NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

George Orwell,Thomas Pynchon | 400 pages | 01 Feb 2009 | Penguin Books Ltd | 9780141187761 | English | London, United Kingdom by George Orwell

Colchester was destroyed and London also suffered widespread aerial raids, leading Winston's family to take refuge in a London Underground station. The new nation fell into civil war, but who fought whom is left unclear. Eventually, Ingsoc won out and gradually formed a totalitarian government across Oceania. Eastasia , the last superstate established, emerged only after "a decade of confused fighting". It includes the Asian lands conquered by China and Japan. Although Eastasia is prevented from matching Eurasia's size, its larger populace compensates for that handicap. While citizens in each state are trained to despise the ideologies of the other two as uncivilised and barbarous, Goldstein's book explains that in fact the superstates' ideologies are practically identical and that the public's ignorance of this fact is imperative so that they might continue believing otherwise. The only references to the exterior world for the Oceanian citizenry are propaganda and probably fake maps fabricated by the Ministry of Truth to ensure people's belief in "the war". However, due to the fact that Winston only barely remembers these events as well as the Party's constant manipulation of historical records, the continuity and accuracy of these events are unknown, and exactly how the superstates' ruling parties managed to gain their power is also left unclear. Winston himself also notes that the Party has claimed credit for inventing helicopters and aeroplanes, while Julia theorises that the perpetual bombing of London is merely a false-flag operation designed to convince the populace that a war is occurring. If the official account was accurate, Smith's strengthening memories and the story of his family's dissolution suggest that the atomic bombings occurred first, followed by civil war featuring "confused street fighting in London itself" and the societal postwar reorganisation, which the Party retrospectively calls "the Revolution". While the exact chronology is very difficult to trace, most of the global societal reorganisation occurred between and the early s. Winston and Julia meet in the ruins of a church that was destroyed in a nuclear attack "thirty years" earlier, which suggests as the year of the atomic war that destabilised society and allowed the Party to seize power. It is stated in the novel that the "fourth quarter of " was "also the sixth quarter of the Ninth Three-Year Plan", which implies that the first three-year plan began in By that same year, the Party had apparently gained control of Oceania. In , there is a perpetual war between Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, the superstates that emerged from the global atomic war. The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism , by Emmanuel Goldstein, explains that each state is so strong it cannot be defeated, even with the combined forces of two superstates, despite changing alliances. To hide such contradictions, the superstates' governments rewrite history to explain that the new alliance always was so; the populaces are already accustomed to doublethink and accept it. The war is not fought in Oceanian, Eurasian or Eastasian territory but in the Arctic wastes and a disputed zone comprising the sea and land from Tangiers Northern Africa to Darwin Australia. That alliance ends and Oceania, allied with Eurasia, fights Eastasia, a change occurring on Hate Week, dedicated to creating patriotic fervour for the Party's perpetual war. The public are blind to the change; in mid-sentence, an orator changes the name of the enemy from "Eurasia" to "Eastasia" without pause. When the public are enraged at noticing that the wrong flags and posters are displayed, they tear them down; the Party later claims to have captured the whole of Africa. Goldstein's book explains that the purpose of the unwinnable, perpetual war is to consume human labour and commodities so that the economy of a superstate cannot support economic equality, with a high standard of life for every citizen. By using up most of the produced goods, the proles are kept poor and uneducated and the Party hopes that they will neither realise what the government is doing nor rebel. Goldstein also details an Oceanian strategy of attacking enemy cities with atomic rockets before invasion but dismisses it as unfeasible and contrary to the war's purpose; despite the atomic bombing of cities in the s, the superstates stopped it for fear that would imbalance the powers. The military technology in the novel differs little from that of World War II, but strategic bomber aeroplanes are replaced with rocket bombs , helicopters were heavily used as weapons of war they did not figure in World War II in any form but prototypes and surface combat units have been all but replaced by immense and unsinkable Floating Fortresses island-like contraptions concentrating the firepower of a whole naval task force in a single, semi-mobile platform; in the novel, one is said to have been anchored between Iceland and the Faroe Islands , suggesting a preference for sea lane interdiction and denial. According to Goldstein's book, almost the entire world lives in poverty; hunger, thirst, disease, and filth are the norms. Ruined cities and towns are common: the consequence of wars and false flag operations. Social decay and wrecked buildings surround Winston; aside from the ministries' pyramids, little of London was rebuilt. Middle class citizens and Proles consume synthetic foodstuffs and poor-quality "luxuries" such as oily gin and loosely-packed cigarettes, distributed under the "Victory" brand. They were smoked because it was easier to import them from India than it was to import American cigarettes from across the Atlantic because of the Battle of the Atlantic. Winston describes something as simple as the repair of a broken window as requiring committee approval that can take several years and so most of those living in one of the blocks usually do the repairs themselves Winston himself is called in by Mrs. Parsons to repair her blocked sink. All upper-class and middle-class residences include telescreens that serve both as outlets for propaganda and surveillance devices that allow the Thought Police to monitor them; they can be turned down, but the ones in middle-class residences cannot be turned off. In contrast to their subordinates, the upper class of Oceanian society reside in clean and comfortable flats in their own quarters, with pantries well-stocked with foodstuffs such as wine, real coffee, real tea, real milk, and real sugar, all denied to the general populace. All upper class citizens are attended to by slaves captured in the "disputed zone", and "The Book" suggests that many have their own cars or even helicopters. The proles live in poverty and are kept sedated with alcohol, pornography, and a national lottery whose winnings are rarely paid out; that is obscured by propaganda and the lack of communication within Oceania. At the same time, the proles are freer and less intimidated than the upper classes: they are not expected to be particularly patriotic and the levels of surveillance they are subjected to are very low. They lack telescreens in their own homes and often jeer at the telescreens that they see. Winston nonetheless believes that "the future belonged to the proles". The standard of living of the populace is extremely low overall. Consumer goods are scarce, and those available through official channels are of low quality; for instance, despite the Party regularly reporting increased boot production, more than half of the Oceanian populace goes barefoot. The Party claims that poverty is a necessary sacrifice for the war effort, and "The Book" confirms that to be partially correct since the purpose of perpetual war consumes surplus industrial production. Outer Party members and proles occasionally gain access to better items in the market, which deals in goods that were pilfered from the residences of the Inner Party. Nineteen Eighty-Four expands upon the subjects summarised in Orwell's essay " Notes on Nationalism " [31] about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognised phenomena behind certain political forces. In Nineteen Eighty-Four , the Party's artificial, minimalist language 'Newspeak' addresses the matter. O'Brien concludes: "The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power. There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always—do not forget this, Winston—always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever. One of the most notable themes in Nineteen Eighty-Four is censorship, especially in the Ministry of Truth, where photographs and public archives are manipulated to rid them of "unpersons" people who have been erased from history by the Party. One small example of the endless censorship is Winston being charged with the task of eliminating a reference to an unperson in a newspaper article. He also proceeds to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy, a made-up party member who allegedly "displayed great heroism by leaping into the sea from a helicopter so that the dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands. In Oceania, the upper and middle classes have very little true privacy. All of their houses and apartments are equipped with telescreens so that they may be watched or listened to at any time. Similar telescreens are found at workstations and in public places, along with hidden microphones. Written correspondence is routinely opened and read by the government before it is delivered. The Thought Police employ undercover agents, who pose as normal citizens and report any person with subversive tendencies. Children are encouraged to report suspicious persons to the government, and some denounce their parents. Citizens are controlled, and the smallest sign of rebellion, even something as small as a suspicious facial expression, can result in immediate arrest and imprisonment. Thus, citizens are compelled to obedience. The Principles of Newspeak is an academic essay appended to the novel. It describes the development of Newspeak, an artificial, minimalistic language designed to ideologically align thought with the principles of Ingsoc by stripping down the English language in order to make the expression of "heretical" thoughts i. The idea that a language's structure can be used to influence thought is known as linguistic relativity. Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to Nineteen Eighty-Four remains a critical debate. Many claim that it does, citing the fact that it is in standard English and is written in the past tense : "Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new ways of reducing it were constantly being devised" p. Some critics Atwood, [35] Benstead, [36] Milner, [37] Pynchon [38] claim that for Orwell, Newspeak and the totalitarian governments are all in the past. Nineteen Eighty-Four uses themes from life in the Soviet Union and wartime life in Great Britain as sources for many of its motifs. Some time at an unspecified date after the first American publication of the book, producer Sidney Sheldon wrote to Orwell interested in adapting the novel to the Broadway stage. Orwell sold the American stage rights to Sheldon, explaining that his basic goal with Nineteen Eighty-Four was imagining the consequences of Stalinist government ruling British society:. According to Orwell biographer D. It's about somebody who is spied upon, and eavesdropped upon, and oppressed by vast exterior forces they can do nothing about. It makes an attempt at rebellion and then has to compromise". The slogan was seen in electric lights on Moscow house-fronts, billboards and elsewhere. The switch of Oceania's allegiance from Eastasia to Eurasia and the subsequent rewriting of history "Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia. A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete"; ch 9 is evocative of the Soviet Union's changing relations with Nazi Germany. The two nations were open and frequently vehement critics of each other until the signing of the Treaty of Non-Aggression. Thereafter, and continuing until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in , no criticism of Germany was allowed in the Soviet press, and all references to prior party lines stopped—including in the majority of non-Russian communist parties who tended to follow the Russian line. It was too much for many of the fellow-travellers like Gollancz [Orwell's sometime publisher] who had put their faith in a strategy of construction Popular Front governments and the peace bloc between Russia, Britain and France. The description of Emmanuel Goldstein, with a "small, goatee beard", evokes the image of Leon Trotsky. The film of Goldstein during the Two Minutes Hate is described as showing him being transformed into a bleating sheep. This image was used in a propaganda film during the Kino-eye period of Soviet film, which showed Trotsky transforming into a goat. The omnipresent images of Big Brother, a man described as having a moustache, bears resemblance to the cult of personality built up around Joseph Stalin. The news in Oceania emphasised production figures, just as it did in the Soviet Union, where record-setting in factories by " Heroes of Socialist Labour " was especially glorified. The best known of these was Alexey Stakhanov , who purportedly set a record for coal mining in The tortures of the Ministry of Love evoke the procedures used by the NKVD in their interrogations, [44] including the use of rubber truncheons, being forbidden to put your hands in your pockets, remaining in brightly lit rooms for days, torture through the use of their greatest fear, and the victim being shown a mirror after their physical collapse. The random bombing of Airstrip One is based on the Buzz bombs and the V-2 rocket , which struck England at random in — The confessions of the "Thought Criminals" Rutherford, Aaronson and Jones are based on the show trials of the s, which included fabricated confessions by prominent Bolsheviks Nikolai Bukharin , Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev to the effect that they were being paid by the Nazi government to undermine the Soviet regime under Leon Trotsky 's direction. The song " Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree " "Under the spreading chestnut tree, I sold you, and you sold me" was based on an old English song called "Go no more a-rushing" "Under the spreading chestnut tree, Where I knelt upon my knee, We were as happy as could be, 'Neath the spreading chestnut tree. The song was published as early as The song was a popular camp song in the s, sung with corresponding movements like touching one's chest when singing "chest", and touching one's head when singing "nut". Glenn Miller recorded the song in The "Hates" Two Minutes Hate and Hate Week were inspired by the constant rallies sponsored by party organs throughout the Stalinist period. These were often short pep- talks given to workers before their shifts began Two Minutes Hate , but could also last for days, as in the annual celebrations of the anniversary of the October revolution Hate Week. Orwell fictionalised "newspeak", "doublethink", and "Ministry of Truth" as evinced by both the Soviet press and that of Nazi Germany. Winston Smith's job, "revising history" and the "unperson" motif are based on the Stalinist habit of airbrushing images of "fallen" people from group photographs and removing references to them in books and newspapers. When he fell in , and was subsequently executed, institutes that had the encyclopaedia were sent an article about the Bering Strait, with instructions to paste it over the article about Beria. Big Brother's "Orders of the Day" were inspired by Stalin's regular wartime orders, called by the same name. A small collection of the more political of these have been published together with his wartime speeches in English as "On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union" By Joseph Stalin. The Ingsoc slogan "Our new, happy life", repeated from telescreens, evokes Stalin's statement, which became a CPSU slogan, "Life has become better, Comrades; life has become more cheerful. The story concludes with an appendix describing the success of the project. Borges' story addresses similar themes of epistemology , language and history to Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm share themes of the betrayed revolution, the individual's subordination to the collective, rigorously enforced class distinctions Inner Party, Outer Party, Proles , the cult of personality , concentration camps , Thought Police , compulsory regimented daily exercise, and youth leagues. It is a naval power whose militarism venerates the sailors of the floating fortresses, from which battle is given to recapturing India, the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire. Altered photographs and newspaper articles create unpersons deleted from the national historical record, including even founding members of the regime Jones, Aaronson and Rutherford in the s purges viz the Soviet Purges of the s, in which leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution were similarly treated. A similar thing also happened during the French Revolution in which many of the original leaders of the Revolution were later put to death, for example Danton who was put to death by Robespierre , and then later Robespierre himself met the same fate. In his essay " Why I Write ", Orwell explains that the serious works he wrote since the Spanish Civil War —39 were "written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism ". Biographer Michael Shelden notes Orwell's Edwardian childhood at Henley-on- Thames as the golden country; being bullied at St Cyprian's School as his empathy with victims; his life in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma and the techniques of violence and censorship in the BBC as capricious authority. Extrapolating from World War II, the novel's pastiche parallels the politics and rhetoric at war's end—the changed alliances at the " Cold War 's" —91 beginning; the Ministry of Truth derives from the BBC's overseas service, controlled by the Ministry of Information ; Room derives from a conference room at BBC Broadcasting House ; [61] the Senate House of the University of London, containing the Ministry of Information is the architectural inspiration for the Minitrue; the post-war decrepitude derives from the socio-political life of the UK and the US, i. The term "English Socialism" has precedents in his wartime writings; in the essay " The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius " , he said that "the war and the revolution are inseparable Given the middle class's grasping this, they too would abide socialist revolution and that only reactionary Britons would oppose it, thus limiting the force revolutionaries would need to take power. An English Socialism would come about which "will never lose touch with the tradition of compromise and the belief in a law that is above the State. It will shoot traitors, but it will give them a solemn trial beforehand and occasionally it will acquit them. It will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly, but it will interfere very little with the spoken and written word. Comparison of the wartime essay "The Lion and the Unicorn" with Nineteen Eighty-Four shows that he perceived a Big Brother regime as a perversion of his cherished socialist ideals and English Socialism. Thus Oceania is a corruption of the British Empire he believed would evolve "into a federation of Socialist states, like a looser and freer version of the Union of Soviet Republics". When it was first published, Nineteen Eighty-Four received critical acclaim. Pritchett , reviewing the novel for the New Statesman stated: "I do not think I have ever read a novel more frightening and depressing; and yet, such are the originality, the suspense, the speed of writing and withering indignation that it is impossible to put the book down. Forster and Harold Nicolson. Lewis was also critical of the novel, claiming that the relationship of Julia and Winston, and especially the Party's view on sex, lacked credibility, and that the setting was "odious rather than tragic". Nineteen Eighty-Four has been adapted for the cinema, radio, television and theatre at least twice each, as well as for other art media, such as ballet and opera. The first Simplified Chinese version was published in It was first available to the general public in China in , as previously it was only in portions of libraries and bookstores open to a limited number of people. Amy Hawkins and Jeffrey Wasserstrom of The Atlantic stated in that the book is widely available in Mainland China for several reasons: the general public by and large no longer reads books, because the elites who do read books feel connected to the ruling party anyway, and because the Communist Party sees being too aggressive in blocking cultural products as a liability. By , Nineteen Eighty-Four had been translated into 65 languages, more than any other novel in English at that time. The effect of Nineteen Eighty- Four on the English language is extensive; the concepts of Big Brother , Room , the Thought Police , thoughtcrime , unperson , memory hole oblivion , doublethink simultaneously holding and believing contradictory beliefs and Newspeak ideological language have become common phrases for denoting totalitarian authority. Doublespeak and groupthink are both deliberate elaborations of doublethink , and the adjective "Orwellian" means similar to Orwell's writings, especially Nineteen Eighty-Four. The practice of ending words with "-speak" such as mediaspeak is drawn from the novel. References to the themes, concepts and plot of Nineteen Eighty-Four have appeared frequently in other works, especially in popular music and video entertainment. An example is the worldwide hit reality television show Big Brother , in which a group of people live together in a large house, isolated from the outside world but continuously watched by television cameras. The book touches on the invasion of privacy and ubiquitous surveillance. From mid it was publicised that the NSA has been secretly monitoring and storing global internet traffic, including the bulk data collection of email and phone call data. Sales of Nineteen Eighty-Four increased by up to seven times within the first week of the mass surveillance leaks. The book also shows mass media as a catalyst for the intensification of destructive emotions and violence. Since the 20th century, news and other forms of media have been publicising violence more often. The play opened on Broadway in New York in A version of the production played on an Australian tour in In October , after reading Nineteen Eighty-Four , Huxley sent a letter to Orwell and wrote that it would be more efficient for rulers to stay in power by the softer touch by allowing citizens to self-seek pleasure to control them rather than brute force and to allow a false sense of freedom. He wrote 'Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face can go on indefinitely seems doubtful. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will find less arduous and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its lust for power, and these ways will resemble those which I described in Brave New World'. Within the next generation I believe that the world's rulers will discover that infant conditioning and narco-hypnosis are more efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for power can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience. In the decades since the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four , there have been numerous comparisons to Aldous Huxley 's novel Brave New World , which had been published 17 years earlier, in However, members of the ruling class of Nineteen Eighty-Four use brutal force, torture and mind control to keep individuals in line, while rulers in Brave New World keep the citizens in line by addictive drugs and pleasurable distractions. Regarding censorship, in Nineteen Eighty-Four the government tightly controls information to keep the population in line, but in Huxley's world, so much information is published that readers do not know which information is relevant, and what can be disregarded. Elements of both novels can be seen in modern-day societies, with Huxley's vision being more dominant in the West and Orwell's vision more prevalent with dictators in ex-communist countries, as is pointed out in essays that compare the two novels, including Huxley's own Brave New World Revisited. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the novel by George Orwell. For the year, see For other uses, see disambiguation. Not to be confused with 1Q Dewey Decimal. Main article: Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Main article: Doublethink. Further information: Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. See also: Perpetual war. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Newspeak and List of Newspeak words. Main article: Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Further information: Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media. Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 22 May New York: Harper Collins. BBC News. Retrieved 8 February Bott, George ed. Selected Writings. London: Heinemann. Every line of serious work that I have written since has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. The Columbia Encyclopedia 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Modern Library. April Retrieved 3 December Archived from the original on 18 July Retrieved 4 July Cambridge University Press. Does it matter that George Orwell pinched the plot? The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 September Retrieved 24 September LA Review of Books. Retrieved 20 October Barron's Educational Series. Retrieved 2 July In the end their awakening would come. And until that happened, though it might be a thousand years, they would stay alive against all the odds, like birds, passing on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill". May Retrieved 25 March George Orwell's and Political Ideology. Social Theory and Practice. Liverpool F. New York: Plume, Five Books Interview. Interviewed by Stephanie Kelley. Retrieved 30 October The book is set in in Oceania, one of three perpetually warring totalitarian states the other two are Eurasia and Eastasia. Oceania is governed by the all-controlling Party, which has brainwashed the population into unthinking obedience to its leader, Big Brother. He belongs to the Outer Party, and his job is to rewrite history in the Ministry of Truth, bringing it in line with current political thinking. He embarks on a forbidden affair with Julia, a like-minded woman, and they rent a room in a neighbourhood populated by Proles short for proletariats. Winston also becomes increasingly interested in the Brotherhood, a group of dissenters. The ensuing imprisonment, torture , and reeducation of Winston are intended not merely to break him physically or make him submit but to root out his independence and destroy his dignity and humanity. In Room , where prisoners are forced into submission by exposure to their worst nightmares, Winston panics as a cage of rats is attached to his head. With this betrayal, Winston is released. He later encounters Julia, and neither is interested in the other. Instead Winston loves Big Brother. Orwell wrote Nineteen Eighty-four as a warning after years of brooding on the twin menaces of Nazism and Stalinism. Its depiction of a state where daring to think differently is rewarded with torture , where people are monitored every second of the day, and where party propaganda trumps free speech and thought is a sobering reminder of the evils of unaccountable governments. Winston is the symbol of the values of civilized life, and his defeat is a poignant reminder of the vulnerability of such values in the midst of all-powerful states. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Nineteen Eighty-Four - Wikipedia

From mid it was publicised that the NSA has been secretly monitoring and storing global internet traffic, including the bulk data collection of email and phone call data. Sales of Nineteen Eighty-Four increased by up to seven times within the first week of the mass surveillance leaks. The book also shows mass media as a catalyst for the intensification of destructive emotions and violence. Since the 20th century, news and other forms of media have been publicising violence more often. The play opened on Broadway in New York in A version of the production played on an Australian tour in In October , after reading Nineteen Eighty-Four , Huxley sent a letter to Orwell and wrote that it would be more efficient for rulers to stay in power by the softer touch by allowing citizens to self-seek pleasure to control them rather than brute force and to allow a false sense of freedom. He wrote 'Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face can go on indefinitely seems doubtful. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will find less arduous and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its lust for power, and these ways will resemble those which I described in Brave New World'. Within the next generation I believe that the world's rulers will discover that infant conditioning and narco-hypnosis are more efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for power can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience. In the decades since the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four , there have been numerous comparisons to Aldous Huxley 's novel Brave New World , which had been published 17 years earlier, in However, members of the ruling class of Nineteen Eighty-Four use brutal force, torture and mind control to keep individuals in line, while rulers in Brave New World keep the citizens in line by addictive drugs and pleasurable distractions. Regarding censorship, in Nineteen Eighty-Four the government tightly controls information to keep the population in line, but in Huxley's world, so much information is published that readers do not know which information is relevant, and what can be disregarded. Elements of both novels can be seen in modern-day societies, with Huxley's vision being more dominant in the West and Orwell's vision more prevalent with dictators in ex- communist countries, as is pointed out in essays that compare the two novels, including Huxley's own Brave New World Revisited. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the novel by George Orwell. For the year, see For other uses, see disambiguation. Not to be confused with 1Q Dewey Decimal. Main article: Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Main article: Doublethink. Further information: Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. See also: Perpetual war. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Newspeak and List of Newspeak words. Main article: Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Further information: Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media. Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 22 May New York: Harper Collins. BBC News. Retrieved 8 February Bott, George ed. Selected Writings. London: Heinemann. Every line of serious work that I have written since has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. The Columbia Encyclopedia 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Modern Library. April Retrieved 3 December Archived from the original on 18 July Retrieved 4 July Cambridge University Press. Does it matter that George Orwell pinched the plot? The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 September Retrieved 24 September LA Review of Books. Retrieved 20 October Barron's Educational Series. Retrieved 2 July In the end their awakening would come. And until that happened, though it might be a thousand years, they would stay alive against all the odds, like birds, passing on from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill". May Retrieved 25 March George Orwell's and Political Ideology. Social Theory and Practice. Liverpool F. New York: Plume, Five Books Interview. Interviewed by Stephanie Kelley. Retrieved 30 October New York: Penguin Press. Review of "Left Book Club Anthology" review no. Paul Laity. University of California Press. Journey into the Whirlwind. Everyday Stalinism. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 January Thank you, comrade Stalin! Soviet public culture from revolution to Cold War. New Jersey Princeton University Press. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union. Taylor and Francis. Archived from the original on 11 June Retrieved 19 July Memory, brain, and belief. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Moscow: Foreign Languages Press. Retrieved 14 December Twentieth-century Spanish American Literature to New York: HarperCollins. Bowker, p. Archived from the original on 5 January Retrieved 9 December Meyers , p. Orwell, Sonia; Angus, Ian eds. Boston: Nonpareil Books. The third was to develop a positive imperial policy, and aim at transforming the Empire into a federation of Socialist states, like a looser and freer version of the Union of Soviet Republics. Nigel Fountain, The Guardian , June 14, George Orwell. Retrieved 10 November The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature. The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 August St Martins. Robson Books. Paste magazine. Retrieved 6 June Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture. New York University Press. Retrieved 6 October The Guardian. Radio Times. Retrieved 20 May Harper Collins. The Hill. Retrieved 9 November Retrieved 30 June The New York Times. Retrieved 26 January Retrieved 25 January USA Today. The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. The Orwell Moment. London: University Arkansas Press. Retrieved 21 May Brave New World". Archived from the original on 8 February Retrieved 6 December Brave New World? Why I love a little dystopia". Archived from the original on 23 November Retrieved 28 February Brave New World: Comparison". Retrieved 17 June These five dystopias better reflect Trump's US". He was alone. The past was dead, the future was unimaginable. What certainty had he that a single human creature now living was on his side? And what way of knowing that the dominion of the Party would not endure forever? Like an answer, the three slogans on the white face of the Ministry of Truth came back at him:. He took a twenty-five-cent piece out of his pocket. There, too, in tiny clear lettering, the same slogans were inscribed, and on the other face of the coin the head of Big Brother. Even from the coin the eyes pursued you. On coins, on stamps, on the covers of books, on banners, on posters, and on the wrapping of a cigarette packet—everywhere. Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in bed—no escape. Nothing was your own except the few cubic centime- ters inside your skull. The sun had shifted round, and the myriad windows of the Ministry of Truth, with the light no longer shining on them, looked grim as the loopholes of a fortress. His heart quailed before the enormous pyramidal shape. It was too strong, it could not be stormed. A thousand rocket bombs would not batter it down. He wondered again for whom he was writing the diary. For the future, for the past—for an age that might be imaginary. And in front of him there lay not death but annihilation. The diary would be reduced to ashes and himself to vapor. Only the Thought Police would read what he had written, before they wiped it out of existence and out of memory. How could you make appeal to the future when not a trace of you, not even an anonymous word scribbled on a piece of paper, could physically survive? The telescreen struck fourteen. He must leave in ten minutes. He had to be back at work by fourteen-thirty. Curiously, the chiming of the hour seemed to have put new heart into him. He was a lonely ghost uttering a truth that nobody would ever hear. But so long as he uttered it, in some ob- scure way the continuity was not broken. It was not by making yourself heard but by staying sane that you carried on the human heritage. He went back to the table, dipped his pen, and wrote:. To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone—to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone:. From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of double- think—greetings! He was already dead, he reflected. It seemed to him that it was only now, when he had begun to be able to formulate his thoughts, that he had taken the decisive step. The consequences of every act are included in the act itself. He wrote:. Now that he had recognized himself as a dead man it be- came important to stay alive as long as possible. Two fingers of his right hand were inkstained. It was exactly the kind of detail that might betray you. Some nosing zealot in the Ministry a woman, probably; someone like the little sandy-haired woman or the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department might start wondering why he had been writing during the lunch interval, why he had used an old-fashioned pen, what he had been writing—and then drop a hint in the appropriate quarter. He went to the bathroom and carefully scrubbed the ink away with the gritty dark-brown soap which rasped your skin like sandpaper and was therefore well adapted for this purpose. He put the diary away in the drawer. It was quite useless to think of hiding it, but he could at least make sure whether or not its existence had been discovered. A hair laid across the page-ends was too obvious. With the tip of his finger he picked up an identifiable grain of whitish dust and deposited it on the corner of the cover, where it was bound to be shaken off if the book was moved. Continues… Excerpted from "" by. Excerpted by permission of Penguin Publishing Group. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher. Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. His vision of an omni-present and ultra-repressive State is rooted in the ominous world events of Orwell's own time and is given shape and substance by his astute play on our own fears. As the novel opens, we learn that in year , the world has been divided into three states: Oceania, Eastasia and Eurasia, all of which, it is said, are almost continually in battle with one another. This world structure has come about following a nuclear war which took place sometime in the 's. In the state of Oceania, a revolution has resulted in the rise of an all-seeing figurehead known only as Big Brother, and a secretive group of individuals referred to as The Party. Under this regime, basic freedoms of expression—even thought—are strictly forbidden. History and memory are actively erased and rewritten so as to support the omnipotence and infallibility of The Party and its pronouncements. To this end, the State even employs its own language, Newspeak, and its own thought process, Doublethink. It's against this background that we are introduced to Winston Smith, a low-level Party member not to be confused with the elite group which surrounds Big Brother who works in the Ministry of Truth. His job here, paradoxically, is to destroy and rewrite news articles and State facts and figures so as to align them with the most current views of The Party. A resident of Airstrip One—formerly London, England—Smith lives in a world devoid of even the simplest liberties. In this repressive society, where thoughts themselves can be ascertained and monitored, Winston finds himself alone and in quiet "revolution" against Big Brother. Early in the novel, Winston meets Julia, another worker at the Ministry of Truth, whom he has been watching from afar. Secretly, the two begin a love affair. This liaison inspires Winston to indulge his ever-growing obsession with revolution, and he and Julia begin to discuss, however implausible, ideas for the overthrow of The Party. Winston's eventual and inevitable capture at the hands of the Thought Police leads to his purification and re-education by inner Party members. Orwell's strict attention to detail and realistic description of a world thirty-five years ahead of his own add validity to , and make its larger conclusions all the more frightening. Even today, the novel remains a bleak and shadowy forewarning of what might someday occur. The family moved to England in and in Orwell entered Eton, where he contributed regularly to the various college magazines. From to he served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, an experience that inspired his first novel, Burmese Days Several years of poverty followed. He lived in Paris for two years before returning to England, where he worked successively as a private tutor, schoolteacher and bookshop assistant, and contributed reviews and articles to a number of periodicals. Down and Out in Paris and London was published in In , he was commissioned by Victor Gollancz to visit areas of mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire, and The Road to Wigan Pier is a powerful description of the poverty he saw there. At the end of Orwell went to Spain to fight for the Republicans and was wounded, and Homage to Catalonia is his account of the civil war. He was admitted to a sanatorium in and from then on was never fully fit. He spent six months in Morocco and there wrote Coming Up for Air. As literary editor of the Tribune he contributed a regular page of political and literary commentary, and he also wrote for the Observer and later for the Manchester Evening News. His unique political allegory, Animal Farm , was published in , and it was this novel, together with Nineteen Eighty- Four , which brought him world-wide fame. George Orwell died in London in January A few days before, Desmond MacCarthy had sent him a message of greeting in which he wrote: "You have made an indelible mark on English literature. Home 1 Books 2. Add to Wishlist. Sign in to Purchase Instantly. Members save with free shipping everyday! See details. Looking for more dystopian fiction? Check out these can't-miss classics. And while has come and gone, his dystopian vision of a government that will do anything to control the narrative is timelier than ever It was their final, most essential command. With each lie he writes, Winston grows to hate the Party that seeks power for its own sake and persecutes those who dare to commit thoughtcrimes. A startling and haunting novel, creates an imaginary world that is completely convincing from start to finish. In small clumsy letters he wrote: April 4th, His small but childish handwriting straggled up and down the page, shedding first its capital letters and finally even its full stops: April 4th, It had happened that morning at the Ministry, if anything so nebulous could be said to happen. He began writing in a hurried untidy scrawl: theyll shoot me i dont care theyll shoot me in the back of the neck i dont care down with big brother they al- ways shoot you in the back of the neck i dont care down with big brother— He sat back in his chair, slightly ashamed of himself, and laid down his pen. II As he put his hand to the doorknob Winston saw that he had left the diary open on the table. Parsons vaguely. He went back to the table, dipped his pen, and wrote: To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone—to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of double- think—greetings! He wrote: Thoughtcrime does not entail death: thoughtcrime IS death. Show More. For example a, major tenet of the Party's philosophy is that War is Peace. Similarly, the Ministry of Love serves as, what we would consider, a department of war. What role do these contradictions serve on a grand scale? Discuss other contradictions inherent in the Party's philosophy. What role does contradiction serve within the framework of Doublethink? In the afterword, the commentator describes as "a warning. What do you think are some of the larger issues at hand here? Describe the role that O'Brien plays in Winston's life. Why do you think that initially, Winston is drawn to O'Brien? Why does he implicitly trust him, despite the enormous dangers involved? Discuss the significance and nature of Winston's dreams. Deconstruct the dream wherein O'Brien claims that they "shall meet in a place where there is no darkness" page 22 , and the dream in which Winston's mother and sister disappear page What are the underpinnings of these dreams? What deeper meanings do they hold? Why do you think the author devotes as much time as he does to Winston's dreams? Discuss Winston as a heroic figure. What qualities does he posses that could define him as one? How does Winston view each one? How do they differ from Winston? What opinion do you think each one has of Winston? On pages , Winston reflects on the omnipresence of The Party: "He thought of the telescreen with its never-sleeping ear. They could spy upon you night and day, but if you kept your head you could still outwit them…. Facts at any rate, could not be kept hidden. They could be tracked down by inquiry, they could be squeezed out of you by torture. But if the object was not to stay alive, but to stay human, what difference did it ultimately make? Does this contention remain true throughout the novel? Early on in the novel, we learn of Winston's belief in the proles as a liberating force. What accounts for Winston's almost blind faith in the proles? What are some of the characteristics of the proles that, in Winston's eyes, make them the ultimate means for overthrowing Big Brother? From her first appearance as "the dark-haired girl," through to the end of the novel, Julia is a key figure in Trace the path of Julia in relation to Winston's life; in what ways does she influence him? Did you trust her, initially? Overall, do you feel she had a positive or negative impact upon him? After his first formal meeting with O'Brien, Winston receives a book, ostensibly written by Emmanuel Goldberg. In reading passages from this book, Winston is further enlightened as to "how" the current society came into being. Focus on these passages, and in particular, on the theory of the High, Middle and Low classes page If true, what does this theory hold for the proles? Is Winston's plan for the proles now altered? Why or why not? During Winston's interrogation, O'Brien explains that whereas preceding totalitarian regimes had failed, The Party was truly successful in its consolidation of power page How does he define the role of the martyr, both in terms of The Party and the other totalitarian systems? Following his capture in Mr. Charrington's spare room, Winston undergoes a process of "philosophical cleansing" and re-education against which he valiantly, but unsuccessfully fights. Discuss Winston's "capitulation" at the hands of O'Brien. How is Winston brought to "love Big Brother? How would you describe the author's tone in ? Does it add to or detract from the character's discourse? Discuss the role of sex and intimacy in In the final analysis, how accurate was Orwell in his vision of the future? In what ways does our contemporary society compare to his idea of society in ? Are there examples in which he was correct? What is most opposite? Do you see a potential for aspects of Orwell's "vision" to come true? During his final encounter with O'Brien, Winston argues that, if all else fails, the inherent nature of the individual-the "spirit of man"-is strong enough to undermine a society such as that created by The Party. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Is Winston's belief applicable to the world we live in today? Can you cite examples in our own recent history that support or dismiss Winston's belief in the resiliency and righteousness of the human spirit? Prior to meeting her, Winston fantasizes about Julia in violent, humiliating ways. Later, he describes in his diary an encounter with a middle-aged, toothless prostitute. How do you account for these thoughts? How does Winston's understanding of women change after his first liaison with Julia? Given Winston's own acknowledgment that he is under constant surveillance, and that it would only be a matter of time before the Thought Police caught him, no one in his world could be trusted. Prior to his capture, which character or characters did you envision as betraying Winston? How did you foresee his ultimate demise? Did you, on the contrary, feel that by some chance he would overcome the forces aligned against him, and fulfill his wish to conquer The Party? Imagine yourself as Winston Smith at the beginning of What would you do to undermine The Party? Knowing what you know now, how would you extricate yourself from the fate that awaits you? Refer back to Winston's conversation with the old man at the pub page Why is Winston so determined in his approach to the old man? What is Winston hoping to learn from him? Related Searches. The Accidental Bestseller. Once upon Once upon a time four aspiring authors met at their very first writers' conference. Ten years later they're still friends, survivors of the ultra-competitive New York publishing View Product. Churchill and Orwell: The Fight for Freedom. New York Times BestsellerA dual biography of Winston Churchill and George Orwell, who preserved democracy from the threats of authoritarianism, from the left and right alike. Finding George Orwell in Burma. Please enter a valid email address. Sign Up Now. Check the box if you do not wish to receive promotional offers via email from TIME. You can unsubscribe at any time. By signing up you are agreeing to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Thank you! Nineteen Eighty-four | Summary, Characters, Analysis, & Facts | Britannica

Democracy was on the rise and the internet was largely considered a force for good. In , the world changed. As Trump took the White House, Britain voted for Brexit and populism swept across Europe, people took to talking anxiously about the upheavals of the s and, worse, the s. It was the first dystopian novel to be written in the knowledge that dystopia was real. In Germany and the Soviet bloc, men had built it and forced other men and women to live and die within its iron borders. When the play was in the West End, each of its three runs inhabited a different political context — the third opened during the Brexit referendum, just before the murder of Jo Cox MP by a far-right terrorist. It must be said that Trump is no Big Brother. He has the cruelty and power hunger of a dictator but not the discipline, intellect or ideology. Still, Orwell would have recognised the type. He did not seize power through a revolution or coup. He was not potentiated by a recession or a terrorist atrocity, let alone a nuclear war or a fertility crisis. Trump creates his own reality and measures his power by the number of people who subscribe to it: the cruder the lie, the more power its success demonstrates. How did this happen? Combining cynicism with credulity, people who were proudly sceptical of CNN or the New York Times were perfectly happy to take unsourced Facebook posts and quack science at face value. Social media made this process all too easy. The problem is likely to get worse. It was their final, most essential command. The most fateful date in literature was a late amendment. The original manuscript for Nineteen Eighty-Four is the only literary manuscript of Orwell's to survive. In the year , civilisation has been damaged by war, civil conflict, and revolution. Airstrip One formerly known as Great Britain is a province of Oceania , one of the three totalitarian super-states that rule the world. It is ruled by the "Party" under the ideology of " Ingsoc " a Newspeak shortening of "English Socialism" and the mysterious leader Big Brother , who has an intense cult of personality. The Party brutally purges out anyone who does not fully conform to their regime using the Thought Police and constant surveillance through Telescreens two-way televisions , cameras, and hidden microphones. Those who fall out of favour with the Party become "unpersons", disappearing with all evidence of their existence destroyed. In London , Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party , working at the Ministry of Truth , where he rewrites historical records to conform to the state's ever- changing version of history. Winston revises past editions of The Times , while the original documents are destroyed after being dropped into ducts leading to the memory hole. He secretly opposes the Party's rule and dreams of rebellion, despite knowing that he is already a " thoughtcriminal " and likely to be caught one day. While in a proletariat prole neighbourhood, he meets Mr. Charrington, the owner of an antiques shop, and buys a diary where he writes thoughts criticising the Party and Big Brother, and also writes that "if there is hope, it lies in the proles". To his dismay, when he visits a prole quarter he discovers they have no political consciousness. An old man he talks to there has no significant memory of life before the Revolution. As he works in the Ministry of Truth, he observes Julia , a young woman maintaining the novel-writing machines at the ministry, whom Winston suspects of being a spy against him, and develops an intense hatred of her. He vaguely suspects that his superior, an Inner Party official O'Brien , is part of an enigmatic underground resistance movement known as the Brotherhood, formed by Big Brother's reviled political rival Emmanuel Goldstein. In a lunch conversation with his co-worker Syme, who is assisting in developing a revised version of Newspeak a controlled language of limited vocabulary , Syme bluntly reveals the true purpose of Newspeak: to reduce the capacity of human thought. Winston reflects that Syme will disappear as he is "too intelligent" and therefore dangerous to the Party. Winston also discusses preparations for Hate Week with his neighbour and colleague Parsons. One day, Julia secretly hands Winston a note saying she loves him, and the two begin a torrid affair; an act of rebellion as the Party insists that sex is only for reproduction. Julia shares Winston's loathing of the Party, but he realizes that she is politically apathetic and uninterested in overthrowing the regime, thinking it impossible. Initially meeting in the country, they later meet in a rented room above Mr. Charrington's shop. During his affair with Julia, Winston remembers the disappearance of his family during the civil war of the s and his tense relationship with his wife Katharine, from whom he is separated divorce is not permitted by the Party. He also notices the disappearance of Syme during one of his working days. Weeks later, Winston is approached by O'Brien, who invites Winston over to his flat, which is noted as being of far higher quality than Winston's. Meanwhile, during the nation's Hate Week, Oceania's enemy suddenly changes from Eurasia to Eastasia , with no-one seemingly noticing the shift. Winston is recalled to the Ministry to help make the major necessary revisions of the records. Afterwards Winston and Julia read parts of the book, which explains more about how the Party maintains power, the true meanings of its slogans, and the concept of perpetual war. It argues that the Party can be overthrown if proles rise up against it. However, to Winston, it does not answer 'why' the Party maintains power. Winston and Julia are captured and imprisoned when Mr. Charrington is revealed to be a Thought Police agent. At the Ministry of Love , Winston briefly interacts with colleagues who have been arrested for other offences. O'Brien arrives, revealing himself as a Thought Police agent, who tells Winston that the Brotherhood does not exist and Emmanuel Goldstein's book was written by O'Brien himself as part of a special sting operation to catch thought-criminals. Over several months, Winston is starved and tortured to "cure" himself of his "insanity" by changing his own perception to fit in line with the Party. O'Brien reveals to Winston that the Party "seeks power for its own sake. He fantasizes that moments before his execution his heretic side will emerge, which, as long as he is killed while unrepentant, will be his great victory over the party. O'Brien takes Winston to Room for the final stage of re-education, which contains each prisoner's worst fear, indicating that the level of surveillance on the public is far more thorough than initially believed by Winston. Confronted with a wire cage holding frenzied rats, his biggest fear, in his face, Winston willingly betrays Julia. One day, Winston encounters Julia, who was also tortured. Both reveal betraying the other and no longer possess feelings for one other. Winston finally accepts that he loves Big Brother. Whether these characters are real or fabrications of Party propaganda is something that neither Winston nor the reader is permitted to know:. Ingsoc English Socialism is the predominant ideology and philosophy of Oceania, and Newspeak is the official language of official documents. Orwell depicts the Party's ideology as an oligarchical worldview that "rejects and vilifies every principle for which the Socialist movement originally stood, and it does so in the name of Socialism. As mentioned, the ministries are deliberately named after the opposite doublethink of their true functions: "The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. The Ministry of Peace supports Oceania's perpetual war against either of the two other superstates:. The primary aim of modern warfare in accordance with the principles of doublethink, this aim is simultaneously recognised and not recognised by the directing brains of the Inner Party is to use up the products of the machine without raising the general standard of living. Ever since the end of the nineteenth century, the problem of what to do with the surplus of consumption goods has been latent in industrial society. At present, when few human beings even have enough to eat, this problem is obviously not urgent, and it might not have become so, even if no artificial processes of destruction had been at work. The Ministry of Plenty rations and controls food, goods, and domestic production; every fiscal quarter, it claims to have raised the standard of living, even during times when it has, in fact, reduced rations, availability, and production. The Ministry of Truth substantiates the Ministry of Plenty's claims by manipulating historical records to report numbers supporting the claims of "increased rations". The Ministry of Truth controls information: news, entertainment, education, and the arts. Winston Smith works in the Records Department, "rectifying" historical records to accord with Big Brother's current pronouncements so that everything the Party says appears to be true. The Ministry of Love identifies, monitors, arrests and converts real and imagined dissidents. This is also the place where the Thought Police beat and torture dissidents, after which they are sent to Room to face "the worst thing in the world"—until love for Big Brother and the Party replaces dissension. The keyword here is blackwhite. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink. Doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. Three perpetually warring totalitarian superstates control the world in the novel: [27]. The perpetual war is fought for control of the "disputed area" lying between the frontiers of the superstates, which forms "a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier , Brazzaville , Darwin and Hong Kong ", [27] and Northern Africa, the Middle East, India and Indonesia are where the superstates capture and use slave labour. Fighting also takes place between Eurasia and Eastasia in Manchuria , Mongolia and Central Asia, and all three powers battle one another over various Atlantic and Pacific islands. Winston Smith's memories and his reading of the proscribed book, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein , reveal that after the Second World War , the United Kingdom became involved in a war during the early s in which nuclear weapons destroyed hundreds of cities in Europe, western Russia and North America. Colchester was destroyed and London also suffered widespread aerial raids, leading Winston's family to take refuge in a London Underground station. The new nation fell into civil war, but who fought whom is left unclear. Eventually, Ingsoc won out and gradually formed a totalitarian government across Oceania. Eastasia , the last superstate established, emerged only after "a decade of confused fighting". It includes the Asian lands conquered by China and Japan. Although Eastasia is prevented from matching Eurasia's size, its larger populace compensates for that handicap. While citizens in each state are trained to despise the ideologies of the other two as uncivilised and barbarous, Goldstein's book explains that in fact the superstates' ideologies are practically identical and that the public's ignorance of this fact is imperative so that they might continue believing otherwise. The only references to the exterior world for the Oceanian citizenry are propaganda and probably fake maps fabricated by the Ministry of Truth to ensure people's belief in "the war". However, due to the fact that Winston only barely remembers these events as well as the Party's constant manipulation of historical records, the continuity and accuracy of these events are unknown, and exactly how the superstates' ruling parties managed to gain their power is also left unclear. Winston himself also notes that the Party has claimed credit for inventing helicopters and aeroplanes, while Julia theorises that the perpetual bombing of London is merely a false-flag operation designed to convince the populace that a war is occurring. If the official account was accurate, Smith's strengthening memories and the story of his family's dissolution suggest that the atomic bombings occurred first, followed by civil war featuring "confused street fighting in London itself" and the societal postwar reorganisation, which the Party retrospectively calls "the Revolution". While the exact chronology is very difficult to trace, most of the global societal reorganisation occurred between and the early s. Winston and Julia meet in the ruins of a church that was destroyed in a nuclear attack "thirty years" earlier, which suggests as the year of the atomic war that destabilised society and allowed the Party to seize power. It is stated in the novel that the "fourth quarter of " was "also the sixth quarter of the Ninth Three-Year Plan", which implies that the first three-year plan began in By that same year, the Party had apparently gained control of Oceania. In , there is a perpetual war between Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, the superstates that emerged from the global atomic war. The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism , by Emmanuel Goldstein, explains that each state is so strong it cannot be defeated, even with the combined forces of two superstates, despite changing alliances. To hide such contradictions, the superstates' governments rewrite history to explain that the new alliance always was so; the populaces are already accustomed to doublethink and accept it. The war is not fought in Oceanian, Eurasian or Eastasian territory but in the Arctic wastes and a disputed zone comprising the sea and land from Tangiers Northern Africa to Darwin Australia. That alliance ends and Oceania, allied with Eurasia, fights Eastasia, a change occurring on Hate Week, dedicated to creating patriotic fervour for the Party's perpetual war. The public are blind to the change; in mid-sentence, an orator changes the name of the enemy from "Eurasia" to "Eastasia" without pause. When the public are enraged at noticing that the wrong flags and posters are displayed, they tear them down; the Party later claims to have captured the whole of Africa. Goldstein's book explains that the purpose of the unwinnable, perpetual war is to consume human labour and commodities so that the economy of a superstate cannot support economic equality, with a high standard of life for every citizen. By using up most of the produced goods, the proles are kept poor and uneducated and the Party hopes that they will neither realise what the government is doing nor rebel. Goldstein also details an Oceanian strategy of attacking enemy cities with atomic rockets before invasion but dismisses it as unfeasible and contrary to the war's purpose; despite the atomic bombing of cities in the s, the superstates stopped it for fear that would imbalance the powers. The military technology in the novel differs little from that of World War II, but strategic bomber aeroplanes are replaced with rocket bombs , helicopters were heavily used as weapons of war they did not figure in World War II in any form but prototypes and surface combat units have been all but replaced by immense and unsinkable Floating Fortresses island-like contraptions concentrating the firepower of a whole naval task force in a single, semi-mobile platform; in the novel, one is said to have been anchored between Iceland and the Faroe Islands , suggesting a preference for sea lane interdiction and denial. According to Goldstein's book, almost the entire world lives in poverty; hunger, thirst, disease, and filth are the norms. Ruined cities and towns are common: the consequence of wars and false flag operations. Social decay and wrecked buildings surround Winston; aside from the ministries' pyramids, little of London was rebuilt. Middle class citizens and Proles consume synthetic foodstuffs and poor-quality "luxuries" such as oily gin and loosely-packed cigarettes, distributed under the "Victory" brand. They were smoked because it was easier to import them from India than it was to import American cigarettes from across the Atlantic because of the Battle of the Atlantic. Winston describes something as simple as the repair of a broken window as requiring committee approval that can take several years and so most of those living in one of the blocks usually do the repairs themselves Winston himself is called in by Mrs. Parsons to repair her blocked sink. All upper-class and middle-class residences include telescreens that serve both as outlets for propaganda and surveillance devices that allow the Thought Police to monitor them; they can be turned down, but the ones in middle-class residences cannot be turned off. In contrast to their subordinates, the upper class of Oceanian society reside in clean and comfortable flats in their own quarters, with pantries well-stocked with foodstuffs such as wine, real coffee, real tea, real milk, and real sugar, all denied to the general populace. All upper class citizens are attended to by slaves captured in the "disputed zone", and "The Book" suggests that many have their own cars or even helicopters. The proles live in poverty and are kept sedated with alcohol, pornography, and a national lottery whose winnings are rarely paid out; that is obscured by propaganda and the lack of communication within Oceania. At the same time, the proles are freer and less intimidated than the upper classes: they are not expected to be particularly patriotic and the levels of surveillance they are subjected to are very low. They lack telescreens in their own homes and often jeer at the telescreens that they see. Winston nonetheless believes that "the future belonged to the proles". The standard of living of the populace is extremely low overall. Consumer goods are scarce, and those available through official channels are of low quality; for instance, despite the Party regularly reporting increased boot production, more than half of the Oceanian populace goes barefoot. The Party claims that poverty is a necessary sacrifice for the war effort, and "The Book" confirms that to be partially correct since the purpose of perpetual war consumes surplus industrial production. Outer Party members and proles occasionally gain access to better items in the market, which deals in goods that were pilfered from the residences of the Inner Party. Nineteen Eighty-Four expands upon the subjects summarised in Orwell's essay " Notes on Nationalism " [31] about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognised phenomena behind certain political forces. In Nineteen Eighty-Four , the Party's artificial, minimalist language 'Newspeak' addresses the matter. O'Brien concludes: "The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power. There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always—do not forget this, Winston—always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever. One of the most notable themes in Nineteen Eighty-Four is censorship, especially in the Ministry of Truth, where photographs and public archives are manipulated to rid them of "unpersons" people who have been erased from history by the Party. One small example of the endless censorship is Winston being charged with the task of eliminating a reference to an unperson in a newspaper article. He also proceeds to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy, a made-up party member who allegedly "displayed great heroism by leaping into the sea from a helicopter so that the dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands. In Oceania, the upper and middle classes have very little true privacy. All of their houses and apartments are equipped with telescreens so that they may be watched or listened to at any time. Similar telescreens are found at workstations and in public places, along with hidden microphones. Written correspondence is routinely opened and read by the government before it is delivered. The Thought Police employ undercover agents, who pose as normal citizens and report any person with subversive tendencies. Children are encouraged to report suspicious persons to the government, and some denounce their parents. Citizens are controlled, and the smallest sign of rebellion, even something as small as a suspicious facial expression, can result in immediate arrest and imprisonment. Thus, citizens are compelled to obedience. The Principles of Newspeak is an academic essay appended to the novel. You sit down to watch your movie and relax the rest of the night when storm trooper-like police bust down your door and carry you away. Seems renting set off an alarm in all local police computers and got you on the thought police's wanted list. You should know better then to oppose your government in any way, shape, or form. You would fight back but all those gun laws eventually equled up to a ban on the second amendment. Sound like an impossible world? Sounds fictional? Watch it then take a look at the world around you. Your half way there. Enjoy what freedoms you have left before they're gone. I'm sure one day this movie will be considered illegal. Looking for some great streaming picks? Check out some of the IMDb editors' favorites movies and shows to round out your Watchlist. Visit our What to Watch page. Sign In. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Full Cast and Crew. Release Dates. Official Sites. Company Credits. Technical Specs. Plot Summary. Plot Keywords. Parents Guide. External Sites. User Reviews. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions. Rate This. In a totalitarian future society, a man, whose daily work is re-writing history, tries to rebel by falling in love. Director: Michael Radford. Writers: Michael Radford , George Orwell novel. by George Orwell

I liked even better after a second reading bumping it up from a 4 star to a 5 star because I think that, given the complexity of the future created by Orwell, multiple readings may be needed to take it all in. I thought it was genius the first time and appreciated that genius even more the second time. Orwell had a daunting task: creating a future nearly half a century away from the time period in which he w I've put off writing a review for because it's simply too daunting to do so. Orwell had a daunting task: creating a future nearly half a century away from the time period in which he was writing. This future had to be its own complex, independent society, but it also had to be the natural end result of the totalitarianism Orwell witnessed in the communist and socialist regimes of World War II. That's part of the horror of this future is a recognizable one, even in the 21st century. It's easy to see how those in control can, through manipulation and propaganda, maintain that control simply for the sake of sating their own power hunger. It's easy to say "no one could ever tell me what to think or what to do," but the Party's use of Big Brother, the Thought Police, the Two- Minute Hate, and Doublethink make it easy to see how a person's ability to think independently and discern fiction from reality can be eroded when there is no touchstone to fact. Revising and rewriting the past to make certain that Big Brother and the Party are always correct has effectively eliminated historical accuracy. How can one think and reason in a society where everything is a fabrication? Another facet of that I find fascinating is the relationship between Winston and Julia. Winston claims Julia is a "rebel from the waist down," engaging in promiscuity and hedonistic indulgences forbidden by the Party. She doesn't care about social injustice or defining "reality"; she only longs for what will make her feel good in the moment and only rebels far enough to get what she wants. By comparison, Winston is an intellectual rebel, constantly worrying over the issues of truth and freedom and the real, unvarnished past, but limited in how far he's willing to push the boundaries until he meets Julia. Together, they make a complete rebellion--physical and mental, but apart they find themselves impotent to stand up to the Party. Cross posted at This Insignificant Cinder View all 17 comments. Nov 09, Leo. Is Orwell turning in his grave? Does his epitaph read. Don't say I never told you so! Which pigeon hole? What label? What career? When a car driver loses control of the vehicle and strays from the path that was ahead, the car careers off the road. One might crash. One is no longer on the journey one originally set out on. One is lost. Off the beaten track. So, when one is a child and asked what career one wants, esoterically it means how can one be swayed or crashed and stopped from what one may want to be when one grows up. The only answer a child should give to their teacher indoctrinater is These authorities with all the powers? Deciding what we say, or do, or go, from their Ivory Towers A deviant neighbour moves in next door, behaviour abnormal, and hoarding trash Puts his waste in his shed, a festering, mouldy stash Attracting rats, mice, flies and vermin of all kinds Breaking other residents resolve, distorting their minds For when the community complain about it, every day, week in week out, all the time These authorities point the finger at us, accuse us of a Bloody Hate Crime! Rationale has been replaced, with the word Hate As the lines blur, in this New World Order, is it too late? To change this world? To take a stance? Maybe our last Chance! This world is going to Hell in a Shitstorm! If we don't restore the Earth's Balance. Crawling all over society Police or Po-Lice? These parasites, are only there to Scare To enforce Order, in the chaos they Create On behest of the Magicians behind the curtains, the One's that preach Hate. In this Cube, this false construct, this Square. So look around, see the whole, and Beware! I am full aware of what is going on in this pursuit for a New World Order, an Old World Order, whereby the void between the few and the majority broadens. I am so frustrated how the Sheeple just seem to lap it up. A cell phone. A smart cell phone that is all singing and dancing It is called a Cell phone for a reason. Like the Net and the Web. Soon all appliances and mob devices will be Smart. If one does not own one then when 5G is rolled out and the Smart Grid comes into being, one will be left behind. Soon all money paid in wages or commerce will be digital and people will not survive in the New Virtual World unless one is chipped or connected to the 5G network. Understand that money is phony. It is paper or a figure on a PC screen. Soon to be a digital concept, like in the film In Time. Money used to be made of copper, silver and gold. This is when coins actually held value, worth it's weight in gold actually meant something. Then the Templars invented the Banking system, now they are called Freemasons a Fiat pyramid system that is illegal yet, no person seems to care. That is the way it is. Only because of ignorance. Acquiescence, Taxation is a fraud. It is theft. Time to wake up before it is too late. And the female freemasonic Eastern Star. Maybe I have said too much but, I don't care anymore. That is today's Rant. Everybody should read and also watch the film. Social media is a cage full of starved rats and all of us have our heads stuck in there now, like it or not. What can I possibly say about this amazing novel, by George Orwell, that hasn't been already said by many who have read the book for over half a century. When it is said that the book is 'haunting', 'nightmarish', and 'startling' any reader would have to agree! This well known novel grips the reader from the beginning and does not even let go of the grip at the finished reading. A classic you won't want to miss if you haven't taken the time to read it yet. I actually listened to this novel What can I possibly say about this amazing novel, by George Orwell, that hasn't been already said by many who have read the book for over half a century. I actually listened to this novel on audio and Simon Prebble was the 'perfect' narrator. View all 35 comments. Winston is a very complex, sane person in a world full of insanity and utter destitution. Julia is on par with Winston, but other than the charming and mysterious O'Brien, no other character is developed enough to be anything but a filler, someone to push the plot along. In any other novel this would be a bad thing, but in this world it is perfect, and it's exactly what those people are in any case. It is so superbly written I cannot fault it at all concerning that. At the beginning I was drawn in so far that I was almost in love. It was a five-star book up until Julia turned up: whilst I completely understand her character and her paradoxical nature being so openly physically against Big Brother and yet intelligence-wise and mentally not , I did not like her even remotely, but I understood her character fully. The other thing that put me off was the huge info-dump. Whilst I completely understood that this was an intentional info-drop and it really could not have been conveyed to either the reader or the character in any other way, it really made the whole thing very disjointed. Again, it felt hugely intentional but I still did not enjoy it. Overall, there's really nothing I can fault except my own opinions. Good writing is Fact: punctuation in the correct places, the right use of words, syntax and all that; building up worlds and characters to a certain degree of solidness. Enjoyment of writing is Opinion: characters being likeable, understandable; worlds being full or non-descript. This was a perfect book that I simply had a few too many low opinions of to be delighted by it completely. View all 5 comments. Goodness gracious this was very unsettling. I'm already a pretty paranoid person, so the idea of Big Brother was both very intriguing but also extremely frightening. I really enjoyed reading this, but there were moments when I wasn't invested in the story and wanted to take a break from it, mostly in the last half of the book. This book! This was a reread - the last time I read this was over 20 years ago and I wanted to see if the 5 star rating and its standing in one of my top 3 favorite books held up - and it most certainly does. If this book was written today in the midst of the slew of dystopian novels that come out, it may not have stood out. But, this book was way ahead of its time. Written in a post WWII era where the fears of dictatorships and brutal tyranny were fresh in the minds of the people, this book plays off that fear and adds a dark vision of a potential future. This is where the genius of Orwell comes in. The book is mainly the manifesto of the Party that the main character is seeking to rebell against. But, the ideology and descriptions of this dystopian world are not presented in a boring way - they are fascinating. The fact that Orwell created this world and laid out not only a terrifying political environment, but the rules for the new language they were creating, is beyond amazing. Finally, some of the things he describes sound all too possible in our current world. The controversial elections this week in the US only added to the intensity of this book. Read this! Especially if you are a fan of modern dystopia, you must read the fore fathers - and Brave New World. And, remember - Big Brother is watching! View all 21 comments. The colour of this book is grey, relentless grey: of skin, sky, food, floor, walls, mind, life itself. Added piquancy comes from general decay, drudgery, exploitation, chronic sickness, and malaise. There is also sex and non-sexual bondage, domination, and torture. On the other hand, I gather Fifty Shades lacks page after page of heavy-handed political theory, so on that criterion, it might be ahead of Have We Reached ? On the other hand, Winston is uncritical - enthusiastic even - about her promiscuity. And in each case, it's a denial of the dogma that this is the original sin. The patent nonsense that people believe and share, without ever engaging the weakest of critical faculties is staggering. Most of those are trivial compared with the lies of Big Brother, but they show how easy it is to believe what everyone else believes, regardless of ample evidence to the contrary. Scary stuff. He campaigned in the style of an autocratic, narcissistic demagogue. He had a long track record of flagrantly denying obvious, provable truths, even on trivial matters. The day after numerous photos and other measures showed unimpressive attendance at his inauguration, rather than blame poor weather or practical and financial difficulties of travel, Sean Spicer, White House Press Secretary flat-out denied realistic estimates, refused to take questions, and threatened to crack down on the press. The resulting furore led to Kellyanne Conway, a Trump Strategist, defended him, saying he had merely presented "Alternative Facts". It was their final, most essential command… And yet he was in the right! They were wrong and he was right. The obvious, the silly, and the true had got to be defended. Truisms are true, hold on to that! The solid world exists, its laws do not change. Stones are hard, water is wet, objects unsupported fall towards the earth's centre. With the feeling that he was speaking to O'Brien, and also that he was setting forth an important axiom, he wrote Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy: they are deliberate exercises in doublethink. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad. It relates to dreams, premonitions, hallucinations, and in sanity. Confusion from deprivation and torture is one thing, but there are possible magical-realist aspects. A country landscape is also familiar from a dream, and he has a muddled dream about the coral paperweight, his mother and a Jewish woman. Conditions in Airstrip One are dire, with food and basic services in very limited supply, but sanity is scarcest of all. Again and again, brief, apparently trivial things turn out to be significant. This is really an extreme form of linguistic determinism aka Sapir-Whorf hypothesis : the idea that the structure of a language can affect the cognition of those who use it. However, it's worth noting that the appendix, written after the main story, is in conventional English. Feelings — and Troublesome Questions This is a grey, cold book. Even the lust and passion it contains is chilling. Would you really? If you tell all, but secretly love, are you loyal? If you kept the small rules, you could break the big ones. What about emotional pain? The torture was real. Sometimes they are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once. OLD Review from The year may be long passed, but this book is more pertinent than ever: big brother is watching us, history is rewritten though that has always been true and free speech is constrained albeit often under the misused guise of political correctness. It's a shame that the humorous TV programme "Room " and reality TV franchise "Big Brother" have distracted people from the seriousness of Orwell's message. I reread this recently, knowing my mind from a few years ago is different from my mind now. But it was surprisingly just as scary! Maybe even more so, if that is possible!! I wonder if there is someone who has read and has not felt angry and helpless. It is a good book. It is so good that it made my want to throw away my Kindle. Martin's series. I also wonder if this world Orwell d I reread this recently, knowing my mind from a few years ago is different from my mind now. I also wonder if this world Orwell describes is that far from ours. Big Brother may have become a stupid internet meme and an even stupider TV show if there are fans here sorrynotsorry , but that somehow makes it even more frightening. In the oppression is very in your face, but in reality it is hidden through nice words and fancy laws. At the end of the day, it really makes you ask yourself if safety and security are really what you want. And if they are worth the price View all 7 comments. Doubleplusgood Maxitruth in Oldspeak on Doublethink and Crimestop! Translation from Newspeak: Excellent, accurate analysis of oppressive, selective society in well-written Standard English reflecting on the the capacity to hold two contradictory opinions for truth at the same time and on the effectiveness of protective stupidity as a means to keep a power structure stable. There is not much left to say about this prophetic novel by Orwell which has not been said over and over again since its pu Doubleplusgood Maxitruth in Oldspeak on Doublethink and Crimestop! There is not much left to say about this prophetic novel by Orwell which has not been said over and over again since its publication at the beginning of the Cold War in There are obviously elements which refer directly to Stalinist socialism, and the life conditions of people in the s, but what strikes as sadly true, not for Communist propaganda behind the historical Iron Curtain, but for the celebrated democracies in the Western tradition, is the idea of rewriting history and altering facts a posteriori into their opposite to suit political agendas, and the usurpation of scientific and political language to follow a path of absolute brainwashing. Reading this novel for the third time with the speeches of the current President of the United States and his followers ringing in my ears, it is hard not to cringe at the reduction of language that Orwell predicted in "" : "Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Very dishonest! Total loser! You are fake news! Russia is fake news! The failing NYTimes! The largest! The best! Running like a fine-tuned machine! The least racist! The most humble! The one with the best polls, for the negative ones are fake! The problem with dictatorships, and dogmas of a specific faith, is that they will never shy away from usurping and then destroying the generally accepted conventions of communication if it serves their purposes. Their aim, they claim, is to protect unborn life, which sounds honourable until you start to think about their opinions about and treatment of human beings that already dwell on earth: they are conservatives, mostly pro weapons, pro ideological wars, pro death penalty, anti welfare, anti climate change and anti health care. He loved Big Brother! Do I feel it works? Absolutely, I feel it works. You can force a human being to speak against his or her will, using torture. And as long as you are not finicky regarding the accuracy of the received confession, you will be able to report results. An easy task for any doublethinker. And please do not confuse that with information! Really bad. So unfair. So dishonest. The most dishonest information in the world. Total loser information. Education Against Crimestop Now! View all 51 comments. Feb 27, emma rated it really liked it Shelves: dark , sci-fi , non-ya , library , to-buy , 3-and-a-half-stars , classics , reviewed. It took me way longer than expected to finish it, and once I managed, said friend requested in all caps a text-messag i'm not making any point in particular It took me way longer than expected to finish it, and once I managed, said friend requested in all caps a text-message review. Here is that unaltered review for your perusal. In conclusion, yes, I am the type of nightmare-person who responds to texts by breaking up sentiments into dozens of messages. Bottom line: This was good but I wish it had been one or two political opinion papers instead! Sorry again! View all 6 comments. The totalitarian regimes of Hitler, Mussolini and Imperial Japan had just been defeated. Stalin was going strong. Franco was undisturbed. The last third of the book is a long and horrifying torture and brainwashing session, to eradicate freedom of thought and establish utter insanity. Plot Keywords. Parents Guide. External Sites. User Reviews. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions. Rate This. In a totalitarian future society, a man, whose daily work is re-writing history, tries to rebel by falling in love. Director: Michael Radford. Writers: Michael Radford , George Orwell novel. Added to Watchlist. From metacritic. Watchlist: Science Fiction. Horror Films for Lighting. Share this Rating Title: 7. Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. You're Just Being Paranoid? Edit Cast Cast overview, first billed only: John Hurt Winston Smith Richard Burton O'Brien Suzanna Hamilton Julia Cyril Cusack Charrington Gregor Fisher Parsons James Walker Syme Andrew Wilde Tillotson David Trevena Tillotson's Friend David Cann Martin Anthony Benson Jones Peter Frye Rutherford Roger Lloyd Pack Waiter Rupert Baderman O'Brien also says that Big Brother will never die. The book was an attack on totalitarianism when a government tries to control people's lives and dictatorship rule by one person. George Orwell was a democratic socialist who was against any form of dictatorship. He once wrote:. Later he repeated that idea, writing about Newspeak is a fictional language artlang that appears in the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. It is the official language of Oceania. At the end of his book, George Orwell described Newspeak. It started out as the English language, but the number of words gets smaller each year. The Party are trying to stop people from rebelling , so it destroys words like "freedom" and "love", saying that people can not think of it if there is no word for it. In the society, this is supposed to prevent thoughtcrime , which is thinking against the Party, or thinking about the past. For example, a person could not say "I want to be free", because there was no word for "free" any more, so the person could not describe what he or she was feeling. At the time, it was supposed to make fun of what was later called " politically correct " speech, and "thoughtcrime" made fun of censorship. Words like "Peace", "Truth", "Love", and "Plenty" were used in Newspeak a lot to mean their exact opposites. Another "Newspeak" word, joycamp , means "forced labor camp". Other "Newspeak" words were used for political reasons. Words like " crimethink " were defined by the "Party", and became laws of the land. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the year , see Volume 1 - An age like this — p. Volume 4 - In front of your nose — p. Retrieved Categories : books Novels Books by George Orwell. Hidden category: CS1 errors: dates. Namespaces Page Talk. Views Read Change Change source View history. Wikimedia Commons. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nineteen Eighty-Four. https://files8.webydo.com/9586537/UploadedFiles/5D9AA524-A476-0117-BF89-FC66107382F2.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4638798/normal_6020574d0f7aa.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9591454/UploadedFiles/CCAAE24A-64A8-48BE-2499-828C77A356FD.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4641939/normal_601f611900763.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4640542/normal_601edb517cc00.pdf