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An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Pauwa Settlement Sites in Kankara Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria

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An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Pauwa Settlement Sites in Kankara Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF PAUWA SETTLEMENT SITES IN KANKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. BY Rabiu YUSUF, B.A. (ABU) 2008 M.A./Arts/5913/2010-2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER DEGREE IN ARCHAEOLOGY. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, FACULTY OF ARTS AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA AUGUST 2014 i Declaration I declare that the work in this thesis entitled “An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Pauwa Settlement Sites in Kankara Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria” has been carried out by me in the Department of Archaeology. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this thesis was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other institution. Rabiu YUSUF _________________ __________________ Name of Student Signature Date ii Certification This thesis entitled AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF PAUWA SETTLEMENT SITES IN KANKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA by Rabiu YUSUF meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology of the Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. M. K. Aliyu, Ph.D ___________________ ___________________ Chairman Supervisory Committee Signature Date K. T. Odofin, Ph.D ___________________ ___________________ Member Supervisory Committee Signature Date ____________________________ ___________________ __________________ External Examiner Signature Date M. K. Aliyu, Ph. D ____________________ __________________ Head of Department Signature Date Prof. Joshua Adebayo Abiodun ____________________ __________________ Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies Signature Date iii Dedication This modest work is dedicated to my late mother, HAJIYA HAUWA IBRAHIM KARFI, Who had nurtured the seed, but could not see the reaping of it fruits. And, My late Grandmother HAJIYA ASMAU (Amme). May their gentle soul rest in perfect peace. Ameen. iv Acknowledgements I am grateful to Allah (SWT) who gave me the opportunity to pursue this research without any interruption. I thank all the members of my family especially my late mother, Hajiya Hauwa Ibrahim Karfi, my father Alhaji Yusufu Sani and my grandmothers Late Hajiya Asma‟u (Amme) and Hajiya Amina for their care, concern and moral support. May Allah (SWT) reward them with Aljannatul Firdaus, Ameen. I sincerely thank my supervisors, Dr. M. K. Aliyu and Dr. K. T. Odofin, for their patience, meticulous supervision and concern about my progress. I wish to thank all the staff of department of Archaeology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria for their cooperation and concern. Dr Z.A. Gundu, Dr (Mrs.) B.N. Mangut, Dr J.D. Ndera, Dr C.S. Bakinde, Dr A.S. Sani, Mr. A.N. Danburi, Hajiya Asmau Giade, Mr. Y.Y. Kimbers, Hajiya Ruhaimat Lawal, Mrs. Abigail Idoko, Mal. Aliyu Adamu Isa, Mr. R. T. Chia, Mal. Isa Muhammad, Mal. Ishaq Isah Ishaq, Mal. Hussaini Hassan Disa, Mrs C. Fiki-George, Mr. J. Y. Bako, Mal. Yahaya Gambo, Hajiya Falilat Raji and Mal Ahmed Salifu as well as Prof Murray Last of department of Anthropology, University College London; Prof. Abdulkadir Adamu, Mal. Toure Kazah Toure, Mal Bashir Sani Muhammad and Dr M. M. Gwadabe of department of History, ABU, Zaria; and Dr O. A. Opadeji of department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan deserved special mention for their kind support. I must also appreciate the contributions of my uncles and aunties without whose contributions I would not be where I am today. I am particularly grateful to Alh Dauda Ibrahim Karfi, Alh Abdullahi Danfuloti, Alh Sule Jatau, Mal Bishir Alaramma, Pharm. Kabir Hamza Kankara and Aunty Zainab for their invaluable contributions and support toward my success. I v also like to appreciate the care of all my brothers, sisters and friends who assisted me in various ways. I am mostly grateful to Lawal Yusuf, Hamisu Yusuf Sani, Sani Yusuf, Ahmed Ibrahim Karfi, Lawal Suleiman Karfi, Abdulrahman Dauda Karfi, Abubakar Abdullahi Karfi, Yakubu Abdullahi Karfi, Malama Karime Sule, Salisu, Saddam, Maryam, Bilkisu, Ibrahim, Abdurrahman, Radiya and Abubakar. And my very good friends, Aminu Muhammed Gidado, Bello Ahmed Sa‟I, Shamsuddeen Jamilu Malumfashi, Salisu Bala, Abubakar Bala (Falala Chemist), Samaila Bello, Abubakar Aliyu and Abubakar Nuhu Ahmed, for their invaluable support, understanding and contributions. My gratitude knows no bound to Maryam Usman (Ummi), thank you very much for the care and concern. May Allah bless you and make you fruitful in all years of our lives. Ameen. Last but by no means the least, are my course mates especially Sadiq Adeiza Shehu, Adeniyi Aribido, Jemimah Marcus, Dusai Mngusuun, Aisha Zubairu, Victoria Bello, Otobong Akpan, Maryam Aliyu, Maram Mahurum, Agnes Okah and Isa Muhammad and the staff of NHRS library particularly Mal Muhammad Muazu, Sarah and Ramatu for their care and support. Then finally my gratitude to the authorities of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and Katsina State Government for partly sponsoring the research. vi Abstract The focus of this research is archaeological reconnaissance of settlement sites at Pauwa, one of the numerous hill settlements occupied by the early inhabitants of Pauwa. The aim is to use archaeology to reconstruct the settlement history of the sites. The research presents the preliminary survey carried out on four identified sites; these include Barebari, Malikawa, Falale and Kurkutawa. The survey was achieved through field walking with a hand-held Global Positioning System. Surface finds and features identified were defensive walls, circular house foundations, dye pits, grinding stones, iron slag and potsherds. Potsherds were collected from the hilltop and on the plain, and were analyzed based on paste characteristics, vessel parts, vessel forms, decorative motif and surface finish. The research adopted historical archaeology as a theoretical framework. Through this, a comprehensive study of historic sites can be achieved. The study is incomplete in some important respects; we have not yet established the relationship of the sites within the hills and the present settlements. This is due to complexities in the oral tradition collected and the limited survey that was done in the sites. Systematic excavation and ethno-archaeological study of the sites need to be carried out in order to understand the settlement history of the area. Despite this limitation, the study find out that the sites serve as important centers of habitation and crafts. This observation however is tentative and more research is needed in explaining the settlement history in Pauwa and Katsina in general. vii Table of contents Title page…………………………………………………………………….. i Declaration……………………………………………………………………ii Approval Page………………………………………………………………..iii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..v Dedication……………………………………………………...........\.............vi Abstract………………………………………………………………………vii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………viii List of Tables………………………………………………………………..xiv List of Plates ………………………………………………………………..xv List of Maps ………………………………………………………………..xvii List of Figure……………………………………………………………….xviii 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble ………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Research Problem………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.3 Literature review………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.4 Aim and Objectives ………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.5 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………………………….. 6 1.6 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………...... 7 1.7 Scope ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 1.8 Significance of the research……………………………………………………………… 10 viii 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Geographical Background ……………………………………………………………11 2.1.1 Location and Accessibility …………………………………………………………… 11 2.1.2 Weather and Climate …………………………………………………………………. 11 2.1.3 Geology and Soil ………………………………………………………………………15 2.1.4 Drainage ……………………………………………………………………………….15 2.1.5 Vegetation ……………………………………………………………………………..16 2.1.6 Subsistence Economy ………………………………………………………………....18 2.2 Historical Background ………………………………………………………………….18 3.0 CHAPTER THREE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEY 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………........... 23 3.2.1 Bare-bari Site ………………………………………………………………………...24 3.2.2 Location ……………………………………………………………………………….24 3.2.3 Site characteristics …………………………………………………………………….24 3.2.4 Site Reconnaissance and Survey ………………………………………………………24 3.2.5 Finds and Features……………………………………………………………………26 a) Grindstones …………………………………………………………………………….26 b) Dye pits ………………………………………………………………………………...27 c) Circular house foundations ……………………………………………………………...29 ix 3.3 Malikawa Site ………………………………………………………………………….30 3.3.1 Location ………………………………………………………………………………30 3.3.2 Site characteristics …………………………………………………………………….30 3.3.3 Site Reconnaissance and Survey ……………………………………………………...31 3.3.4 Finds and Features…………………………………………………………………….33 a) Potsherds ………………………………………………………………………………33 b) Iron slag ………………………………………………………………………………..34 c) Grinding stones …………………………………………………………………………35 d) Dye pits …………………………………………………………………………………35 e) Circular house foundations ……………………………………………………………..36 3.4 Falale Hilltop Site……………………………………………………………………….37 3.4.1 Location………………………………………………………………………………..37 3.4.2 Site characteristics……………………………………………………………………...37 3.4.3 Site Reconnaissance and Survey ………………………………………………………37
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