Les disparitionsC ŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŽĨ F ĂŵŝůŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ forcées enD algérie :isppeared in un crime contreA lgeria l’humanité
1990-2000 Publisher: Collective of Families of the Disappeared in Algeria Participated in the preparation of this document: SOS Disappeared Graphic design: Antoine Sintzel (Agence Mount) Legal deposit: February 2016 Photo credits: Rights holders Cover photo credits: Rachel Corner
To the mothers and parents of the disappeared who have been fighting for truth and justice for more than twenty years in the memory of the missing and all the victims of the 1990s in Algeria Table of Contents
Executive summary 01
Introduction Section IV. The Algerian authorities’ response to the missing persons’ files:- I. What is enforced disappearance? 07 Continuous impunity II. Enforced disappearances in Algeria: a crime against humanity I. From the denial of enforced disappearance to the organisation of impunity 95 Aims and methodology 17 A. 1994-2003 – The denial of the State officials’ involvement in the disappearances 95 The Algerian Civil War 21 B. 2003-2005 – The ad hoc mechanism for dealing with the missing persons: 98 “The State is responsible but not guilty” C. 2005 – National reconciliation: the attempt to close the missing persons’ files in impunity 100 Section I. The State officials as perpetrators of the enforced disappearances II. The Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation: a violation of the right to truth and right to I. The State officials as authors of the arrest of the disappeared 27 full and complete compensation to the families of the disappeared 101 A. The specialised anti-terrorism units working as “combined forces” 29 1. The para-commando regiments of the People’s National Army 30 A. Legal immunity and refusal to conduct investigations: 102 2. Mobile Brigades of the Judicial Police 31 violation of the right to truth B. The State security forces’ ordinary units 33 B. Financial compensation in return for the drawing up of a death certificate: violation of 104 1. The judicial police 33 the right to full and complete compensation 2. The military police 35 C. Prohibition of all criticisms towards the authorities 106 3. The soldiers 35 4. The paramilitary militia 38 Conclusion and recommendations 109 II. The denial of the detention of the missing and the concealment of their fate 42
Appendices Section II. The target of enforced disappearances: the civil population Appendix 1: The structures for coordination on the fight against the subversion and 115 I. The profile of the disappeared: the male youth of the working-class areas 54 terrorism involved in enforced disappearances II. The reason for the disappearances: a population regarded as subversive by the authorities 58 Appendix 2: Testimony of the harassment and torture suffered by the family of the missing Mohamed 118 A. Political opinion 59 Mehalli B. The professions of the missing 61 Appendix 3: Testimony of Sid Ahmed Aber, held in the Southern camps 121 C. Families of wanted persons or persons suspected of having joined the armed groups 64 Appendix 4: Testimony of the disappearance of Djamel Saadoun, 29, student and deferred conscript of the 122 national service, El Biar, Algiers Appendix 5: Testimony of the harassment suffered by the Bouaroura family 123 Section III. The widespread and systematic nature of enforced disappearance Appendix 6: The timeline of enforced disappearances in Gué de Constantine between August and Novem- 125 ber 1996 I. Frequent mass disappearances: the widespread nature of enforced disappearance 70 Appendix 7: The sweeps in El Kennar Nouchfi and El Emir Abdelkader – Jijel province 128 A. Enforced disappearances at the time 70 Appendix 8: Testimony of the torture suffered by Merouane Bendjaël, brother of a missing person 131 1. 1990–1993: the implementation of repression and signs of enforced disappearances 71 Appendix 9: Charter for Truth, Peace and Justice 132 2. 1994–1996: “terror must switch sides”, the peak of enforced disappearances 72 3. 1997–1999: Against a backdrop of massacres, enforced disappearances decreased 73 B. Enforced disappearances across the country 74 II. The recurrence of procedures used: the systematic nature of enforced disappearance 78 A. Frequent and mass arbitrary arrests 78 B. Secret detention: from detention centre to detention centre 81 C. Torture on a large scale 86 D. Denunciation: a key component in the cycle of State repression 91 Acronyms
APN – National People’s Assembly NHRI – National Institution of Human Rights
ANP – Algerian People’s National Army ONDH – National Observatory on Democracy and Human Rights PCO – Post of Operational Command AIS – Islamic Salvation Army ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights BMPJ – Mobile Brigades of the Judicial Police
CCLAS – Centre for the Conduct and Coordination of Anti-Subversive Action MS – Military Security
DRS – Department of Intelligence and Security TPP – Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal CCPR – Human Rights Committee
CFDA – Collective of Families of the Disappeared in Algeria
CFT – Algerian Land Forces Command
CJA – Justice Commission for Algeria
CNCPPDH – National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
ICC– International Criminal Court
CPMI – Main Military Investigation Centre
CTRI – Territorial Centre of Research and Investigation
DCE – Directorate of Counter-Espionage
DCSA – Central Directorate for Army Security
DGSN – Directorate General of National Security
FIS – Islamic Salvation Front
FIDH – International Federation for Human Rights
GIA – Armed Islamic Group
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Introduction 1990 – 2000: thousands of enforced disappearances in Algeria
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7KH&1&33'+LQVWLWXWLRQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶¿OHVRQDQDWLRQDOOHYHOKDV 2Q6HSWHPEHU WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI,QWHOOLJHQFHDQG6HFXULW\ '56 ZDVFUHDWHGRQ GHFODUHGRQPDQ\RFFDVLRQVWKDWLQWKHDEVHQFHRIDUFKLYHVDQGWHVWLPRQLHVLWZRXOGEHLPSRV - WKHLQLWLDWLYHRI*HQHUDO.KDOHG1H]]DWZKRZDV0LQLVWHURI'HIHQFHDQGRI*HQHUDO/DUEL VLEOHWRLGHQWLI\WKHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV . At the same time, the Algerian %HONKHLUZKRZDVKHDGRI3UHVLGHQW&KDGOL¶VFDELQHW JRYHUQPHQWKDYLQJVLQFHDGPLWWHGWKDW³WKHJHQHULFFRQFHSWRIWKHGLVDSSHDUHG´KDVEHHQSUR - YHQWKH\UHIHUWRWKHGL൵HUHQWVSHFL¿FFDVHVZKHUHE\WKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHVLQ$OJHULDZRXOGEH 7KH'56KDGMXVWUHSODFHGWKH0LOLWDU\6HFXULW\ 06 WKHUHJLPH¶VSROLWLFDOSROLFHGH - HLWKHUYROXQWDU\RUDWWKHKDQGVRIWKHDUPHG,VODPLVWJURXSV . Therefore, no disappearance at SHQGHQWRQWKHSUHVLGHQF\RIWKH5HSXEOLFXQGHU%RXPpGLqQH3ODFHGXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ WKHKDQGVRI6WDWHR൶FLDOVKDVHYHUEHHQGRFXPHQWHG RIWKH0LQLVWU\RI'HIHQFHLQ WKH'56EHFDPHWKHDUP\¶VVHFUHWVHUYLFH)URPLWVFUHD - WLRQXSXQWLO6HSWHPEHUWKH'56ZDVPDQDJHGE\WKH*HQHUDO0DMRU0RKDPHG0pGLqQH +RZHYHUWKHFDVHVRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHUHFRUGHGE\&)'$EDVHGRQWKHGHFOD - NQRZQDV³7RX¿N´7KH'56¶QXPEHUZDV*HQHUDO6PDLO/DPDULNQRZQDV³6PDwQ´IURP UDWLRQVDQGWHVWLPRQLHVPDGHE\IDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJGRQRWOHDYHDQ\GRXEWUHJDUGLQJWKH XQWLO SURIHVVLRQRIWKHDXWKRUVRIWKHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV7KHPLVVLQJZHUHDUUHVWHGE\R൶FLDOV LQGL൵HUHQWEUDQFKHVRIWKH6WDWHVHFXULW\IRUFHVDQGE\PHPEHUVRISDUDPLOLWDU\JURXSVHVWDEOL - )URP WKH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQZDVRYHUVHHQE\WKH'56DORQJVLGH VKHGE\WKH6WDWHDVSDUWRIWKH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQ , WKH$13¶VFKLHIRIVWD൵ “From 1992, the SM, currently DRS, was the turning hub for the State repression. They regularly managed all of the security forces in complete isolation from the 0DQ\IRUPHUGHWDLQHHVVXUYLYRUVIURPWKHVHFUHWGHWHQWLRQDQGWRUWXUHZHUHDORQJVLGHPLV - VHUYLFHV>@WKH\XVHGWKHDQWLJXHUULOODVWUDWHJ\DVDWHPSODWHWRDৼRUGDOODFWVRIYLROHQFH VLQJSHUVRQVLQWKH6WDWHVHFXULW\¶VGHWHQWLRQFHQWUHV1RQHWKHOHVVWKHIDPLOLHVZKRIURPWKH including the creation of death squads. The DRS services, in their place, was the backbone of YHU\EHJLQQLQJKDYHWLUHOHVVO\WULHGWRORFDWHWKHLUDUUHVWHGORYHGRQHVKDYHQHYHUEHHQDEOHWR the organisation of impunity for the whole of this decade” . REWDLQSUHFLVHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHVRUWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRUWKHMXVWLFHRQWKH location of their detention or the fate of the disappeared (II). 6SHFLDOLVHGLQLQWHOOLJHQFHWKH'56GLGQRWKDYHIRUFHVRILQWHUYHQWLRQDSDUWIURPDURXQG PHQLQWKH6SHFLDO,QWHUYHQWLRQ*URXS 6,* )URP VSHFLDOLVHGDQWLWHUURULVPXQLWV section1 ,±7KH6WDWHR൶FLDOVDVDXWKRUVRIWKHDUUHVWRIWKHGLVDSSHDUHG KDYHEHHQFUHDWHGLQWKHFRXQWU\ZLWKLQWKH$13WKHQWKHJHQGDUPHULHDQGSROLFH
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section1 %HWZHHQ DQG WKH\DUELWUDULO\UDSHGDQG WRUWXUHGDVZHOODVFRQGXFWHGVXPPDU\H[HFXWLRQV DQG DEGXFWLRQV IROORZHG E\ HQIRUFHG GLVDSSHD - rances. Extract from a press release by FIDH >@ “Deux tortionnaires algériens mis en examen en France” $OL%HQLGLUFLYLOVHUYDQW*XpGH&RQVWDQWLQH$OJLHUVSURYLQFH [Two Algerian torturers indicted by French justice: a hope Enforced disappearances for the victims in the fight against impunity in Algeria], 2Q $XJXVW $OL%HQLGLZDVDUUHVWHGE\SDWULRWVIURPWKHGLVWULFW >@ 7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH GLVDSSHDUHG ZHUH WDNHQ 2004. RI $wQ 1DDGMD /DKFHQH $OLFKH 0RKDPHG 0D\RXI 0XVWDSKD .RXPLQD from their homes in front of their families. Among 1DFHU0HVOHP0DNKORXI%DUNDWDQG6DPLU'DQGDQLWKHLUERVV7KHVHSD - WKHVHPLVVLQJZHUHFKLOGUHQRI\HDUVDQGHOGHUO\ WULRWVZHUHNQRZQWKURXJKRXWWKHQHLJKERXUKRRG7KH\FRQ¿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wQ1DkGMDWRSLFNXSDSUHVFULSWLRQDQGEX\ 7KH6WDWH¶VLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDUPHGFLYLOLDQPLOLWLDIURP DQGPRUHLQWHQVLYHO\IURP PHGLFDWLRQIURPKLVWKHQSUHJQDQWZLIH¶VGRFWRU2QKLVZD\EDFN VSDUNHGDPRYHPHQWRISULYDWLVLQJWKHZDUZKHUHSROLWLFDODQGSHUVRQDOUHYHQJHSOD\HGD ODUJHUROH1DWLYHWRWKHFRPPXQHRYHUZKLFKWKH\SUHVLGHGWKHDUPHGJXDUGVDQGSDWULRWVNQHZ WKHFLWL]HQVDQGZHUHOLNHZLVHNQRZQE\WKHP
39 40 DEHLJHFRORXUHG3HXJHRW-YDQZLWKWLQWHGZLQGRZVVWRSSHGEHVLGHKLP II – The denial of the detention of the missing and the concealment of their fate 7ZRSDWULRWV/DKFHQH$OLFKHDQG0RKDPHG0D\RXIJRWRXW7KH\MXP - SHG$OL%HQLGLUSXQFKLQJKLPDQGYLROHQWO\GUDJJLQJKLPLQWRWKHLUYDQ 'XULQJWKH V$OJHULDDQGHVSHFLDOO\LWVVWPLOLWDU\UHJLRQ $OJLHUV±0LWLNGMD ZHUHGL - $5DQG%+WZRQHLJKERXUVRIWKH%HQLGLUIDPLO\ZLWQHVVHGWKLVVFHQH YLGHGLQWRIRXUKHDGR൶FHVRIWKH6WDWHVHFXULW\IRUFHV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHH[LVWLQJRQHVQHZSR - 7KHYDQZDVDOUHDG\IXOORISHUVRQVDUUHVWHGWKDWGD\ OLFHVWDWLRQVZHUHFUHDWHG%RWKWHPSRUDU\PLOLWDU\EDUUDFNVDQGSDUDPLOLWDU\PLOLWLDKHDGTXDUWHUV ZHUHVHWXSHYHU\ZKHUH$OOR൶FLDOKHDGR൶FHV±SROLFHVWDWLRQVJHQGDUPHULHEULJDGHVPLOLWD - 7KHSHUVRQVDUUHVWHGZHUHGULYHQWRWKH$wQ1DDGMDWRZQKDOOFDUSDUN U\EDUUDFNVDQGHYHQVRPHSDUDPLOLWDU\PLOLWLDKHDGR൶FHV±KDGFHOOVPHDVXULQJDIHZPHWUHV ZKHUHWKHSDWULRWV¶KHDGTXDUWHUVDQGVKDFNVZHUHORFDWHG6ROGLHUVIURP VTXDUHGVRPHWLPHVXQGHUJURXQGZKHUHWKHGHWDLQHHVZHUHFUDPSHGWRJHWKHU0RUHRYHUWKH'56 WKH$wQ1DDGMDEDUUDFNVWKHQFDPHWRFROOHFWWKRVHDUUHVWVLQFOXGLQJ$OL EDUUDFNVDOVRKDGQXPHURXVVHFUHWGHWHQWLRQFHOOVDQGWRUWXUHURRPV %HQLGLUWRGULYHWKHPWRWKH$wQ1DDGMDPLOLWDU\EDUUDFNV7KHGHWDLQHHV DUHVDLGWRKDYHEHHQLQWHUURJDWHGWKHUHIRUPRUHWKDQKRXUVEHIRUH $VSDUWRIWKH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQWKHDUUHVWVZHUHIROORZHGE\VHFUHWGH - EHLQJWUDQVIHUUHGWRDVHFUHWGHWHQWLRQFHQWUHEHORQJLQJWRWKH'56$OL WHQWLRQ7KRVHZKRKDYHPRVWGHQLHGKDYLQJFRQGXFWHGDUUHVWVRUGHWDLQLQJDUUHVWHGSHUVRQVKDYH %HQLGLU¶VIDPLO\KDYHVLQFHORVWDOOWUDFHRIKLPDQGKDYHQRWKHDUGIURP EHHQWKHDJHQWV,QDFHUWDLQQXPEHURIFDVHVZLWKRXWIXOO\GHQ\LQJWKHGHWHQWLRQVHFXULW\IRUFH him. R൶FLDOVGLGHYHU\WKLQJLQWKHLUSRZHUWRFRQFHDOWKHIDWHRIWKHPLVVLQJ$JHQWVDWWKH/D0RQWDJQH SROLFHVWDWLRQLQ%RXURXEDDQGWKH%DE(O2XHGDQG2XHG.RULFKHVWDWLRQVDPRQJRWKHUVKDYH 7HVWLPRQ\FROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGWKHIDPLO\RIWKHPLVVLQJ DGPLWWHGWRGHWDLQLQJPLVVLQJSHUVRQVVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHLUDUUHVWV7KHIDPLOLHVKRZHYHUKDYHQHYHU EHHQDEOHWRYLVLWWKHP7KH\FRXOGRQO\SDVVDORQJDEDVNHWRIIRRGRUDIHZSHUVRQDOH൵HFWVIRU VHYHUDOZHHNVEHIRUHEHLQJWROGWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDGEHHQUHOHDVHGRUWUDQVIHUUHGZLWKQR ,QFHUWDLQUXUDODUHDVVRPHPLOLWLDPHQZHUHUHQRZQHGIRUEHLQJWUXHWRUWXUHUV,Q&KDwEDLQWKH7LSD - DGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ2IWHQWKHIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJDOVRREWDLQHGDYLVLWSHUPLWIURPWKH ]DSURYLQFHIRUH[DPSOHWKHDUPHGJXDUGV0HFKDKHE%RXENHXUDQG$PDU6HUDwZKRZRUNHGFORVHO\ UHOHYDQWSURVHFXWRUWRVHHWKHLUORYHGRQHLPSULVRQHGLQDFLYLOSULVRQ+RZHYHUWKHIDPLOLHVZKR ZLWKWKHPLOLWDU\SROLFHDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHFKLHIRIEULJDGH6DODK0H]JKLFKHZHUHLQYROYHGLQPDQ\ ZHQWWRWKHVHSULVRQVZHUHV\VWHPDWLFDOO\PHWZLWKWKHVDPHUHVSRQVHVVXFKDVWKHGHWDLQHHKDYLQJ enforced disappearances. WKHVDPHVXUQDPHDVWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQEXWZLWKDGL൵HUHQW¿UVWQDPH
section1
)URP WKHDUPHGJXDUGVRI&KDwEDZRUNHGIRUWKHPLOLWDU\SROLFH7KH\ $EGHUUH]DN7ULNLVHFXULW\R൶FLDO0HIWDK%OLGDSURYLQFH VHWWRZRUNLQDQXQUHVWUDLQHGPDQQHUH[SORLWLQJWKHWHUURURIWKHFLWL]HQVWR IXUWKHUWKHLUDGYDQFHPHQWRUUHDOLVHWKHLUSHUVRQDOLQWHUHVWV7KHKHDGRIWKH (YHU\GD\WKHPRWKHURIPLVVLQJSHUVRQ$EGHUUH]DN7ULNLDUUHVWHGLQ DUPHGJXDUGV0HFKDKHE%RXENHUZDVDWWULEXWHGWKHUHSXWDWLRQRIDQH[HFX - 0HIWDKZRXOGJRWRWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQZKHUHKHZDVOLVWHGDV³UHOHDVHG´6KH WLRQHU$FFRUGLQJWRIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJKHKDGWKHKDELWRIWDNLQJSHRSOH WKHQOHDUQWWKDWKHUVRQZDVLQWKHEDUUDFNVLQ0HIWDK:KHQVKHFRQWDFWHG KHDUUHVWHGWRKLVDJULFXOWXUDOSURSHUW\ZKHUHKHWRUWXUHGDQGGLVSRVHGRIWKHP WKHSURVHFXWRURIWKH/DUEDkWULEXQDOVKHUHFHLYHGDYLVLWSHUPLWWRWKHFLYLO 7KHDJULFXOWXUDOODERXUHUVZKRZRUNHGRQKLVSURSHUW\VWDWHWKH\KHDUGKRUUL¿F SULVRQLQ%OLGDLQ$XJXVW 6KHZHQWWRWKLVSULVRQZLWKKHUEDVNHWEXW \HOOLQJ$QRWKHUDUPHGJXDUGIURPWKHORFDOLW\RI%HUEHVVD$PDU6HUDwKLJK WKHDJHQWVFRQVXOWHGWKHGHWDLQHHUHJLVWHUDQGLQVLVWHGWKDWWKHQDPH7ULNL RQSRZHUDOVRFRPPLWWHGYDULRXVDFWVRIYLROHQFH+HZDVLQYROYHGLQPDQ\ ZDVQRWRQLW+LVPRWKHUFRQWLQXHGKHUVHDUFKDQGVKHREWDLQHGDQRWKHUYLVLW disappearances for personal reasons. In fact, he, along with eight other farmers, SHUPLWIRUWKHPLOLWDU\SULVRQLQ%OLGD7KHUHVKHZDVWROGWKDWWKHSHUVRQ H[SORLWHG6WDWHDJULFXOWXUDOODQG,Q KHGHFLGHGWRXQLODWHUDOO\EUHDNWKLV GHWDLQHGLQWKLVSULVRQZDVQRWFDOOHG$EGHUUH]DN7ULNLEXWUDWKHU$EHUUH]DN FRQWUDFWE\VHOOLQJWKHSORWWRD³ELOOLRQDLUH´IURP%OLGD6HYHUDOIDUPHUVGLGQRW 0RKDPHG6RPHWLPHODWHUD\RXQJPDQUHOHDVHGIURPWKHPLOLWDU\SULVRQ DJUHHZLWK6HUDw2QHRIZKRP$EGHOKD¿G0DKPRXGLGLVDSSHDUHGLQ-XQH FRQ¿UPHGWRWKH7ULNLIDPLO\WKDW$EGHUUH]DNKDGEHHQKHOGWKHUHWKDWKLV .KHOL൵(O+DGMPHWZLWKWKHVDPHIDWHLQ1RYHPEHU KHDGKDGEHHQVKDYHGDQGWKDWKHKDGEHHQDPRQJRWKHUGHWDLQHHVWUDQV - IHUUHGHOVHZKHUHE\WKHVROGLHUVRQH\HDUDIWHUKLVDUUHVW 7HVWLPRQLHVFROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGIURPIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJURP &KDwED 7HVWLPRQ\FROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGIURPWKHIDPLO\RIWKHPLVVLQJ
41 42 2QWKHUDUHRFFDVLRQIDPLOLHVKDYHREWDLQHGZULWWHQGRFXPHQWVIURPWKHMXGLFLDODXWKRULWLHV 5DFKLG%DNKWLDUODERXUHUVLQJOH0HIWDK%OLGDSURYLQFH VWDWLQJWKDWWKHLUPLVVLQJZHUHDUUHVWHGE\6WDWHR൶FLDOV'HVSLWHWKLVQRQHRIWKHLUULJKWVKDYH EHHQHQIRUFHG6DODK6DNHUZDVDUUHVWHGE\WKHSROLFHDWKLVKRPHLQ&RQVWDQWLQHRQ 0D\ 5DFKLG%DNKWLDUZDVDUUHVWHGLQWKHHDUO\DIWHUQRRQRI$SULO E\DSD - )ROORZLQJDFRPSODLQWKLVZLIHUHFHLYHGDFRS\RIWKHR൶FLDOUHSRUWUHFRJQLVLQJWKDWWKHMXGLFLDO WULRWFDOOHG - denial of the arrest and detention 7KHDWWHPSWVWRKDYHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDGEHHQDEGXFWHGE\WHUURULVWV DWWHPSWVWRKDYHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDGEHHQDEGXFWHGE\WHUURULVWV 7KHDXWKRULWLHVRIWHQDWWHPSWHGWRKDYHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDGEHHQDEGXFWHG E\ WHUURULVWV 7KH \RXQJ 6DPLU 0DJKRXQH KDG MXVW ¿QLVKHG KLV PLOLWDU\ VHUYLFH ZKHQ KH ZDV DWWHPSWVWRKDYHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQOHIWWRJRWRWKHPDTXLV DUUHVWHGDWKLVKRPHE\SROLFHR൶FHU³5RXJLHU´IURPWKH/D0RQWDJQHSROLFHVWDWLRQLQ%RX - URXED DQG RWKHU R൶FLDOV ZKR VXUURXQGHG WKH KRXVH ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ GD\V WKH IDPLO\ ZHQW WR MXGJHPHQWE\GHIDXOWDQGFRQGHPQDWLRQWRGHDWKRIWKHGLVDSSHDUHG WKHSROLFHVWDWLRQZKHUHWKH\ZHUHWROGWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDGEHHQDEGXFWHGE\WHUURULVWV 7KH DUJXPHQW ZDV WKDW WKH WHUURULVWV IUHTXHQWO\ DEGXFWHG \RXQJ PHQ LQ WKH PLOLWDU\ VHUYLFH The denial of the arrest and detention of the missing person 7KHIDPLO\FRQWDFWHGDPRUHDFFRPPRGDWLQJSROLFHR൶FHUZKRODWHUWROGWKHPWKDWWKHPLVVLQJ SHUVRQZDVKHOGDWWKH%RXURXEDSROLFHVWDWLRQIRUPRQWKV+HZDVWKHQWUDQVIHUUHGLQVHFUHW ,QWKHPDMRULW\RIFDVHVHYHQLIWKH\UHFRJQLVHGWKHR൶FLDOVRUWKHYHKLFOHVDWWKHVFHQHRIWKH arrest, the families were faced with the complete denial of the arrest and detention of the missing. $WWHPSWVWRKDYHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQOHIWWRJRWRWKHPDTXLV 2WKHUWLPHVWKHDXWKRULWLHVKDGWKHIDPLOLHVEHOLHYHWKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQRQWKHLUUHOHDVH section1 had gone to the maquis. +DPLG %RXJKRXDRX FRQWUDFWRU %LUNKDGHP $OJLHUV SURYLQFH +DPLG %RXJKRXDRXZDVDUUHVWHGDWKLVZRUNSODFH0RKDPHG%HONDFHP6WUHHWLQ(O 0RXUDGLDLQ$OJLHUV6HYHUDOSODLQFORWKHVR൶FHUVLGHQWL¿HGWKHPVHOYHVWR +DPLGDQGKLVEURWKHUVDVSROLFHR൶FHUVIURPWKH(O0DGDQLDSROLFHVWDWLRQ LQ$OJLHUV7KH\DVNHG+DPLGWRFRPHZLWKWKHPIRUTXHVWLRQLQJ7KHR൶ - FHUVZHUHSROLWHVKRZHGQRFDXVHIRUDODUPQRWKLQJVXJJHVWHGWKDW+DPLG ZRXOGQHYHUUHWXUQIURPWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQ+DPLGWKHQIROORZHGWKHPVOLJKW - 0HKGL/DUDVXQHPSOR\HG%DE(O2XHG$OJLHUVSURYLQFH O\FRQ¿GHQWO\+HWRRNKLVRZQFDUD9RONVZDJHQ*ROIUHJLVWUDWLRQ DQGIROORZHGWKHR൶FHUV:KHQWZRGD\VDIWHU+DPLG¶VDUUHVWKLV 0LVVLQJSHUVRQ0HGKL/DUDVZDVDUUHVWHGDWKLVKRPHDWDPRQWKHQLJKWRI mother went to the police station to request information on her son, she saw WR0DUFK E\SROLFHR൶FHUVIURPSROLFHR൶FHUVIURPWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQRI KLVFDULQWKHFRXUW\DUG:KHQVKHPHQWLRQHGWKLVVKHZDVFKDVHGDZD\E\ WKHWK %DE(O2XHG DQGSROLFHVWDWLRQRIWKHVWDUURQGLVVHPHQW 2XHG.RULFKH WKHR൶FLDOVZKRHYHQUHOHDVHGGRJVRQKHU7KHIROORZLQJGD\VKHUHWXUQHG 0HGKL¶VIDPLO\ZHUHIRUDZKLOHDEOHWRSDVVDEDVNHWWRKLPDWWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQ to the police station and the car was no longer there. 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Dans le crime contre l’humanité, en revanche, les raisons peuvent être de toute nature : politiques, religieuses, ethniques, raciales ou pour toute raison quelle qu’elle soit 51 30 -Op.cit. 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The widespread and systematic nature of enforced disappearance 68 6HFWLRQ,,,7KHZLGHVSUHDGDQGV\VWHPDWLFQDWXUHRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFH $FFRUGLQJWRWKH&RQYHQWLRQDQG5RPH6WDWXWHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVFRQVWLWXWHD ,±)UHTXHQWPDVVGLVDSSHDUDQFHV WKHZLGHVSUHDGQDWXUHRIHQIRUFHGGLVDS - FULPHDJDLQVWKXPDQLW\ZKHQWKH\DUHZLGHVSUHDGRUV\VWHPDWLFRUHYHQLIWKH\ZHUHFRP - SHDUDQFH PLWWHGDVSDUWRIDZLGHVSUHDGRUV\VWHPDWLFDWWDFN Isolated or incidental acts are therefore H[FOXGHGIURPWKHQRWLRQRIDFULPHDJDLQVWKXPDQLW\,WLVPRUHWKDQWKHDFWLWVHOIEXWUDWKHUWKH 7KHZLGHVSUHDGQDWXUHUHIHUVWRWKHPDVVQDWXUHRIWKHFULPLQDODFWVZKLFKKDGEHHQFRP - FLUFXPVWDQFHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHDFWFRPPLWWHGZKLFKDOORZLWWREHFODVVHGDVDFULPHDJDLQVW mitted on a large scale . KXPDQLW\ 7KDQNVWRIDPLOLHVQRWLI\LQJWKHDVVRFLDWLRQ&)'$KDVSXWWRJHWKHULQGLYLGXDOPLV - 7KHDGMHFWLYHZLGHVSUHDGUHIHUVWRWKHPDVVQDWXUHRIWKHFULPLQDODFWVWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\ VLQJ SHUVRQV¶ ¿OHV ZKR ZHUH DUUHVWHG E\ 6WDWH R൶FLDOV EHWZHHQ DQG 7KH R൶FLDO were committed RQ D ODUJH VFDOH The widespread nature results in the existence of a large ¿JXUHVWKHPVHOYHVDOOXGHWRHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZKLFKRFFXUUHGEHWZHHQ DQG QXPEHURIYLFWLPVDVZHOODVDQRUJDQLVDWLRQLPSOLFDWLQJDODUJHQXPEHURISHUSHWUDWRUV7KH DFFRUGLQJWR&1&33'+DQGPLVVLQJSHUVRQVGHFODUHGE\IDPLOLHVWRWKHDXWKRULWLHV DGMHFWLYHV\VWHPDWLFUHIHUVWRWKHQRWLRQRISODQQLQJ7KHV\VWHPDWLFQHVVRU WKHUHSHWLWLRQRU DVSDUWRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH&KDUWHUIRU3HDFHDQG1DWLRQDO5HFRQFLOLDWLRQ,WLVSRVVLEOH VLPLODULW\RIWKHFULPLQDODFWV , is an indicator of the implementation of a methodical plan. As KRZHYHUWKDWQRWDOOIDPLOLHVZHUHZLOOLQJRUDEOHWRGHFODUHWKHLUORYHGRQH V PLVVLQJDQGVRPH VXFK WKH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WKH ZLGHVSUHDG RU V\VWHPDWLF QDWXUH HQDEOHV WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI REVHUYHUVHVWLPDWHWKDWWKHUHFRXOGEHEHWZHHQDQGSHRSOHPLVVLQJDWWKHKDQGV PXOWLSOHLQKXPDQHDFWVKHUHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVWREHFRPPLWWHGSODQQHGDQGRUJDQLVHG RIWKH6WDWHR൶FLDOV DQGDVLQWHQGHGE\WKHSHUSHWUDWRUWREHDQ³DWWDFN´WRZDUGVWKHFLYLOSRSXODWLRQ “pursuant to or in furtherance of a policy to commit such attack”) 7KHZLGHVSUHDGRUV\VWHPDWLFQDWXUHLVLQ 7KH¿JXUHVVSHDNIRUWKHPVHOYHV7LPHZLVHWKHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVGHFODUHGWR DPDWWHURIVSHDNLQJWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHQWLRQEHKLQGWKHFULPHDJDLQVWKXPDQLW\ ³ The &)'$E\IDPLOLHVRFFXUUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHGHFDGHRI WR $ %HWZHHQ DQG crime expresses intent, translated as a calculation, it reveals a political, ideological or dogmatic WKHSHULRGGXULQJZKLFKHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZHUHPRUHLQWHQVLYHO\SUDFWLVHGWKHLUIUHTXHQW premeditation” . DQGPDVVQDWXUHFDQEHVHHQPRUHFOHDUO\$UHDZLVHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZHUHSHUSHWUDWHG WKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\H[FHSWIRULQ¿YHODUJHSURYLQFHVLQWKHVRXWK(YHQVRWKH\ZHUHHVSH - 7KH $OJHULDQ DXWKRULWLHV GHQ\ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI D GHOLEHUDWH SROLF\ WR PDNH SHRSOH GLVDS - FLDOO\FRQFHQWUDWHGLQWKH$OJLHUVUHJLRQDQGWKHFRXQWU\¶VQRUWKHUQFRDVW % SectionIII SHDU7KH\FODLPWKDWWKRVHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVFHUWDLQR൶FLDOVZKR had ³DFWHGLQDVWDWHRIGLVWUHVVRUH[FLWHPHQWUHJDUGLQJWKHDFXWHQHVVRIWKH¿JKWVWKH\OHGDQG A – Enforced disappearances at the time which pushed them to act unlawfully and commit excessive acts” $FFRUGLQJWRWKHR൶FLDOUH - SRUWHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV³DUH>WKHUHIRUH@QRWXQGHUWDNHQE\LQVWLWXWLRQV´ EXWUDWKHUVLPSOH 7KH&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HGWKUHHWLPHSHULRGVGXULQJZKLFKWKHLQWHQVLW\RIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHD - H[FHVVLYHDFWVIRUZKLFKWKH6WDWH “is responsible but not guilty” WKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\O\LQJLQ UDQFHVYDULHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOHYHQWVDVZHOODVWKHHYROXWLRQRIPHDQVPDGH WKHVROHIDFWRIWKHLULQDELOLW\WRSURWHFWFLWL]HQVIURPWKHDFWVRIYLROHQFHSHUSHWUDWHGE\VRPH DYDLODEOHWRWKH6WDWHVHFXULW\DSSDUDWXVDVSDUWRIWKH¿JKWDJDLQVWVXEYHUVLRQDQGWHUURULVP R൶FLDOVDFWLQJLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGRIWKHLURZQDFFRUG 7KHFURVVVHFWLRQDOVWXG\RIWKHPLVVLQJ SHUVRQV¶¿OHVDVZHOODVWKHLQGHSWKLQWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGEHWZHHQDQGE\626 'LVDSSHDUHGZLWKIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJIURPSURYLQFHVDQGFRPPXQHVKRZHYHU WHQGWRVKRZERWKWKHZLGHVSUHDG , DQGV\VWHPDWLF ,, QDWXUHRIWKHHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHD - UDQFHVLQ$OJHULDEHWZHHQ DQG 0DULR%HWDWWL³FULPHVFRQWUHO¶KXPDQLWp´>FULPHVDJDLQVWKXPDQLW\@(QF\FORS GLD8QLYHUVDOLV>RQOLQH@YLVLWHGRQ 97-$e ICC, referencing previous case law, specifies the nature of the attack committed on a large scale. -XO\85/ KWWS ZZZXQLYHUVDOLVIUHQF\FORSHGLHFULPHVFRQWUHOKXPDQLWH “It should be massive, frequent, carried out collectively with considerable seriousness and directed against a multiplicity of *KDGD+DPURXFKH³/¶DPQLVWLHHVWODPHLOOHXUHGHVVROXWLRQVSRXUWRXUQHUODSDJH´>$PQHVW\LVWKHEHVWVROXWLRQWRWXUQ victims. $e attack covers a wide geographic spread or a restricted geographic spread but is directed against a multiplicity of WKHSDJH@/D7ULEXQH 0DUFKRQOLQHDW KWWS ZZZDOJHULDZDWFKRUJIUDUWLFOHSRODPQLVWLHNVHQWLQLBWRXUQHUBSDJH civilians. Within this framework, the crimes must not be isolated acts”; Also see ICTY, $e Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al., Case KWPYLVLWHGRQ No. IT-96-23 and IT- ´(QIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVDUHQRWXQGHUWDNHQE\LQVWLWXWLRQV7KHVHDUHLVRODWHGDFWVFRPPLWWHGE\6WDWHR൶FLDOV1R 96-23/1-A, Judgement, 12 June 2002, para. 96; ICTY, $e Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2-A, Judge- UHOLDEOHDUFKLYHRUWHVWLPRQLHVH[LVW7KLVLVDELWWHUEXWYHU\UHDOFRQFOXVLRQ´&1&33'+ DQQXDOUHSRUWSFDQEH ment, 17 December 2004, para. 94; ICTY, $e Prosecutor v. Blagojevic and Jokic, Case No. IT-02-60 T, Judgement, 17 January DFFHVVHGDWKWWS ZZZFQFSSGKDOJHULHRUJSKSB9)LPDJHVSGI5$33257 SGI 2005, para. 545 and 546. /H4XRWLGLHQG¶2UDQ³/¶(WDWHVWUHVSRQVDEOHPDLVSDVFRXSDEOH´>7KH6WDWHLVUHVSRQVLEOHEXWQRWJXLOW\@ -XO\ 98-CNCPPDH, 2013 annual report, p. 23 Visited on 17/12/2015 at: http://www.cncppdh-algerie.org/php_VF/ 69 KWWS ZZZDOJHULDZDWFKRUJIUPUYPUYGLVSBGLVSBNVHQWLQLKWP images/pdf/Rapport2013FR.pdf 70 1XPEHURIPLVVLQJSHU\HDU 7KH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQZDVVWUDWHJLVHG7KH¿UVWVZHHSVLQYROYLQJWKHDUP\¶VDQWLWHU - URULVPXQLWV &&/$6 ZHUHRUJDQLVHGLQWKHJKHWWRVLQWKH$OJLHUVVXEXUEVIURP 7KHQXPEHURIHQIRUFHG GLVDSSHDUDQFHVEHJDQWRULVHZLWK PLVVLQJSHUVRQVLGHQWL¿HGLQ 7KHSXEOLFEHFDPHDIDFWRULQWKH¿JKWLQZKLFKERWKWKHDUPHG,VODPLVWJURXSVDQGWKH6WDWHVHFXULW\IRUFHV ZHUHHQJDJHG7UDSSHGLQEHWZHHQWKH\ZHUHIRUWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHFRQÀLFWVXVSHFWHGRQERWKVLGHVRIVXS - porting the opposing side. ± ± ³WHUURUPXVWVZLWFKVLGHV´WKHSHDNRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV 7KH&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HGHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVSHUSHWUDWHGEHWZHHQ DQG 7KH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQDWWKHWLPHLQYROYHGGL൵HUHQWEUDQFKHVRIWKH6WDWHVHFXULW\IRUFHVXQ - GHUWKHFRRUGLQDWLRQRIYDULRXVVWUXFWXUHVPDQDJHGE\WKH'56,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVSHFLDODUP\IRUFHVLPSOHPHQWHGLQ ZLWKLQ WKH &&/$6 DQWLWHUURULVP XQLWV ZHUH FUHDWHG IURP DQG ZHUH SURJUHVVLYHO\ UHLQIRUFHG ZLWKLQ WKH SROLFH DQG PLOLWDU\ SROLFH ,Q DQG WKHSDUDPLOLWDU\PLOLWLD±DUPHGJXDUGVDQGSDWULRWV±ZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQUXUDODUHDV ,WLVDJDLQVWWKLVEDFNJURXQGWKDWWKH&)'$QRWHVIURP0DUFK DKLJKSHDNLQWKHQXPEHURIHQIRUFHG ± ± WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIUHSUHVVLRQDQGVLJQVRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHD - GLVDSSHDUDQFHVZKLFKKDGEHFRPHIUHTXHQWDQGPDVVLYH,Q0DUFK WKHKHDGRIJRYHUQPHQW5HGKD0DOHN rances GHFODUHGGXULQJWKHIXQHUDOVHUYLFHRISOD\ZULJKW$EGHONDGHU$OORXODLQ2UDQ “Fear must switch sides”. SectionIII 7KH&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HGHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVSHUSHWUDWHGEHWZHHQ DQG )URP0DUFK XSXQWLOWKHSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQFDPSDLJQRI1RYHPEHU WKH&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HG HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV±PDNLQJXSPRUHWKDQKDOIRIWKH¿OHVZKLFKKDYHEHHQSXWWRJHWKHU±DFURVV the whole of Algeria. 7KLVPHDQVDQDYHUDJHRISHRSOHSHUPRQWKDQGSHRSOHDGD\ZKRGLVDSSHDUHG %HWZHHQ DQG &)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HGIHZHUWKDQWZHQW\PLVVLQJSHUVRQVD\HDU IROORZLQJWKHLUDUUHVWRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKLV PRQWKSHULRG ,Q6HSWHPEHU WKHDGRSWLRQRIWKHOHJDOGHFUHHDJDLQVWWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQZDV )URP WKHVHFXULW\FDPSVLQWKHVRXWKZKHUHDOOSHUVRQVVXVSHFWHGRIVXSSRUWLQJWKH),6ZHUHVHQW LPPHGLDWHO\IROORZHGE\WKHGHSOR\PHQWDFURVVWKHFRXQWU\HVSHFLDOO\LQWKH$OJLHUVUHJLRQRI ZLWKRXWFKDUJHRUWULDOZHUHFORVHGGRZQRQHE\RQH7KHVSHFLDOWULEXQDOVVHWXSE\WKHOHJLVODWLYHGHFUHHFRP - WKH¿UVWVSHFLDOLVHGDQWLWHUURULVPDUP\XQLWVXQLWHGXQGHUWKH&&/$6 EDWLQJWHUURULVPDQGVXEYHUVLRQZHUHDEROLVKHG)RUODZ\HU0RKDPHG7DKULZKRSXWWRJHWKHUPRUHWKDQ PLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶¿OHVWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZDVVHWR൵ZKHQ³WKHMXVWLFHFRXOGQRORQJHUUHVSRQG ,Q WKHDUPHGJURXSVPXOWLSOLHGDQGJUHZLQFUHDVLQJO\SUHYDOHQW7KURXJKRXWWKDW\HDU WRWKHSROLWLFDOZLOORIJHWWLQJULGRISHRSOHZLWKRXWDQ\SURRI´,QWKHVDPHZD\WKH¿OH LQWHOOHFWXDOV MRXUQDOLVWV ZULWHUV DFDGHPLFV WUDGH XQLRQLVWV HWF DV ZHOO DV PDQ\ DQRQ\PRXV SHRSOHERWKPHQDQGZRPHQZKRZRUNHGIRU6WDWHLQVWLWXWLRQVRUZKRUHIXVHGWR\LHOGWRWKH “Torture, a systematic practice” presented by the CJA to the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal established that ,VODPLVWGLNWDWVZHUHNLOOHGE\PHPEHUVRIGL൵HUHQWDUPHGJURXSV$WWDFNVUHJXODUO\WRRNSODFH “during the period from January 1992 to spring 1994, thousands of arrested and tortured people were often DOORYHUWKHFRXQWU\0DQ\PHPEHUVRIWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV±SROLFHR൶FHUVPLOLWDU\SROLFHRI - taken to court where they were released, for lack of charges” . ¿FHUVVROGLHUV±ORVWWKHLUOLYHV7KHPLOLWDU\SRZHU¿UPO\GHFLGHGWR³HUDGLFDWH,VODPLVP´,Q $SULO GXULQJDPHHWLQJZLWKWKHODQGIRUFHVFRPPDQGLQ$OJLHUVZKLFKEURXJKWWRJHWKHU VHQLRUR൶FHUVLQYROYHGLQWKHZDU*HQHUDO0RKDPHG/DPDULKHDGRIWKH&&/$6LVPHDQWWR KDYHVDLGWKHIROORZLQJ ³ [...] The Islamists want to go to paradise. So let’s take them there and TXLFNO\,GRQ¶WZDQWDQ\SULVRQHUV,MXVWZDQWFRUSVHV´ . (SLVRGHRI³/HYUDL-RXUQDO´ )UHQFK79FKDQQHO&DQDO3OXVDW PLQXWHVDFFHVVLEOHDW KWWS ZZZPHPRULDODOJHULHRUJ"T IU QRGH -XVWLFH&RPPLWWHHIRU$OJHULD³/DWRUWXUHXQHSUDWLTXHV\VWpPDWLTXH´>7RUWXUHDV\VWHPDWLFSUDFWLFH@2FWREHUS9LVLWHGRQ 99-Habib Souaïdia “Il faut en finir avec l’omerta sur la sale guerre en Algérie” [We must put an end to the silence on Algeria’s DW KWWS ZZZDOJHULHWSSRUJWSSSGIGRVVLHUBBWRUWXUHSGI 71 dirty war] visited on 30/01/2016 at: http:// www.algeria-watch.org/farticle/sale_guerre/souaidia_fin_omerta.htm 72 $OWKRXJKWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHVEHFDPHOHVVLQWHQVHDIWHUWKHHQGRI WKHSKHQRPHQRQ %±(QIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVDFURVVWKHFRXQWU\ UHPDLQHGZLGHVSUHDG7KHUHZHUHDIWHUDOODIXUWKHUSHRSOHZKRGLVDSSHDUHGWKURXJKRXW Enforced disappearances were spread across the whole of Algeria, from north to south, east WRZHVW2XWRIWKHFRXQWU\¶VSURYLQFHVRQO\¿YHZHUHQRWD൵HFWHGE\HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHD - ± ± $JDLQVWDEDFNGURSRIPDVVDFUHVHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVGHFUHDVHG UDQFHV7KHVHSURYLQFHV $GUDU,OOL]L%HFKDU7DPDQUDVVHW7LQGRXI DUHDOOVLWXDWHGLQWKHVRXWK RI$OJHULDZKHUHWKHFRQÀLFWZDVQRWDVVWURQJDVLQWKHQRUWK/DUJHO\FRQVLVWLQJRIGHVHUWWKHVH 7KH &)'$ KDV LGHQWL¿HG HQIRUFHG GLVDSSHDUDQFHV SHUSHWUDWHG EHWZHHQ DQG SURYLQFHVDUHERWKWKHPRVWYDVWDQGWKHOHDVWSRSXODWHGLQWKHFRXQWU\ 7KHSUDFWLFHRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVKDGYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRILQWHQVLW\GHSHQGLQJRQWKH )URP WKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHVEHFDPHOHVVDQGOHVVIUHTXHQW7KH&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HG JHRJUDSKLFDODUHD PLVVLQJSHUVRQVLQ ZKLFKLVKDOIRIDOOWKRVHLGHQWL¿HGDVKDYLQJGLVDSSHDUHGLQ1RYHPEHU )URP DQGWKHQDIWHUWKHUHIHUHQGXPRQWKH&LYLO&RQFRUGLQ HQIRUFHG HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV SURYLQFHV GLVDSSHDUDQFHVFRQWLQXHGWREHFRPHPRUHUDUHDOWKRXJKWKH\VWLOOWRRNSODFHXSXQWLOHYHQ ±HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV SURYLQFHV 1HYHUWKHOHVVGXULQJWKLVSHULRG$OJHULDH[SHULHQFHGH[WUHPHYLROHQFHZLWKWKHSHUSHWUDWLRQ ±HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV SURYLQFHV RIPDQ\PDVVDFUHVLQWKHUXUDODUHDVLQWKH$OJLHUVUHJLRQVRPHRIZKLFKOHGWRXSWRGHDWKV LQMXVWRQHQLJKW ±HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV SURYLQFHV “Panicked and traumatised residents could no longer live anything like a normal life: child- !HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV SURYLQFHV ren were not going to school, families gathered at relative’s places, changed homes everyday and wondered what the army was doing, as the latter still stationed 100,000 soldiers in the region, by Enforced disappearances by province far the most populated of the country and smaller than a French department” 102 . SectionIII 7KHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIWKHPDVVDFUHVKDYHQHYHUEHHQLGHQWL¿HGDQGDUUHVWLQJWKHPZDVQHYHU in question. $IWHUWKH+DRXFK%RXJKHODIPDVVDFUHDWWKHHQWUDQFHRI%RXJDUDLQWKHQLJKWRI$SULO GHDWKV WKHRQHLQWKH5DLVGLVWULFWLQ6LGL0RXVVDNPIURP$OJLHUVRQ $XJXVW QRR൶FLDOQXPEHURIGHDWKV DQGRI6LGL The most affected provinces Algier 23% -XVWLFH&RPPLVVLRQIRU$OJHULD³/HVPDVVDFUHVHQ$OJpULH ´>7KH0DVVDFUHVLQ$OJHULD @0D\ Constantine S9LVLWHGRQDWKWWS ZZZDOJHULHWSSRUJWSSSGIGRVVLHUBBPDVVDFUHVSGI $OJHULD:DWFK³&RQWULEXWLRQGDQVOHFDGUHGHO¶H[DPHQSpULRGLTXHXQLYHUVHO OHVPDVVDFUHV ´>&RQWULEXWLRQ 15% WRWKHXQLYHUVDOSHULRGLFDOH[DP PDVVDFUHV @1RYHPEHU9LVLWHGRQDW KWWS ZZZDOJH - Oran ULDZDWFKRUJIUDZHSXBPDVVDFUHVKWP 73 9% 74 7KUHHSURYLQFHVWKRVHRI$OJLHUV&RQVWDQWLQHDQG2UDQKDYHWKHPRVWQXPEHURIHQIRUFHG )LJXUH±*XpGH&RQVWDQWLQH WKHUDWHVRIHQIRUFHG )LJXUH±7KHSRSXODWLRQRIWKHDJULFXOWXUDOYLO - GLVDSSHDUDQFHV7KH\EHORQJWRWKHPRVWSRSXODWHGSURYLQFHVDVZHOODVWKHPRVWYDVW GLVDSSHDUDQFHVLQWKH$OJLHUVXUEDQVXEXUEV ODJHVRIWKH%OLGDSURYLQFHJUHDWO\D൵HFWHGE\HQ - IRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV 7HQRXWRIWZHOYHSURYLQFHVZKHUHWKHPRVWHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVRFFXUUHGDUHIRXQGLQ 7KH&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HGPLVVLQJSHUVRQVLQ*Xp WKHQRUWK FHQWUHDQGZHVW ZKHUHWKHFRQÀLFWZDVWKHPRVWLQWHQVH7KH$OJLHUV%OLGD7LSD]D GH &RQVWDQWLQH ,QGHSWK LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG ,Q%OLGDWKHSURYLQFHLQWKSODFHZKHUH&)'$KDV DQG0pGpDSURYLQFHV QRUWKFHQWUH DOOIRXURIZKRPERUGHUHDFKRWKHUKDYHDWRWDORI E\626'LVDSSHDUHGZLWKIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJ LGHQWL¿HGWKHPRVWPLVVLQJ&)'$KDVLGHQWL¿HG in this commune. 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,QWHULRUUHVSRQGHGWRWKHRUGHUVRIWKH'56DVSDUWRIWKH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVP 112 . The police ORZLQJDQDWWDFNLQZKLFKPDQ\VROGLHUVGLHGLQIURQWRIWKHWRZQ¶VKRVSLWDO)RUPDQ\ZHHNV R৽FHUVSDVVHGGHWDLQHHVWKDWWKH\DUUHVWHGWR'56R৽FLDOV DJHQWVIURPWKH0HIWDKSROLFHVWDWLRQDQGVROGLHUVFRQGXFWHGDURXQGWZHQW\DUUHVWV7KHGH - WDLQHHVZHUH¿UVWWDNHQWRWKH0HIWDKSROLFHVWDWLRQ6RPHZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\UHOHDVHGDIWHUD ³>@,WZDVSDUWRIRXUGXW\WRWDNHFDUHRIFULPLQDODৼDLUVDQGLWZDVZLWKLQWKLVIUDPHZRUN IHZGD\V2WKHUVWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH/DUEDDSROLFHVWDWLRQZHUHEURXJKWWRMXVWLFH0DQ\DWWHVWWR WKDWZHDUUHVWHGVXVSHFWV0LOLWDU\VHFXULW\R৽FLDOVZRXOGUHJXODUO\FRPHDWQLJKWWR¿QGWKHP KDYLQJEHHQWRUWXUHG)RXUGLVDSSHDUHG 1DGLU2XKDEL0RKDPHG%RXWDGMLQH0RKDPHG%RXNH - SUHWHQGLQJWKDWWKHVHSHUVRQVKDGEHHQLQYROYHGLQWHUURULVWDৼDLUV>@:KHQPHPEHUVRIWKH GMPDUDQG5DFKLG%DNKWLDU7KHPLVVLQJKDGVXSSRVHGO\EHHQWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKHPLOLWDU\EDU - SM found suspects, they did not show their transfer papers and when we requested them, would UDFNVLQ0HIWDKQHDUWKHKRVSLWDOZKHUHWKHDWWDFNKDGWDNHQSODFH$GHWDLQHHUHOHDVHGIURPWKH show us their DRS cards on which the names were fake. [...] The head of security told me that EDUUDFNVQRWL¿HGWKHIDPLOLHVWKDW1DGLU2XKDELDQG0RKDPHG%RXNHGMPDUKDGERWKVXFFXPEHG he could not do anything against the soldiers, that they had all the power and that he could do to the torture after less than a month after their arrest. nothing but follow orders” 7KH¿QDOWUDQVIHU³WRDQXQNQRZQGHVWLQDWLRQ´ 7KH&-$¿OHK\SRWKHVLVHVWKDW³WKHOLTXLGDWLRQ´RIGHWDLQHHVZDVFRQWUROOHGE\WKH'56 “The country was divided into four (especially in the Algiers area) by military barracks, gendarmerie $QXPEHURIWKHPLVVLQJKDGEHHQWUDQVIHUUHGLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHQLJKWZLWKRWKHUGHWDLQHHV³E\ brigades, police posts or armed guards posts through which arrested persons were “routed” WKHPLOLWDU\VHFXULW\´DQGRU³WRDQXQNQRZQGHVWLQDWLRQ´$IWHUWKLV¿QDOWUDQVIHUWKHIDPLOLHV ZKRZHUHV\VWHPDWLFDOO\WRUWXUHGWKHUHEHIRUHEHLQJ³GHDOWZLWK´E\'56R৽FLDOVRQVLWHRU RIWKHPLVVLQJZHUHRQO\DEOHWRREWDLQYDJXHLQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHIDWHRIWKHLUORYHGRQH were transferred to one of their centres” 114 7KHWRUWXUHZRXOGKDYHEHHQSUDFWLVHGE\DVVLJQHG IURPXQUHOLDEOHVRXUFHVZKLFKFRXOGQHYHUEHYHUL¿HG '56PHPEHUVRUHQURXWHWRWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQVJHQGDUPHULHEULJDGHVRUPLOLWDU\EDUUDFNV7KH WRUWXUHZDVDOVRFDUULHGRXWLQWKH'56EDUUDFNVZKLFKKDGWRUWXUHURRPV &±7RUWXUHRQDODUJHVFDOH 0XWDSKD7HUUDQWLDFFRXQWDQW2XHG.RULFKH$OJLHUVSURYLQFH $OOWKURXJKRXWWKH VWRUWXUHZDVSUDFWLVHGRQDODUJHVFDOH)DPLO\RIPLVVLQJSHUVRQ 0XVWDSKD7HUUDQWLZDVDUUHVWHGLQWKHQLJKWRI$SULO E\WKH%03- 0HIWDKDUUHVWHGRQFHDQGWRUWXUHGE\EORZWRUFKWROG626'LVDSSHDUHGWKDWDWWKHWLPHSHRSOH R൶FLDOV RI WKH SROLFH VWDWLRQ RI WKH WK DUURQGLVVHPHQW VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH ZHUHEHLQJDUUHVWHGHYHU\GD\DQGZKHQWKH\ZHUHUHOHDVHGWKH\ZRXOGWDONRIWKHWRUWXUHVFDU - VROGLHUVGXULQJDVZHHSIROORZLQJWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQRIDSROLFHR൶FHULQWKH ried out in the places of detention. district. SectionIII 7KHUHDUHKXQGUHGVRIWHVWLPRQLHVZKLFKLVQRWDWDOOSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHQXPEHURIYLFWLPV (YHU\RQHDUUHVWHGRQWKDWGD\ZHUHWDNHQWRWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQRIWKHWK UHFRXQWLQJDWURFLRXVWRUWXUHVVXEMHFWHGWRIRUPHUGHWDLQHHVLQWKH V 7KHPRVWFRPPRQO\ DUURQGLVVHPHQW0DQ\SHRSOHGLVDSSHDUHG$FRXVLQRIWKHIDPLO\GLHGXQGHU XVHGPHWKRGVRIWRUWXUHZHUHSK\VLFDOWRUWXUHV±VXFKDVEHDWLQJVKDYLQJEHDUGVRUQDLOVULSSHG torture. RXWXVHRIUDJV GURZQLQJVHQVDWLRQ XVHRIHOHFWULFLW\ DOVRFDOOHGHOHFWURVKRFNWRUWXUH EXUQV XVLQJFLJDUHWWHVRUDEORZWRUFKVXVSHQVLRQE\DOLPE±EXWDOVRSV\FKRORJLFDOWRUWXUHVXFKDV 0XVWDSKDUHPDLQHGLQGHWHQWLRQIRUGD\VLQWKHSROLFHVWDWLRQRIWKH GHSULYDWLRQRIVOHHSRUVLPXODWLRQVRIH[HFXWLRQV WKDUURQGLVVHPHQW+LVPRWKHULQODZEURXJKWKLPIRRGDQGFORWKHVZLWKRXW EHLQJDOORZHGWRVHHKLP2QWKHWKGD\WKHSROLFHR൶FHUVLQIRUPHGKHU 7KHWHVWLPRQLHVRIIRUPHUPHPEHUVRIWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV SROLFHR൶FHUVDQGVROGLHUV DOVRGHV - WKDW 0XVWDSKD KDG EHHQ WUDQVIHUUHG DJDLQ WR WKH %RX]DUHDK JHQGDUPHULH FULEHWKHLQKXPDQHPHWKRGVXVHGLQWKHQDPHRIWKH ¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVP . Dalila, a former $JDLQ0XVWDSKD¶VPRWKHULQODZZDVDEOHWREULQJKLPIRRGDQGFORWKHVZL - SROLFHZRPDQLQJHQHUDOHQTXLULHVDVVLJQHGWRWKH&DYDLJQDFSROLFHVWDWLRQLQ$OJLHUVLQ WKRXWVHHLQJKLP2Q0D\ DPLOLWDU\SROLFHR൶FHUWROGKHUWKDW0XV - WHOOVKHUVWRU\ 117 6KHFODLPVWRKDYHVHHQDWOHDVWPHQEHWRUWXUHGZLWKLQDIHZPRQWKV WDSKDKDGEHHQWUDQVIHUUHGE\WKHPLOLWDU\VHFXULW\WRDQXQNQRZQORFDWLRQ DWDUDWHRIWZHOYHSHRSOHDGD\EHWZHHQDPDQGSP 7HVWLPRQ\FROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGIURPWKHIDPLO\RIWKHPLVVLQJ 112-Justice Commission for Algeria, “L’organisation des forces de répression” [$e organisation of the forces of repression], September 2015, p. 29. Visited on 31/01/2016 at: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_16_forces_repression.pdf 113-Kamel B. “A propos du terrorisme : témoignage d’un officier de police” [Regarding terrorism: the testimony of a police officer]. Visited on 01/02/2015 at: http://www.algeria-watch.org/farticle/aw/awterkamel.htm 114-Justice Commission for Algeria “Les centres de tortures et d’exécutions” [Centres of torture and executions], October 'L൵HUHQWWHVWLPRQLHVFRQ¿UPWKDWDQWLWHUURULVWEULJDGHVRIWKHMXGLFLDOSROLFHDQGJHQGDUPHULH 2003, p. 8. Visited on 30/01/2016 at: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_6_centres.pdf ZRUNHGFORVHO\ZLWKWKH'566RPHHYHQFRQ¿UPWKDWWKHSROLFHWKHRUHWLFDOO\XQGHUPDQDJH - 115-Mahmoud Khielili “La torture en Algérie 1991-2001” [Torture in Algeria 1991-2001], October 2001. Visited on 01/02/2016 at: http://www.algeria-watch.org/mrv/mrvtort/torture_khelili.htm PHQWRIWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH 116-Algeria Watch “Revue de presse internationale, 1994-2002 : les témoignages d’officiers et policiers algériens dissidents” [International press release, 1994-2002: the testimonies of dissenting Algerian officials and police officers]. Visited on 01/02/2016 at: http://www.algeria-watch.org/pdf/pdf_fr/compilation_temoignages.pdf 117-Robert FISK “Massacres in Algeria, strong evidence for military security responsibility” in $e Independent, 30 October 1997 85 86 ³6RPHRIWKHSULVRQHUVKDGEHDUGVRWKHUVQRW7KH\ZHUHDOOSRRU7KHRUGHUVWRWRUWXUHFDPH UHOHDVHGZLWKRWKHUGHWDLQHHVZLWKRXWHYHQKDYLQJEHHQWULHG$FFRUGLQJ GLUHFWO\IURPWKHWRS,WKLQNWKH\ZHUHJLYHQE\WHOHSKRQH%XWWKHZRUGWRUWXUHZDVQHYHUXVHG WRKLVWHVWLPRQ\6DOLPVSHQWWKRVHWKUHHPRQWKVEHLQJKHOGDWWKH$OJLHUV 7KH\FDOOHGLW³QDNGRXORX(VODK´±³VSHFLDOWUHDWPHQW´:HFRXOGKHDUFULHVDQGVFUHDPLQJ7KH FHQWUDOSROLFHVWDWLRQ+HZDVUHOHDVHGWKHGD\ZKHQDVXSHULQWHQGDQWLV SULVRQHUVFODLPHG³,VZHDUWR*RG,KDYHQ¶WGRQHDQ\WKLQJ:HDUHDOOWKHVDPHZH¶U0XVOLPV VDLGWRKDYHDVNHGZKRWKHVHGHWDLQHHVZHUHDQGH[FODLPHG OLNH\RX´7KH\VKRXWHGDQGFULHGDORW´ ³,W¶VQRWDKRWHOIRUWHUURULVWVKHUHJHWULGRIWKHVH´$WWKHWLPHRIKLVUH - 'DOLODFDQUHPHPEHUWZRPHQZKRGLGQRWVXUYLYHEHLQJWRUPHQWHGRQWKHODGGHU(YHQWKRXJK OHDVH6DOLPZDVVLFNO\YHU\GLUW\DQGLQVKRFN+HFRQ¿UPHGKDYLQJEHHQ WKHLUOLIHOHVVERGLHVZHUHVWLOOKDQJLQJIURPWKHODGGHUWKHWRUWXUHURUGHUHG ³7DNHWKHPWRWKH DYLFWLPWRPXOWLSOHH[HFXWLRQVLPXODWLRQVGXULQJKLVGHWHQWLRQ+HZDV KRVSLWDODQGVD\WKH\GLHGLQDFODVK´ 7KH\GLGWKHVDPHZLWKWKRVHWKH\KDGH[HFXWHG7KH\ DUUHVWHGDJDLQRQ 6HSWHPEHU E\SODLQFORWKHVR൶FHUVZKRZHUH transported them after 11 pm, during the curfew hours. 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DWDEXVVWRSLQ0HIWDKZLWKKLVIULHQG2PDU.KDRXGMLDVWKH\JRWR൵WKH EXVOLVWHQLQJWRPXVLFRQDFDVVHWWHUDGLR0DQ\ZLWQHVVHGWKHVFHQHDQG 7HVWLPRQLHVFROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGIURPIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJ LQIRUPHGWKHLUIDPLOLHV 'XULQJWKHWRUWXUHVHVVLRQVWKHTXHVWLRQVXVXDOO\DVNHGZHUHUHODWHGWRWKHVXSSRVHGWHUURULVW 7KHWZRPHQZHUHWDNHQWRWKH/DUEDkSROLFHVWDWLRQ8QGHUWRUWXUH DFWLYLWLHVRIWKHGHWDLQHHVDQGWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIWKRVHLQWKHLUFLUFOH7KHJRDORIWKHH[HFXWLRQHUV WKDW VDPH HYHQLQJ 2PDU .KDRXGML GHQRXQFHG KLV EURWKHU 'DKPDQH ZDVWRIRUFHGHWDLQHHVWRDGPLWWKDWWKH\NQHZDSDUWLFXODULQGLYLGXDOZKRZDVLQYROYHGLQVXFK .KDRXGMLZKRZDVLQWKHPDTXLVDQGZDVZDQWHGE\WKHDXWKRULWLHV7KH DQDFWLYLW\VXFKDQDVVDVVLQDWLRQRUHYHQWKDWWKH\EHORQJHGWRDQDUPHGJURXSHYHQEHLQJLWV IROORZLQJPRUQLQJDWDPWKHSROLFHDQGVROGLHUVVXUURXQGHGD+DRXFK leader. The presumption of innocence did not exist. If the answer did not suit their questioning, LQ/DUEDkZKHUHWKHJURXSZDVKLGLQJ$OOPHPEHUVRIWKHJURXSZHUH WKHWRUPHQWGRXEOHG VKRWGHDG ³,WZDVWKHQWKDWWKHWKLUGWRUWXUHVHVVLRQVWDUWHGGXULQJZKLFK,KDGWRDGPLWWRDOOWKHDFFX - /HVVWKDQGD\VDIWHU$OL¶VDQG2PDU¶VDUUHVWV2PDU.KDRXGML¶VID - SectionIII VDWLRQVHDFKRQHDVIDNHDVWKHQH[W,WZDVWKHRQO\ZD\WRVWRSP\WRUPHQW0\WRUWXUHUVNQHZ PLO\OHDUQWWKDWWKHODWWHUZDVLQWKH6LGL0RXVVDKRVSLWDOPRUJXHPRVW WKDW,ZRXOGVD\DQ\WKLQJ$QGWKH\NQHZYHU\ZHOOZK\,GLG%XWVHHNLQJWKHWUXWKZDVWKHOHDVW OLNHO\GHDGIURPWRUWXUHRUVKRWGHDGRQFHKHKDGGHQRXQFHGKLVEURWKHU RIWKHLUFRQFHUQ´ 6LOHP$EGHONDGHU60EDUUDFNVLQ%RX]DUpDK)HEUXDU\ 7KH\ VDZ WKH ERG\ 7KH ERG\ RI DQRWKHU SHUVRQ DUUHVWHG DW WKLV WLPH 0DNUDP0LPRXQHZDVDOVRLQWKHVDPHPRUJXH$OL2XGRXLG¶VIDPLO\ 8QGHUWRUWXUHWKHGHWDLQHHVFRXOGVD\DQ\WKLQJDFFXVHWKHPVHOYHVRULPSOLFDWHWKHLUIDPLOLHV QHYHUKHDUGIURPWKHLUVRQDJDLQ FROOHDJXHVQHLJKERXUVRIWHUURULVWDFWLYLWLHV$WWKHHQGWKHGHWDLQHHVZHUHIRUFHGWRVLJQR൶FLDO UHSRUWVZKLFKWKH\KDGQRW even read, detailing their so-called declarations. ³DWWKHHQGRIWKHWRUPHQWWKH\GHPDQGHG,DGPLWWKDWP\EURWKHUKDGNLOOHGDSROLFHR৽FHULQ 7HVWLPRQ\FROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGIURPWKHIDPLO\RIWKHPLVVLQJ Maquaria on 7 June 1994. They gave me a list of names of inhabitants that I did not know and DVNHGPHWRLPSOLFDWHWKHPLQWKHDWWDFN,QFULPLQDWHLQQRFHQWSHRSOHLQDVVDVVLQDWLRQV7KH\ created a scenario of all the evi den FHLQFULPLQDWLQJP\EURWKHUDQGRWKHUFLWL]HQVDQGWKH\ZDQWHG me to “admit” the facts. The torture became increasingly worse. I could no longer stand it. I ended up cracking and telling them anything” %RXDRXLFKD0XVWDSKD$OJLHUVFHQWUDOSROLFH 7KHGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZHUHRIWHQFRQQHFWHGWRVHULHVRIDUUHVWVZKLFKWDUJHWHGVHYHUDOYLFWLPVLQD VWDWLRQ-XQH 121 VKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH RQHGD\RQHZHHNRQHPRQWK 7KHQXPEHURIYLFWLPVRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHV GXULQJWKHVDPHVHULHVRIDUUHVWVFRXOGYDU\EHWZHHQWZRRUWKUHHDQGDURXQGWZHQW\%\FURVV FKHFNLQJWKHVWRULHVZHFDQXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHDUUHVWVZHUHIXHOOHGE\GHQXQFLDWLRQVDQGHVSH - FLDOO\E\WKRVHPDGHXQGHUWRUWXUHDNH\FRPSRQHQWLQWKHF\FOHRI6WDWHUHSUHVVLRQDJDLQVWWKH FLYLOLDQSRSXODWLRQ 6DODK(GGLQH6LGKRXP³/DWRUWXUHDQWLFKDPEUHGHODPRUW´>7RUWXUHLQ$OJHULDDQDQWHFKDPEHUWRGHDWK@&RQÀXHQFHV 0pGLWHUUDQpHQS9LVLWHGRQDW¿OH & 8VHUV)DQHWWH'RZQORDGV&20(BBSGI 122-Abdelkader Tigha, “Contre-espionnage algérien, notre guerre contre les islamistes” [Algerian counter-espionage: our war 89 ,ELG against Islamists], editions Nouveau Monde, p. 115 90 )DPLOLHV RI WKH PLVVLQJ VRPHWLPHV PHQWLRQ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI VXFK D OLVW RI QDPHV 7KHVH OLVWV ZHUH QRUPDOO\ PDGH EDVHG RQ GHFODUDWLRQV PDGH E\ SDWULRWV ZKR GLG QRW KH - VLWDWH WR DFFXVH DOO WKRVH ZLWK ZKRP WKH\ KDG D GLVDJUHHPHQW VXFK DV WKRVH ZKR UH - '±'HQXQFLDWLRQ DNH\FRPSRQHQWLQWKHF\FOHRI6WDWHUHSUHVVLRQ IXVHG WR MRLQ WKHLU UDQNV RI WHUURULVP RU EHLQJ DFFRPSOLFHV ZLWK DUPHG JURXSV 7KHDUUHVWVRIWKHPLVVLQJERWKLQGLYLGXDODQGFROOHFWLYHZHUHUDUHO\LVRODWHGIURPSUHFH - ,Q$WWDWEDDFRPPXQHRIWKH7LSD]DSURYLQFHGLVDSSHDUDQFHVRXWRIWKHLGHQWL¿HG GLQJDQGVXEVHTXHQWFDVHVRIDUUHVWVDQGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZLWKLQDFRPPXQHGLVWULFWIDPLO\ E\&)'$ZHUHFRPPLWWHGLQ RIZKLFKZHUHLQWKHPRQWKRI0D\2Q0D\WZR RUZRUNSODFH2QHRUVRPHRIWKHDUUHVWVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\OHGWRVXEVHTXHQWQHZDUUHVWVDQG PLOLWDU\ SROLFH ZKR ZHUH HDWLQJ RQ D WHUUDFH QHDU WKH H[LW RI $WWDWED ZHUH NLOOHG E\ WHUUR - disappearances. 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The families of the missing sometimes PLVVLQJKDYLQJEHHQGHQRXQFHG UHFRJQLVHGWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHPDVNHGLQIRUPHURIWHQD\RXQJPDQIURPWKHDUHDDUUHVWHGDVKRUW ZKLOHEHIRUHKDQG 91 123-Information collected by SOS Disappeared from families of the missing from the Attatba commune 92 7KHLQIRUPHUVFRXOGWKHQEHUHOHDVHGRUEHUHSRUWHGDVPLVVLQJ)DPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJDOVR ± ODPLVHHQSODFHGHODUpSUHVVLRQHWO¶DQQRQFHGHVGLVSDULWLRQVIRUFpHV FRQ¿UPKDYLQJVHHQWKHLUORYHGRQHWKHPVHOYHVEHWDNHQDURXQGWKHLUDUHDE\VHFXULW\IRUFHR൶ - Section IV. cials in order to point out residential areas and people to arrest. /H &)'$ LGHQWL¿H GLVSDULWLRQV IRUFpHV SHUSpWUpHV HQWUH HW (QWUH HW OH&)'$UHFHQVHPRLQVG¶XQHYLQJWDLQHGHGLVSDUXVSDUDQ HUVLRQHVWLPPpGLD - (QVHSWHPEUH O¶DGRSWLRQGXGpFUHWOpJLVODWLIFRQWUHOHWHUURULVPH HWODVXEY TheWHPHQWVXLYLGXGpSORLHPHQWVXUOHWHUUDLQSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW Algerian authorities’GDQVO¶DOJpURLVGHVSUHPLqUHVXQLWpVVSpFLDOHV response +DNLP&KHUJXLWPHFKDQLF± (Q OHVJURXSHVDUPpVVHPXOWLSOLHQWHWSUHQQHQWGHO¶LPSRUWDQ +DNLP&KHUJXLWDUUHVWHGRQ'HFHPEHU DWDURXQGDPDWKLVKRPH to the missing persons’ FH7RXWDXORQJGHO¶DQQpHGHVfiles: LQ.RXEDE\%$7DJHQWV DQWLWHUURULVPEULJDGHV ZDVWDNHQDWDURXQGDP LQWHOOHFWXHOVMRXUQDOLVWHVpFULYDLQVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVV\QGLFDOLVWHVHWFDLQVLTXHGHQRPEUHX[ WRDQHLJKERXUFDOOHG &¶HVWGDQVFHFRQWH[WHTXHOH&)'$FRQVWDWHjSDUWLUGHPDUV XQSLFLPSRUWDQWGX 7HVWLPRQLHVFROOHFWHGE\626'LVDSSHDUHGIURPIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJ QRPEUHGHGLVSDULWLRQVIRUFpHVGHYHQXHVIUpTXHQWHVHWPDVVLYHV(QPDUV OHFKHIGXJRX - YHUQHPHQW5HGKD0DOHNGpFODUHORUVGHVREVqTXHVGXGUDPDWXUJH$EGHONDGHU$OORXODj2UDQ© La peur doit changer de camps ». 49-Habib Souaïdia « Il faut en finir avec l’omerta sur la sale guerre en Algérie » consulté le 30/01/2016 sur : http://www. 93 algeria-watch.org/farticle/sale_guerre/souaidia_fin_omerta.htm 94 6HFWLRQ,9±7KH$OJHULDQDXWKRULWLHV¶UHVSRQVHWRWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶¿OHV FRQWLQXRXVLPSXQLW\ $IWHUKDYLQJGHQLHGWKHH[LVWHQFHRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHLQWKHLUFRXQWU\IRUDORQJWLPH WKH$OJHULDQDXWKRULWLHVKDYHEHHQIRUFHGWRDGPLWWKLVXQGHUQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOSUHVVXUH ,Q WKH21'+UHFRUGHGQHZFDVHVRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHV . The institution transferred 'HVSLWHWKLVDGPLVVLRQWKHUHKDVQRWEHHQDQ\SROLWLFDOZLOOLQJQHVVVWDWHGWRWUHDWWKHPLVVLQJ WKHVHFDVHVWRWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHVXVLQJWKHSURFHGXUHRI³VRFDOOHGORFDWLQJWKHSRVVLEOHSODFH SHUVRQV¶¿OHVLQDVDWLVIDFWRU\ZD\ RIGHWHQWLRQ´7KH21'+KDVUHFHLYHGUHVSRQVHVIURPGL൵HUHQWVHFXULW\IRUFHVUHJDUGLQJ PLVVLQJSHUVRQV7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHVHUHVSRQVHVGHQLHGWKH6WDWHR൶FLDOV¶LQYROYHPHQWLQWKH 7KHUHSRUWRIRQHRIWKHUDUHPLVVLRQVWKDWWKH),'+ZDVDEOHWROHDGLQ$OJHULDLQ UHOHYDQWGLVDSSHDUDQFHV KLJKOLJKWVZHOOWKHRSDTXHQHVVPDLQWDLQHGE\WKH$OJHULDQR൶FLDOVRQWKHLVVXHRIWKHPLVVLQJ ³>@7KHYLRODWLRQVKDYH¿UVWO\EHHQGHQLHGEHIRUHIDFHGZLWKWKHGL৽FXOW\RINHHSLQJLWXSGX - ³FDVHVZHUHQRWWKHVXEMHFWRIDQ\TXHVWLRQLQJIURPWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV ring further discussion, admitting the existing of “excessive acts”, the term constantly used with - 62 cases relate to persons wanted by the security forces a clear diminishing connotation [...]. Confronted with concrete cases, interrogated on precise - 23 cases relate to incarcerated persons ¿JXUHV GLVDSSHDUDQFHVDUELWUDU\DUUHVWVVXPPDU\H[HFXWLRQVWRUWXUHVHWF WKHJRYHUQPHQW - 23 cases relate to persons arrested by the security forces but who were then either released or R৽FLDOVFRPSOHWHO\UHIXVHWRUHVSRQGDQGJHQHUDOO\UHGLUHFWXVWRZDUGVWKH21'+LPSO\LQJ JUDQWHGWHPSRUDU\UHOHDVH FDVHVQRWHG they have the requested pieces of information. The general impression given from such inter- - 12 cases have been regarded by the security forces as being deceased and 3 classed as views is one of a clear desire of concealment” 124 . missing FDVHVZHUHXOWLPDWHO\UHPRYHGE\XQLGHQWL¿HGJURXSV 7KHODZVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOPHFKDQLVPVDGRSWHGVLQFH FODLPLQJWRDGGUHVVWKHLV - - 9 cases have been presented by the security forces as relating to family problems (abandoning VXHRIWKHPLVVLQJKDYHRQO\EHHQDWWHPSWVWRGHQ\WKHHQIRUFHGQDWXUHRIWKHGLVDSSHD - the family, runaway etc.)” UDQFHVWREXU\WKHWUXWKEHKLQGWKHIDWHRIWKHPLVVLQJDQGWRJXDUDQWHHWKHLPSXQLW\RIWKH VXSSRVHGSHUSHWUDWRUVDWDOOOHYHOV 7KHUHVHDUFKH൵RUWLQWRWKHGLVDSSHDUHGOHGE\WKH21'+EHWZHHQ DQG ZDVUHV - WULFWHGWRWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQRIWKHFDVHVRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHVGHFODUHGE\WKHIDPLOLHVDQGWKHWUDQVIHU 7KHDGRSWLRQRIWKH&KDUWHUIRU3HDFHDQG1DWLRQDO5HFRQFLOLDWLRQDQGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ RIFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQWKHODWWHUDQGWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV RILWVLPSOHPHQWLQJSURYLVLRQVDUHWKHUHVXOWRIDORQJSURFHVVWRFORVHWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶ ¿OHVLQWKHDWWHPSWWRGHQ\WKHULJKWWR7UXWKDQG-XVWLFH 7KH21'+ZDVWKHQVDWLV¿HGZLWKWKHWHUVHUHSOLHVIURPWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHVWRPLQLPLVH WKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGFRQFOXGHWKDW³PLVVLQJSHUVRQ´LVFODVVL¿HGDVRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJIRXU SectionIV ,±)URPWKHGHQLDORIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHWRWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRILPSXQLW\ VSHFL¿FFDVHV $± 7KHGHQLDORIWKH6WDWHR൶FLDOV¶LQYROYHPHQWLQWKHGLVDSSHD - “- either the person sought by their loved ones went into hiding of their own accord rances - either the missing person was abducted by the armed groups which, because they have not %HWZHHQ DQG WKH1DWLRQDO2EVHUYDWRU\IRU+XPDQ5LJKWV 21'+ SUHVLGHG EHHQLGHQWL¿HGDUHPLVWDNHQO\DVVLPLODWHGDVEHLQJSDUWRIWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV DWWKHWLPHE\.DPHO5H]]DJ%DUDUHFHLYHGFDVHVRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHVE\WKHWKRXVDQGVE\ID - PLOLHVIRUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHKHDULQJVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKH³VWUXFWXUHRIUHFHLSW HLWKHUWKHSHUVRQGHFODUHGDVPLVVLQJKDVHৼHFWLYHO\EHHQWKHVXEMHFWRIDQDUUHVWE\WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQGRFXPHQWDWLRQDQGIROORZXSRIWKHFLWL]HQV¶JULHYDQFHV´ VHFXULW\IRUFHVZKRKHOGWKHPLQGHWHQWLRQEH\RQGWKHOHQJWKRIFXVWRG\GH¿QHGE\WKHODZ - either the person sought by their family took the initiative to abandon their loved ones, as a consequence of problems or family disputes”. 'HQRXQFLQJWKHUHIXVDOWRFRQGXFWH൵HFWLQYHVWLJDWLRQVIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJZLWQHVVHVRI WKHDUUHVWRIWKHLUORYHGRQHVE\6WDWHR൶FLDOVKDYHFRQWLQXHGWKHLUVHDUFKIRUWKH7UXWK7KH\DUH HVSHFLDOO\GLUHFWHGWRZDUGVWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV¶LQWHUQDWLRQDOERGLHVZKRSURWHFWKXPDQULJKWV ),'+³/DOHYpHGXYRLOH O¶$OJpULHGHO¶H[WUDMXGLFLDLUHHWGHODPDQLSXODWLRQ´>/LIWLQJWKHYHLO WKHH[WUDMXGLFLDU\DQG PDQLSXODWLRQLQ$OJHULD@ S9LVLWHGRQDW KWWSV ZZZ¿GKRUJ,0*SGIG]BIHPPHV ISGI 7KH21'+ZDVFUHDWHGLQ E\WKHSUHVLGHQWLDOGHFUHHQR RI)HEUXDU\ UHODWLQJWRWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH 1DWLRQDO2EVHUYDWRU\IRU+XPDQ5LJKWV,QLWZDVUHSODFHGE\WKH1DWLRQDO&RQVXOWDWLYH&RPPLVVLRQIRUWKH3URPR - WLRQDQG3URWHFWLRQRI+XPDQ5LJKWV &1&33'+ FUHDWHGE\WKHSUHVLGHQWLDOGHFUHHQRRI0DUFKUHODWLQJWR WKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RQVXOWDWLYH&RPPLVVLRQIRUWKH3URPRWLRQDQG3URWHFWLRQRI+XPDQ5LJKWV 128-ONDH, Annual report, 1997, available at: ht tp://www.algeria-watch.org/mrv/mrvrap/ondh1997.htm &XUUHQWO\WKH3UHVLGHQWLDO$GYLVRURQKXPDQULJKWVDQGWKH¿JKWDJDLQVWWHUURULVP 129-Ibid FDVHVRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVLQ LQ LQLQ 21'+$QQXDOUHSRUW DYDLODEOH 130-Ibid 95 DW KWWS ZZZDOJHULDZDWFKRUJPUYPUYGLVSRQGKUDSKWP 96 ,Q WKH+XPDQ5LJKWV&RPPLWWHHWRRNWKHLVVXHRIWKHPLVVLQJLQ$OJHULDVHULRXVO\,Q LGHQWL¿HG WR WKH 1DWLRQDO $VVHPEO\ FDVHV RI GLVDSSHDUDQFHV DFURVV WKH ZKROH WKHLUJHQHUDOREVHUYDWLRQVH[SUHVVLRQDWWKHHQGRIWKHSHULRGLFDOH[DPUHJDUGLQJ$OJHULDDQG FRXQWU\ 'HVSLWHWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRIWKH+XPDQ5LJKWV&RPPLWWHHRQWKLVPDWWHUWKHOLVW WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RYHQDQWRQ&LYLODQG3ROLWLFDO5LJKWV ,&&35 WKH\H[SUHVVHGWKH\DUH “[...] RIWKHPLVVLQJZDVQHYHUPDGHSXEOLF gravely concerned at the number of disappearances and at the failure of the State to respond adequately, or indeed at all, to such serious violations” . ,QSUDFWLFHQRQHRIWKHVHERGLHVKDYHVXJJHVWHGWKDWLQGHSWKDQGLPSDUWLDOLQTXHVWVRQWKH IDWHRIWKHPLVVLQJKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQWKLVWLPHSHULRGEHLWDWWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHRUMXGLFLDOOH - 7KH&RPPLWWHHWKHUHIRUHUHFRPPHQGHG$OJHULDLPPHGLDWHO\³DGRSWPHDVXUHVWR YHO7KH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRU¶VR൶FHUHFHSWLRQVDUHMXVWOLNHWKH21'+SUHYLRXVO\VDWLV¿HG ZLWKDVNLQJWKHVHFXULW\IRUFHVIRULQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV7KHUHVSRQVHV transferred (a) establish a central register to record all reported cases of disappearances and day-to- WRWKHIDPLOLHVZRXOGPHQWLRQZLWKQRIXUWKHUGHWDLOWKDWWKHVHDUFKHVPDGHZHUHWRQRDYDLORU day action taken to retrace the disappeared; WKDWWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDGEHHQVHDUFKHGE\WKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV6RPHRIWKHUHVSRQVHVWUDQV - IHUUHGE\WKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRUHYHQFRQWUDGLFWHGWKRVHVHQWE\WKH21'+DIHZ\HDUV and (b) assist the families concerned to retrace the disappeared. The Committee further EHIRUHKDQG . requests the State party, in its next periodic report, to give an account of the number of cases reported, the investigations conducted and the results achieved” . 7KHFRPSODLQWV¿OHGEHIRUHWKHWULEXQDOVKDYHQHYHUEHHQDQ\PRUHVXFFHVVIXO$OWKRXJKWKH IDPLOLHVDUHDEOHWRSURYLGHGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWVRIWKHDUUHVWVQDPHVRIWKHR൶FLDOVUHVSRQVLEOH )ROORZLQJWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVD¿UVWR൶FLDOPHDVXUHWRDGGUHVVWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶¿OHV DQGWKDWWKHZLWQHVVHVRIWKHDUUHVWRUGHWHQWLRQVRPHWLPHVDJUHHWREHLQWHUYLHZHGDOORIWKH DQGLGHQWLI\WKHYLFWLPVLQDFHQWUDOGRFXPHQWZDVDQQRXQFHGLQ$OJHULD,Q6HSWHPEHU FRPSODLQWVUHPDLQSHQGLQJRUKDYHEHHQGLVPLVVHG1RWDVLQJOHPLVVLQJSHUVRQDOLYHRUGHDG UHFHSWLRQR൶FHVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQSURYLQFHV+RZHYHULQVRPHUHJLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRWHV - KDVEHHQORFDWHG1RODZHQIRUFHPHQWR൶FHUKDVHYHUEHHQTXHVWLRQHGE\WKHFRXUWDERXWDVLQJOH WLPRQLHVIURPIDPLOLHVWKHR൶FHVGHFODUHGE\WKHPLQLVWHUZHUHRQO\DQDGGUHVVZLWKDFORVHG disappearance. FXUWDLQ8QGHUPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRUWKHVHR൶FHVZHUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRU LGHQWLI\LQJWKHIDPLOLHV¶GHFODUDWLRQVDQGFRPSODLQWVDOOHJLQJWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHV$WWKHVDPH %±±7KHDGKRFPHFKDQLVPIRUGHDOLQJZLWKWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV ³7KH6WDWHLV WLPH D FRPPLWWHH FUHDWHG ZLWKLQ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI WKH -XVWLFH ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU LGHQWLI\LQJ UHVSRQVLEOHEXWQRWJXLOW\´ complaints addressed to the courts and follow up on them . ,QWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH5HSXEOLF$EGHOD]L]%RXWHÀLNDDQQRXQFHGWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH 7KHVHPHDVXUHVKDYHQRWOHGWRDQ\WDQJLEOHUHVXOW6LQFH-DQXDU\ WKH0LQLVWHURIWKH DGKRFPHFKDQLVPEDFNHGE\WKHQHZ&1&33'+ ZKLFKVXFFHHGHGWKH21'+7HPSRUDULO\ ,QWHULRULQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWKWKH(O:DWDQGDLO\QHZVSDSHUFRQYH\HGWKHLGHDWKDWWKHPLVVLQJ LQFKDUJHRIWKHPRQWKPLVVLRQWKLVPHFKDQLVP¶VPDQGDWHZDVWRGHDOZLWKWKHLVVXHRIWKH ZHUHWHUURULVWVHLWKHUNLOOHGRUZDQWHGE\WKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV ³DSSDUHQWO\WKHPDMRULW\RIFDVHV missing persons 'XULQJDSXEOLFVSHHFKSUHVHQWLQJWKLVDGKRFPHFKDQLVP3UHVLGHQW%RXWH - SectionIV to which we have responded are persons who took up arms. We have never hidden that there ÀLNDDGPLWWHGWKHYHU\OLWWOHULJRXUZLWKZKLFKWKHLVVXHRIWKHPLVVLQJKDGEHHQGHDOWZLWKXS ZHUHH[FHVVLYHDFWVFRPPLWWHG>@ WKHPDMRULW\RISHRSOHZKRKDYHVXSSRVHGO\GLVDSSHDUHGIHOO XQWLOWKHQ victim to operations with the security forces. We continue to think that a number of them are still in the maquis. And such is the situations with the so-called missing persons” . ³>@LWPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHGLৼHUHQWSXEOLFPHFKDQLVPVZKLFKKDYHEHHQLPSOHPHQWHG VXFFHVVIXOO\VLQFH WRSXWWKH6WDWH¶VDFWLRQVEDFNLQWRSODFHDQGWRDOORZWKH¿OHVWREHGHDOW 2Q0DUFKDIWHUWKUHH\HDUVRILQDFWLYLW\WKHUHFHSWLRQR൶FHVDFFRUGLQJWRDGHFOD - ZLWKEDVHGRQWKHGHFODUDWLRQVPDGHE\WKHDৼHFWHGIDPLOLHVKDYHUHDFKHGWKHOLPLWVRIWKHLUH৽ - UDWLRQPDGHE\ <=HUKRXQL³5pSRQVHGXPLQLVWUHGHO¶LQWpULHXUHWGHVFROOHFWLYLWpVWHUULWRULDOHVjO¶LQWHUSHOODWLRQG¶XQJURXSHGHGpSXWpV 131-Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations, Algeria, 18 August 1998, CCPR/C/79/Add.95, § 10 VXUODTXHVWLRQGHVSHUVRQQHVGLVSDUXHV´>5HVSRQVHWRWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRUDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHVWRWKHTXHVWLRQLQJRID 132-Ibid, § 10 JURXSRIGHSXWLHVRQWKHLVVXHRIPLVVLQJSHUVRQV@$OJHULD:DWFK0D\DYDLODEOHDW KWWS ZZZDOJHULDZDWFKRUJ 133-A. Bouteflika, “Allocution du président de la République” – Installation du mécanisme ad hoc de prise en charge de la PUYPUYGLVS]HUKRXQLBKWP question des disparus [Speech by the President of the Republic – Introduction of the ad hoc mechanism to deal with the issue +XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFK7LPHIRUUHFNRQLQJ HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVDQGDEGXFWLRQVLQ$OJHULDYROQR)HEUXDU\ of the missing], Algiers, 20 September 2003, available at: http://www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/ SDYDLODEOHDW KWWS ZZZKUZRUJVLWHVGHIDXOW¿OHVUHSRUWVDOJHULDSGI Algeria-BouteflikaSpeech.pdf ,QWKH&1&33'+UHSODFHGWKH21'+,WZDVFUHDWHGE\SUHVLGHQWLDOGHFUHHQRRI0DUFKUHODWLQJ 134-”La solution du gouvernement au problème des “disparus” ? Une déclaration de mort” [$e government’s solution to the WRWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RQVXOWDWLYH&RPPLVVLRQIRUWKH3URPRWLRQDQG3URWHFWLRQRI+XPDQ5LJKWV &1&33'+ problem of the “missing”? A declaration of death], Algeria Watch, 21 January 1999, available at: http://www.algeria-watch.org/ 7KLVGHFUHHFDQEHYLHZHGDW KWWS ZZZMRUDGSG]+)5,QGH[KWP farticle/aw/awdisp1.htm 3UHVLGHQWLDOGHFUHHQR RI6HSWHPEHUFRPSOHWLQJWKHSUHVLGHQWLDOGHFUHHQRRI0DUFK UHODWLQJWRWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RQVXOWDWLYH&RPPLVVLRQIRUWKH3URPRWLRQDQG3URWHFWLRQRI+XPDQ5LJKWV 97 &1&33'+ DYDLODEOHDW KWWS ZZZMRUDGSG]+)5,QGH[KWP 98 aim was to research various solutions and, on the other hand, from a lack of communication 7KH DG KRF PHFKDQLVP¶V PDQGDWH H[SLUHG RQ 0DUFK WKH GDWH RQ ZKLFK )DURXN with families of the missing” . .VHQWLQLZDVPHDQWWRSDVVKLVUHSRUWDQGFRQFOXVLRQVWRWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH5HSXEOLF2QFH DJDLQQHLWKHUWKHOLVWRIPLVVLQJLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHDGKRFPHFKDQLVPQRUWKH¿QDOUHSRUWZHUH ,QWKHVDPHVSHHFKWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH5HSXEOLFFODUL¿HGWKDWWKHDGKRFPHFKDQLVPZDV PDGHSXEOLF QRWDFRPPLVVLRQIRUDQLQTXHVWEXWLWZDVDERYHDOO “a centre of management and an interface EHWZHHQWKHSXEOLFDXWKRULWLHVDQGWKHDৼHFWHGIDPLOLHV´ . The mandate of the ad hoc commission 2QO\WKHVWDWHPHQWVPDGHE\)DURXN.VHQWLQLWRWKHSUHVVJLYHDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHFRQWHQWVRI was therefore limited to ³WKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHDOOHJHGFDVHVRIGLVDSSHDUDQFH´ and “the in- WKHUHSRUW(YHQWKRXJKWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVGLGQRWJREH\RQGUHTXHVWLQJWKHLPSOLFDWHGVHFXULW\ forming of families of the persons declared missing as the result of searches undertaken and their forces for an explication and although he mentioned “a large similarity between the cases” )D - LQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHSURFHGXUHVWRIROORZLQWKHUHVROXWLRQRIWKHMXULGLFDODQGSDWULPRQLDO URXNDVVXUHGWKDWWKHGLVDSSHDUD nces were not “[...] a deliberate policy but [acts] accountable to LVVXHVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHGLৼHUHQWFDVHV´³/DVWO\WKHPDQGDWHVWLSXODWHVWKHSUHSDUDWLRQLQ FHUWDLQ6WDWHR৽FLDOVZKRDFWHGLQDVWDWHRIGLVWUHVVRIH[FLWHPHQWUHJDUGLQJWKHDFXWHQHVVRIWKH FROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKHSXEOLFDXWKRULWLHVRIPHDVXUHVRIDLGDQGIRUWKHEHQH¿WRIWKHOHJDOVXF - ¿JKWVWKH\OHGDQGZKLFKSXVKHGWKHPWRDFWXQODZIXOO\DQGFRPPLWH[FHVVLYHDFWV´ . cessors of the missing persons”. 7KHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO+XPDQ5LJKWV,QVWLWXWLRQHYHQGDUHGDWWHPSWWRSXWWKHLPSRU - )DURXN.VHQWLQL3UHVLGHQWRIWKH&1&33'+ZDVQDPHGSUHVLGHQWRIWKHDGKRFPHFKDQLVP WDQFHRIVHYHUDOWKRXVDQGVRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHVLQWRSHUVSHFWLYHE\FRPSDULQJ¿JXUHV 'HVSLWHWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIPLVVLQJSHUVRQVGHFODUHGHYHU\\HDU)DURXN.VHQWLQLLQVLVWHG “Over these particular years, the security forces conducted the arrest of nearly 300,000 people KDOIZD\WKURXJKKLVPDQGDWHRQVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHVZHUHLVRODWHGFDVHVE\6WDWH IRU WKH ORJLVWLFDO RU IRUFHG VXSSRUW RI WHUURULVP 7KHVH SHRSOH KDYH EHHQ EURXJKW WR MXVWLFH R൶FLDOVDQGWKDW³WKHLQVWLWXWLRQV>ZHUH@QRWLQYROYHG´ . >@2IWKHVHFDVHVRQO\KDYHQRWEHHQEURXJKWWRMXVWLFH>@2QO\DPLQRULW\RI cases are the exception to this rule. This remains minimal when compared to the 300,000 cases ,QWKHVXPPHURIPRQWKVDIWHULWVFUHDWLRQWKHDGKRFPHFKDQLVPXQGHUWRRNDQDWLR - EURXJKWWRMXVWLFHIRUDVVLVWLQJWHUURULVWV´ 144 . QDOFDPSDLJQVXPPRQLQJIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJ7KHIDPLOLHVIURPDOOSURYLQFHVKDGWRPHHW DWWKHLURZQH[SHQVHDWWKH&1&33'+KHDGR൶FHLQ$OJLHUVWR¿OORXWDTXHVWLRQQDLUHHQWLWOHG According to the conclusions drawn from the ad hoc mechanism, ³WKHPLVVLQJDUHFLWL]HQV D³FHQVXVIRUP´7KHTXHVWLRQVDVNHGLQWKLVIRUPZHUHHVVHQWLDOO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ whose safety was not ensured by the State” )RU0U.VHQWLQLWKH6WDWH¶VUHVSRQVLELOLW\LVFLYLO UHJDUGLQJWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQDQGFLUFXPVWDQFHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFH DQG QRW SHQDO ³7KH 6WDWH LV WKHUHIRUH UHVSRQVLEOH EXW QRW JXLOW\ WKDW¶V WKH GL൵HUHQFH´ “The $WWKHHQGRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHWKHIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJZHUHR൵HUHGDFRPSHQVDWLRQSURFH - 6WDWHLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHXQODZIXODFWVRILWVR৽FLDOVLWLVLQWKHFLYLOFRGHDQGWKHUHIRUHWKH GXUHLQWKHIROORZLQJWHUPV ³:RXOG\RXDFFHSWFRPSHQVDWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHRৼHUHGWR\RXE\ 6WDWHPXVWSURYLGHPDWHULDOFRPSHQVDWLRQIRUWKHSUHMXGLFHFDXVHGWRWKHIDPLOLHVLIWKHVHODWWHU SectionIV the State? (Yes/No)” 141 request it” . 2Q 0DUFKWKUHHZHHNVEHIRUHWKHDGKRFPHFKDQLVP¶VPDQGDWHHQGHG)DURXN.VHQ - )URPWKHVHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDURVHWKH&KDUWHUIRU3HDFHDQG1DWLRQDO5HFRQFLOLDWLRQSURMHFW WLQLUHYHDOHGLQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWKWKHGDLO\QHZVSDSHU/D7ULEXQH 142 that the commission had, in VXEMHFWHGWRDUHIHUHQGXPLQ6HSWHPEHU WKHHQGLGHQWL¿HGFDVHVRIPLVVLQJSHUVRQVIURP³FRQFUHWHFLUFXPVWDQWLDODQGDFFXUDWH ¿OHV´+HWKHQDGPLWWHGWKDWWKHDGKRFPHFKDQLVPKDGQRWHQDEOHGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHWUXWK &±±1DWLRQDOUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ WKHDWWHPSWWRFORVHWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶¿OHVLQLPSXQLW\ for each case regarding the fate of the missing, owing to the fact that “the persons implicated defended themselves as they all claim that their roles ended with the arrests. The services im- 7KH&KDUWHUIRU3HDFHDQG1DWLRQDO5HFRQFLOLDWLRQZDVDGRSWHGE\UHIHUHQGXPRQ 6HS - SOLFDWHGFRQ¿UPKDYLQJUHOHDVHGWKHDUUHVWHGSHUVRQVDIWHUWKHLUTXHVWLRQLQJDQGWKHIDPLOLHV WHPEHU7KH&KDUWHUZDVFRPSOHPHQWHGE\IRXULPSOHPHQWLQJSURYLVLRQVZKLFKFDPHLQWR FRQ¿UPWKDWWKH\QHYHUFDPHKRPH,WPXVWDOVREHQRWHGWKDWZHDUHQRWDQR৽FLDOLQVWLWXWLRQ IRUFHLQUHLQIRUFLQJLPSXQLW\DQGRUJDQLVLQJWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQSURFHGXUHIRUIDPLOLHVRI DQGZHKDYHQRMXGLFLDOSRZHU´ . 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FHDVHLQIXOOFRQVFLRXVQHVVWKHLUFULPLQDODFWLYLW\´>$UWLFOHVDQG@,QWKHEHQH¿WRI 7KH6WDWHKDV “a duty to investigate thoroughly alleged violations of human rights, particularly WKHFLYLOFRQFRUGZDVH[WHQGHGWRFRPEDWDQWVRIWKH,VODPLF6DOYDWLRQ$UP\ $,6 ZKRIRUWKH enforced disappearances and violations of the right to life, and to criminally prosecute, try and PRVWSDUWEHQH¿WHGIURPD³SDUGRQFXPD mQHVW\´E\GHFUHHQRRI-DQXDU\ punish those deemed responsible for such violations” . 7KH&KDUWHU¶VLPSOHPHQWLQJSURYLVLRQVRQFHDJDLQJUDQWWKHVXSSUHVVLRQRIFULPLQDOSURFHHGLQJV RIPHPEHUVRIDUPHG,VODPLVWJURXSVZKRKDYHVXUUHQGHUHGWKHLUZHDSRQVDWWKHH[FOXVLRQ³RI $UWLFOHRIRUGLQDQFHQRPDQDJHVWKHOHJDOLPSXQLW\RIDOO6WDWHR൶FLDOVVXSSRVHGO\ SHUVRQVZKRFRPPLWWHGRUZHUHDFFRPSOLFHVRULQVWLJDWRUVRIFROOHFWLYHPDVVDFUHVUDSHVRUXVH KDYLQJEHHQLQYROYHGLQDQDFWRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFH$UWLFOHVWDWHVWKDW ³QROHJDOSURFHH - RIH[SORVLYHVLQSXEOLFORFDWLRQV´ . GLQJVPD\EHLQLWLDWHGDJDLQVWDQLQGLYLGXDORUDFROOHFWLYHHQWLW\EHORQJLQJWRDQ\FRPSRQHQW ZKDWVRHYHURIWKHGHIHQFHDQGVHFXULW\IRUFHVRIWKH5HSXEOLFIRUDFWLRQVFRQGXFWHGIRUWKHSXU - %XWWKLVWLPHWKHSURYLVLRQJRHVRQHVWHSIXUWKHU,WJUDQWVOHJDOLPPXQLW\WRWKH6WDWHR൶ - SRVHRISURWHFWLQJSHUVRQVDQGSURSHUW\VDIHJXDUGLQJWKHQDWLRQRUSUHVHUYLQJWKHLQVWLWXWLRQV FLDOVEHORQJLQJWRDQ\FRPSRQHQWZKRDUHPHDQWWRKDYHFRPPLWWHG³ZURQJIXODFWV´DVSDUWRI RIWKH'HPRFUDWLFDQG3RSXODU5HSXEOLFRI$OJHULD7KHFRPSHWHQWMXGLFLDODXWKRULWLHVDUHWR DFWLRQFRQGXFWHGWRSUHVHUYHWKHVHFXULW\RISHRSOHDQGSURSHUW\SUHVHUYHWKHQDWLRQDQGVDIH - VXPPDULO\GLVPLVVDOODFFXVDWLRQVRUFRPSODLQWV´ guard the institutions $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVHSURYLVLRQVDOOFRPSODLQWV¿OHGDJDLQVW6WDWHR൶FLDOV IRUHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHPXVWEHGHFODUHGLQDGPLVVLEOHE\WKHFRPSHWHQWMXGLFLDODXWKRULWLHV 7KHOHJDOLPPXQLW\LQ$OJHULDH[LVWHGEHIRUHLQWKDWQRFRPSODLQW¿OHGE\WKHIDPLOLHV RIWKHPLVVLQJKDGHYHUOHGWRWKHRSHQLQJRUDQH൵HFWLYHLQTXHVWDQGWRWKHEULQJLQJWRMXVWLFHRI 3XUVXDQWWRWKHOHJLVODWLYHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH&KDUWHUDQGLWVLPSOHPHQWLQJWH[WVIDPLOLHVRI alleged perpetrators of disappearances. 6LQFHWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH&KDUWHU¶VLPSOHPHQ - WKHPLVVLQJGHSULYHGRIWKHLUULJKWVWRWUXWKDQGMXVWLFHFRXOGEHJUDQWHG¿QDQFLDOFRPSHQVDWLRQ WLQJSURYLVLRQVWKHSURVHFXWRUVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\UHIXVHWRSURFHVVFRPSODLQWVUHODWLQJWRDQ LQH[FKDQJHIRUWKHSURYLVLRQRIDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHIRUWKHPLVVLQJ6LQFHWKH$OJHULDQ HQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFHEHWKH\GLUHFWHGDJDLQVWDQDPHG6WDWHR൶FLDODJDLQVW;RUHYHQ DXWKRULWLHVUHFRJQLVHWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQV¶¿OHVDVFORVHGZLWKWKHPDMRULW\RIIDPLOLHVKDYLQJ LIWKH\GHPDQGWKHRSHQLQJRIDQLQTXHVWLQWRWKHIDWHRIWKHPLVVLQJ . EHHQFRPSHQVDWHG 0UV%RXFKHUIIRUH[DPSOHKDVQHYHUDEDQGRQHGKHUULJKWWR7UXWKDQGKDVQHYHUVWRSSHG ,QWHUYLHZHGE\WKHSUHVVRQWKLVWRSLFWKH&1&33'+3UHVLGHQWGHFODUHG ³ZHPXVWUHYHUWWR WDNLQJVWHSVWRVKHGOLJKWRQWKHIDWHRIKHUVRQDQGHVSHFLDOO\WRORFDWHKLVJUDYH2Q0D\ WKHIDFWWKDWWKH&KDUWHUIRU3HDFHDQG1DWLRQDO5HFRQFLOLDWLRQIRUELGVXVIURPHYHQGLVFXVVLQJ VKHZDVVXPPRQHGE\WKH+XVVHLQ'H\SURVHFXWRUDQGZDVUHFHLYHGE\WKHGHSXW\SXEOLF WKHPLVVLQJ$QGWKHUHLQOLHVWKHSUREOHP´³7KH&KDUWHUSRVVHVVHVWKHIRUFHRIWKHODZZHPXVW SURVHFXWRU'HVSLWHWKHDFFXUDWHWHVWLPRQ\E\DGHWDLQHHLQGLFDWLQJWKDWKHUVRQ5\DGKDGGLHG SectionIV UHUHDGLWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHLVVXHRIWKHPLVVLQJKDVEHHQGLVSRVHGRI,WLVFORVHG´ . LQKLVFHOOLQWKH$OJLHUVFHQWUDOSROLFHVWDWLRQDIWHUEHLQJVDYDJHO\WRUWXUHGWKHGHSXW\SXEOLF SURVHFXWRUIRUEDGHKHUIURPUHWXUQLQJDQGIURP¿OLQJ ,,±7KH&KDUWHUIRU3HDFHDQG1DWLRQDO5HFRQFLOLDWLRQ DYLRODWLRQRIWKHIDPLOLHVRIWKH PLVVLQJ¶VULJKWWRWUXWKDQGULJKWWRIXOODQGFRPSOHWHFRPSHQVDWLRQ 7KHSURYLVLRQIRUQDWLRQDOUHFRQFLOLDWLRQSUHYHQWVDOOFULPLQDOSURFHHGLQJVDJDLQVWWKRVHDOOH - JHGUHVSRQVLEOHIRUHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFH,WDOVREORFNVDOOLQTXHVWVLQWRWKHIDWHRIWKHPLVVLQJ IURPEHLQJRSHQHG $ 7KHFRPSHQVDWLRQR൵HUHGWRIDPLOLHVRIWKHGLVDSSHDUHGLQH[FKDQJH IRUDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHGHSULYHVWKHPRIWKHLUULJKWWRIXOODQGFRPSOHWHFRPSHQVDWLRQ % 7KHVH PHDVXUHVDUHVWUHQJWKHQHGE\DJHQHUDOSURKLELWLRQWRXVHIUHHGRPRI "! expression to question the R൶FLDOYHUVLRQRI+LVWRU\UDWL¿HGE\WKH&KDUWHU & 151-Human Rights Committee, Findings, Communication No. 1588/2007, Benaziza v Algeria, 26 July 2010, para. 9.9; Human Rights Committee, General observation no. 20 regarding Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), 10 March 1992, para. 15: “Amnesties are generally incompatible with the duty of States to investigate such acts”. 152-Human Rights Committee, Findings, Communication No. 612/1995, José Vicente et al. v. Colombia, 19 August 1997, 147-Law No. 99-08 of 13 July 1999 relating to restoring civil concord. para. 8.8 148-Article 10 of ordinance no. 06-01 implementing the Charter 153-For the Algerian authorities’ failure to conduct investigations on the fate of the disappeared as obliged, see Mouloud 149-Article 45 of ordinance no. 06-01 implementing the Charter Boumghar, “Concorde civile et réconciliation nationale sous le sceau de l’impunité : le traitement par le droit algérien des 150-Ghania Oukazi, “Familles des disparus : un rassemblement dispersé par la police” [Families of the missing: a gathering violations graves des droits de l’Homme commises durant la guerre civile des années 1990“ [Civil concord and national recon- dispersed by the police], Le Quotidien d’Oran, 12 August 2010. ciliation masked by impunity: the treatment of serious violations of human rights by Algerian law committed during the civil war of the 1990s], International Review of Comparative Law (R.I.D.C.) .2-2015, p. 400-403. 101 102 0DQ\IDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJKDYHUHFHLYHGDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHQRUPDOO\SURYLGHGDVSDUWRI WKHSURFHGXUHR൵HULQJ³DVVLVWDQFHWRLPSRYHULVKHGIDPLOLHVD൵HFWHGE\WKHLQYROYHPHQWRIRQH FRPSODLQWV+HSURYLGHGKHUZLWKWKHR൶FLDOUHSRUWRIWKHVWDWHPHQWZKLFKVWLSXODWHGWKDW RIWKHLUUHODWLYHVLQWHUURULVP´ LQVWHDGRIDFHUWL¿FDWHRIGLVDSSHDUDQFH7KHVHIDPLOLHVRXWRI ³WKHFRPSODLQDQW¶VUHTXHVWLVQRORQJHUZLWKLQWKHUHDOPRIWKHSURVHFXWRU¶VMXULVGLFWLRQLQWKDW LJQRUDQFHRUEHFDXVHWKH\DUHLOOLWHUDWHKDYHWKXVFROOHFWHGDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH she has taken the procedures provided by the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation” . PLVVLQJSHUVRQ³GLHGZLWKLQDQDUPHGJURXSGXULQJDYLROHQWFODVK´ 7KHSURVHFXWRUVKDYHDOVRUHIXVHGDOOUHTXHVWVWRH[KXPHWKHERGLHVWRLGHQWLI\WKHYLFWLPV %±)LQDQFLDOFRPSHQVDWLRQLQUHWXUQIRUWKHGUDZLQJXSRIDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWH YLRODWLRQRIWKH $VVXFKLQ6HSWHPEHUWKH SectionIV 7KLVSURYLVLRQGRHVQRWSURYLGHWKHIDPLOLHVRIWKHPLVVLQJZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHRUDGH DQDWLRQDOWUDJHG\LVGH¿QHGDVDQ\SHUVRQUHSRUWHGPLVVLQJLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDQDWLRQDOWUDJH - TXDWHFRPSHQVDWLRQ . G\´7KHVHFRQGSDUDJUDSKVSHFL¿HVWKDW³WKHVWDWXVRIYLFWLPRIDQDWLRQDOWUDJHG\LVDUHVXOW RIDFHUWL¿FDWHRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKHMXGLFLDOSROLFHIROORZLQJDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR 2QWKHRQHKDQGDVSDUWRIWKHFDOFXODWLRQDQGSD\PHQWRIWKLVFRPSHQVDWLRQ “provisions no avail” . SODQQHGE\WKHFXUUHQWOHJLVODWLRQDUHXVHGIRUWKHEHQH¿WRI deceased victims of terrorism” . 7KHFRPSHQVDWLRQDOVRGRHVQRWFRPHIURPHTXLW\SXWWRJHWKHUVSHFLDOO\E\WKH6WDWHWRFRPSHQ - ,QSULQFLSOHWKHFHUWL¿FDWHRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHTXDOL¿HVLQOLQHZLWK$UWLFOHRIRUGLQDQFH VDWHWKHYLFWLPVRIHQIRUFHGGLVDSSHDUDQFH IRUWKHGUDZLQJXSRIDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHZKHQWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQKDV³ no longer given sign of life and [their] body has not been found after investigation by all legal means which were 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHDPRXQWDQGIRUPRIWKLVFRPSHQVDWLRQLVQRWGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHLQ - inconclusive ´LQFOXGLQJUHVHDUFKLQJWHVWLPRQLHVDQG'1$VDPSOHV MXULHVVX൵HUHGE\WKHYLFWLPRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHDQGWKHLUIDPLO\EXWLQVWHDGUDWKHUUHSUHVHQWVDQ DVVLVWDQFHDZDUGHGLQWKHQDPHRIQDWLRQDOVROLGDULW\WKDQDIXOODQGFRPSOHWHFRPSHQVDWLRQ,Q +RZHYHULQSUDFWLFHWKHIDPLOLHVDUHVLPSO\KHDUGE\WKHSROLFHVHUYLFHVZKRWKHQGRQRW IDFWSUHVLGHQWLDOGHFUHHQR RI)HEUXDU\UHODWLQJWRWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQRIYLFWLPVRI FRQGXFWDVLQJOHH൵HFWLYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7ZRWRWKUHHZHHNVODWHUWKHIRUPHUDUHVHQWDFHUWL¿FDWH WKHQDWLRQDOWUDJHG\PDQDJHVWKHPRGDOLWLHVRIWKHFDOFXODWLRQDQGSD\PHQWRIWKHFRPSHQVDWLRQ RIGLVDSSHDUDQFHZKLFKPHQWLRQVZLWKRXWDQ\PRUHGHWDLOWKDWWKHUHVXOWRIWKHVHDUFKZDVLQ - FRQFOXVLYHDQGWKHSHUVRQLVGHFODUHGDVPLVVLQJ 155-$e police maintains to have a list of missing persons but they have never proven the existence of this list, which cannot 7KHR൶FLDOUHSRUWVRIWKHFHUWL¿FDWHRIGLVDSSHDUDQFHDUHVWDQGDUGGRFXPHQWV7KHIDPLOLHV be accessed anywhere. RIWKHPLVVLQJKDYHRIWHQUHSRUWHGWKDWWKHSROLFHVHUYLFHVKDYHUHIXVHGWRSURYLGHWKHFHUWL¿FDWH 156-Presidential decree no. 06-94 of 28 February 2006 relating to State assistance to impoverished families affected by the involvement of one of their relatives in terrorism of disappearance on the grounds that the missing person is not present on their list . 157-CAT/C/DZA/CO/3, § 13 158-For the subordination of the compensation to the establishment of a death certificate as inhumane treatment, see Mou- loud BOUMGHAR, “Concorde civile et réconciliation nationale sous le sceau de l’impunité : le traitement par le droit algérien des violations graves des droits de l’Homme commises durant la guerre civile des années 1990“ [Civil concord and national reconciliation masked by impunity: the treatment of serious violations of human rights by Algerian law committed during the 154-Communication No. 1196/2003, Fatma Zohra Boucherf v Algeria, 27 April 2006; Follow-up to the findings submitted by civil war of the 1990s], International Review of Comparative Law (R.I.D.C.) in RIDC.2-2015, p. 403-405 the author on 30 March 2006 and 11 September 2008 103 104 EDVHGRQWKHDJHDQGSURIHVVLRQRIWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQ . The compensation is made through the SectionIV SUHYHQWIDPLO\PHPEHUVIURPDVVHPEOLQJDQGVXSSUHVVLQJWKHVHSHDFHIXOJDWKHULQJV ,QVRPHFDVHVWKHSXEOLFRUMXGLFLDODXWKRULWLHVKDYHDWWHPSWHGWRDSSO\$UWLFOHRIRUGL - QDQFHQRZKLFKVWLSXODWHVWKDW “the legal successors, all interested persons or the public SURVHFXWRUPD\UHTXHVWDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHEHGUDZQXS´ )DPLOLHVKDYHWKHUHIRUHEHHQFLWHGWR DSSHDUEHIRUHWKHMXGJHIRUIDPLO\D൵DLUVIROORZLQJDUHTXHVWIURPWKHSXEOLFSURVHFXWRUWRGUDZ XSDGHDWKFHUWL¿FDWHIRUWKHPLVVLQJSHUVRQHYHQLIWKHIDPLO\ZDVDJDLQVWWKLV 0RKDPHG 159-Article 39 of ordinance no. 06-01 of 27 February 2006 160-Presidential decree no. 06-93 of 28 February 2006 relating to the compensation of victims of the national tragedy manages the modalities of the calculation and payment of the compensation based on the age and profession of the missing person: - Military and civilian personnel in the Ministry of the Defence; Civil servants or public officials; - Aged at least 50, with dependent children and in the private or public economic sector or unemployed; - Not in any of the categories above 162-Article 32 of ordinance no. 06-01 of 27 February 2006 (pensioners with or without a retirement fund, person was minor at the time of the disappearance etc.). 163-$is request is based on Articles 114 of the family code and 32 of ordinance no. 06-01 of 27 February 161-$ese latter could be: “the spouse; the children of the deceased aged under 19, or maximum 21, if they are continuing 2006 which stipulate that the missing person’s death certificate can be issued on request “by one of the heirs, all persons of their studies or if they are doing an apprenticeship as well as dependent children as per the current legislation and in the same interest or the public prosecutor”. conditions as the children of the deceased; the children, regardless of their age, who due to a disability or chronic illness are 164-CFDA press release, Nous ne serons jamais fatiguées, nous ne céderons pas, nous n’arrêterons pas : jusqu’à la mort, pour unable to pursue permanent gainful employment; the dependent female children of the deceased with no income at the time nos enfants [We shall never be tired, we shall never give up, we shall never stop: until we die, for our children], 4 August 2010, of the disappearance, regardless of their age; the parents of the deceased”. available on the CFDA website: www.algerie-disparus.org 105 106 Conclusion and recommendations SectionIV 107 108 &RQFOXVLRQDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 7KH HQIRUFHG GLVDSSHDUDQFHV LQ $OJHULD ZHUH SHUSHWUDWHG E\ R൶FLDOV RI WKH 6WDWH VH - FXULW\ IRUFHV LQ D JHQHUDOLVHG DQG V\VWHPDWLF ZD\ DJDLQVW WKH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ ,Q SDUDOOHO KXPDQLW\UHJDUGLQJWKHEULQJLQJLQWRTXHVWLRQDIXQGDPHQWDOYDOXHUHFRJQLVHGRQWKHXQLYHU - ZLWK WKH DQWLWHUURULVW ¿JKW DJDLQVW DUPHG ,VODPLVW JURXSV WKH VHFXULW\ IRUFHV ODUJHO\ DQG VDO OHYHO ZKLFK LV WKDW RI KXPDQ GLJQLW\ ³JLYHQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH YLFWLPV RI WKH 1D]LV ZHUH PDVVLYHO\WDUJHWHGWKHFLYLOLDQSRSXODWLRQVXVSHFWHGRIFROOXGLQJZLWKWKHVHJURXSVDQGRIKD - disregarded, humiliated, treated as sub-human which made the inhumanity a constitutional YLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKHP 7HQV RI WKRXVDQGV RI SHRSOH ZHUH DUUHVWHG DUELWUDULO\ WRU - element of the crimes against humanity in the case law of international or national tribu- WXUHG DQG H[HFXWHG H[WUDMXGLFLDULO\ 7KRXVDQGV RI RWKHUV GLVDSSHDUHG IROORZLQJ WKHLU DUUHVW nals which was used to try them” 7KHLQKXPDQLW\RIWKHFULPHLVUHODWHGWRRXWVLGHRIWKH VHULRXVQHVV ZKLFK PDNHV LW VR ± KHUH HQIRUFHG GLVDSSHDUDQFHV ± WKH FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFK WKHVH 0DULH0RQLTXH5RELQFRPSDULQJWKH³GLUW\ZDU´RIWKH$UJHQWLQHDQJHQHUDOVLQWKH VDQG DFWV ZHUH FRPPLWWHG %\ FRPSDULQJ WKH VHULRXVQHVV RI WKH DFWV DQG WKH H[WHQW RI WKH FULPL - WKH³GLUW\ZDU´RIWKH$OJHULDQJHQHUDOVLQWKH VWDONVRIWKHORJLFRIHUDGLFDWLRQ$OWKRXJK QDO DFWLYLW\ WKH FULPH DJDLQVW KXPDQLW\ D൵HFWV WKH LQWHUHVWV JUHDWHU WKDQ WKRVH RI WKH GLUHFW WKHUHDVRQVDUHGL൵HUHQW±LQWKHQDPHRIQDWLRQDOVHFXULW\DQGDQWLFRPPXQLVPLQ$UJHQWLQD LQ YLFWLP ,W WUDQVFHQGV WKH LQGLYLGXDO WR EHFRPH D FULPH DJDLQVW KXPDQLW\ 7KH KXPDQLW\ WKHQDPHRIGHIHQGLQJGHPRFUDF\DQGDQWLLQWHJUDWLRQLQ$OJHULD±WKHORJLFLVWKHVDPH,Q GHQLHG WKH YLFWLP RI WKH FULPH LV ZK\ LW D൵HFWV WKH HQWLUHW\ RI WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\ *HQHUDO9LGHODGHFODUHG “If we must, in Argentina, all necessary persons will die to bring back the peace”; LQ *HQHUDO6PDwO/DPDULDQQRXQFHGWRKLVPHQ “I am ready and have decided to eli- 7KH SURKLELWLRQ RI FULPH DJDLQVW KXPDQLW\ LV D SHUHPSWRU\ VWDQGDUG RI JHQHUDO LQWHU - minate 3 million Algerians if we must to maintain the order that the Islamists are threatening” . 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2൶FLDOO\OLQNHGWRWKH'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDORI1DWLRQDO6HFXULW\ 0LQLVWU\RI,QWHULRU WKH PHULHDQGWKH&HQWUDO'LUHFWRUDWHIRU$UP\6HFXULW\DOVRWRRNSDUWLQ&&/$6RSHUDWLRQV7KLV 3&2ZDVDFWXDOO\SODFHGXQGHUWKHFRPPDQGRI&RORQHO6PDwO/DPDULKHDGRIWKH'LUHFWRUDWH DFFRXQWHGIRUDURXQGPHQ RI&RXQWHU(VSLRQDJH '&( DQGQRDWWKH'56 7KH&&/$6ZDVDSLOODURIUHSUHVVLRQOHGDJDLQVW,VODPLVWVDQGWKHFLYLOLDQSRSXODWLRQ7KH Appendices 7KH3&2¶VDLPZDVWRFRRUGLQDWHWKH'56¶DFWLRQVZLWKWKHSROLFH '*61 DQGWKHJHQGDU - &&/$6GLGQRWKDYHLWVRZQLQWHOOLJHQFHVHUYLFH,WZDVWKH'56ZKRKHOGDOOVHFXULW\LQIRUPD - PHULHWRFROOHFWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGOHDGFUDFNGRZQRSHUDWLRQV7KH3&2WKHUHIRUHDOORZHGWKH WLRQDQGZDVLQFKDUJHRIWKHVWUDWHJ\$VDUHVXOWLWVFKLHIVQHYHUORVWWKHLUGHIDFWRVXSUHPDF\ '&(WROHDGJUHDWHUFUDFNGRZQRSHUDWLRQVDQGWRFROOHFWLQIRUPDWLRQEXWDOVRWRWUDLQSROLFHDQG RYHU WKH DUP\ $V VXFK WKH &&/$6 VROGLHUV DQG PHPEHUV RI WKH '56 FROODERUDWHG FORVHO\ PLOLWDU\SROLFHLQDUELWUDU\DUUHVWVDQGWRUWXUH7KHSUDFWLFHRIWRUWXUHEHFDPHZLGHVSUHDGLQWKH 6PDwQ/DPDUL '&( DQG.DPHO$EGHUUDKPDQH '&6$ ZHUHLQFRQVWDQWFRQWDFWZLWK0RKD - SROLFHVWDWLRQVDQGWKHJHQGDUPHULHEULJDGHVIURP PHG/DPDUL &)7RIWKH$13 DQGKLVVHQLRUR൶FHUV 7KH3&2ZDVR൶FLDOO\GLVVROYHGLQ ZKHQWKH81SDQHOYLVLWHGEXWLWLVQRZEDVHGLQ 2Q0DUFK WKH&&/$6¶VWHUULWRULDORUJDQLVDWLRQZDVUHVWUXFWXUHGZLWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIVL[ a police centre. RSHUDWLRQDOVHFWRUVHDFKFRYHULQJDWHUULWRU\DWWKHKHDUWRIWKHVWPLOLWDU\UHJLRQ %OLGD (DFKRSHUDWLR - QDODQWLVXEYHUVLYHFHQWUH &2/$6 RYHUVDZRQDQRSHUDWLRQDOOHYHOIRULWVDUHDRIMXULVGLFWLRQ WKHSROLFH VHFXULW\ WKHPLOLWDU\SROLFHWHUULWRULDODUP\XQLWV VROGLHUV DQGODWHUWKHPLOLWLD SDWULRWV 173-CJA “l’organisation des forces de répression” [$e organisation of the forces of repression], 2004 and “Les centres de 7KHKHDGRIWKH&2/$6DQVZHUHGGLUHFWO\WRWKH$OJHULDQ/DQG)RUFHV&RPPDQGLQ$wQ1DkGMD tortures et d’exécution” [Centres of torture and execution], files no. 6 and 16 presented to the PPT in 2004. Can be accessed at: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/presentation/dos- siers_presentes.htm 174-$e three main branches of the DRS are: - the Directorate of Counter-Espionage (DCE) managed by General Smaïn La- 7KH&2/$6FROODERUDWHGZLWKWKH7HUULWRULDO&HQWUHRI5HVHDUFKDQG,QYHVWLJDWLRQ &75, mari, DRS’ no. 2; - the Central Directorate for Army Security (DCSA) managed by General Kamel Abderrahmane until 1996; LQ%OLGDDEUDQFKRIWKH'&(DWWKH¿UVWPLOLWDU\UHJLRQOHYHO7KH&75,GH¿QHGWKHLUWDUJHWV - the Directorate of Documentation and External Security (DDSE), also known by the name of Communication and Dissem- DQGFDOOHGRQWKHQHDUHVWRSHUDWLRQDOFHQWUH &2/$6 ZKLFKVHQWWKHLUWHDPVDQGRUGHUHGRWKHU ination Centre which depended directly on the head of DRS, General Mohamed Mediene, known as Toufik. Sources: Justice Commission for Algeria, “l’organisation des forces de la répression” [$e organisation of the forces of repression], file no. XQLWVZKHWKHURUQRWWRLQWHUYHQH 16, Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal, 2004: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_16_forces_repression.pdf 175-For the organisation of the State security apparatus and competences of each of the structures of coordination in the fight against terrorism and subversion, see: Justice Commission for Algeria, “l’organisation des forces de la répression” [$e organ- isation of the forces of repression], file no. 16, Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal, 2004: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dos- sier_16_forces_repression.pdf and Justice Commission for Algeria, “les centres de torture et d’exécution” [Centres of torture and execution], file no. 6, Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal, 2004: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_6_centres.pdf 177-Operational sector of East Mitidja (SOME) – Operational sector of West Mitidja (SOMO) – Operational sector of Bouira 176-Mohammed SAMRAOUI, Chronique des années de sang [Chronicles of the years of blood], op.cit., p. 316. (SOB) – Operational sector of the Hauts plateaux (SOHP) – Operational sector of Aïn Defla (SOAD) – Operational sector of 115 Algiers (SOAL) 116 7KH7HUULWRULDO&HQWUHRI5HVHDUFKDQG,QYHVWLJDWLRQ &75, $SSHQGL[ 7HVWLPRQ\RIWKHKDUDVVPHQWDQGWRUWXUHVX൵HUHGE\WKHIDPLO\RIWKHPLVVLQJ 0RKDPHG0HKDOOL 7KH &75, DUH EUDQFKHV RI WKH '&( LQ HDFK RI WKH VL[ PLOLWDU\ UHJLRQV 7KH KHDG RI WKH &75, DQVZHUV GLUHFWO\ WR WKH KHDG RI WKH '&( &RORQHO 6PDLO /D - 0RKDPHG0HKDOOL¶VIDPLO\FRQVLVWVRI¿YHJLUOVDQGWKUHHER\V7KH\OLYHGLQWKH$OJLHUV PDUL 7KH &75, LQ %OLGD &RQVWDQWLQH DQG 2UDQ ZHUH WKH PRVW SRZHUIXO VXEXUEVLQWKHZRUNLQJFODVVGLVWULFWRI2XHG2XFKD\DKLQ%DFKGMHUUDKDQGWRJHWKHUZLWK&KH - ULI0HKDOOL¶VIDPLO\0RKDPHG¶VEURWKHUVKDUHGDKRXVHWKH\LQKHULWHGIURPWKHLUSDUHQWV)URP $FFRUGLQJWRWKH337¿OH WKH&75,SOD\HGDGHFLVLYHUROHLQWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIWKH¿JKW &KHULI0HKDOOLZDVVRXJKWDIWHUE\WKHDXWKRULWLHVDIWHUKDYLQJÀHGKLVKRXVH . 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The morning after, they met the families who came to complain 0RKDPHG ZDV WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH SROLFH VWDWLRQ WKH SROLFH R൶FHUV FRQ¿UPHG %HGUDQH KDG DERXWWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHLUFKLOGUHQ7KHNLOOHUVWKHPVHOYHV¿OHGDUHSRUWRQWKHGLVDSSHD - EHHQGHWDLQHG “We are keeping him hostage until Chérif turns himself in,” VDLGRQHR൶FHU rances they reported” $WWKH&75,LQ%OLGDWKHMXGLFLDOSROLFHKDGWKHIROORZLQJDWLWV&75, SUHPLVHV DQµH[SORLWDWLRQ¶R൶FH IRUTXHVWLRQLQJ DµWUHDWPHQW¶URRP IRUWRUWXUH DQGMDLOV . %HGUDQHZDVHYHQWXDOO\UHOHDVHGEXWKHZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\FRQVWDQWO\DUUHVWHGE\WKHSROLFH ZKRZRXOGWDNHKLPDZD\DVVRRQDVKHFURVVHGWKHLUSDWKGHWDLQKLPIRUPDQ\KRXUVKLWKLPDQG Appendices TXHVWLRQKLPRQWKHWHUURULVWVRIWKHUHJLRQ7KH/HYHLOOH\SROLFHR൶FHUVWKHQDVNHGKLPWRFROOD - 7KH0DLQ0LOLWDU\,QYHVWLJDWLRQ&HQWUH &30, ERUDWHZLWKWKHP WKH\ZDQWHGKLPWREHFRPHWKHLULQIRUPHU%HGUDQHIHOWDVLIKHKDGEHHQWDNHQ 7KH&30,ZDVOLQNHGWRWKH&HQWUDO'LUHFWRUDWHIRU$UP\6HFXULW\ '&6$ RIWKH'56 KRVWDJH LIKHGHQRXQFHGWHUURULVWVKHZRXOGEHULVNLQJKLVOLIHDQGLIKHGLGQRWGHQRXQFHWKHPKH WKHVHFRQGGLUHFWRUDWHDIWHUWKH'&(7KH&30,ZKRVHKHDGR൶FHLVORFDWHGLQ%HQ$NQRXQ ZRXOGDOVRULVNEHLQJNLOOHGE\WKHVHFXULW\IRUFHV8QDEOHWRFRSHZLWKWKLVKDUDVVPHQW%HGUDQH LQWKHRXWVNLUWVRI$OJLHUV DQGZDVEHWZHHQ DQGOHGE\&RORQHO$WKPDQH7DUWDJ RQHGD\LQ VDLGWRKLVIDPLO\³,¶POHDYLQJGRQ¶WORRNIRUPH´+HZDVQHYHUVHHQDJDLQ RWKHUZLVHNQRZQDV³%DFKLU´FXUUHQWKHDGRIWKH'56KDYLQJEHHQVXFFHHGHGLQ6HSWHPEHU E\*HQHUDO0RKDPHG0HGLHQHRWKHUZLVHNQRZQDV7RX¿N6LQFH WKH&30,KDV 'XULQJWKLVWLPHWKHDUHDEHFDPHZKDWLVUHIHUUHGWRDVD³WURXEOHVRPHDUHD´ PDVVDUUHVWVZHUH EHHQLQFKDUJHRIVHFUHWRSHUDWLRQVWRUHSUHVVWKRVHVXVSHFWHGRIVXSSRUWLQJWKH),6ZLWKLQWKH EHLQJFRQGXFWHGWKH\RXQJSHRSOHZHUHDUUHVWHGDQGWRUWXUHGWRH[WRUWLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHP GL൵HUHQWEUDQFKHVRIWKHDUP\,Q LWVH൵RUWVFRQWLQXHGLQWRWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRIFLYLOLDQV UHJDUGLQJWHUURULVWJURXSV6HFXULW\IRUFHRSHUDWLRQVRIWHQUHVXOWHGLQH[WUDMXGLFLDU\H[HFXWLRQV 7KH&30,LQ%HQ$NQRXQZDVDOVRRQHRIWKHPDLQVHFUHWGHWHQWLRQWRUWXUHDQGH[HFXWLRQ FHQWUHVLQWKH V VHHVHFWLRQ,,,RQWKHFHQWUHVRIGHWHQWLRQ 7KH0LOLWDU\,QYHVWLJDWLRQ $WLN0HKDOOLVRQRI0RKDPHG0HKDOOLDQG%HGUDQH¶V\RXQJHUEURWKHUZDVDQDSSUHQWLFHDWDWUDL - &HQWUHV &0, EUDQFKHVRIWKH&30,LQWKHVL[PLOLWDU\UHJLRQVZHUHPHUJHGLQ0DUFK QLQJFHQWUHWREHFRPHDFRQVWUXFWLRQHOHFWULFLDQ2QKLVZD\WRVFKRROKHZDVDOZD\VVXEMHFWWRSROLFH ZLWKWKH5HVHDUFKDQG,QYHVWLJDWLRQ&HQWUHVRIWKH'&(WRIRUPWKH&75, VHHDERYH FKHFNVLQWKHEXVRUDWDURDGEORFNWKHR൶FHUVUHFRJQLVHGKLPDQGZRXOGVD\³DK\HV0HKDOOLLW¶V \RX´DQGZRXOGEHEHDWHQ2QHGD\LQ KHDFFLGHQWDOO\IHOOIURPWKHGHFNDQGIUDFWXUHGKLVULJKW 182-Cherif Mehalli worked as a court clerk at the Hussein Dey tribunal where he was highly esteemed. In 1992, members of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) approached him and showed him a “notice” with a death threat if he did not quit his job. At 178-CJA, “L’organisation des forces de répression” [$e organisation of the forces of repression], September 2004, p. 20, visited the time, FIS members forced civil servants to resign from their government positions. Frightened, Cherif requested sick leave on 02/02/2016 at: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_16_forces_repression.pdf which he renewed for three months. $is is the reason for his arrest at the Mehalli’s home in the middle of the night. He was 179-Algeria Watch, “Algérie, la machine de mort” [Algeria, the death machine], 2004. Visited on 02/02/2016 at: http://www. violently tortured for eight days before being released. When police officers returned to arrest him two months later, he had algeria-watch.org/ used that time to run away. He then returned to collect his belongings and said to his family: “I’ve decided to leave, wish me fr/mrv/mrvtort/machine_mort/machine_mort_rapport_3.htm death [...]” 180-CJA, “L’organisation des forces de répression” [$e organisation of the forces of repression], September 2004, p. 30, accessed on 02/02/2016 at: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_16_forces_repression.pdf “[...] in any case, you will no longer be harassed by the police”. 181-Ibid 117 118 2Q -XQH DWDURXQGDPP\IDWKHUGURYHKLVFDUWRZDUGV%DFKGMHUUDK KLS+HZDVKRVSLWDOLVHGRQWZRRFFDVLRQVDQGGHVSLWHWZRVXUJLFDOSURFHGXUHVKHUHWDLQHGDOLPS WRPDNHVRPHSXUFKDVHV,WZDVRQWKLVGD\WKDWWKHPLOLWDU\VHFXULW\WRRNERWK KLPDQGDQRWKHUSHUVRQDWDURXQG DP7KLVLVZKDWZHZHUHWROGE\WKRVH 2Q-XO\ SROLFHR൶FHUVOHGE\DQR൶FHUQDPHG6DDGVDGO\NQRZQLQWKHDUHDIRUKLV ZKRLQIRUPHGXVRIP\IDWKHU¶VDUUHVW2QWKHVDPHGD\VROGLHUVDQGPHQLQ DFWVRIYLROHQFHDQGDEXVHDUULYHG$VXVXDODOOWKH\RXQJSHRSOHRIWKHDUHDUDQDZD\DQGVRXJKW FLYLOLDQFORWKHVLQJUH\1LVVDQFDUVFDPHWRRXUKRPHDWDURXQGDP7KH\ UHIXJHLQWKHLUKRPHV$WLNFRXOGQRWUXQDVVZLIWO\DVWKHRWKHUDGROHVFHQWV+HUDQJUDVSLQJ EURNHGRZQWKHGRRURIWKHKRXVHLQZKLFKZHOLYHG7KH\VHDUFKHGWKHKRXVH KLVULJKWKLSDQGDFFRUGLQJWRQHLJKERXUVZKRZLWQHVVHGWKHVFHQHWKHSROLFHR൶FHUVEHOLHYHG DQGGLGQ¶W¿QGDQ\WKLQJ2QHRIWKHVROGLHUVWRRNDIDPLO\SKRWRDOEXPZLWKKLP KHZDVFRQFHDOLQJDZHDSRQ7KH\ULGGOHGKLPZLWKEXOOHWV$WLNGLHGLQVWDQWO\DWWKHDJHRI 7KH\GHPDQGHGWRNQRZZKHUHP\IDWKHUZDVDQGZHWROGWKHPWKDWKHZDVDW WKHPDUNHWLQ%DFKGMHUUDK7KDWGD\ZHZDLWHGIRUP\IDWKHUEXWKHQHYHUFDPH 7KH\RXQJHVWRIWKHIDPLO\$EGHUUDKPDQH0HKDOOLKRZHYHUZDVDUUHVWHGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPH KRPH:HZHUHDOODORQHLQWKHKRXVH P\PRWKHUP\ZLGRZHGVLVWHUZLWKKHU LQ DWWKHDJHRI+HZDVKDUDVVHGXSXQWLO DUUHVWHGIRUVHYHUDOGD\VDQGTXHV - 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