Papua New Guinea

Home , Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Gulf of Papua, Pemphis, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata

Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2005

THEMATIC STUDY ON MANGROVES

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

COUNTRY PROFILE

DRAFT, AUGUST 2005

Forest Resources Development Service Forestry Department Forest Resources Division FAO, Rome (Italy)

DISCLAIMER

The designation employed and the presentation of materials in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion or whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

This paper does not reflect any official position of FAO. Please refer to the FAO website (www.fao.org/fo) for official information.

The purpose of this paper is to provide early information on on-going activities and programmes, to facilitate dialogue, and to stimulate discussion.

Contact person:

Mette Løyche Wilkie, Senior Forestry Officer Global Forest Resources Assessment Forest Resources Division Forestry Department FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome 00100 (Italy) E-mail:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION Mangroves are found along sheltered coastlines in the tropics and sub-tropics where they fulfil important functions in terms of providing wood and non-wood forest products, coastal protection, conservation of biological diversity and provision of habitat, spawning grounds and nutrients for a variety of fish and shellfish. High population pressure in coastal areas has led to the conversion of many mangrove areas to other uses and numerous case studies describe mangrove losses over time. However, information on status and trends at the global level is scarce. The first attempt at estimating the total mangrove area in the world was undertaken as part of the FAO/UNEP Tropical Forest Resources Assessment in 1980, where the world total was estimated as 15.6 million hectares. More recent estimates range from 12 to 20 million ha. For many of these studies, countries with small areas of mangroves were excluded due to lack of information and because their combined area of mangroves would not significantly affect the world total.

A recent initiative by FAO aimed at facilitating access to comprehensive information on the current and past extent of mangroves in 121 countries and areas (FAO. 2003). This built on the earlier FAO/UNEP assessment and on the recent FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (FRA 2000). An extensive literature search yielded additional information. More than 2800 national and sub-national datasets were collected, with the earliest estimates dating back to 1918. One of the results was an updated list of the most reliable, recent estimate for each country, mostly based on inventories or analysis of remote sensing imagery. Regression analyses based on earlier data provided estimates for 1990 and 1980 and an extrapolated estimate for 2000 for each country.

The preliminary results of this initiative showed that mangrove deforestation continues, albeit on a slightly lower rate in the 1990s than in the 1980s. The relatively large mangrove deforestation rates in Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America in the 1980s reflect large-scale conversion of mangroves for aquaculture and tourism infrastructure. Most countries have now banned the conversion of mangroves for aquaculture purposes and require environmental impact assessments prior to large-scale conversion of mangroves areas for other uses.

In order to provide the most accurate and comprehensive evaluation of current mangrove status, FAO is presently updating the above cited preliminary results, which have been sent out to all countries and areas in which they exist (124) for information and validation. Additional literature search, active collaboration with national and international mangrove experts and the use of remote sensing imagery interpretation have further supported the preparation of the final report, which will be published in 2005.

Readers are strongly encouraged to provide feedback and additional information to help update and improve this database for the benefit of all those who may have an interest in mangroves.

Papua New Guinea

Vegetation description Papua New Guinea has undisturbed mangrove forests with high species diversity, extending over many thousands of kilometres along the shores and, penetrating quite deeply inland in many sites. Large stands of well structured mangroves are found especially on the mainland along the southern coast. Several stands also occur on the northern coast and on the islands but with less diversity in species. Fringing mangroves are widespread at most river mouths, on not too sandy, rocky or exposed localities. Important stands occur in the Gulf of Papua and along the coast of the Central Province, in the deltas of the Fly, Ramu and Sepik Rivers. Rhizophora sp. and Bruguiera sp. are the most common species in the Papuan Gulf, attaining large dimensions. Mangrove trees are often narrowly crowned, growing up to 20-30 metres in height, sometimes with extensive above-ground root systems without extensive undergrowth. A distinctive feature of mangroves in Papua New Guinea is their development in seasonally dry zones, such as around Port Moresby. Due to the climatic factors the height of trees in these regions is reduced, and species diversity is lower than in other PNG areas.

Uses and threats Most of the mangroves are sparsely populated and locally used for different purposes such as building materials, firewood, medicines and tannins. Nypa fruticans remains one of the most useful species being used for thatching, weaving and for the production of sugar and ethanol; commercial exploitation for timber is limited. The area changes occurred over the last two decades have been mainly caused by the human pressure for rural livelihood, for commercial activities and for the extraction of wood for poles for housing and carvings; the extraction of firewood for domestic cooking, and for drying of sea cucumbers for exports further contributed to the decline in the Western Province mangroves. On the other hand, aquaculture and tourism activities do not represent main threat to mangroves, which in several sites are still in good condition and health. Ambia, V. 2004. Information provided for the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2005 thematic study on mangroves. Unpublished. FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project, Forest Resources of Tropical Asia. FAO, UNEP, 475 pp. Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. & Field, C.D., eds. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan. 178 pp.

National level mangrove estimates In order to provide the whole range of the information currently available on mangrove area extent for this country, all the national level mangrove area estimates collected so far have been reported in the following table.

Differences in methodologies, classifications, mapping scales etc. may have led to discrepancies in estimations. Only the figures considered as the most accurate and reliable (marked in the Trend column in this table) have been used for the analysis of the area changes over time; the remaining have been reported, but not used for the trend analysis.

Area Year Source Trend Methodology/Comments (ha) 1965 553 000 FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical Map analysis. 1:1 000 000 aerial Forest Resources Assessment photographs of years 1943 to 1972. Project, Forest Resources of The “Year” is the average year provided Tropical Asia. FAO, UNEP, 475 in the document. pp. 1970 539 900 Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. and Map analysis. Digital mapped data have Field, C.D., eds. 1997. World kindly been provided by the Research Mangrove Atlas. The School of Pacific and Asian Studies, International Society for Australian National University, with Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, generous permission from the Japan. 178 pp. Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Papua New Guinea. These data are taken from the Papua New Guinea Resource Information System, developed by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. The source data have been generated from extensive field studies, extrapolated over the whole country by air photo interpretation of 1:50 000 and 1:80 000 images taken in the 1960s and 1970s, and mapped at a scale of 1:500 000. Although data are old, the authors believe that rates of change may not be large in this country, while these data are the most accurate available for this country. Bellamy, J.A. 1986. Papua New Guinea Inventory of Natural Resources: Population Distribution and Land Use Handbook. Natural Resource Series No. 6, CSIRO Division of Water and Land Resources, Canberra. Paijmans, K. ed. 1976. New Guinea Vegetation. Australian National University Press and CSIRO, Canberra 1975 601 600 McAlpine, J. and J. Quigley. X The FIM provides maps and information 1998. Forest Resources of Papua for the whole of PNG on areas of forest New Guinea. Summary of and non-forest vegetation type, including Statistics from the Forest land use, as at 1975. The figure reported Inventory Mapping (FIM) System. in the table at the beginning of the book Prepared by Coffey M.P.W.P. for is 605 000 ha, while from the breakdown AusAID and PNG National Forest the extent resulted to be 601 600 ha. Authority. Port Moresby.

Area Year Source Trend Methodology/Comments (ha) 1980 200 000 Dahl, A.L. 1980. Regional Cited in: Fisher, P and Spalding, M.D. ecosystem survey of the South 1993. Protected areas with mangrove Pacific Area. SPC/IUCN habitat. Draft Report World Technical Paper 179. South Conservation Centre, Cambridge, UK. 60 Pacific Commission, Noumea, pp. The figure should be considered as New Caledonia, 99pp. an under estimate of the resources. 1983 411 600 Saenger, P., Hegerl E.J. and Secondary reference, no primary source J.D.S., Davie. 1983. Global provided. status of mangrove ecosystems. The "Year" is the publication year. Commission on ecology Papers No.3. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland. 88 pp. 1985 480 000 Beehler, B. 1985. Conservation X Cited in: UNU. 1996. Population, land of New Guinea Rainforest Birds. management, and environmental change. ICBP Technical Publication The UNU Global Environmental Forum 4:233-247. IV, Population, Land Management, and Environmental Change. The United Nations University. Tokyo, Japan. http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks /uu03pe/uu03pe08.htm The “Year” is the publication year. 1985 500 000 FAO. 1985. Mangrove forest Secondary reference, no primary source study. Based on the work of Ong, provided. J.E. Field document The "Year" is the publication year. PNG/84/001/A/01/12. FAO, Rough estimate Rome 23 pp. 1993 464 000 Saunders, J. 1993. Agriculture X Cited in: European Forest Institute, land use of Papua New Guinea: 2000. Country Report - Papua New Explanatory Notes to Map. Guinea. PNGRIS Publication No. 1. http://www.efi.fi/cis/english/creports/pap AIDAB, Canberra. ua_new_guinea.php 1994 550 942 FIMS, NFS Papua New Guinea. Cited by: Sabuin, T. 2001. Status of 1994 Mangrove Wetland protection and sustainable use in Papua New Guinea. In: proceedings of the Regional Workshop Mangrove Wetland Protection & Sustainable Use. Marine Studies Centre, USP Suva, June 12-16, 2001. The "Year" is the publication year. 1996 600 000 Mc.Alpine, Forest of PNG. Forest Aerial photo 1973/74 and 1996 Inventory Mapping (FIM) LANDSAT imagery. Cited in: Ambia, V. 2004. Information provided for the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2005 thematic study on mangroves. Unpublished. 2000 462 700 World Resources Institute. Secondary reference, no primary source 2000. World resources 2000- provided. The "Year" is the publication 2001: people and ecosystem—the year. fraying web of life. Washington, DC. UNDP. 400 pp.

Area Year Source Trend Methodology/Comments (ha) 2000 410 000 Aizpuru, M., Achard, F., and Estimation for the year 2000 Blasco, F. 2000. Global Assessment of Cover Change of the Mangrove Forests using satellite imagery at medium to high resolution. In EEC Research project n 15017-1999-05 FIED ISP FR – Joint Research center, Ispra. 2000 466 600 Ibid LANDSAT imagery interpretation undertaken by UNEP-WCMC in the framework of the World Atlas of Mangroves initiative.

4 Mangrove species checklist Following Tomlinson 1987 classification, mangroves may be divided into three groups according to their features: major elements (strict or true mangroves), minor elements and mangrove associates. Tomlinson list of true mangrove species have been here modified by adding some species commonly found as exclusive mangrove species (Saenger et al. 1983)

In the context of this assessment, only true mangrove species found in the present country will be reported:

Acanthus ilicifolius Aegialitis annulata Aegiceras corniculatum Avicennia alba Avicennia eucalyptifolia Avicennia marina Avicennia officinalis Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera cylindrica Bruguiera exaristata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bruguiera hainesii Bruguiera parviflora Bruguiera sexangula Camptostemon schultzii Ceriops australis Ceriops decandra Ceriops tagal Cynometra iripa Cynometra ramiflora Excoecaria agallocha Excoecaria indica Heritiera littoralis Kandelia candel Lumnitzera littorea Lumnitzera racemosa Nypa fruticans Pemphis acidula Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora samoensis Rhizophora stylosa Sonneratia alba Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratia ovata Xylocarpus granatum Xylocarpus mekongensis

5 Trends in mangrove area extent over time ha 800 000

700 000

600 000 545 000

500 000 472 000

400 000 410 000 380 000

300 000

200 000

100 000 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Figures not used for trends Figures used for trends Calculated estimates Trend

Summary status of mangrove area extent over time

Mangrove Mangrove Mangrove Mangrove Most reliable, recent mangrove area area area area

area estimate estimate estimate estimate estimate 1980 1990 2000 2005 ha year ha ha ha ha Papua New 410 000 2000 545 000 472 000 410 000 380 000 Guinea

References FAO. 1995. Forest Resources assessment 1990: Global synthesis. FAO Forestry Paper No. 124. Rome, 46pp. FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000: main report. FAO Forestry Paper No. 140. Rome. www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/main/index.jsp FAO. 2003. Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. By Wilkie, M.L. and Fortuna, S. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper No. 63. Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome. (Unpublished) http://www.fao.org/documents/ Saenger, P., Hegerl, E.J. & Davie, J.D.S. 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on ecology papers No. 3. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN. Tomlinson, P.B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge Tropical Biology Series, Cambridge, 419 pp.

Explanatory notes

Figures used for trends The estimates used for the trend analysis have been marked with an “X” in the “Trend” column of the national level mangrove estimates table; they have been coloured in green - with no patterns - in the chart.

Most recent reliable figures The figure chosen as the most recent reliable is underlined in the national level mangrove estimates table; it has been bolded in the chart.

Formulas used for the trend analysis Power: y=cxb where c and b are constants.