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A History of Birnin Zaria from 1350 – 1902

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A History of Birnin Zaria from 1350 – 1902 A HISTORY OF BIRNIN ZARIA FROM 1350 – 1902 BY USMAN SULEIMAN M.A. HISTORY APRIL 2007 CERTIFICATION - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Abstract … … … … … … … … …………………..vi-vii 2. Acknowledgements … … … … … … ………………….viii-ix 3. Abbreviations … … … … … … … ………………………x 4. Glossary … … … … … … … …………………..xi-xii 5. Notes on Sources … … … … … … ………………xiii-xxxii 6. CHAPTER ONE: THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF BIRNIN ZARIA 1. Introduction … … … … … … … … …………….1-2 2. Geology … … … … … … … … …………….2-3 3. Topography … … … … … … … … …………….3-4 4. Hydrology … … … … … … … … …………….5-6 5. Soils … … … … … … … … … …………….6-8 6. Climates … … … … … … … … …………...9-10 a. Damina … … … … … … … … ………….10-11 b. Marka … … … … … … … … ……………...11 c. Kaka … … … … … … …. … ……………...11 d. Bazara … … … … … … … … ……………...12 7. Vegetation … … … … … … … … ………….12-13 a. Karkara … … … … … … … … ………….13-16 b. Saura … … … … … … … … … ………….16-17 c. Daji … … … … … … … … … ……………..17 - 3 - 8. Fauna … … … … … … … … … ………….18-22 9. Conclusion … … … … … … … … ………….…..23 7. CHAPTER TWO: THE EMERGENCE OF CENTRALISED POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN ZARIA 1. Introduction … … … … … … … … ………….24-25 2. Early Settlements … … … … … … … ………….25-26 a. Turunku … … … … … … … … ………….26-33 b. Kufena … … … … … … … … ………….33-36 c. Madarkachi … … … … … … … … ………….36-38 d. Kargi … … … … … … …. … … ………….39-40 e. Wuchichi … … … … … … …. …. …. ………….40-41 3. The Emergence of the State of Zazzau … … … … … ………….41-49 4. The Emergence of Kingship in Zaria … … … … ………………….49-57 5. The Emergence of Birnin Zaria as the Capital of the State of Zazzau ………………...58-61 6. Conclusion … … … … … … … … ……………………...62 8. CHAPTER THREE: THE INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION OF BIRNIN ZARIA UP TO 1900 1. Introduction … … … … … … … ……………………...63 2. The Zaria City Wall and its Gates … … … … … ………………….63-72 3. The Security of the Birni … … … … … … ………………….72-75 4. Royal Palace of Zaria … … … … … … ………………….75-79 5. Zaria Mosque … … … … … … … ….79-81 - 4 - 6. Zaria Market … … … … … … … ………………….81-83 7. The Anguwanni (wards) of Birnin Zaria … … … … ………………….83-84 a. Limancin Kona … … … … … … … ………………….84-86 b. Anguwar Juma … … … … … … … ………………….86-87 c. Salmanduna … … … … … … … ………………….87-90 d. Anguwar Zaria … … … … … … … ………………….90-91 e. Kofar Fada … … … … … … … … ………………….91-94 f. Anguwar Kwarbai … … … … … … … ………………….94-95 g. Anguwar Magajiya …… … … … … … ………………….95-97 h. Anguwar Nufawa … … … … … … … ………………...97-100 i. Anguwar Fatika … … … … … … … …………………….100 j. Anguwar Iya … … … … … … … ……………….100-102 k. Anguwar Zage Zagi … … … … … … ……………….102-104 l. Anguwar Karfe … … … … … … … ……………….104-105 m. Anguwar Majema … … … … … … … ……………….105-106 n. Anguwar Sirdi … … … … … … … ……………….106-107 o. Kofar Kuyanbana … … … … … … … ……………….107-108 p. Anguwar Danjinjiri … … … … … … …………………….108 q. Anguwar Malam Sule … … … … … … …………………….109 r. Kofar Doka … … … … … … … ……………….109-111 s. Anguwar Bishar … … … … … … … ……………….111-113 t. Anguwar Kusfa … … … … … … … ……………….113-114 u. Anguwar Alkali … … … … … … … ……………….114-116 - 5 - v. Anguwar Kaura … … … … … … … ……………….117-118 8. Ethnic Composition of the Birni … … … … … ……………….118-120 9. Social Amenities in the Birni … … … … … ……………………120 a. Water … … … … … … … … ……………….120-123 b. Health Care … … … … … … … ……………….123-125 c. Roads … … … … … … … … ……………….125-127 d. Schools … … … … … … … … ……………….127-130 10. Conclusion … … … … … … … … ……………….130-131 9. CHAPTER FOUR: THE SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF BIRNIN ZARIA UP TO 1800 1. Introduction … … … … … … … ……………………132 2. Social Organisation … … … … … … ……………….132-138 i. The Ruling Class … … … … … … … ……………….138-140 ii. Commoners … … … … … … … …………………….141 a. Traditional Priests and the Malamai … … … … ……………….141-145 b. Attajirai … … … … … … … … ……………….145-146 c. Talakawa (Poor) … … … … … … … ……………….146-147 d. Bayi (Slaves) … … … … … … … ……………….147-149 3. Religion … … … … … … … … ……………….149-157 4. Islamic Scholarship and Learning … … … … … ……………….157-162 5. Conclusion … … … … … … … … ……………….162-163 - 6 - 10. CHAPTER FIVE: THE ECONOMY OF BIRNIN ZARIA TO 1900 1. Introduction … … … … … … … ……………….164-165 2. Land … … … … … … … … ……………….165-166 3. Labour … … … … … … … … ……………….166-170 4. Agriculture … … … … … … … … ……………….170-175 5. Animal Husbandry …… … … … … … ……………….175-177 6. Manufacture … … … … … … … …………………….177 i. Blacksmithing … … … … … … … ……………….177-180 ii. Textiles … … … … … … … … ……………….180-184 iii. Leather Works … … … … … … … ……………….184-187 iv. Carving … … … … … … … … ……………….187-188 v. Potteries … … … … … … … … ……………………188 7. Trade and Commerce … … … … … … ……………….188-191 8. Taxation… … … … … … … … ……………….191-192 9. Conclusion … … … … … … … … ……………….192-193 11. CHAPTER SIX: THE JIHAD IN BIRNIN ZARIA 1. Introduction … … … … … … … ……………….194-200 2. The Fall of the Sarauta System … … … … … ……………….200-204 3. Establishment of Emirate Administration … … … … ……………….204-210 4. The Impact of the Jihad on Birnin Zaria … … … … …………………….211 a. Political Transformation … … … … … … ……………….211-213 b. Urbanization… … … … … … … ……………….213-215 - 7 - c. Education… … … … … … … ……………….216-217 i. Ma’ahad Umar Wali… … … … … … ……………….217-219 ii. Kakaki Centre… … … … … … … ……………….219-220 iii. Kofar Doka Centre…… … … … … … …………………….220 iv. Ma’had Kusfa… … … … … … … ……………….220-221 5. Birnin Zaria on the Eve of Colonial Conquest… … … ……………….221-228 6. The fall of Zaria to the British… … … … … ……………….229-231 7. Conclusion… … … … … … … … …………………….232 12 CHAPTER SEVEN: GENERAL CONCLUSION … ……………….233-238 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY…… … … … … … ……………….239-250 14. LIST OF MAPS: (i) Map 1: Showing Zaria Walling Sequence… … … ……………………...37 (ii) Map 2: Showing Zaria City Gates… … … … ……………………...68 (iii) Map 3: Showing Birni Zaria Roads & Focal Points … ……………………...77 15. KINGLIST OF ZARIA…… … … … … …………………….251 - 8 - ABSTRACT This study is on Birnin Zaria in the period between 1350 and 1902. Birnin Zaria is the core of the Zaria metropolis, which is one of the most important urban centres of contemporary Nigeria with a history of urbanization going back to many centuries. The city is also the capital not only of an Emirate, but also of a distinct community of Hausa speaking known as the Zazzagawa or Zage zagi, whose formation goes back over centuries and whose settlements and distribution covers many parts of Nigeria, Western, Northern and Central Africa. The study traced the emergence of Birni Zaria to the processes of urbanization, integration and community formation taking place several centuries ago on the Zaria plains. The study also reconstructed how Birni Zaria was formed in very concrete and specific terms of its geography, its ecology, its walls, its gates, its architecture, its quarters, its Palaces, its Mosques, its Markets and other major economic centres. The Jihad in Birni Zaria in the 19th century constituted a major theme in the history of the Birni. The inherent contradictions existing within the Birni that gave birth to the Jihad was examined in details. The Jihad brought certain changes of political, social and economic importance, was also examined. The appearance of British at the tail end of the 19th century threatened the existence of the Emirate administration in the Birni. Through diplomatic and military manoeuvres, the British firmly established themselves in Zaria. The British saw the conquest of Zaria as necessary in their bid to establishing control over Kano and Sokoto. Zaria was militarily weak at this time and therefore passively responded to the British attempt at colonial conquest. Zaria was taken over by - 9 - the British in 1902. This finally brought an end to the almost hundred years of the Emirate administration in Zaria and ushered in the beginning of European control of the Birni. - 10 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Undoubtedly, this work wouldn’t have been possible without the over whelming assistance I received from many people. Space would not allow me to mention each of them. However, I acknowledged the contributions of some of them in my references and the memories of all remained indelible in my heart. First and foremost I am so much grateful to Allah for endowing me with enormous guidance and inspirations that enabled me to write this thesis. To my main supervisor Dr. Hannatu Alahira of the Department of History, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, I am indebted for sharing with me the benefits of her insights as well as for her stimulating intellectual discussions. Her devotion and dedication are largely responsible for whatever merit there may be in the quality of the work. I am also grateful to my second supervisor Dr. Idris Sha’abu Jimada who as a co-supervisor has been of great assistance to see that the work finish on time. I am most grateful to them all. I must not be forgetful of the immense contributions of late Dr. Y. B. Usman, for his conception of the original idea leading to this research. I also benefited from his incisive criticisms of my draft proposal. I wish to express my special thanks to Professors S. U Abdullahi, the Vice Chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Abdullahi Mahdi, the former Vice Chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Dr Hamid Bobboyi, the Director Arewa House and Dr. Enoch Oyedele of the History Department A.B.U, Zaria for their keen interest in my progress, assistance and encouragements. I am also grateful to especially Dr. Abdulkadir Adamu who went through my work and whose incisive criticisms were useful in shaping the quality of the work, Malam Mustapha - 11 - Gwadabe for his persistent assistance and prodding that brought the work to successful
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