Exégesis De La Saga «Fundación» De Isaac Asimov

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Exégesis De La Saga «Fundación» De Isaac Asimov CULTURA, LENGUAJE Y REPRESENTACIÓN / CULTURE, LANGUAGE AND REPRESENTATION ˙ ISSN 1697-7750 · VOL. XIX \ 2018, pp. 31-44 REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CULTURALES DE LA UNIVERSITAT JAUME I / CULTURAL STUDIES JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITAT JAUME I DOI: HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.6035/CLR.2018.19.2 Transhumanismo en la ciencia ficción: exégesis de la saga «Fundación» de Isaac Asimov Science Fiction Transhumanism: Exegesis of the Foundation saga by Isaac Asimov JOSÉ LUIS ARROYO BARRIGÜETE UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA Artículo recibido el / Article received: 2017-06-14 Artículo aceptado el / Article accepted: 2018-01-29 RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza varias de las corrientes transhumanistas, como el singularitarianismo, inmortalismo, posgenerismo y abolicionismo, en la saga de la Fundación de Isaac Asimov. Partiendo de los quince libros que conforman di- cha saga, se examina la visión de Asimov sobre estas ideas, y muestra cómo las diferentes novelas tratan sus complejas implicaciones, ya que contrariamente a la interpretación más habitual, el autor fue mucho más allá de sus historias de robots al tratar temáticas transhumanistas. Palabras clave: Transhumanismo, singularitarianismo, inmortalismo, posgeneris- mo, abolicionismo, ciencia ficción, Isaac Asimov y saga de la Fundación. ABSTRACT: This article analyzes several transhumanist currents, like singularita- rianism, immortalism, postgenderism and abolitionism, in the Foundation series of Isaac Asimov. On the basis of the 15 books that make up the saga, Asimov’s vision of these ideas is examined to show how these novels address their complex impli- cations, because contrary to the usual interpretation, the author went far beyond his robot stories for dealing with transhumanist topics. Keywords: Transhumanism, singularitarianism, immortalism, postgenderism, aboli- tionism, science fiction, Isaac Asimov and Foundation series. 32 CLR ˙ DOI: HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.6035/CLR.2018.19.2 ˙ ISSN 1697-7750 · VOL. XIX \ 2018, pp. 31-44 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El término transhumanismo parece que fue usado por primera vez en 1927 por Julian Huxley, biólogo fundador del Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza, y que fue también el primer director general de la UNESCO (Bostrom, 2005 y 2011). Su planteamiento general es la modificación del ser humano mediante la tecnología, actuando como estadio intermedio entre el humano y el poshumano (González Melado y Martínez Guisasola, 2012). Como señala Marín (2012), a diferencia de la tradición prometeica, que busca un perfeccionamiento del cuerpo humano pero respetando ciertos límites impuestos por su propia naturaleza, el transhumanis- mo representa una corriente de pensamiento firmemente asentada en la tradición fáustica, que busca superar todas las limitaciones derivadas del carácter material del cuerpo humano, ignorando cualquier barrera. Sin embargo, sería ingenuo asu- mir que se trata de un movimiento homogéneo, pues existen numerosas variantes dentro del transhumanismo con notables diferencias entre ellas, dependiendo tan- to del enfoque en el uso de la tecnología como en la finalidad última de esta; desde las propuestas más obvias como el inmortalismo, que propugna la consecu- ción de un ser humano inmortal, hasta el posgenerismo, que defiende la abolición del género sexual mediante técnicas de ingeniería genética. Al margen de las reflexiones filosóficas sobre sus implicaciones, se trata de una propuesta intelectualmente estimulante y, por tanto, no resulta extraño que la literatura basada en el extrañamiento cognitivo, tal y como la definió Suvin (1984), la haya incorporado con pasión a sus tramas. Definir el género de la ciencia ficción (CF) no es en absoluto sencillo, debido principalmente a «la inexistencia de límites precisos para la temática y los enfoques que utiliza» (Barceló, 1990: 24), pero sea cual sea su definición, un concepto como el transhu- manismo incorpora todos los elementos para resultar interesante en este contexto. No es de extrañar que la CF haya explorado exhaustivamente las posibilidades, consecuencias e implicaciones de las propuestas transhumanistas. De este modo encontramos desde interpretaciones muy directas, como las del ciberpunk, que suele ambientarse en un distópico futuro posindustrial y propone una evolución basada en diversas suertes de fusión hombre-máquina, hasta sutiles e inquietantes posibilidades, como las planteadas en El fin de la infancia (Clarke, 1953). Isaac Asimov es probablemente uno de los escritores de CF que con ma- yor frecuencia se menciona al hablar de transhumanismo1 (véase por ejemplo 1. Los transhumanistas frecuentemente han encontrado su inspiración en la literatura de ciencia ficción. Sin embargo, como apunta Burdett (2015: 68), «one can’t help but notice that science fiction literature is treated like the younger, less serious brother of contemporary transhumanists. […] In their attempts to legitimise their movement they are often found to actually distance themselves from science fiction». JOSÉ LUIS ARROYO BARRIGÜETE Transhumanismo en la ciencia ficción 33 Bostrom, 2005; Tirosh-Samuelson, 2007; Babich, 2013; Sandu y Caras, 2013; Ali Mirenayat et al., 2017), pero paradójicamente se suele hacer respecto a sus relatos sobre robots, lo que resulta extraño teniendo en consideración que otras obras suyas profundizaron sustancialmente más en varias de las sutilezas de esta corriente de pensamiento. Como analizaremos a continuación, Asimov trató en profundidad varias de sus ideas y, contrariamente, a lo que algunos transhumanis- tas sostienen, sus conclusiones no fueron precisamente positivas. 2. UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LA SAGA DE LA FUNDACIÓN Desde una perspectiva holística podemos considerar que la saga de la Fun- dación está compuesta por un conjunto de quince libros (Asimov, 1950a, 1950b, 1951a, 1951b, 1952a, 1952b, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1993) más otros tres que no fueron escritos por el propio Isaac Asimov (Bear, 1998; Benford, 1997; Brin, 1999), sino por otros escritores tras su fallecimien- to. En ocasiones se incluye también la novela Crisis psicohistórica (Kingsbury, 2001), inspirada en el universo asimoviano pero que modifica los nombres ori- ginales por no haber sido aprobada por sus herederos. Existen también relatos cortos, apócrifos en su mayoría, que habitualmente no se consideran como parte de la saga. Centrándonos en los escritos del propio Asimov, es preciso destacar al me- nos cuatro aspectos de esta saga, considerada junto con Dune, de Frank Herbert, una de las más importantes de la CF. La primera es la gran heterogeneidad de sus trabajos, en los que encontramos desde el relato corto, como en Yo robot», que no es sino un compendio de estos, hasta las extensas novelas que conforman los últimos capítulos de la saga. La segunda característica reseñable es que, al ser escrita a lo largo de un período de más de cuarenta años, se aprecia claramente la evolución del autor, tanto en su estilo literario como en sus ideas y reflexiones, cuando crea un universo más y más complejo que además no siempre resulta co- herente. En tercer lugar, existe una fuerte intertextualidad con textos científicos o históricos. De hecho, la formación científica de Asimov le permitió, a lo largo de toda su obra, incluir ciertos elementos que actuasen cono gancho para el lector con ciertos conocimientos en este campo. Un ejemplo, ajeno a la Fundación pero quizá de los más interesantes y sutiles, lo encontramos en El fin de la eternidad (Asimov, 1955). En la novela se describe con cierto detalle cómo fue descubier- to, de forma puramente empírica, el campo temporal, que sin embargo no pudo ser mejorado tras el descubrimiento posterior de sus fundamentos teóricos. Es inevitable plantearse en qué medida Asimov está haciendo aquí una alusión al desarrollo de la termodinámica; si bien en 1816 Robert Stirling patentó su motor basado en un ciclo termodinámico, no fue hasta 1824, con la publicación de la 34 CLR ˙ DOI: HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.6035/CLR.2018.19.2 ˙ ISSN 1697-7750 · VOL. XIX \ 2018, pp. 31-44 única obra de Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, que se pudieron explicar los funda- mentos teóricos de su invención. Adicionalmente el motor Stirling es el único que presenta un rendimiento (teórico) que alcanza el máximo posible, determinado por el rendimiento del motor ideal de Carnot; motores desarrollados con posterio- ridad sobre la base de otros ciclos, no alcanzan dicho límite teórico. Precisamente, como consecuencia de esta sólida formación científica, Asi- mov no tuvo reparo alguno en describir las características de las ecuaciones que componían el mosaico de la psicohistoria, el campo temporal y otras de las teorías que imaginó en sus novelas, combinando dichas descripciones con explicaciones verbales de tipo filosófico. En el caso concreto de la psicohistoria, llega incluso a rozar la écfrasis al describir de una manera un tanto poética el funcionamiento del primer radiante, objeto que permitiría la representación tridimensional de las ecuaciones que conforman la psicohistoria. Sin embargo, el abuso de los diálogos como base narrativa, estilema del autor, es también la tónica dominante a la hora de explicar los detalles de sus teorías. Debido a ello la sensación de artificiosi- dad suele ser elevada, ya que no resulta sencillo crear situaciones en las que una explicación de la teoría esté justificada, máxime cuando dicha explicación ha de ser para no iniciados, a fin de que el lector pueda comprenderla. Esto obliga a Asimov a forzar conversaciones entre un especialista y un profano, o en el mejor de los casos un diletante, e
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