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An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where Are You From?
客家 My China Roots & CBA Jamaica An overview of Hakka Migration History: Where are you from? July, 2016 www.mychinaroots.com & www.cbajamaica.com 15 © My China Roots An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where Are You From? Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 3 Five Key Hakka Migration Waves............................................................................................. 3 Mapping the Waves ....................................................................................................................... 3 First Wave: 4th Century, “the Five Barbarians,” Jin Dynasty......................................................... 4 Second Wave: 10th Century, Fall of the Tang Dynasty ................................................................. 6 Third Wave: Late 12th & 13th Century, Fall Northern & Southern Song Dynasties ....................... 7 Fourth Wave: 2nd Half 17th Century, Ming-Qing Cataclysm .......................................................... 8 Fifth Wave: 19th – Early 20th Century ............................................................................................. 9 Case Study: Hakka Migration to Jamaica ............................................................................ 11 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 Context for Early Migration: The Coolie Trade........................................................................... -
Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei
2017 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-444-8 Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei-Wei LI College of International Exchange, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China [email protected] Keywords: Beijing Mandarin Area, Early History, Ethnic Fusion, Language Contact. Abstract. Beijing Mandarin is more than a thousand year ago Yan Yan dialect, based on the integration of the Central Plains Han and northern ethnic minority language components gradually formed. Beijing Mandarin before the formal formation of a long period of gestation, revealing the Sui and Tang dynasties before the formation of the Beijing Mandarin area early human history, for the understanding of Beijing Mandarin language situation is very important. Introduction In this article, "Beijing Mandarin area" means including Beijing urban and suburban county, Hebei Chengde area, much of the northeast in addition to Liaodong peninsula, and parts of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, the general area (Lin Tao, 1987; Zhang Shifang, 2010). "From the northeast to Beijing, in history, there are two common characteristics: one is the ethnic group for a long time, and second, the population flow, this kind of situation lasted nearly one thousand years, the development of northeast dialect and Beijing dialect is extremely far-reaching influence."[1] Beijing dialect and northeast dialect in one thousand to influence each other, eventually forming a Beijing mandarin, including large areas of the northeast and Beijing area. The formation of Beijing mandarin has experienced a long historical process, is more than one thousand years ago YouYan dialect, on the basis of constantly fusion of han nationality and composition of gradually formed in the northern minority languages. -
Chronology of Chinese History
Chronology of Chinese History I. Prehistory Neolithic Period ca. 8000-2000 BCE Xia (Hsia)? Trad. 2200-1766 BCE II. The Classical Age (Ancient China) Shang Dynasty ca. 1600-1045 BCE (Trad. 1766-1122 BCE) Zhou (Chou) Dynasty ca. 1045-256 BCE (Trad. 1122-256 BCE) Western Zhou (Chou) ca. 1045-771 BCE Eastern Zhou (Chou) 770-256 BCE Spring and Autumn Period 722-468 BCE (770-404 BCE) Warring States Period 403-221 BCE III. The Imperial Era (Imperial China) Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty 221-207 BCE Han Dynasty 202 BCE-220 CE Western (or Former) Han Dynasty 202 BCE-9 CE Xin (Hsin) Dynasty 9-23 Eastern (or Later) Han Dynasty 25-220 1st Period of Division 220-589 The Three Kingdoms 220-265 Shu 221-263 Wei 220-265 Wu 222-280 Jin (Chin) Dynasty 265-420 Western Jin (Chin) 265-317 Eastern Jin (Chin) 317-420 Southern Dynasties 420-589 Former (or Liu) Song (Sung) 420-479 Southern Qi (Ch’i) 479-502 Southern Liang 502-557 Southern Chen (Ch’en) 557-589 Northern Dynasties 317-589 Sixteen Kingdoms 317-386 NW Dynasties Former Liang 314-376, Chinese/Gansu Later Liang 386-403, Di/Gansu S. Liang 397-414, Xianbei/Gansu W. Liang 400-422, Chinese/Gansu N. Liang 398-439, Xiongnu?/Gansu North Central Dynasties Chang Han 304-347, Di/Hebei Former Zhao (Chao) 304-329, Xiongnu/Shanxi Later Zhao (Chao) 319-351, Jie/Hebei W. Qin (Ch’in) 365-431, Xianbei/Gansu & Shaanxi Former Qin (Ch’in) 349-394, Di/Shaanxi Later Qin (Ch’in) 384-417, Qiang/Shaanxi Xia (Hsia) 407-431, Xiongnu/Shaanxi Northeast Dynasties Former Yan (Yen) 333-370, Xianbei/Hebei Later Yan (Yen) 384-409, Xianbei/Hebei S. -
China's Place in Philology: an Attempt to Show That the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin
CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT Of CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF IB76 1918 Cornell University Library P 201.E23 China's place in phiiologyian attempt toI iPii 3 1924 023 345 758 CHmi'S PLACE m PHILOLOGY. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023345758 PLACE IN PHILOLOGY; AN ATTEMPT' TO SHOW THAT THE LANGUAGES OP EUROPE AND ASIA HAVE A COMMON OKIGIIS". BY JOSEPH EDKINS, B.A., of the London Missionary Society, Peking; Honorary Member of the Asiatic Societies of London and Shanghai, and of the Ethnological Society of France, LONDON: TRtJBNEE & CO., 8 aito 60, PATEENOSTER ROV. 1871. All rights reserved. ft WftSffVv PlOl "aitd the whole eaeth was op one langtta&e, and of ONE SPEECH."—Genesis xi. 1. "god hath made of one blood axl nations of men foe to dwell on all the face of the eaeth, and hath detee- MINED the ITMTIS BEFOEE APPOINTED, AND THE BOUNDS OP THEIS HABITATION." ^Acts Xvil. 26. *AW* & ju€V AiQionas fiereKlaOe tij\(J6* i6j/ras, AiOioiras, rol Si^^a SeSafarat effxarot av8p&Vf Ol fiiv ivffofievov Tireplovos, oi S' avdv-rof. Horn. Od. A. 22. TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE LONDON MISSIONAEY SOCIETY, IN EECOGNITION OP THE AID THEY HAVE RENDERED TO EELIGION AND USEFUL LEAENINO, BY THE RESEARCHES OP THEIR MISSIONARIES INTO THE LANGUAOES, PHILOSOPHY, CUSTOMS, AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, OP VARIOUS HEATHEN NATIONS, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA, POLYNESIA, INDIA, AND CHINA, t THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. -
The Zhuan Xupeople Were the Founders of Sanxingdui Culture and Earliest Inhabitants of South Asia
E-Leader Bangkok 2018 The Zhuan XuPeople were the Founders of Sanxingdui Culture and Earliest Inhabitants of South Asia Soleilmavis Liu, Author, Board Member and Peace Sponsor Yantai, Shangdong, China Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) records many ancient groups of people (or tribes) in Neolithic China. The five biggest were: Zhuan Xu, Di Jun, Huang Di, Yan Di and Shao Hao.However, the Zhuan Xu People seemed to have disappeared when the Yellow and Chang-jiang river valleys developed into advanced Neolithic cultures. Where had the Zhuan Xu People gone? Abstract: Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) records many ancient groups of people in Neolithic China. The five biggest were: Zhuan Xu, Di Jun, Huang Di, Yan Di and Shao Hao. These were not only the names of individuals, but also the names of groups who regarded them as common male ancestors. These groups used to live in the Pamirs Plateau, later spread to other places of China and built their unique ancient cultures during the Neolithic Age. Shanhaijing reveals Zhuan Xu’s offspring lived near the Tibetan Plateau in their early time. They were the first who entered the Tibetan Plateau, but almost perished due to the great environment changes, later moved to the south. Some of them entered the Sichuan Basin and became the founders of Sanxingdui Culture. Some of them even moved to the south of the Tibetan Plateau, living near the sea. Modern archaeological discoveries have revealed the authenticity of Shanhaijing ’s records. Keywords: Shanhaijing; Neolithic China, Zhuan Xu, Sanxingdui, Ancient Chinese Civilization Introduction Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) records many ancient groups of people in Neolithic China. -
Official Colours of Chinese Regimes: a Panchronic Philological Study with Historical Accounts of China
TRAMES, 2012, 16(66/61), 3, 237–285 OFFICIAL COLOURS OF CHINESE REGIMES: A PANCHRONIC PHILOLOGICAL STUDY WITH HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF CHINA Jingyi Gao Institute of the Estonian Language, University of Tartu, and Tallinn University Abstract. The paper reports a panchronic philological study on the official colours of Chinese regimes. The historical accounts of the Chinese regimes are introduced. The official colours are summarised with philological references of archaic texts. Remarkably, it has been suggested that the official colours of the most ancient regimes should be the three primitive colours: (1) white-yellow, (2) black-grue yellow, and (3) red-yellow, instead of the simple colours. There were inconsistent historical records on the official colours of the most ancient regimes because the composite colour categories had been split. It has solved the historical problem with the linguistic theory of composite colour categories. Besides, it is concluded how the official colours were determined: At first, the official colour might be naturally determined according to the substance of the ruling population. There might be three groups of people in the Far East. (1) The developed hunter gatherers with livestock preferred the white-yellow colour of milk. (2) The farmers preferred the red-yellow colour of sun and fire. (3) The herders preferred the black-grue-yellow colour of water bodies. Later, after the Han-Chinese consolidation, the official colour could be politically determined according to the main property of the five elements in Sino-metaphysics. The red colour has been predominate in China for many reasons. Keywords: colour symbolism, official colours, national colours, five elements, philology, Chinese history, Chinese language, etymology, basic colour terms DOI: 10.3176/tr.2012.3.03 1. -
Topos and Entelechy in the Ethos of Reclusion in China
Swarthmore College Works Chinese Faculty Works Chinese 10-1-1994 Topos And Entelechy In The Ethos Of Reclusion In China Alan Berkowitz Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-chinese Part of the Chinese Studies Commons Recommended Citation Alan Berkowitz. (1994). "Topos And Entelechy In The Ethos Of Reclusion In China". Journal Of The American Oriental Society. Volume 114, Issue 4. 632-638. DOI: 10.2307/606169 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-chinese/7 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chinese Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Topos and Entelechy in the Ethos of Reclusion in China While the topos of reclusion was ubiquitous in the scholar-official culture of traditional China, there was already in medieval sources a discernible differentiation between essentiality and sem blance, between bona fide men in reclusion and men who took office, between reclusion per se and its synthetic translation into the political, intellectual, and literary repertoire of the scholar-official. Men recognized as having practiced reclusion as a way of life categorically eschewed official ap pointments. Many scholar-officials espoused precepts ordinarily associated with reclusion, but on an occasional or purely noetic basis; their conduct, rationale, and writings evince the entrenchment of topoi of reclusion within the scholar-official ethos, but do not evince the ethos of reclusion. In traditional "Confucian" China, the customary path these areas, 2 yet there still is need for disambiguating to achievement was through service to the state. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
For Families Welcome to the Clark! Draw a Picture of Yourself with This Camel and Let’S Go Exploring! June 16–October 21, 2012
ACTIVITY BOOK FOR FAMILIES Welcome to the Clark! Draw a picture of yourself with this camel and let’s go exploring! JUNE 16–OCTOBER 21, 2012 ACTIVITY BOOK FOR FAMILIES elcome to the Clark and to the special exhibition Unearthed: Recent Archaeological Discoveries Wfrom Northern China. We invite you to join us on a journey to a very wonderful and very faraway place ... achusetts, to Taiyuan, China: alm n, Mass ost 8,00 stow 0 mile liam s! Wil You are here btw With 7,000 years of continuous history, China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The USA isn’t even 250 years old! 2 Found in the Ground This exhibition explores another type of journey: the journey from mortal life in this world to eternal life in the afterworld, a journey that ancient Chinese people hoped to take when they died. We can learn about their beliefs by looking at some of the objects that were buried with them in their tombs. Unearthed focuses on three tombs that were discovered underground in recent archaeological digs in China. These tombs give us some sense of what it was like to live in China during the times that these tombs were made. Look at the These types of tombs contained precious possessions and objects that panels on the walls represented activities, events, and things in the lives of the people who to see pictures of were buried there. These things were intended to comfort and care for the sites. their spirits in the afterlife. If you could choose three things that you could have with you forever and ever, what would they be? (Things, not people, because, according to the beliefs of the time, the people who were special to you would be there in the afterlife with you.) Ask some of your friends or 1 _______________________________ family members who came here with you today what they would pick. -
Study on Carbon Sequestration Benefit of Converting Farmland to Forest in Yan’An
E3S Web of Conferences 275, 02005 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127502005 EILCD 2021 Study on Carbon Sequestration Benefit of Converting Farmland to Forest in Yan’an Zhou M.C1, Han H.Z1*, Yang X.J1, Chen C1 1School of Tourism & Research Institute of Human Geography, Xi’an International Studies University, Xi’an, China Abstract. This paper takes Yan'anas the study area, analyses the current situation of the policy, calculates the carbon sequestration value by using the afforestation area and woodland area in Yanan in 2019, and explores its carbon emission trading potential. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the amount of carbon sequestration increased by 203575.5 t due to the afforestation in 2019 in Yan'an. The green economy income of Yan'an can be increased by 5.8528 million RMB, because of it. The carbon sequestration value of total woodland is 120 million RMB, which can increase the forestry output value of Yan'an by 19.32%. (2) The new carbon sequestration benefit of northern area is higher than that of southern area in Yan’an; the highest carbon sequestration benefit of returning farmland to forest isWuqi County’s 35307.29t, and its value is 1.015 million RMB, it can be increased by 0.15% of the green economy income. (3) The industrial counties Huangling County and Huanglong County, the industrial counties Luochuan County and Yichuan County carry out carbon trading respectively, under the condition of ensuring the output value of the secondary industry in the industrial county, it can increase the green economy income of the total output value of Huanglong County and Yichuan County by 0.73% respectively. -
Genetic Analysis on Tuoba Xianbei Remains Excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector FEBS Letters 580 (2006) 6242–6246 Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia Yu Changchuna,b, Xie Lib, Zhang Xiaoleia, Zhou Huia,c,*, Zhu Honga a Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China b College of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, P.R. China c College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China Received 17 July 2006; revised 5 October 2006; accepted 12 October 2006 Available online 20 October 2006 Edited by Takashi Gojobori three southward migrations, and finally founded the Northern Abstract Sixteen sequences of the hypervariable segment I (HVS-I, 16039–16398) in mtDNA control region from ancient Wei Dynasty and controlled the northern region of China Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain (386–534 A.D.). By the time of the Tang Dynasty they had Cemetery were analyzed. In which, 13 haplotypes were found largely merged with Han populace. by 25 polymorphic sites. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide At present, the origin of Tuoba Xianbei ethnic group and its diversity were 0.98 and 0.0189, respectively, and the mean of impacts on modern minorities of northern China are not yet nucleotide number differences was 6.25. Haplogroup analysis clear. It will be very helpful for understanding in the origin, indicates these remains mainly belong to haplogroup C formation and development process of northern minorities of (31.25%) and D (43.75%). -
Khitan Large Script Standard Character
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4631 Date: 2014-09-23 Title: Proposal on Encoding Khitan Large Script in UCS Source: China Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 Abstract This document proposed to encode 2218 Khitan Large Script characters in UCS. The document consists of 5 parts: 1. Introduction of Khitan Large Script 2. Encoding of Khitan Large Script 3. Examples of Contemporary Publications 4. Proposal Summary Form 5. Table of Characters 1. Introduction of Khitan Large Script 1.1 Creation and Application of Khitan Large Script The Khitan was one of the northern nomadic nationalities in ancient China, the descendants of Donghu, one of the branches of Xianbei Yuwen tribe, which rose out of Huang and Tu two rivers, today’s Xarmuren river and Laoha river basin. Before the founding of the Khitan, the Khitans experienced the Babu period, the period of Dahe’s tribal alliance and Yaonianshi tribal alliance during the different stages of development. In 907 AD, Yelü Abaoji (avoid name Yi 億, childhood name Chuolizhi 啜里只), the leader of the Khitan united some other nomadic tribes and established the Great Liao. Yelü Abaoji was respected as Emperor King, and made 916 AD as Shen Ce (神 册)first year and Xilouyi as the capital. The Great Liao co-existed in history first with the Five Dynasties(五代)and then with Northern Song Dynasty(北宋). At its golden age, the territory of the Great Liao extended west to the Jinshan(金山)and Liusha (流沙), south to central Hebei(河北), northern Shanxi(山西), north to Stanovoy Range(外兴安岭).