DOCSLIB.ORG

Salt (Chemistry) - Wikipedia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salt (Chemistry) - Wikipedia Salt (chemistry) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry) Salt (chemistry) In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions.[1] Salts are composed of related numbers of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). ese component ions can be inorganic, − − − such as chloride (Cl ), or organic, such as acetate (CH3CO2); and can be monatomic, such as fluoride (F ) 2− or polyatomic, such as sulfate (SO4 ). Contents Types of salt Properties Color Taste Odor Solubility Conductivity Melting point Nomenclature Formation Strong salt Weak salt See also References Types of salt Salts can be classified in a variety of ways. Salts that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are called alkali salts. Salts that produce acidic solutions are acid salts. Neutral salts are those salts that are neither acidic nor basic. Zwierions contain an anionic and a cationic centre in the same molecule, but are not considered to be salts. Examples of zwierions include amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins.[2] Properties Color Solid salts tend to be transparent as illustrated by sodium chloride. + − In many cases, the apparent opacity or transparency are only BMIM PF6 , an ionic liquid related to the difference in size of the individual monocrystals. Since light reflects from the grain boundaries (boundaries between 1 von 6 29.03.21, 15:43 Salt (chemistry) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry) crystallites), larger crystals tend to be transparent, while the polycrystalline aggregates look like white powders. Salts exist in many different colors, which arise either from the anions or cations. For example: sodium chromate is yellow by virtue of the chromate ion potassium dichromate is orange by virtue of the dichromate ion cobalt nitrate is red owing to the chromophore of hydrated cobalt(II) 2+ ([Co(H2O)6] ). copper sulfate is blue because of the copper(II) chromophore potassium permanganate has the violet color of permanganate anion. nickel chloride is typically green of [NiCl2(H2O)4] sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate are colorless or white because the constituent cations and anions do not absorb in the visible part of the spectrum Few minerals are salts because they would be solubilized by water. Similarly inorganic pigments tend not to be salts, because insolubility is required for fastness. Some organic dyes are salts, but they are virtually insoluble in water. Taste Different salts can elicit all five basic tastes, e.g., salty (sodium chloride), sweet (lead diacetate, which will cause lead poisoning if ingested), sour (potassium bitartrate), bier (magnesium sulfate), and umami or savory (monosodium glutamate). Odor Salts of strong acids and strong bases ("strong salts") are non-volatile and oen odorless, whereas salts of either weak acids or weak bases ("weak salts") may smell like the conjugate acid (e.g., acetates like acetic acid (vinegar) and cyanides like hydrogen cyanide (almonds)) or the conjugate base (e.g., ammonium salts like ammonia) of the component ions. at slow, partial decomposition is usually accelerated by the presence of water, since hydrolysis is the other half of the reversible reaction equation of formation of weak salts. Solubility Many ionic compounds exhibit significant solubility in water or other polar solvents. Unlike molecular compounds, salts dissociate in solution into anionic and cationic components. e laice energy, the cohesive forces between these ions within a solid, determines the solubility. e solubility is dependent on how well each ion interacts with the solvent, so certain paerns become apparent. For example, salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium are usually soluble in water. Notable exceptions include ammonium hexachloroplatinate and potassium cobaltinitrite. Most nitrates and many sulfates are water-soluble. Exceptions include barium sulfate, calcium sulfate (sparingly soluble), and lead(II) sulfate, where the 2+/2− pairing leads to high laice energies. For similar reasons, most metal carbonates are not soluble in water. Some soluble carbonate salts are: sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium carbonate. Conductivity Salts are characteristically insulators. Molten salts or solutions of salts conduct electricity. For this reason, 2 von 6 29.03.21, 15:43 Salt (chemistry) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry) liquified (molten) salts and solutions containing dissolved salts (e.g., sodium chloride in water) are called electrolytes. Melting point Salts characteristically have high melting points. For example, sodium chloride melts at 801 ℃. Some salts with low laice energies are liquid at or near room temperature. ese include Edge-on view of portion of molten salts, which are usually mixtures of salts, and ionic liquids, crystal structure of which usually contain organic cations. ese liquids exhibit hexamethyleneTTF/TCNQ unusual properties as solvents. charge transfer salt.[3] Nomenclature e name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g., sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g., chloride or acetate). Salts are oen referred to only by the name of the cation (e.g., sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name of the anion (e.g., chloride salt or acetate salt). Common salt-forming cations include: + Ammonium NH4 2+ Calcium Ca 2+ 3+ Iron Fe and Fe 2+ Magnesium Mg + Potassium K + Pyridinium C5H5NH + Quaternary ammonium NR4 , R being an alkyl group or an aryl group + Sodium Na 2+ Copper Cu Common salt-forming anions (parent acids in parentheses where available) include: − Acetate CH3COO (acetic acid) 2− Carbonate CO3 (carbonic acid) − Chloride Cl (hydrochloric acid) − − Citrate HOC(COO )(CH2COO )2 (citric acid) − Cyanide C≡N (hydrocyanic acid) − Fluoride F (hydrofluoric acid) − Nitrate NO3 (nitric acid) − Nitrite NO2 (nitrous acid) 2− Oxide O 3− Phosphate PO4 (phosphoric acid) 2− Sulfate SO4 (sulfuric acid) 3 von 6 29.03.21, 15:43 Salt (chemistry) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry) Salts with varying number of hydrogen atoms replaced by cations as compared to their parent acid can be referred to as monobasic, dibasic, or tribasic, identifying that one, two, or three hydrogen atoms have been replaced; polybasic salts refer to those with more than one hydrogen atom replaced. Examples include: Sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4) Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4) Sodium phosphate tribasic (Na3PO4) Formation Salts are formed by a chemical reaction between: A base and an acid, e.g., NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl A metal and an acid, e.g., Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2 A metal and a non-metal, e.g., Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2 A base and an acid anhydride, e.g., 2 NaOH + Cl2O → 2 NaClO + H2O An acid and a base anhydride, e.g., 2 HNO3 + Na2O → 2 NaNO3 + H2O Solid lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) In the salt metathesis reaction where two different salts are mixed in water, their ions recombine, and the new salt is insoluble and precipitates. For example: Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → PbSO4↓ + 2 NaNO3 Strong salt Strong salts or strong electrolyte salts are chemical salts composed of strong electrolytes. ese ionic compounds dissociate completely in water. ey are generally odorless and nonvolatile. Strong salts start with Na__, K__, NH4__, or they end with __NO3, __ClO4, or __CH3COO. Most group 1 and 2 metals form strong salts. Strong salts are especially useful when creating conductive compounds as their constituent ions allow for greater conductivity.[4] Weak salt Weak salts or "weak electrolyte salts" are, as the name suggests, composed of weak electrolytes. ey are generally more volatile than strong salts. ey may be similar in odor to the acid or base they are derived from. For example, sodium acetate, NaCH3COO, smells similar to acetic acid CH3COOH. See also Salt substitute Acid salt also known as "hydrogen salt" Alkali salts also known as "basic salts" Bresle method (the method used to test for salt presence during coating applications) 4 von 6 29.03.21, 15:43 Salt (chemistry) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry) Carboxylate Edible salt Electrolyte Fireworks/pyrotechnics (salts are what give color to fireworks) Halide Hypertension Ionic bonds Kosher salt Natron Old Salt Route Road salt Salinity Salting the earth (the deliberate massive use of salt to render a soil unsuitable for cultivation and thus discourage habitation) Sea salt Sodium Table salt Zwitterion Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory Ionic compound References 1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "salt (https://goldbook.iupac.org/S05447.html)". doi:10.1351/goldbook.S05447 (https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05447) 2. Voet, D. & Voet, J. G. (2005). Biochemistry (https://web.archive.org/web/200709110 65858/http://www.chem.upenn.edu/chem/research/faculty.php?browse=V) (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 68. ISBN 9780471193500. Archived from the original (http://www.chem.upenn.edu/chem/research/faculty.php? browse=V) on 2007-09-11. 3. D. Chasseau; G. Comberton; J. Gaultier; C. Hauw (1978). "Réexamen de la structure du complexe hexaméthylène-tétrathiafulvalène-tétracyanoquinodiméthane" (http s://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740878003830). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 34: 689. doi:10.1107/S0567740878003830 (https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS05677408 78003830). 4. "Acid and Base Strength" (http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salt Deposits in the UK
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NERC Open Research Archive Halite karst geohazards (natural and man-made) in the United Kingdom ANTHONY H. COOPER British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, Great Britain COPYRIGHT © BGS/NERC e-mail [email protected] +44 (-0)115 936 3393 +44 (-0)115 936 3475 COOPER, A.H. 2002. Halite karst geohazards (natural and man-made) in the United Kingdom. Environmental Geology, Vol. 42, 505-512. This work is based on a paper presented to the 8th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental impact of karst, Louisville, Kentucky, April 2001. In the United Kingdom Permian and Triassic halite (rock salt) deposits have been affected by natural and artificial dissolution producing karstic landforms and subsidence. Brine springs from the Triassic salt have been exploited since Roman times, or possibly earlier, indicating prolonged natural dissolution. Medieval salt extraction in England is indicated by the of place names ending in “wich” indicating brine spring exploitation at Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich and Droitwich. Later, Victorian brine extraction in these areas accentuated salt karst development causing severe subsidence problems that remain a legacy. The salt was also mined, but the mines flooded and consequent brine extraction caused the workings to collapse, resulting in catastrophic surface subsidence. Legislation was enacted to pay for the damage and a levy is still charged for salt extraction. Some salt mines are still collapsing and the re-establishment of the post-brine extraction hydrogeological regimes means that salt springs may again flow causing further dissolution and potential collapse.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Urban Development of Hallstatt
    About the Urban Development of Hallstatt CONTENTS 1. STARTING POINT 2 2. TOPOGRAPHY 3 2.1. Topographical survey 3 The Lake 3 The Mountains 3 The Communes of the Lake of Hallstatt 3 The Market Commune of Hallstatt 3 Names of Streets, Meadows and Marshes 4 2.3. The Morphology of the Villages 4 The Market 4 Lahn 4 3. URBAN DEVELOPMENT 6 3.1 The Development of the Traffic Network 6 The Waterway 6 The Paths 6 The Street 7 The Railway 7 The Pipeline, the so called "Sulzstrenn" 7 3.2. The Evolution of the Buildings 9 3.2.1. The Market 9 The Early History and the Age of Romans 9 The Founding in the Middle Ages 9 The Extension in the 16th Century 9 The Stagnation since the Beginning of the 17th Century until the catastrophic conflagration in 175010 The "Amthof" 10 The Court Chapel 11 The Hospital 11 The Hospital Chapel 11 The "Pfannhaus" and the "Pfieseln" 11 The Recession, Starting in 1750 until the Beginning of Tourism 11 The Flourishing of Tourism 12 3.2.2. Lahn 12 The Roman Ages 12 The Modern Times 12 3.3. The Analysis of the Sites and the Structures 15 3.3.1. The Market 15 The Market Place 16 The Landing Place 16 3.3.2. Lahn 17 The Agricultural Area 17 The Industrial Area 17 The Expansion 17 The Condensing 18 4. ANHANG 19 4.1. Commissions Relation dieses hochen Mittels Hoff Raths Herrn v. Quiex die zu Haalstatt abgebrunnenen Sallz Pfannen betreffend. 19 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Life at Low Water Activity
    Published online 12 July 2004 Life at low water activity W. D. Grant Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK ([email protected]) Two major types of environment provide habitats for the most xerophilic organisms known: foods pre- served by some form of dehydration or enhanced sugar levels, and hypersaline sites where water availability is limited by a high concentration of salts (usually NaCl). These environments are essentially microbial habitats, with high-sugar foods being dominated by xerophilic (sometimes called osmophilic) filamentous fungi and yeasts, some of which are capable of growth at a water activity (aw) of 0.61, the lowest aw value for growth recorded to date. By contrast, high-salt environments are almost exclusively populated by prokaryotes, notably the haloarchaea, capable of growing in saturated NaCl (aw 0.75). Different strategies are employed for combating the osmotic stress imposed by high levels of solutes in the environment. Eukaryotes and most prokaryotes synthesize or accumulate organic so-called ‘compatible solutes’ (osmolytes) that have counterbalancing osmotic potential. A restricted range of bacteria and the haloar- chaea counterbalance osmotic stress imposed by NaCl by accumulating equivalent amounts of KCl. Haloarchaea become entrapped and survive for long periods inside halite (NaCl) crystals. They are also found in ancient subterranean halite (NaCl) deposits, leading to speculation about survival over geological time periods. Keywords: xerophiles; halophiles; haloarchaea; hypersaline lakes; osmoadaptation; microbial longevity 1. INTRODUCTION aw = P/P0 = n1/n1 ϩ n2, There are two major types of environment in which water where n is moles of solvent (water); n is moles of solute; availability can become limiting for an organism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of the Marshalls of Northwich, Salt Proprietors: a Saga of the Industrial Era in Cheshire, 1720-1917
    THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MARSHALLS OF NORTHWICH, SALT PROPRIETORS: A SAGA OF THE INDUSTRIAL ERA IN CHESHIRE, 1720-1917 BY D. A. IREDALE, M.A., PH.D. HEN Thomas Marshall from the Hartford Beach, near WNorthwich, appeared before a parliamentary committee in London in 1817, he proudly proclaimed himself the largest salt proprietor in the kingdom. The wealthiest merchant in mid-Cheshire, Marshall determined that his family should one day sit on committees and at table with the greatest in the land. To this end he sent his son to Eton, Cambridge, and the Middle Temple. And his grandson did indeed climb towards the highest levels of society. I FOUNDING THE FAMILY FORTUNE During the seventeenth century the Marshalls lived in Nant- wich. They began business as shoemakers, then as framework knitters. By hard work they grew prosperous, so that when Richard Marshall died in 1692 the family owned a fine "dwelling house in the welshrow" and valuable textile machinery. But living in one of Cheshire's salt towns, the family naturally acquired a "wich-house & twelve leads walling", that is, equip­ ment for raising and boiling brine to produce salt. Salt had long been valued as a preservative and seasoner of food by the fisheries and the navy, by dairy farmers and every housewife, but during the industrial age it was to become an important raw material in the glass, soap, and chemical industries. To invest in salt, therefore, was to plan sensibly for future prosperity. The Marshalls sent much of their cloth and, probably, small loads of salt overland to Northwich, and then by river or road to Liverpool.
    [Show full text]
  • Over and Winsford Archaeological Assessment 2003
    CHESHIRE HISTORIC TOWNS SURVEY Over and Winsford Archaeological Assessment 2003 CHESHIRE HISTORIC TOWNS SURVEY Over and Winsford Archaeological Assessment 2003 Environmental Planning Cheshire County Council Backford Hall Backford Chester CH1 6PZ These reports are the copyright of Cheshire County Council and English Heritage. We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Frodsham and District Local History Group, Winsford Local History Society, Andrew Fielding, Lion Salt Works Project Director and Dr Chris Lewis, University of Liverpool, in the preparation of these reports. The archive is held by the Cheshire County Sites and Monuments Record. The Ordnance Survey mapping within this document is provided by Cheshire County Council under licence from the Ordnance Survey, in order to fulfil its public function to make available Council held public domain information. The mapping is intended to illustrate the spatial changes that have occurred during the historical development of Cheshire towns. Persons viewing this mapping should contact Ordnance Survey copyright for advice where they wish to licence Ordnance Survey mapping/map data for their own use. The OS web site can be found at www.ordsvy.gov.uk OVER & WINSFORD ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Jo Clark 1. SUMMARY The small medieval settlements of Over and Wharton, which lie 1.5km west and 0.75km east of the River Weaver respectively, have long since been subsumed by the expanding township of Winsford, which lies between the two on the banks of the river. Winsford’s prosperity was founded upon the exploitation of brine in the 18th and 19th centuries and the efficient transportation afforded by the Weaver Navigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study of the Salt Mines Storage Route, Step 1
    DT B 99 101 C Issue C : 7/2/00 (Issue B : 22/12/99) Page : 1 Feasibility Study of the Salt Mines Storage Route ------------------------ Step 1 report ------------------------ Appraisal of the salt mines storage route for residues from incineration Checking JACQUINOT Bernard Expert Senior ENVIGEPRO 21/12/99 Author KIRRMANN Clément Project Manager ENVIGEPRO 13/9/00 CK RESPONSABILITIES NOM Prénom Fonction Pole ou Société Date Visa Bertin Technologies DIFFUSION : Clément KIRRMANN ECVM Mr. De Grève (1 ex) Bernard Jacquinot Mrs Unni Musdalslien (1 ex) (by E-mail) ECVM (10 copies) Sept 13th, 2000 BC.001.A Centre de Tarnos • avenue du 1er Mai • Z.I. • F 40220 Tarnos • Tél. : (33) (0)5 59 64 86 48 • Fax (33) (0)5 59 64 49 64 Adresse commerciale : Parc Technologique de Bois d'Arcy - ZAC du Pas du Lac 10, avenue Ampère - BP 284 - 78053 St Quentin-en-Yvelines Cedex Tél : (33) (0)1 39 30 60 00 - Fax : (33) (0)1 39 30 09 50 y Société Anonyme au capital de 20 000 000 F y RCS Paris B 422 511 204 - Code APE 742 C DT B 99 101 C Page : 2 Référence interne DT B 99 101 B Système hôte WORD 6 (95) /CK Fonds documentaire Dossier d’affectation Général Nomenclature de gestion affaire 00559 lot 1 Document contractuel OUI HISTORIQUE DES EVOLUTIONS MODIFICATIONS Authors / Checking Indice Date (raisons principales, paragraphes et pages concernés, références des demandes de modification, ...) A 13/12/99 Création du document C.KIRRMANN Provisional version sent to Mrs Unni Musdalslien and M.De 15/12/99 Grève B 21/12/99 Completed version taking into account comments of
    [Show full text]
  • Citizenship Performance and Urban Social Space in Bogotá, 1985-2015
    Confronting Violence: Citizenship Performance and Urban Social Space in Bogotá, 1985-2015 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Geoffrey Eugene Wilson B.A., M.F.A. Graduate Program in Theatre The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee Ana Elena Puga, D.F.A., Advisor Jennifer Schlueter, Ph.D. Shilarna Stokes, Ph.D. Copyrighted by Geoffrey Eugene Wilson 2019 Abstract This dissertation combines performance analysis, cultural materialism, and theory on urban social space to develop a theory of citizenship performance. I analyze three performances that occurred in public spaces in Bogotá, Colombia each of which responds to violence resulting from Colombia’s long civil war and challenges dominant notions of who belongs to the cultural community, as well as how the community behaves collectively. I argue that citizenship performances respond to violence within Colombian culture in three ways: first, they remap community behavior by modelling alternative modes of public moral comportment; second, they destabilize and recode the symbolic languages of the cultural community; third, they assert the cultural citizenship of marginalized communities by presencing their lives, struggles, and histories in public social space. The first chapter analyzes a performance project by Bogotá’s alternative theatre company Mapa Teatro, that maps out the social histories of the former barrio Santa Inés, also known as El Cartucho. Beginning in 2001, Mapa Teatro began work on a series of performances and installations which documented the demolition of the barrio, culminating in a multimedia production called Witness to the Ruins, a citizenship performance that staged the lives of the former residents of Santa Inés on the rubble of the barrio itself, before it was transformed and gentrified into the Parque Tercer Milenio (Third Millennium Park).
    [Show full text]
  • Introductions to Heritage Assets: Pre-Industrial Salterns
    Pre-industrial Salterns Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England’s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about specific types of archaeological site, building, landscape or marine asset. Typically they deal with subjects which have previously lacked such a published summary, either because the literature is dauntingly voluminous, or alternatively where little has been written. Most often it is the latter, and many IHAs bring understanding of site or building types which are neglected or little understood. This IHA provides an introduction to pre-industrial salterns. Salterns, or ‘salt works’, are places where crystalline salt was extracted from salt water - either sea water, or brine from inland springs. Salt production follows a process of evaporation until crystals of sodium chloride are precipitated from sea-water or inland brine. Descriptions of the asset type as well as its development and associations, along with a brief chronology, are included. A list of in-depth sources on the topic is suggested for further reading. This document has been prepared by Dave Went and edited by Joe Flatman, Sarah- Jane Hathaway and Pete Herring. It is one of a series of 41 documents. This edition published by Historic England October 2018. All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated. Please refer to this document as: Historic England 2018 Pre-industrial Salterns: Introductions to Heritage Assets. Historic England. Swindon HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/selection-criteria/scheduling-selection/ihas-archaeology/ Front cover An aerial photograph from 1946 showing the pattern of saltern mounds, some in pasture, others ploughed flat, in the parishes of Marshchapel and North Coates, Lincolnshire.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.0 Characterising Sites and Salt-Producers. the Archaeology of an Ancient Craft and Identification of ‘Know-How’ 4.1 Introduction
    4.0 Characterising Sites and Salt-Producers. The Archaeology of an Ancient Craft and Identification of ‘Know-How’ 4.1 Introduction Chapter 4.0 presents the archaeological evidence according to the processes/stages of salt-production and within these categories highlights evidence for ‘know-how’ and skillsets long lost. These categories present presents key examples of archaeology associated with each stage of the salt- production process, as defined in 2.2.2 (Figure 2.2), as a way of understanding techniques and variations in technology in more detail. This then reveals some of the knowledge required and acted out within sites by skilled salt producers. The main themes considered in this chapter are listed in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Common Themes presented in Chapter 4.0 Stages of Salt-Production Techniques of Salt-Production Lifecycle and Narratives of Sites and Objects Common Themes Uses of Space within the Site Site Organisation and Management Characterising Salt-Production Sites in the Study Area With such emphasis on the problems presented by inconsistent, ‘disconnected’ and potentially generic terminology in 3.0, it is important that key terminology/themes/concepts used within this chapter are made clear at the outset. Key terminology used within this and the following chapters, is listed in Table 4.2. 158 Table 4.2 Common terms used within Chapter 4.0 Common Terms Description The ‘chaîne opératoire’ of a site, including artefact Site Lifecycle production, feature use and salt-production The story of a site from start to finish and the way in Site Narrative which this ‘story’ was acted out over time and space All the components required to produce salt, including all site preparation, groundworks and Salt-Production Process artefacts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Discovery Tour
    Cycle routes in Northern Germany A discovery tour HAMBURG METROPOLITAN REGION Discover the Hamburg Metropolitan Region Situated in Germany’s north, the Hamburg Metropolitan Contents Region provides excellent conditions for cyclists: The mostly level landscape of Northern Germany is perfectly suited for Cycle routes along the sea and lakes 4-5 extensive discovery tours, offering lots of fun with very little Meandering with the river 6-7 uphill involved. Cyclists can choose between a varied choice of Exploring cultural landscapes by bike 8-9 routes: Whether you pedal along the coast of the North Sea or the Baltic Sea, through rich cultural landscapes or on Germany’s most popular cycle trail along the River Elbe – there is a lot Cycle routes in Northern Germany 10-51 to discover! Both nature and culture lovers will find what they 1 Aller Cycle Route 10-11 are looking for: Medieval Hanseatic towns, the vibrant City of 2 Hamburg, elegant castles and scenic villages are waiting to be Old Salt Route 12-13 explored. The Hamburg Metropolitan Region is shaped by wa- 3 BahnRadWege in Stormarn 14-15 terways and the nearby sea, and almost everywhere you go 4 German Ferries Route with you will be in the company of rivers, lakes and canals. And what Oste Cycle Route 16-17 is more: Getting here is quite simple, since Hamburg’s interna- 5 Elbe Cycle Route 18-19 tional airport provides excellent access, while the regional rail 6 system makes it easy to move between places. Holstein Switzerland Cycle Route 20-21 7 Ilmenau Cycle Route 22-23 So get on your
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic and Genomic Annotations in Halophilic Archaea
    Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Metabolic and Genomic Annotations in Halophilic Archaea Tanja Margret Oberwinkler aus Fürstenfeldbruck 2011 Erklärung Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von Paragraph 13 Abs. 3 bzw. 4 der Promotion- sordnung vom 29. Januar 1998 (in der Fassung der sechsten Änderungssatzung vom 16. August 2010) von Herrn Prof. Dr. Dieter Oesterhelt betreut. Ehrenwörtliche Versicherung Diese Dissertation wurde selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt. München, am 26.7.2011 Tanja Oberwinkler Dissertation eingereicht am: 26.7.2011 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dieter Oesterhelt 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Helga Stan-Lotter Mündliche Prüfung am: 17. Oktober 2011 Zur lieben Erinnerung an meine Oma Antonia Bernthaler To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour. William Blake, ’Auguries of Innocence’, 1803 vi Contents Summary xix 1 Background 1 1.1 Introduction to halophilic archaea as model organisms . .1 1.1.1 Diversity of halophilic archaea . .1 1.1.2 Ecological distribution of halophilic archaea . .2 1.1.3 Why use halophilic archaea as model organisms? . .4 1.2 Physiology and metabolism . .5 1.2.1 Adaptation to and protective mechanisms in extreme environments5 1.2.1.1 Protections against dehydration . .5 1.2.1.2 Adaptation to oxygen deficiency . .6 1.2.1.3 Protections against photo-oxidation . .7 1.2.2 Metabolic analysis . .7 1.3 Motivation and objectives . .9 2 Material and methods 11 2.1 General materials .
    [Show full text]
  • Food Culture in Germany
    Food Culture in Germany i Courtesy of Golden Section Graphics/Katharina Erfurth. ii Food Culture in Germany URSULA HEINZELMANN Food Culture around the World Ken Albala, Series Editor GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heinzelmann, Ursula. Food culture in Germany / Ursula Heinzelmann. p. cm. — (Food culture around the world, ISSN 1545–2638) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34494–7 (alk. paper) 1. Cookery, German. 2. Food habits—Germany. I. Title. TX721.H453 2008 641.30943—dc22 2008007892 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Ursula Heinzelmann All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008007892 ISBN: 978–0–313–34494–7 ISSN: 1545–2638 First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Illustrations by Gottfried Müller The publisher has done its best to make sure the instructions and/or recipes in this book are correct. However, users should apply judgment and experience when preparing reci- pes, especially parents and teachers working with young people. The publisher accepts no responsibility for the outcome of any recipe included in this volume. iv Contents Series Foreword by Ken Albala vii Preface ix Introduction xi Timeline xv 1.
    [Show full text]