were killed. B. Destroyed Japanese aircraft littered the waters of the Pacific Islands. C. Ammunition factories were destroyed by bombs. D. American naval ships were badly damaged but still afloat.

Question 6b of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059159 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt in his "Fireside Chat #19," what were the effects of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor? A. American military troops, not civilians, were affected. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 4/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. Many American naval ships were destroyed and sunk. C. A minimal number of military personnel was killed in the attack. D. American military hospitals in Hawaii were completely destroyed.

Question 6c of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059160 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt in his "Fireside Chat #19," what were the effects of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor? A. Many American warplanes were destroyed. B. Few Japanese aircrafts and ships were damaged during the counterattack. C. American military hospitals in Hawaii were completely destroyed. D. Japanese pilots were shot down and could be hiding on the islands.

Question 7a of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059162 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What information does Roosevelt submit to Congress in "Fireside Chat #19" to help prove the attack was calculated and unprovoked? A. He refers to American radio stations that broadcast rumors sent by the Axis powers. B. He reads intercepted war correspondence between Japanese military generals approving the planned attack on U.S. soil. C. He uses words like "bandits" and "gangsters" to describe the enemy. D. He presents Congress with a complete record of foreign relations with Japan over the past 100 years.

Question 7b of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059163 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What information does Roosevelt submit to the American people in "Fireside Chat #19" to help prove the Axis's intent for war? A. He recounts the unprovoked attacks on other countries executed by the Axis powers. B. He reads intercepted war correspondence between Japanese military generals approving the planned attack on U.S. soil. C. He refers to American radio stations that broadcast rumors sent by the Axis powers. D. He gives examples of radio propaganda used in Germany, which speaks against the American way of life.

Question 7c of 10 ( 4 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059164 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What information does Roosevelt submit to the American people in "Fireside Chat #19" that proves the Axis powers are deceitful enemies? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 5/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. He repeats the words "without warning" each time he lists an attack by Axis powers. B. He mentions that Japan sent word to America after the attack about their plans. C. He compares the false Japanese military inspection numbers with numbers gained by U.S. military intelligence. D. He refers to the Axis powers as "gangsters" and "bandits."

Question 8a of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059166 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat #19," why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? A. Because Germany promised to send money to Japan to support the war effort if it attacked the United States B. Because Japan was angry with the United States for sending supplies to the Allied powers C. Because the United States won an earlier standoff between Japanese and American naval ships in the Pacific Islands D. Because Hitler threatened to withhold territory from Japan that was gained through the Axis war effort

Question 8b of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059167 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat #19," what did Hitler promise Japan if the Axis won the war? A. Germany would divide all gained territory with Japan when peace came. B. Japan would gain complete control of the Pacific area. C. Germany would give their prisoners of war over to Japan for enslavement. D. Japan would earn the spoils of American industries.

Question 8c of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059168 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

According to Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat #19," what did Hitler promise Japan if the Axis won the war? A. Japan would gain the financial help of Germany to recover from any destruction of Japanese land caused by the war effort. B. American factories could be controlled and run by Japanese businessmen, strengthening Japan's economy. C. Germany would give control of the Pacific Islands and parts of North, Central, and South America to Japan after the war. D. Hitler and Hirohito would be equal partners in ruling the world when peace came.

Question 9a of 10 ( 1 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059170 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," which other country does Roosevelt say must also be defeated in order for the courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 6/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning American way of life to be safe? A. Russia B. Norway C. China D. Germany

Question 9b of 10 ( 1 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059171 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," which other country does Roosevelt say must also be defeated in order for the American way of life to be safe? A. Libya B. Italy C. China D. Russia

Question 9c of 10 ( 1 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059172 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," which countries does Roosevelt say must be defeated in order for the American way of life to be safe? A. Germany, China, and Japan B. Japan, Italy, and Germany C. Japan, Germany, and Russia D. Russia, Japan, and Italy

Question 10a of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059174 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," what does Roosevelt say will be limited due to the war effort? A. Jobs B. Metals C. Gasoline D. Food

Question 10b of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059175 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," what does President Roosevelt ask the American people to do? A. Stay inside their homes. B. Ration their food purchases. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 7/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. Limit their gasoline usage. D. Purchase war bonds.

Question 10c of 10 ( 2 Two Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1059176 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In "Fireside Chat #19," what does President Roosevelt ask the American people to do? A. Work harder and longer at tasks that aid the war effort. B. Make a family survival plan in case of attack on their towns. C. Feed off the anger of war and fight back against the enemy. D. Give up their jobs and move into jobs in the war industry.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629798 8/8 When you need to persuade someone to do something for you, how do you go about asking for support?

When the Japanese attacked the American military base at Pearl Harbor in 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his speech to a shocked and horrified nation. They'd been watching the war develop in Europe, but had remained isolated from the fighting. Suddenly, the war was in their backyard.

Roosevelt had to convince them to support going to war, despite the fact that it would cost them money and lives. To do this, he had to consider his audience: the entire population of the United States. His audience was made of mothers, sons, fathers, daughters, wealthy people and poor, Democrats and Republicans.

In this study, we'll look at how FDR used rhetorical language techniques and audience appeals to try and unite millions of Americans in support of the war.

Roosevelt gave two speeches in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor — one to Congress, and one to the American people. Each speech had a different purpose. His first speech was to Congress, and in this speech, he had to persuade the elected officials of the House of Representatives and the Senate to declare war on Japan.

His second speech was to the American public, and in it he had to gain support — not just approval, but support — for the war effort.

Good speakers know how to choose language for impact. In some cases, copies of original drafts exist, where we can see how the speaker changes words and structures to make the speech as powerful as it can be. Click the image to the right. Then, roll your mouse over the text of the first draft of FDR's 1941 speech to Congress to examine his changes to the text.

The passage reads: Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

The United States was at the moment at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack.

It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.

Highlighted text: Infamy Explanatory text: Here, the words "world history" are crossed out and changed to "infamy." The words world history evoke the idea of textbook — neither positive nor negative — while infamy is evocative of evil and criminal things.

Highlighted text: Suddenly

Explanatory text: Here, the word "simultaneously" is crossed out and changed to "suddenly." The word simultaneously just means "at the same time as," while suddenly means "out of the blue" — more of a surprise situation.

Highlighted text: At the solicitation of Japan

Explanatory text: Here, FDR adds the words "at the solicitation of Japan" after the words "The United States was at the moment at peace with that nation." FDR adds this line to remind people that Japan had pretended to be seeking peaceful solutions — a reminder of how deceptive they really were.

Highlighted text: or even weeks

Explanatory text: Here, FDR adds the words "or even weeks" between "days" and "ago." FDR adds these words to point out that the Japanese had been planning this treachery for a long time, all the while pretending to want peace.

No one could argue that the United States was in danger from the Japanese, but in his speeches, FDR had to remind people of how grave the danger really was. In the activity below, analyze the language of the introductions to both speeches.

As you read, look for language that's explicit , or direct and clear, or implicit , which is more suggestive.

The passage reads:

Speech to Congress:

Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

Fireside Chat:

The sudden criminal attacks perpetrated by the Japanese in the Pacific provide the climax of a decade of international immorality.

Powerful and resourceful gangsters have banded together to make war upon the whole human race. Their challenge has now been flung at the United States of America. The Japanese have treacherously violated the longstanding peace between us. Many American soldiers and sailors have been killed by enemy action. American ships have been sunk; American airplanes have been destroyed. Question 1: How are the Japanese characterized in the first speech? Is the characterization more explicit or implicit?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific."

Feedback: The Japanese are characterized as deceptive and sneaky — they were still pretending to talk to the United States about peace while they deliberately attacked us. The language is more implicit than explicit — FDR says that the United States was suddenly attacked by a nation with which it was at peace (Japan), but that implies that Japan is devious.

Question 2: How are the Japanese characterized in the second speech? Is the characterization more explicit or implicit?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "The sudden criminal attacks perpetrated by the Japanese in the Pacific provide the climax of a decade of international immorality.

Powerful and resourceful gangsters have banded together to make war upon the whole human race."

Feedback: The Japanese are characterized as powerful criminals, without morals, trying to attack all of humanity. The characterization is more explicit than implicit: He just comes out and calls them criminals and gangsters.

Question 3: Of the two introductions, which uses stronger language in describing the monstrosity of the Japanese?

Hint: Highlighting appears on "treacherously violated," "killed," "sunk," and "destroyed."

Feedback: The fireside chat introduction uses much stronger language. Both use the word "suddenly" to show the nature of the attack, but the chat uses language like "criminals," "gangsters," "treacherously violated," and "killed," "sunk," and "destroyed" to describe the results of the attack.

If you've been attacked, it's not enough just to fear the enemy. You have to feel like you're strong enough to survive and to fight back. FDR had to convince all Americans that they could win the war against the country he'd just described as criminal, treacherous, deceptive, and without morals. Roll your mouse over the excerpts from the Fireside Chat to look at how he bolsters American confidence, and then answer the question below.

The passage reads: Every citizen, in every walk of life, shares this same responsibility. The lives of our soldiers and sailors — the whole future of this nation — depend upon the manner in which each and every one of us fulfills his obligation to our country.

On the road ahead there lies hard work — grueling work — day and night, every hour and every minute.

I was about to add that ahead there lies sacrifice for all of us.

Highlighted text: Every citizen, in every walk of life, shares this same responsibility. The lives of our soldiers and sailors — the whole future of this nation — depend upon the manner in which each and every one of us fulfills his obligation to our country.

Explanatory text: Here FDR makes the population feel like part of a great team, part of a great organism working together toward the same noble goal.

Highlighted text: Now a word about the recent past and the future. A year and a half has elapsed since the fall of France, when the whole world first realized the mechanized might which the Axis nations had been building up for so many years. America has used that year and a half to great advantage. Knowing that the attack might reach us in all too short a time, we immediately began greatly to increase our industrial strength and our capacity to meet the demands of modern warfare . . .

On the road ahead there lies hard work — grueling work — day and night, every hour and every minute.

Explanatory text: Here FDR begins to list the achievements that have been made in the military over the past year and a half to make the country stronger and prepared for the war that has come.

Highlighted text: I was about to add that ahead there lies sacrifice for all of us.

Explanatory text: Here FDR shows faith in the patriotism and strength of the American people to fight to save their country.

Now that we've looked at how FDR used language to inform and remind his listeners of the dangers they faced, and to inspire them and bolster their confidence, let's look at how he used audience appeals. Remember that any argument, whether spoken or written, has to use logos , pathos , and ethos.

Remember, Roosevelt was speaking to all Americans: Republicans, Democrats, mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, wealthy, poor, educated, and uneducated. To appeal to as many of these different people as possible, he had to use the right combination of all three types of audience appeals. Too much or not enough of logos , pathos , and ethos , and he might not gain the support he needed.

In addition to language and audience appeals, FDR made strategic use of structure in his speeches. Most notably, he used repetition and parallel structure, and he did so in a similar way in both speeches.

One final thing to look at is how FDR chose to end each of the two speeches we've been studying in this lesson. As you know, the conclusion of an essay or speech needs to leave the readers or listeners with something to think about, and remind them of the key points.

Read the conclusions of the two speeches that FDR made after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Roll your mouse over the highlighted text to learn more about how FDR structured each conclusion to have the desired effect on the two different audiences for these speeches. Then answer the question below.

The passage reads:

Speech to Congress:

Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.

With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph — so help us God.

I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.

Fireside Chat:

Highlighted text from Speech to Congress: Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.

Highlighted text from Fireside Chat: And in the difficult hours of this day — through dark days that may be yet to come

Explanatory text: Both conclusions begin with a reality check: The coming months or years will not be fun.

Highlighted text from Speech to Congress: With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph — so help us God.

Highlighted text from Fireside Chat: — we will know that the vast majority of the members of the human race are on our side. Explanatory text: FDR reminds Congress of the strength of the military and the American people. He reminds the American people that most of humanity is on their side.

Highlighted text from Speech to Congress: I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.

Explanatory text: FDR ends his speech to Congress with a simple call to action: Declare war against Japan.

Highlighted text from Fireside Chat: Many of them are fighting with us. All of them are praying for us. But, in representing our cause, we represent theirs as well — our hope and their hope for liberty under God.

Explanatory text: FDR ends his speech to the American people with almost a prayer for liberty for all humankind under God.

4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Quiz: Analyze Audience Appeal

Question 1a of 10 ( 1 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058991 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which term defines ideas that are presented in a clear and obvious manner? A. Rhetorical B. Implicit C. Ethical D. Explicit

Question 1b of 10 ( 1 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058992 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which term defines ideas that are not stated directly but are understood by the audience? A. Rhetorical B. Implicit C. Parallel D. Explicit

Question 1c of 10 ( 1 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058993 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which term applies to statements or phrases that are structured similarly? A. Rhetorical B. Ethical C. Implicit D. Parallel

Question 2a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058995 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was the context of the two speeches given by FDR that were studied in this lesson? A. Because the military suffered a great loss at Pearl Harbor, FDR needed to update American citizens on the country's military strength.

B. Because FDR had secretly helped the Allies, he had to explain his actions to America. C. Due to Hitler's advancement in Russia, Americans needed reassurance of their safety. D. Due to an attack by Japan, America needed to enter World War II and fight the Axis powers.

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Question 2b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058996 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Who was the audience for FDR's Fireside Chat after the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. The American military troops B. The U.S. Congress C. The United Nations Council D. The citizens of the United States

Question 2c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058997 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was the purpose of FDR's address to Congress after the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. To explain why FDR declared war on Japan B. To ask Congress to declare war on Japan C. To share the stories of those killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor D. To inform Congress of the current state of the military

Question 3a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1058999 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What did the audiences of the two speeches given by FDR after the attack on Pearl Harbor have in common? A. Both audiences wanted to fight Japan but not Germany. B. Both audiences were made up of U.S. citizens. C. Both audiences wanted to declare war on Japan. D. Both audiences were uninformed about America's ability to fight a war.

Question 3b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059000 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What did the audiences of the two speeches given by FDR after the attack on Pearl Harbor have in common? A. Both audiences were uninformed about America's ability to fight a war. B. Both audiences were ignorant of the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan. C. Both audiences were angry with FDR for wanting to go to war. D. Both audiences were concerned with protecting personal freedoms.

Question 3c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059001 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

How were the audiences of the two speeches given by FDR after the attack on Pearl Harbor different? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629801 2/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Congress was better informed about America's ability to fight a war, whereas U.S. citizens didn't know the country's military strength. B. Congress was reluctant to go to war, whereas U.S. citizens demanded it. C. Congress was not willing to finance the war, whereas U.S. citizens were prepared to make financial sacrifices for it. D. Congress wanted to fight all of the Axis powers, whereas U.S. citizens believed in retaliating against Japan alone.

Question 4a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059003 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is an example of a logos appeal in a wartime speech? A. Telling personal stories of soldiers B. Using patriotic background music C. Showing an audience charts and maps of military strength D. Relating the speaker's educational background

Question 4b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059004 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is an example of an ethos appeal in a wartime speech? A. Telling jokes to help relax the audience B. Using graphs to illustrate an important point in the speech C. Sharing a personal experience that moves the audience to tears D. Explaining the speaker's experiences as a military commander

Question 4c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059005 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which is an example of a pathos appeal in a wartime speech? A. Using graphs to illustrate territory gained in different battles B. Explaining war plans and citing credible military strategists C. Giving reasons a country should enter war D. Showing images of the destruction caused by an enemy attack

Question 5a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059007 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was the purpose of FDR's address to Congress after the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. To explain why Japan attacked the United States B. To persuade them to declare war courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629801 3/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. To inform them of the military's condition D. To share the story of Pearl Harbor's heroes

Question 5b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059008 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What was the purpose of FDR's radio address to the American people after the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. To gain support and approval for the war effort B. To inform citizens of Hitler's crimes against Jews C. To share personal stories of soldiers stationed at Pearl Harbor D. To give details on the U.S. military's ability to fight a war

Question 5c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059009 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What purpose did FDR have for giving the two speeches that were studied in this lesson? A. To share personal stories of war heroes B. To inspire soldiers to fight harder C. To explain why Japan attacked the United States D. To gain support for entering World War II

Question 6a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059011 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement from FDR's speeches uses parallel structure? A. It is not a sacrifice for any man, old or young, to be in the Army or the Navy of the United States. B. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. C. Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. D. Our Government will not be caught in this obvious trap — and neither will the people of the United States.

Question 6b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059012 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement from FDR's speeches uses parallel structure? A. American ships have been sunk; American airplanes have been destroyed. B. Admittedly the damage is serious. But no one can say how serious. C. I do not think any American has any doubt of our ability to administer proper punishment to the perpetrators of these crimes. D. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629801 4/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 6c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059013 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement from FDR's speeches uses parallel structure? A. I do not think any American has any doubt of our ability to administer proper punishment to the perpetrators of these crimes. B. We must share together the bad news and the good news, the defeats and the victories — the changing fortunes of war. C. [Y]ou can be reasonably sure from now on that under these war circumstances the "authoritative source" is not any person in authority. D. Admittedly the damage is serious. But no one can say how serious.

Question 7a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059015 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following passage from FDR's speech to Congress after the attack on Pearl Harbor:

Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary

of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.

Which idea from this passage is implicit? A. Japan and the United States were both trying to reach a peace agreement. B. Japan had warned the United States that an attack would occur if peace was not achieved. C. Japan had planned to attack for several weeks. D. Japan had been deceitful in its negotiations with the United States.

Question 7b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059016 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following passage from FDR's Fireside Chat after the attack on Pearl Harbor:

I said that we "will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again."

In order to achieve that certainty, we must begin the great task that is before us by abandoning once and for all the illusion that we can ever again isolate ourselves from the rest of humanity.

Which idea from this passage is implicit? A. No war will be fought again after this one ends in victory. B. America will fight anytime freedom is threatened in our country as well as in other countries. C. War is the only answer when freedoms have been threatened both at home and abroad. D. America must defend its democratic rights.

Question 7c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059017 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629801 5/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following passage from FDR's Fireside Chat after the attack on Pearl Harbor:

On the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerrilla warfare against the Germans in, let us say Serbia or Norway, helps us; that a successful Russian offensive against the Germans helps us; and that British successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

Which idea from this passage is implicit? A. Our troops must engage in guerilla warfare if we are to win this war. B. The actions of our allies, even when we don't directly control them, helps us. C. America owes Britain our loyalty and we must fight together. D. By joining with larger countries like Great Britain and Russia, we can aid the smaller countries.

Question 8a of 10 ( 2 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059019 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In his Fireside Chat after the attack on Pearl Harbor, how does FDR increase Americans' confidence in the ability of the United States to win the war against the Axis powers? A. He focuses on the strengths of each military branch. B. He lists the weaknesses of the enemy's military. C. He encourages radio stations to focus on patriotism and optimistic news broadcasts. D. He emphasizes how Americans are all on the same team.

Question 8b of 10 ( 2 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059020 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In his Fireside Chat after the attack on Pearl Harbor, how does FDR increase Americans' confidence in the ability of the United States to win the war against the Axis powers? A. He encourages radio stations to focus on patriotism and optimistic news broadcasts. B. He explains how the U.S. military has become stronger since World War II first began. C. He enumerates the heroic efforts of American citizens in past wars. D. He discusses how the German and Japanese military fight with treachery and deceit.

Question 8c of 10 ( 2 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059021 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In his Fireside Chat after the attack on Pearl Harbor, how does FDR increase Americans' confidence in the ability of the United States to win the war against the Axis powers? A. He enumerates the heroic efforts of American citizens in past wars. B. He discusses his military leaders' abilities and past victories. C. He shows his confidence in Americans citizens' ability to contribute to the war effort. D. He says that the United States can fight alone and win the war with its military strength.

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Question 9a of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059023 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which passage most clearly uses a pathos appeal? A. We know also that Germany and Japan are conducting their military and naval operations in accordance with a joint plan. B. And in the difficult hours of this day — through dark days that may be yet to come — we will know that the vast majority of the members of the human race are on our side. C. Remember always that Germany and Italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the United States at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with Britain or Russia. D. In order to achieve that certainty, we must begin the great task that is before us by abandoning once and for all the illusion that we can ever again isolate ourselves from the rest of humanity.

Question 9b of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059024 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which passage most clearly uses an ethos appeal? A. There is no such thing as security for any nation — or any individual — in a world ruled by the principles of gangsterism. B. Of necessity there will be delays in officially confirming or denying reports of operations, but we will not hide facts from the country if we know the facts and if the enemy will not be aided by their disclosure. C. But there will be a clear and definite shortage of metals for many kinds of civilian use. D. I repeat that the United States can accept no result save victory, final and complete. Not only must the shame of Japanese treachery be wiped out, but the sources of international brutality, wherever they exist, must be absolutely and finally broken.

Question 9c of 10 ( 3 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059025 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which passage most clearly uses a logos appeal? A. I deeply feel the anxiety of all of the families of the men in our armed forces and the relatives of people in cities which have been bombed. B. So we are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows. C. Knowing that the attack might reach us in all too short a time, we immediately began greatly to increase our industrial strength and our capacity to meet the demands of modern warfare. D. When we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. We Americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

Question 10a of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059027 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is one persuasive strategy that FDR uses in the conclusions of both speeches that he gave after the courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629801 7/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning attack on Pearl Harbor? A. He gives reasons why the U.S. military is the best in the world. B. He evokes fear in the hearts of Congress and American citizens about the enemy's strength. C. He asks the United States to declare war on Japan. D. He encourages the audience by reminding it of the strength and unity of the American people.

Question 10b of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059028 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is one persuasive strategy that FDR uses in the conclusions of both speeches that he gave after the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. He builds Congress's credibility by suggesting that political parties have been ignored. B. He evokes fear in the hearts of Congress and American citizens about the enemy's strength. C. He says a prayer in the hope of bringing calm to the hearts of listeners. D. He is honest with Congress and America about the difficulty of the war ahead.

Question 10c of 10 ( 4 Analyze Audience Appeal 1059029 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is one persuasive strategy that FDR uses in the conclusions of both speeches that he gave after the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. He gives reasons why the U.S. military is the best in the world. B. He focuses on the unity and strength of the American people and peoples of other nations who believe in freedom. C. He ends with a series of questions meant to make Americans think about their role in the war. D. He says a prayer in the hope of bringing calm to the hearts of listeners.

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629801 8/8 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Test (CS): World War II

Question 1a of 20 ( 4 Infer 1061289 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation":

Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

Which is the most reasonable inference about one of the underlying meanings of the excerpt? A. Japan is a deceitful, treacherous, unprincipled enemy. B. Japan was trying hard to avoid war with the United States. C. The United States was foolish to try to maintain peace with Japan. D. The United States was prepared for war but was still taken by surprise.

Question 1b of 20 ( 4 Infer 1061290 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew

that the French front was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of fifteen or sixteen French divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force.

Which is the most reasonable inference about one of the underlying meanings of this excerpt? A. The French High Command delayed pulling out its troops. B. The French High Command's actions led to the loss of soldiers. C. The French High Command was heroic in the attempt to save France. D. The French High Command is partly to blame for the fall of France.

Question 1c of 20 ( 4 Infer 1061291 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Joseph Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941:

History shows that there are no invincible armies, and never have been. Napoleon's army was considered invincible, but it was beaten successively by Russian, English and German Armies.

Kaiser Wilhelm's German Army in the period of the first imperialist war was also considered invincible, but it was beaten several times by Russian and Anglo-French troops, and was finally smashed by the Anglo-French forces.

Which is the most reasonable inference about one of the underlying meanings of this excerpt? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 1/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. Russia has defeated seemingly unstoppable armies in the past. B. Russia is facing a seemingly unstoppable army but will be victorious. C. Russia is repeating events from its history that it vowed not to repeat. D. Unstoppable armies are a fact of history and must be accepted.

Question 2a of 20 ( 4 Infer 1061292 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan":

Which is the most reasonable inference about one of the underlying meanings of this excerpt? A. Americans are a proud people who always support their country. B. The United States did everything it could to avoid war with Japan. C. The United States warned Japan repeatedly that it was willing to go to war. D. Future Americans will feel pride in the efforts to avoid war with Japan.

Question 2b of 20 ( 4 Infer 1061293 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

There are many who would hold an inquest in the House of Commons on the conduct of the Governments . . . during the years which led up to this catastrophe [World War II]. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious process. . . . Let each man search his conscience and search his speeches.

Which is the most reasonable inference about one of the underlying meanings of this excerpt? A. British leaders did not lead the nation well in the years leading up to the war. B. British leaders were not acting in good faith when they tried to prevent a war. C. British leaders in the House of Commons are too corrupt to govern effectively. D. British leaders are good at making speeches but are incapable of taking action.

Question 2c of 20 ( 4 Infer 1061294 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Joseph Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941:

The fact of the matter is that the troops of Germany, as a country at war, were already fully mobilized, and 170 divisions hurled by Germany against the U.S.S.R. and brought up to the Soviet frontiers were in a state of complete readiness, only awaiting the signal to move into action, whereas the Soviet troops had little time to effect mobilization and move up to the frontiers.

Which is the most reasonable inference about one of the underlying meanings of this excerpt? A. The Russian army couldn't fight because it hadn't been training for war. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 2/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

B. Russia wasn't prepared to fight Germany, because its troops were fighting elsewhere. C. The German invasion caught the Russian army completely by surprise. D. Russia was prepared for a German invasion, but its troops were too far from its frontiers.

Question 3a of 20 ( 3 Word meaning 1061295 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation":

Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. . . . I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.

Based on this excerpt, what is most likely the meaning of "dastardly"? A. Characterized by war B. Characterized by action C. Characterized by planning D. Characterized by treachery

Question 3b of 20 ( 3 Word meaning 1061296 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan":

And no honest person, today or a thousand years hence, will be able to suppress a sense of

indignation and horror at the treachery committed by the military dictators of Japan, under the very shadow of the flag of peace borne by their special envoys in our midst.

Based on this excerpt, what is most likely the meaning of "indignation"? A. A sense of moral superiority B. Acceptance of betrayal C. Anger at an unreasonable act D. A feeling of sadness

Question 3c of 20 ( 3 Word meaning 1061297 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Joseph Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941:

We must strengthen the Red Army's rear, subordinating all our work to this cause, all our industries must be got to work with greater intensity to produce more rifles, machine-guns,

artillery, bullets, shells, airplanes; we must organize the guarding of factories, power stations, telephonic and telegraphic communications, and arrange effective air-raid protection in all localities.

Based on this excerpt, what is most likely the meaning of "subordinating"? A. Placing in a lower or less important position B. Achieving with increased effort or energy courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 3/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. Joining with others to achieve a common goal D. Fighting to survive in difficult circumstances

Question 4a of 20 ( 3 Word meaning 1061298 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Fireside 19: On the War with Japan":

And no honest person, today or a thousand years hence, will be able to suppress a sense of

indignation and horror at the treachery committed by the military dictators of Japan, under the very shadow of the flag of peace borne by their special envoys in our midst.

What do the underlined words in this excerpt most clearly suggest? A. Japan's actions before this event provide clear evidence that their leaders wanted peace. B. Japan's leaders must be disappointed because their special envoys failed to achieve peace. C. Japan's actions are especially evil because, at the time of the attack, they were saying they wanted peace. D. Japan's leaders are extremely clever, because they fooled the United States into thinking they wanted peace.

Question 4b of 20 ( 3 Word meaning 1061299 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free . . . . But if we fail, then the whole world . . . will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.

What are the underlined words in this excerpt most likely referring to? A. Advances in communication that make spying easier B. Technology used for destruction instead of the common good C. Changes in how national leaders are chosen in the future D. History shaped by tyrants instead of men who promote peace

Question 4c of 20 ( 3 Word meaning 1061300 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Joseph Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941:

What do the underlined words in this excerpt most clearly suggest? A. Germany's attack on Russia had been planned to be brutal. B. Germany's attack on Russia had been planned for a long time. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 4/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. Germany's attack on Russia was similar to one tribe making war on another. D. Germany's attack on Russia was similar to betraying all the rules of civilization.

Question 5a of 20 ( 5 Structure 1061313 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation":

The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. . . .

Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.

Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.

Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.

Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.

Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.

And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island.

Which statement best explains one way that the structure of this excerpt is effective? A. It uses parallelism to emphasize that the United States is ready to fight Japan anywhere it has to throughout the Pacific. B. It uses logos to emphasize that the nations in the Pacific are not prepared to protect themselves from Japan. C. It uses parallelism to emphasize that Japan is a dangerous aggressor actively attacking throughout the Pacific. D. It uses logos to emphasize that the United Sates is fully aware of what Japan is doing throughout the Pacific.

Question 5b of 20 ( 5 Structure 1061314 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

We may now ask ourselves: In what way has our position worsened since the beginning of the war? It has worsened by the fact that the Germans have conquered a large part of the coast line

of Western Europe, and many small countries have been overrun by them. . . . If invasion has become more imminent, as no doubt it has, we, being relieved from the task of maintaining a large army in France, have far larger and more efficient forces to meet it.

Which statement best explains one way that the structure of this excerpt is effective? A. It uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that England has not yet been invaded by Germany. B. It balances the negative of France's fall with the positive of England's ability to better defend itself. C. It employs pathos to inspire the British people to keep their spirits up. D. It employs ethos to inspire British troops to resist the coming invasion.

Question 5c of 20 ( 5 Structure 1061315 ) courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 5/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

Some people will ask why, then, was it that the British Navy was not able to prevent the movement of a large army from Germany into Norway across the Skagerrak? . . . [B]ecause of the distance, we could give no air support to our surface ships, and . . . were

compelled to use only our submarines. . . . Our submarines took a heavy toll but could not, by themselves, prevent the invasion of Norway. In the Channel and in the North Sea, on the other hand, our superior naval surface forces, aided by our submarines, will operate with close and effective air assistance.

Which statement best explains one way that the structure of this excerpt is effective? A. It reminds the English people that they have an effective submarine force to defend Britain. B. It reminds the English people that their navy has taken a heavy toll on German ships. C. It uses a rhetorical question to account for the English navy's strategy in Norway. D. It accounts for the English navy's failure to protect Norway and reassures the nation that it can defend England.

Question 6a of 20 ( 3 Determine author's purpose 1061316 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Given the circumstances surrounding Roosevelt's "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation," what was most likely his speech's primary purpose? A. To issue a strong response to the attack on Pearl Harbor by declaring war on Japan B. To make it clear the country was in great danger as a result of the actions taken by Japan C. To reassure the American people that the nation was still safe after the attack on Pearl Harbor D. To summarize other instances of Japanese aggression in addition to the attack on Pearl Harbor

Question 6b of 20 ( 3 Determine author's purpose 1061317 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Given the circumstances surrounding Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech, what was most likely his speech's primary purpose? A. To remind and reassure the English people that the nation still had a powerful navy B. To outline the strategy England would use if Germany attempted to invade Britain C. To point out that the English government had made mistakes but had learned from them D. To prepare and inspire the English people for the coming struggle against Germany

Question 6c of 20 ( 3 Determine author's purpose 1061318 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Given the circumstances surrounding Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941, what was most likely his speech's primary purpose? A. To emphasize the degree of betrayal represented by Germany's invasion of Russia B. To reassure the Russian people and inspire them to resist the invading Germany army courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 6/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

C. To inform the Russian people and clarify recent developments in the war against Germany D. To inspire the Soviet people to join the army and do more for the war effort against Germany

Question 7a of 20 ( 4 Historical context 1061321 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which aspect of Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat 19" was most important in helping him to achieve his purpose of preparing Americans for war? A. His reminder that Japan recently attacked Pearl Harbor B. His summary of Japan's past pattern of aggressive behavior C. His statement that American newspapers could demand more information D. His call to Americans to be willing to endure shortages to help the war effort

Question 7b of 20 ( 4 Historical context 1061322 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which aspect of Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech was most important in helping him to achieve his purpose of inspiring British citizens? A. His position that civilized society depends on England's ability to resist Germany B. His advice that the English people not dwell on government mistakes made before the war C. His warning about possible German aerial attacks on England D. His promise that other members of the commonwealth would come to their aid

Question 7c of 20 ( 4 Historical context 1061323 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which aspect of Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941, was most important in helping him to achieve his purpose of inspiring the Russian people? A. His warning that Russians who are attempting to undermine resistance to Germany would not be tolerated

B. His reminder that before Germany invaded Russia, the two nations had a non-aggression pact C. His call to the Russian people to do everything they could to resist the invading German armies D. His statement about the location of Russian troops when Germany invaded Russia

Question 8a of 20 ( 5 Evaluate use of rhetoric 1061324 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation":

The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. . . .

Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 7/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.

Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.

And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island.

Which of Roosevelt's arguments is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? A. Japan is less of a threat than Germany. B. Japan poses a major threat to the United States. C. Japan's military strategy is flawed. D. Japan's use of force will eventually backfire.

Question 8b of 20 ( 5 Evaluate use of rhetoric 1061325 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

Everything miscarried. And yet at the end of those four years the morale of the Allies was higher

than that of the Germans, who had moved from one aggressive triumph to another, and who stood everywhere triumphant invaders of the lands into which they had broken.

Which of Churchill's arguments is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? A. England must not fail to defeat Germany. B. England has fought wars against Germany before. C. The last war against Germany also started badly but ended well. D. The last war against Germany also led to bombings in London.

Question 8c of 20 ( 5 Evaluate use of rhetoric 1061326 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Joseph Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941:

In order to ensure a rapid mobilization of all forces of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., and to repulse

the enemy who treacherously attacked our country, a State Committee of Defense has been formed in whose hands the entire power of the State has been vested.

Which of Stalin's arguments is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? A. The Russian government is acting to defend the nation. B. Germany has acted treacherously by attacking Russia. C. Russia is unprepared for a German attack. D. Germany will be unable to attack Russia.

Question 9a of 20 ( 5 Evaluate use of rhetoric 1061327 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan":

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 8/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning The true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. When we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. We Americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

Based on this excerpt, which of the following is the most accurate assessment of FDR's use of rhetoric? A. He uses pathos to appeal to Americans' sense of pride and justice. B. He uses pathos to appeal to Americans' sense of betrayal and anger. C. He uses logos to appeal to Americans' confidence in their ability to build. D. He uses logos to appeal to Americans' confidence in their military power.

Question 9b of 20 ( 5 Evaluate use of rhetoric 1061328 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech:

[T]he enemy is crafty and cunning and full of novel treacheries and stratagems. . . . Untiring

vigilance and untiring searching of the mind is being, and must be, devoted to the subject, because . . . there is no dirty trick he will not do.

Based on this excerpt, which of the following is the most accurate assessment of Churchill's use of rhetoric? A. He uses logos to describe Germany's military strategy to listeners. B. He uses pathos based on facts and events to highlight Germany's treacheries. C. He uses logos to show that Germany has a history of starting wars. D. He uses pathos to appeal to the listeners' suspicion and fear of Germany.

Question 9c of 20 ( 5 Evaluate use of rhetoric 1061329 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following excerpt from Joseph Stalin's radio broadcast on July 3, 1941:

The peoples of the Soviet Union must rise against the enemy and defend their rights and their land. The Red Army, Red Navy and all citizens of the Soviet Union must defend every inch of Soviet soil, must fight to the last drop of blood for our towns and villages, must display the daring initiative and intelligence that are inherent in our people.

Based on this excerpt, which of the following is the most accurate assessment of Stalin's use of rhetoric? A. He uses pathos to appeal to Russians' sense of betrayal and anger. B. He uses logos to appeal to Russians' confidence in their cultural past. C. He uses pathos to appeal to Russians' sense of pride and survival. D. He uses logos to appeal to Russians' belief they can defend themselves.

Question 10a of 20 ( 5 Evaluate rhetoric 1061330 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence most accurately evaluates the spoken rhetoric of Churchill's "Their Finest Hour"? A. Churchill's emphasis on the cunning of the enemy is more likely to cause fear than resolve. B. Churchill's honesty about the disaster of the Battle of France reinforces his credibility. C. Churchill's sarcastic tone makes it seem like a German victory is practically assured. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 9/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

D. Churchill's lack of enthusiasm makes it seem as though the words of his speech are not his own.

Question 10b of 20 ( 5 Evaluate rhetoric 1061331 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence most accurately evaluates the spoken rhetoric of Churchill's "Their Finest Hour"? A. Churchill's serious tone makes it seem as though he is giving bad news rather than rallying support. B. Churchill's optimistic delivery makes the listener feel secure that Britain will eventually defeat Germany. C. Churchill's candid view that the Battle of Britain is about to begin reinforces his credibility. D. Churchill's emphasis on the cunning of the enemy is more likely to cause fear than resolve.

Question 10c of 20 ( 5 Evaluate rhetoric 1061332 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence most accurately evaluates the spoken rhetoric of Churchill's "Their Finest Hour"? A. Churchill's optimistic delivery makes the listener feel secure that Britain will eventually defeat Germany.

B. Churchill's matter-of-fact delivery makes it seem as though he is disinterested in the subject. C. Churchill's honesty about the disaster of the Battle of France reinforces his credibility. D. Churchill's sarcastic tone makes it seem like a German victory is practically assured.

Question 11a of 20 ( 2 Compare and contrast essay 1061333 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which statement best describes the purpose of the introductory paragraph in a compare-and-contrast essay? A. To draw conclusions about the two things being compared B. To present evidence that shows how two things differ C. To explain why the two things are being compared D. To introduce reasons why the two things are similar

Question 11b of 20 ( 2 Compare and contrast essay 1061334 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following is the best approach to use when writing a compare-and-contrast essay? A. Comparing how two unrelated things are similar B. Focusing the comparison on two parallel things C. Selecting two unrelated things to evaluate D. Describing how two identical things are different

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 10/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 11c of 20 ( 2 Compare and contrast essay 1061335 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following best describes one purpose of the concluding paragraph in a compare-and-contrast essay? A. To explain the larger implication of the comparison B. To present evidence that shows how two things differ C. To explain why the two things are being compared D. To introduce reasons why the two things are similar

Question 12a of 20 ( 3 Analyze arguments 1061336 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence most clearly indicates a transition from a claim to a reason in an argumentative essay? A. A big problem faces all of us today. B. There are several reasons to believe this. C. Some people might suggest a different approach. D. There are many people who say this isn't an issue.

Question 12b of 20 ( 3 Analyze arguments 1061337 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence most clearly indicates a transition from a reason to evidence in an argumentative essay? A. This is one of the biggest issues facing our country today. B. Some people would probably suggest a different approach. C. This idea is currently supported by many experts in the field. D. Looking at all of the facts, there is only one logical conclusion.

Question 12c of 20 ( 3 Analyze arguments 1061338 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence most clearly indicates a transition from a claim to a counterclaim in an argumentative essay? A. It has been said that there are other ways to solve the problem. B. Looking at all of the facts, there is only one logical conclusion. C. This idea is currently supported by many experts in the field. D. This is one of the biggest issues facing our country today.

Question 13a of 20 ( 2 Speaking strategy 1061339 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit." courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 11/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Loretta is giving a speech to her government class on the effects of climate change. Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy for this speech? A. Speaking formally and addressing the topic seriously B. Speaking casually and addressing the topic with humor C. Speaking emotionally to connect with the audience and stir people to action D. Speaking conversationally and presenting statements as if they were questions

Question 13b of 20 ( 2 Speaking strategy 1061340 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

A local business association is presenting an award to the shop owner with the most clever store sign, and Riley is giving the opening speech. Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy for this speech? A. Speaking formally and addressing his topics seriously B. Speaking casually and addressing his topics with humor C. Speaking emotionally to stir the audience to take quick action D. Speaking quickly and presenting statements as if they were questions

Question 13c of 20 ( 2 Speaking strategy 1061341 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Harper is giving a speech to ask people to donate money to an animal shelter. Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy for this speech? A. Speaking formally and showing pictures of wildlife B. Speaking casually and addressing the topic with humor C. Speaking conversationally and presenting statements as if they were questions D. Speaking emotionally to connect with the audience and stir people to action

Question 14a of 20 ( 4 Speaking strategy 1061342 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following speeches would most likely require a formal approach to presenting information? A. A speech at a party to raise money for a political campaign B. A speech to young musicians that explains how a piano works C. A speech to entertain people after a dinner honoring a celebrity D. A speech at an amusement park, urging people to try a new ride

Question 14b of 20 ( 4 Speaking strategy 1061343 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following speeches would most likely be suitable for a casual delivery and addressing topics with humor? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 12/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

A. A speech at a party to raise money for a political campaign B. A speech to young musicians that explains how a piano works C. A speech to entertain people after a dinner honoring a celebrity D. A speech at an amusement park urging people to try a new ride

Question 14c of 20 ( 4 Speaking strategy 1061344 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which of the following speeches would most likely be suitable for an emotional delivery that stirs people to action? A. A speech to entertain people after a dinner honoring a celebrity B. A speech at a science fair to announce the projects that won prizes C. A speech at a party to raise money for a political campaign D. A speech to young musicians that explains how a piano works

Question 15a of 20 ( 3 Outline 1061345 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the following conversation, which group discussion technique does Jennifer most clearly show?

JENNIFER: All right, today we're discussing Five Doors Down by Len McGill. Has everyone read it?

DANIEL: Sure did. Twice actually . . .

ANNA: Yup. I had a lot of notes on this one. [Holds up paper.]

JENNIFER: Wow, way to be prepared, guys. Why don't we start with the symbolism of the door? I think it seemed pretty essential to the storyline. After that, we can move on to other moments in the story. We might disagree, so let's just remember to keep things polite. Sound good?

A. Returning to the text B. Challenging ideas C. Using evidence to support opinions D. Outlining a discussion plan

Question 15b of 20 ( 3 Outline 1061346 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence from the following the conversation most clearly illustrates the technique of outlining a discussion plan?

JENNIFER: All right, today we're discussing Five Doors Down by Len McGill. Has everyone read it?

DANIEL: courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 13/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Sure did. Twice actually . . .

ANNA: Yup. I had a lot of notes on this one. [Holds up paper.]

A. We might disagree, so let's . . . keep things polite. B. Why don't we start with the symbolism of the door? C. I had lots of notes on this one. D. Wow, way to be prepared, guys.

Question 15c of 20 ( 3 Outline 1061347 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence from the following the conversation most clearly illustrates the technique of outlining a discussion plan?

JENNIFER: All right, today we're discussing Five Doors Down by Len McGill. Has everyone read it?

DANIEL: Sure did. Twice actually . . .

ANNA: Yup. I had a lot of notes on this one. [Holds up paper.]

A. I had a lot of notes on this one. B. Has everyone read it? C. After that, we can move on to other moments in the story. D. I think it seemed pretty essential to the storyline.

Question 16a of 20 ( 3 Challenge 1061348 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Which sentence from the following conversation most clearly illustrates the technique of challenging ideas?

DANIEL: O.K., so you think the character's reluctance to open the door shows how he feels about finding out that he's such a terrible person?

ANNA: Kind of . . . more like he's about to discover he's not a terrible person, which frightens him even more.

DANIEL: courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 14/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Whoa, what? I thought the point was that he actually was a terrible person. He opens the door and discovers his life is messed up because of the bad choices he made.

A. O.K., so you think the character's reluctance to open the door shows how he feels about finding out that he's such a terrible person? B. Kind of . . . more like he's about to discover he's not a terrible person, which frightens him even more. C. I thought the point was that he actually was a terrible person. D. He opens the door and discovers his life is messed up because of the bad choices he made.

Question 16b of 20 ( 3 Challenge 1061349 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the following conversation, which group discussion technique does Daniel most clearly show?

DANIEL: O.K., so you think the character's reluctance to open the door shows how he feels about finding out that he's such a terrible person?

ANNA: Kind of . . . more like he's about to discover he's not a terrible person, which frightens him even more.

DANIEL: Whoa, what? I thought the point was that he actually was a terrible person. He opens the door and discovers his life is messed up because of the bad choices he made.

A. Challenging ideas B. Identifying bias C. Using evidence to support opinions D. Outlining a discussion plan

Question 16c of 20 ( 3 Challenge 1061350 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the following conversation, which group discussion technique does Anna most clearly show?

JENNIFER: So, tell me about what you thought when he opened the door for the first time?

DANIEL:

That was a weird moment. Why open a door when you know you won't like what's on the other side?

ANNA: I get that. But people are curious. They need to know. For me, that was the point. He had to know what was on the other side, even if it terrified him. It was all part of the symbolism.

A. Outlining a discussion plan B. Using evidence to support opinions C. Identifying bias D. Challenging ideas courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 15/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

Question 17a of 20 ( 2 Use text 1061351 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the following conversation, which group discussion technique does Jennifer most clearly show?

JENNIFER: Here's what happens in the story right after he opens the door: "Looking into space is like looking into a void. My world as a void. No peace. No drama. Just a hollow room with no ceiling, no floor,

no walls. This was all I had, and I choked back a sob."

DANIEL: Right. I thought that part meant he realized he'd made himself into this lifeless, emotionless shell of a person.

A. Encouraging new ideas B. Outlining a discussion plan C. Identifying bias D. Returning to the text

Question 17b of 20 ( 2 Use text 1061352 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the following conversation, which group discussion technique does Jennifer most clearly show?

ANNA: People are curious. They need to know. For me, that was the point of the story. He had to know what was on the other side, even if it terrified him. It was all part of the symbolism.

DANIEL: I see.

JENNIFER: "My hand fit the doorknob awkward as a baseball glove covering a football. Still, I managed to turn it, the metal, cold as ice. Colder than my heart." [Looks at DANIEL and ANNA.] Symbolism here?

A. Outlining a discussion plan B. Encouraging new ideas C. Returning to the text D. Identifying bias

Question 17c of 20 ( 2 Use text 1061353 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

In the following conversation, which group discussion technique does Anna most clearly suggest to resolve her disagreement with Daniel?

DANIEL: O.K., so you think the character's reluctance to open the door shows how he feels about finding out that he's such a terrible person? courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 16/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning

ANNA: Kind of . . . more like he's about to discover he's not a terrible person, which frightens him even more.

DANIEL: Whoa, what? I thought the point was that he actually was a terrible person. He opens the door and discovers his life is messed up because of the bad choices he made.

ANNA: Well, can you back that up?

A. Returning to the text B. Identifying bias C. Asking rhetorical questions D. Encouraging new ideas

Question 18a of 20 ( 4 Syntax 1061354 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is the underlined part of the sentence below called?

Trevor climbed into the airplane, ran his hands over the controls before he started the engine, and prepared for his first solo flight.

A. Adjective phrase B. Compounding list C. Main clause D. Subordinate clause

Question 18b of 20 ( 4 Syntax 1061355 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is the underlined part of the sentence below called?

Trevor climbed into the airplane, ran his hands over the controls controls before he started the engine, and prepared for his first solo flight.

A. Subordinate clause B. Compounding list C. Noun phrase D. Main clause

Question 18c of 20 ( 4 Syntax 1061356 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

What is the underlined part of the sentence below called?

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 17/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Trevor climbed into the airplane, ran his hands over the controls before he started the engine, and prepared for his first solo flight.

A. Main clause B. Noun phrase C. Compounding list D. Subordinate clause

Question 19a of 20 ( 4 Figures of speech 1061357 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following passage:

Which of the following best describes the role of the simile in the passage? A. To convey a sense of how tense Rita is B. To convey a sense of what Rita is hearing C. To convey a sense of what might be upstairs D. To convey a sense of how high the steps are

Question 19b of 20 ( 4 Figures of speech 1061358 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following passage:

Which of the following best describes the role of the metaphor in the passage? A. To convey a sense of what might be upstairs B. To convey a sense of what Rita is hearing C. To convey a sense of what Rita is feeling D. To convey a sense of how Rita is moving

Question 19c of 20 ( 4 Figures of speech 1061359 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

Read the following passage:

Rita slowly climbed the stairs. The wood beneath her feet creaked like an ancient door on rusty hinges. She thought she heard something and froze in her tracks. Her heart was a speeding train. Hearing nothing more, she continued walking. She wished she could see better. She was surrounded by blackness darker than deep space. courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 18/19 4/9/2020 ApexLearning Which of the following best describes the role of the hyperbole in the passage? A. To convey a sense of what Rita is thinking B. To convey a sense of how high the steps are C. To convey a sense of what might be upstairs D. To convey a sense of how little Rita can see

Question 20a of 20 ( 2 Tone 1061360 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

For which speech would a formal tone be most appropriate? A. A speech to describe how a computer works B. A speech to welcome people to a local talent show C. A speech to say good-bye on the last day of camp D. A speech to inspire people to help clean up a park

Question 20b of 20 ( 2 Tone 1061361 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

For which speech would an informal, conversational tone be most appropriate? A. A speech to persuade people to attend a town meeting B. A speech to show people the features of a new cell phone C. A speech to welcome people to a local talent show D. A speech to inspire people to use public transportation

Question 20c of 20 ( 2 Tone 1061362 ) 1 attempt (2 points possible) Multiple Choice: Please select the best answer and click "submit."

For which speech would an emotional tone be most appropriate? A. A speech to describe how to set up a computer B. A speech to inspire people to help save a stranded whale C. A speech to inform people about the construction of a new school D. A speech to explain how to operate a new piece of machinery

courses-prd.apexlearning.com/apps/AceWeb/showPreview.do?activityID=629807 19/19

VCHS Thursday April 23 ​- ​Wednesday May 6, 2020 Students I

VCHS Thursday April 23 - Wednesday May 6, 2020 Students I