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Etude D'adaptation Des Variétés De La Culture De Fraise Aux Conditions Agro

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Etude D'adaptation Des Variétés De La Culture De Fraise Aux Conditions Agro الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشَعبية République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire وزارة التعليم العالي والبحت العلمي Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieure et de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Jijel Mohamed Seddik Benyahia- Jijel جـامعـة محمد الصديق بن يحي -جيجل Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie كلية عـــــلوم الطـــبيعة و الحـــــــــــياة Département des sciences de l’environnement et des sciences agronomiques قسم علوم المحيط و العلوم الفـﻻحـــــية Mémoire de fin d’études En vue de l’obtention du diplôme : Master académique . Domaine : S.N.V . Filière : Agronomie . Option : Phytopharmacie appliquée Etude d’adaptation des variétés de la culture de fraise aux conditions Agro- climatiques de la Wilaya de Jijel Jury : Présenté par: Président : Roula S. Aries Samir Examinateur : Azil A. Encadreur : Bouldjedri M. Invité : Zeddam Y. Numéro d’ordre :……….………. Session : Septembre 2019 REMERCIEMENT En premier lieu, louange au DIEU qui nous a toujours soutenus, qui nous a donné la force et le courage pour accomplir ce travail. Avant d’aborder le vif du sujet, nous tenons à remercier vivement : Monsieur :Bouldjedri Mohamed pour tout le soutien et l’encadrement qu’il nous a donné. Nous remercions les membres du jury qui nous ont fait l’honneur d’examiner ce modeste travail : MM Azil Ammar et Roula Salaheddine ; et Zadam Yacine (le secrétaire générale de CAW Jijel). Nous tenons à remercier également tous ceux qui nous ont aidés de prés et de loin pour l’élaboration de ce mémoire. A tous ceux dont le soutien nous a été utile et nécessaire, Nous disons : Monsieur Hamoudi Ben Ramdane (le DSA de Jijel) pour nous avoir autorisé à accéder au (Master2) et mis à notre disposition tous les moyens qui ont permis le bon déroulement de ce travail. Monsieur Ladraa Mahyeddine, Responsable de l’exploitation agricole ELMA (Sidi abdelaziz). Monsieur Boudjatit Djamel, Responsable de l’exploitation agricole (El Kanner). A Vous Tous … Merci ! SOMMAIRE Liste des figures ………………………………………………………………….………………..I Liste des photos ………………………………………………………………….……………….II Liste des tableaux …………………………………………………………………..……...…….III INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..…....1 Chapitre I : Présentation de la zone d’étude. 1- Situation géographique des sites d’étude…………….……….………….…………………..3 1.1 - La région d’Elma Sidi Abdelaziz (Site 1) …………………………..........................…3 1.2 - La région d’El Kennar Nouchfi (Site 2) …………………………..……………..……4 2-Climat : …………………………………………………………………………………….…5 3- Données agronomiques ……………………………………………….…..………………...5 4-Les cultures pratiquées..……………………………………………………………………....5 5 - Evaluation de la culture de la fraise dans la wilaya de Jijel………………………………....6 6-Variétés replantées à Jijel……………………………………………………………………..7 7- Conduite de parcelles d’étude ……………………………………..…..……………...…...12 7.1- Site d’Elma (Site 1) ……………………………………...……………………...…....…12 7.2- Site El Kennar (Site 2) ……………………………………………..……………….…..12 8- Travaux agricoles pratiquées ……………………………………………………………….13 8.1- Site 01 Elma ……………………………………………………………………………..13 8.2- Site 02 El kennar ……………………………………………….………………………..13 9- Les traitements phytosanitaires appliqués………………………………………..………..…14 Chapitre II : Synthèse bibliographique. 1- Généralités sur la culture de fraise………………………………..…………………………...17 1.1-Historique………………………………………………………………………...……...17 1.1.1- Description botanique du fraisier ……………………………………….….....17 1.1.2- Classification botanique ……………………………………..…………….....18 1.2- fraisier cultivées………………………………………………………………….……19 1.3- Exigences agro-climatiques………………………………………………..……….....19 1.4- Importance nutritionnelle ………………………………………………………..…….21 iii 1.5- Cycle annuel du fraisier …………………………………………………………..…..22 1.5.1 - Croissance des feuilles ………………………………………………….……22 1.5 2 - Croissance des stolons………………………………………..…………...….23 1.5.3 - Morphogenèse florale…………………………………..………………...…..23 1.6. Stades Phénologiques…………………………………………………..…………...…24 1.6.1- Induction florale…………………………………………….………………….24 1.6.2- Dormance…………………………………………….……………………..…24 1.6.3. Croissance végétative ……………………………………………………….…24 1.6.4. Floraison et fructification …………….………………………………………..24 2 - Itinéraire technique de la culture de fraise …………………………………………………...25 2.1- Travail du sol …………………………………………….………………………….….25 2.2- Plantation:………………………………………………………………………….……25 2.3- Fertilisation………………………………………………………………..……………25 2.4- Irrigation…………………………………………….………………....………………..26 2.5- Entretien de la culture …………………………….…………….....................................26 2. 6- Récolte………………………………………….……………….. ………………….....26 2.7- Principaux ennemis de la culture…………………………………………………….….27 Chapitre III : Matériels et Méthodes 1- Matériel végétal……………………………………………………….....................................28 2 - Méthodes …………………… …………………………………………………………….…24 2.1- Méthode de mesure du taux de croissance des racines ………………….……………...29 2.2- Mesure de la hauteur de la plante …………………………………………………...…..29 2.3- Mesure de la surface occupée par plante …………………………….............................29 2.4- Méthode de mesure du taux de croissance des feuilles ……………..….……………..29 2.5-Méthode de calcule du rendement …………………… ……………….…………………30 2.6-Méthode d’identification des agents pathogènes ……… ……………..……………...…31 Chapitre VI : Résultats et Discussions 1.- Etude quantitatif……………………………………………………………….……………..30 iii 1.1 – Suivi de la croissance du système racinaire………………………………………….…30 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………..…..30 1.2– Suivi de la croissance du système végétatif (Partie aérienne)…..………………………..… 32 1.2.1– calcule de la surface foliole moyenne…………………………...……………......…...32 Discussion …………… …………………...……………….……………………………..…33 1.2.2-Calcule de la surface foliaire moyenne par pied… …..………………...........................33 Discussion …… …………………………………………….…………..…….……………..33 1.3 – Suivi de la production ……………………………………………..……..……………..…35 1.3.1 – Suivi du poids de fruits ……………………………………………….……………....35 Discussion …………………………………………………….………………………....….35 1.3.2 – Calcule de la production de chaque bouquet ……………………………….…….......35 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………..…....36 1.3.3 –Suivi du rendement……………………………………………………........................37 1.3.3.1– Suivi du rendement sous mini tunnel…………………..……………………..…..37 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….......37 1.3.3. 2– Suivi du rendement sous grand tunnel………………………….......................…37 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….…..38 2-Etude qualitatif ………………………………………………………………..……….……....38 2.1- Caractéristiques culturales des Variétés pour variétés cultivées sous mini tunnels...........38 2.2- Caractéristiques culturales pour variétés cultivées sous grands tunnels.…………….…40 3-Caractéristiques Organoleptiques …………………………………………….………….…....41 4-Etude de l’état sanitaire des variétés …………………………………………..........................41 4.1 - Diagnostic en champs des Maladies des Plantes …………………………......................41 4.2-Observation sous la loupe binoculaire ……………………………………………….…..44 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………….......45 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………….…………………...43 Références Bibliographiques………………………………………………………………….....44 Sitographie……………………………………………………………………………………………….....45 Annexe. iii iii Liste des figures : Figure 1: La carte de communes de wilaya de la Jijel……………………………………..….3 Figure 2: Site d’Elma (site 1). ……………………………………….…………….…….......4 Figure 3: Site d‘El Kennar Nouchfi (site 2). …………………………………….….….…….4 Figure 4: Evolution de la superficie cultivée de la fraise à Jijel de 2001-2013………......….7 Figure 5 : Schéma de l’appareil végétatif du fraisier (Fragariavesca L.)…………………...16 Figure 6: Evolution de la longueur des racines des fraisiers étudiés……………….………..30 Figure 7: le système racinaire de la variété F02 sous mini-tunnels……………………........31 Figure 8 : La surface foliole moyenne pour les fraisiers étudiés……………………...……..32 Figure 9 : La surface foliaire moyenne pour les fraisiers étudiés……………………….......33 Figure 10 : Le poids moyen pour les fraisiers étudiés……………………………………….35 Figure 11 : La production de bouquets enregistrée pour les fraisiers……………………..…35 Figure 12:le rendement commercial pour les fraisiers étudiés sous-système mini tunnel…..37 Figure 13: le rendement commercial pour les fraisiers étudiés sous-système grand tunnel...37 Figure 14: Humidité relative et la température du mois décembre 2018 et mars 2019…......47 Liste des photos : Photo 1 : Photo du fruit de fraise Camarosa. …………………………………….….….8 Photo 2 : Photo du fruit de fraise Furtona . ……………………………………….…….8 Photo 3 : Photo du fruit de fraise Sabrina. …………………………………………..….9 Photo 4 : Photo du fruit de fraise Cristal. ……………………………………………….9 Photo 5 : Photo du fruit de fraise Condonga. ………………………………………......10 Photo 6: Photo du fruit de fraise Nabila. ……………………………………………….11 Photo 7 : Photo fruit de fraise Kamila. ………………………………………………....12 Photo 8: Méthode de calcul de la surface des folioles………………………………….28 Photo 9 : le système racinaire de la variété F02 sous mini-tunnels. …………….......…31 Photo 10 : comparaison entre: F02 à gauche et Sabrina à droite………………………34 Photo 11 : mauvais entretien de la culture observé sur champ………………………...36 Photo 12 : un fruit de variété F02 sous grand tunnel à gauche et Sabrina à droite sous mini tunnel………………………………………………………………………………..…..38 Photo 13: les symptômes pathogènes observés sur le champ : 01Attaque par maladie cryptogamique, 02 malformations de fruit, 03toiles d’araignée sur la bordure de la feuille, 04 et 05montres des nécroses et le vieillissement de la plante. ……………………………43 Photo 14:Observation
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