sign in sign up
<<
Home , Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata

Advances in Biological Research 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 ISSN 1992-0067 © IDOSI Publications, 2017 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.abr.2017.161.170

Antihyperglycemic Properties of ( mucronata and marina): An Overview

O.H. Aljaghthmi, H.M. Heba and I.M. Abu Zeid

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 139109, Jeddah 21323,

Abstract: The increased occurrences of diabetes have led to the utilization of the curative plants in search of the best remedies. The usage of medicinal plants has been embraced worldwide since it is a critical part of the public healthcare. Rhizophora mucronata and Avicenna marina are vulnerable plants that require protection for their continued significance in the cure of diabetes. The two plants have proved to be antiviral and antibacterial in nature. Traditionally, the Rhizophora mucronata and Avicenna marina were utilized to cure diabetes. Although there is tremendous progress in the diabetes cure through the oral hypoglycemic compounds, there is a consistent search for the newer medicines. Mostly these mangrove trees have antidiabetic activity despite the fact that they have not been accepted. However, the traditional medicine system has used such plants with success. This review showed some of the previous data on the Rhizophora mucronata and Avicenna marina that were tested on the rats in medical laboratories.

Key words: Rhizophora mucronata Avicenna marina Diabetes Bioactive compounds.

INTRODUCTION that the have bioactive compounds potential for long-term treatment of diabetes and other significant The diabetes complications involve the retinal, renal disorders. The two plants are not directly consumed as and the cardiovascular complications. To date, diabetes food since they contain high amounts of tannins and remains a severe metabolic disorder where medicinal other distasteful agents. plants have the potential to help treat the condition However, the Avicennia marina is consumed after effectively. The allopathic medicines cannot cure diabetes the processing of its hypocotyls [7]. Such plants have since they do not restore the standard glucose been scientifically proven to be effective against the homeostasis. However, the traditional and the modern human, , animal pathogens and have significant practitioners across the world need to incorporate the bioactivities. The benefits of these mangrove species fall ideas of the medicinal plants and the synthetic drugs into two categories where it can be utilized as a mangrove together to ensure the development of strong antidiabetic ecosystem as a whole or converted to other functions. On medicines [1]. the other hand, their products could be used. People Medicinal plants have continued to offer valuable exploit both Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia therapeutical elements in the contemporary medicine and marina to the advantage of the local community, but with in the traditional structures [2-6]. Rhizophora mucronata the increased population, the resources have been abused and Avicennia marina are mangrove plants that exist at significantly. the interface of the earth and the waters in both the humid Notably, extensive screening of the Rhizophora and subtropical latitudes. The plants survive in the mucronata and Avicennia marina has been reported in environments of elevated salinity, severe tides, anaerobic several ethnomedical systems. Nevertheless, the uses of soils and lofty temperatures, muddy and anaerobic soils. the plants have not been in great details in all the Accordingly, Rhizophora mucronata have gained countries present. Thus, these herbal remedies are critical morphological and physiological adaptations to the objects for the future research. It must be scientifically severe environmental circumstances. Therefore, it is likely proven that the herbal medicines offer safe, efficient and

Corresponding Author: Hassaan M. Heba, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 139109, Jeddah 21323, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966535349081, E-mail: [email protected]. 161 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 reliable alternative therapy for diabetes. Conversely, this However, it appears as a pure stand at some times or means that all the plants with the antidiabetic potential could develop along with the Rhizophora need to be identified, that would involve an apiculata.Rhizophora mucronata regenerates quickly ethnobotanical analysis in various regions to document from seed though the seed is destroyed by crabs. and assess the plants that could be utilized for a diabetes Poecilusfallax attacks the tree. cure. According to various researchers, the medicinal plants do not have adverse effects and most of the Uses: Importantly, Rhizophora mucronata has several modern medicines are derived from such plants. uses. The plant's timber is a source of firewood and helps Therefore, the purpose of this review was to give an construct buildings like poles and pilings. It also extensive and systematic overview of both Rhizophora contributes to making fish traps. The young shoots can mucronata and Avicennia marina that are used to treat be used as a vegetable. It curbs coastal erosion and diabetes. restores the mangrove habitats [10, 11]. The roots provide the breeding place for fish and prawns, as well as the Rhizophora mucronata shelter for the juveniles. [12]. It also act as protection Description: Rhizophora mucronata belongs to family barrier against storms, hurricanes and tsunamis [10, 13]. and commonly known as red mangrove. It is an evergreen tree that is small to medium size of about Avicennia marina 20-25m growing on the river banks [8]. The tallest trees are Description [14]: Avicennia marina, belongs to the near the water whereas the shorter ones are located family Avicenniaceae and commonly known as grey further inland. It possesses many aerial stilt roots around mangrove. Avicennia marina grows like the shrub to the trunk. Its leaves are elliptical with a 12cm length and about 10 meters height in the tropical areas. They have 6cm width. They maintain elongated tips though they gnarled arrangements of several branches with thick easily break off. The pale underside of the leaves has leaves. It has aerial roots that develop to about 20cm with corky warts while the flowers grow in axillary clusters on a diameter of approximately 1cemtimeter. This ensures the branches. Every flower has cream-coloured calyx that sufficient oxygen absorption since its deficient in its has four and white hairy . Its seeds are habitats. The roots provide firm support to the plant viviparous that begin to grow while still held to the tree. during the regular tidal waves. It has white to golden The root starts to elongate and can extend to at least a yellow flower color that is in a bunch of three to five. Its meter. The propagule then gets detached from the twig fruit has huge cotyledons which surround the new once adequately developed to the source underneath the seedling stem. It is prone to stunted growth under extreme mud. saline situations. They dwell well where the waters are both salty and fresh. Nevertheless, in extreme salinity, the Distribution and Habitat: Rhizophora mucronata is species can excrete the salts via the leaves. located on the river banks of the Indo-Pacific areas and the sea edges [9]. It is the individual mangrove species Distribution and Habitat: It is found on the East Coast of that one can find in the East . It is native to African Africa, South and . Some are found in the nations like ; eastern ; eastern ; New Zealand, coast, Egypt, , ; the ; southeastern ; ; Somalia, , , , , eastern ; ; eastern South Saudi Arabia and the . They can create hatcheries Africa down the Nahoon in the southern. It is also present for fish and shellfish and sometimes offer recreational in South Pacific ( and ), Asia fisheries [15]. (Burma; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Diabetes Concern and the Use of Plants for its Burma; ; the Ryukyu Islands of & the Treatment: Diabetes is a global challenging health and Australia ( and Northern condition which has tremendously affected the human Territory). In all these regions, the Rhizophora mucronata being. It is a disease condition resulting from the body inhabits the estuaries, tidal creeks and the flat coastal system metabolic disorder due to hyperglycemia. areas that are prone to tidal flooding. It has higher However, the increasing number of diabetic issues has torelance compared to other mangrove species and mostly raised concern in the medical system and the society. creates an evergreen fringe to mangrove regions. This review, therefore, gave an expounded investigation

162 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 of the Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina and antimicrobial elements [21]. With this paper, one has plants utilized to lower the glucose levels and boost adequate knowledge on the use pattern of medicinal insulin production [16]. Mostly, diabetes is linked to plants to tackle diabetic oriented issues. Therefore, interruptions in the fat, carbohydrate and protein significant care is necessary for the development of drugs metabolism that cause a deficiency in insulin actions and from such extracts to make sure that the protocol is production when the pancreas cannot produce sufficient ecologically safe and economically viable [22]. insulin. Additionally the condition could result from the Determination of the likelihood of obesity occurrence body failure to respond to the readily produced insulin is significant for the medical practitioners since it can [17]. Due to increased cases of diabetes, people have assist in the mitigation of the development of diabetes in been advice to adopt healthy lifestyles and ensure regular the young persons. Additionally, the diabetic condition health care for the affected individuals. has the potential to cause vision loss, renal failure, Researchers have revealed that the natural remedies peripheral neuropathy that risks suffering from the foot are highly viable compared to the use of synthetic drugs ulcers, charcot joints, amputations and autonomic and the oral medications that could lead to adverse body neuropathy, that could result in cardiovascular difficulties side effects [18]. Hence, this has resulted in several plants and sexual dysfunction [ 23]. being recognized and confirmed highly successful for managing diabetes mellitus. Notably, such herbal drugs The relationship between the bioactive reagents in the can be utilized alongside with other synthetic medicines Avicennia marina and the Rhizophora mucronata and like insulin. There are active components in the medicinal diabetes: Diabetes results mainly from the oxidative stress plants that are critical for the healing of diabetes and its and an elevation in the reactive oxygen species which related problems. Plant-based drugs have been utilized to possess significant impacts. The disorder of the fight against the diabetes conditions for a long time now. metabolism of the fats, proteins and carbohydrates poses Even in the ancient time, diabetes was known and the a serious threat to the functioning of the body [24]. people relied on the herbs for a cure [19]. Diabetes Notably, the patients encounter raised blood sugar after mellitus is described as the condition where an individual each meal due to a deficiency in insulin. The present has inappropriate hyperglycemia resulting from a relative statistic shows that approximately 2.8% of the global or total deficiency of insulin. Importantly, it could occur population has the disease and prospects indicate that by due to insulin resistance at the cellular level. However, 2025, the percentage will have raised to 5.4% [25]. diabetes can be treated using the general medicines. The However, several plants have various natural pathogenesis of the insulin-dependent diabetes is via the antioxidants especially, the flavonoids, tannins and environmental causes which activate the autoimmune vitamin C and E. These reagents have the potential to actions on the genetically vulnerable people. In turn, it sustain -cells activity and reduce the blood glucose causes progressive loss of insulin. However, the non- levels. According to different published results, the insulin dependent diabetes is linked to impaired insulin medicinal plants are exceedingly affordable with reduced production, age and obesity. The diabetes mellitus is a side impacts in comparison with the counterfeit medicines. collection of disorders that have different etiology and Additionally, they have proven to be highly active in the pathogenesis. Its characteristics are elevated fasting and diabetes cure [26, 27]. Nevertheless, it is recommended postprandial glucose absorption, deficiency in insulin, that one undergoes an early diagnosis, management and abnormalities in glucose, protein and lipid metabolism ensure effective change in the lifestyles. Meaningfully, [20]. diabetes increased prevalence, variable pathogenesis, Most of the medicinal plants add to the dietary and advanced process and several complications justify the assist in the treatment of several diseases like the urgent need for possible treatments. However, currently, diabetes. Notably, very few medicinal trees have gained the various treatments include pharmacotherapy, insulin scientific and medical evaluations. Remedies must be put and diet therapy controls diabetes [28]. in place since most of the medicinal plants still have toxic Now, the health sector has ensured the development substances that are harmful to the body. Currently, of numerous glucose reducing drugs which exert anti- screening of various medicinal plants for biological diabetic implication via the diverse mechanism. To start actions is significant. Such plants have been confirmed with, the insulin secretion can be stimulated by unique with the capacity to produce several novel natural sulfonylurea and meglitinides drugs. Additionally, products. They contain anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic biguanides and thiazolidinediones are utilized to increase

163 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 the peripheral glucose absorption. The alpha-glucosidase [31]. The biological tests did help to determine the causes delayed carbohydrates absorption from the elements’ concentrations and their effects on the diabetic intestines while biguanides reduce the hepatic subjects. gluconeogenesis [29]. However, despite the use of such Avicennia marina contains the ecological and the advanced measures in the management of diabetes, the economic benefits [32]. Various parts of the plant have outcomes in patients remain far from perfect. Notably, the been proven to have ethno medicine uses in treating of synthetic treatments have some limitations like drug various diseases like diabetes. Notably, the resistance, toxicity and adverse effects. For instance, the pharmacological investigations on the Avicennia marina sulfonylurea becomes ineffective after six years of reveal antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti- treatment. Also, the glucose reducing medicines cannot microbial and antidiabetic activities on the species [33, control hyperlipidemia [30]. Therefore, the implications of 34]. It has unique bioactive compounds like the alkaloids, such drugs and their interactions in the body are an flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, glycosides and alarming concern. terpenoids [35]. Hence, this has ensured the traditional Currently, most of the treatment utilizing the medicine practitioners utilize its products to develop medicinal herbs is highly recognized. The components of drugs from the biological active phytochemical. the plants mainly have anti-diabetic actions. The anti- The science research and development perspectives hyperglycemic effects arising from the treatment with must utilize the available medicinal plants to improve the plants are as a result of the capacity to improve the diabetes treatment. Besides, this would advance the pancreatic tissue performance. Indeed, this is done profiles of the plants with important compounds that are through elevating the insulin secretions or lowering the potent for pharmaceutical applications. The review shows intestinal glucose absorption. baseline information of the healing ability of these The present review is based on the research of how species. Further studies on the species would be crucial Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata are to bridging the gap that exists in the application of the important for the cure of diabetes. The methanolic extract ethno medicine and the modern scientific findings of from the leaves of these plants have the anti-diabetic these plants. Avicennia marina is very useful since it is agents [31]. However, this is proved through the use of found all around the globe by use for the treatment of alloxan stimulated diabetic rats. They were then orally many diseases by most of the local communities. This is administered an extract of Rhizophora mucronata. The because they possess highly bioactive elements from the impact of the Rhizophora mucronata illustrated anti- roots, stems, seeds, bark, leaf and the fruits. diabetic characteristics which were taken for advanced Strategies to discover drugs from these natural assessment in medical research and the remedy products must incorporate practical scientific experiments development. The results showed that hydro alcoholic to avoid detrimental impacts on the plants. In this way, fruit extracts of Avicenna marina reduce the serum the plant's therapeutic importance will be realized. glucose level in the test rats. It was found that the extracts Avicennia marina has different metabolites for various considerably reduced the blood glucose levels. chemicals that make it necessary for pharmacological Rhizophora mucronata bark has significant amount uses. The phytochemical components of the species have of bioactive compounds like the glycosides, been performed using various solvent extracts like anthroquinone, phenolics compounds, catachin, benzene, hexane, methanol, ethanol, acetone and triterpenes, sugar, protein and tannins that assist in the chloroform. This helps to trace the phytochemicals management of diabetes. The tannin substance binds present in the different plant parts. rapidly and occurs in two forms; the condensed and the The pharmacological actions reported in the hydrolysable tannin. The condensed form results in the Avicennia species have been validated on its importance flavonoids while the hydrolysable form comprises of the in the medicinal uses via exploration of the bioactivity of monosaccharide that has catechin derivative associated the plants either in vitro or in vivo. However, such with it. The phenolic properties demonstrate its enzyme studies entailing the elucidation of the active compounds inhibitory and the metabolic activity. These metabolic will result in medicinal science aiming to treat diabetes substances contribute to their medicinal purposes. The effectively [36]. Indeed, the therapeutic usefulness of the bark proves to have the major constituents for the species in diabetes treatment calls for conservation of treatments. Rhizophora mucronata has thermostable these medicinal plants for the development of essential compounds that contain higher thermo labile components drugs in future. These plants prove to be competent

164 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 reservoirs for the isolation of biomolecules such as the Traditionally, the species is still used to lower the lipids. Importantly, this is attributed to their high content diabetes symptoms. However, despite the scientific in polyphenolics and metabolites that are implanted in the validation of the active biochemical compounds in the sticky polysaccharides. Avicennia marina, there exists a large gap to enlarge the Notably, the lipids generated from the ethnomedicinal existing knowledge on the species uses as an antidiabetic. plant's tissues readily undergo extensive enzyme degradation once their extraction is via chloroform- The Protective Implications of the Hydro-alcoholic methanol combination. The phenolic compounds and the Extracts of Avicennia marina: Diabetes is described as polysaccharides components show retardation in the the chronic metabolic disorder that is attributed to isolation of total lipids from the Rhizophora mucronata absolute or relative deficiencies in the secretion of insulin leaves. The primary fat in the Rhizophora mucronata is [40]. The insulin activity is linked to the chronic the tri-terpenoids whose concentration has antidiabetic hyperglycemia and the lipid, protein and carbohydrate actions. The species also provide food supplements that metabolism disorders. However, diabetes occurs in three aid in the reduction of the diabetes complications. Some types, type 1 diabetes that results from cell damage that of the components like the gums and glues have also causes total insulin deficiency, diabetes, types 2 and gained interest in the present industry of medicine. In fact, gestational diabetes. The others diabetes disorders the properties of the proteins, amino acids and the include –cell function genetic defect in insulin activity, carbohydrates are crucial for maintained life processes exocrine pancreases disease infections, endocrinopathies [37]. The others components include carbon, sulfur and other immune-mediated diabetes. In fact, the -cells molecules which would have great pharmacological and that are located in the pancreas play a crucial role in the toxicological significance. Such pharmacological activities glycemic homeostasis. The lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, make them useful in the diabetes cure. The phenolic incretin receptor expression and the inflammatory compounds include the lignin that contributes to the mediators modulate the operation and endurance of the flavor and taste of the foods. Importantly, the different -cell. However, the oxidative stress is believed to lead to classes of flavonoids are significant for the physiological the onset and the expansion of diabetes in the body. procedure and display antioxidant activity and have Diabetes has severe problems that affect the human antihistamines both that are critical in the management of health. Indeed, it could result in micro and macrovascular diabetes [38]. issues [41]. Uncontrolled diabetes situations are allied The flavonoids and flavonol-lignin prevent lipid with chronic problems that involve blindness, renal failure peroxidation. Practical modifications of the flavonoids and heart disease. Critical alterations in the metabolism compound found in the species develop substances that and the lipid structure occur. The liver and the kidneys are marketed for the reduced symptoms of diabetes. Also, help in the absorption, metabolism and the oxidation of the biosynthetic component made by the intermediates of the free fatty acids and synthesize the phospholipids, the cinnamic acids and flavonoids reveal significant triglycerides and cholesterol. The herbal medicine has, antioxidant activity that is crucial to the management of therefore, become a significant aspect to explore and to diabetes. The high level of compounds like tannin and the cure diabetes. distastefulness in the plants makes them not advisable to The traditional medicine has increasingly become be consumed directly as food. Avicennia marina popular among the consumers as an alternative to the use hypocotyls are processed and then added to the diet. of synthetic drugs [42]. The medicinal plants generate Their metabolites ensure improved bioactivities. different chemicals elements during their metabolic Nonetheless, the distribution of the species allows mechanisms for their survival in the ecology. Extracts from individuals to choose on how they can apply the various parts of the plants show bioactive properties that products for the benefits of the society without abusing are used for medicinal purposes. The herbal drugs and the resources. plants elements have very low toxicity and no side effects Toxicity studies on the Avicennia marina indicate have been reported worldwide on the use of the herbs. In that there are no toxicity impacts against the normally fact, most of the experiments show that the plants have growing cells [39]. The extracts, therefore, prove useful in hypoglycemic properties that manage diabetes [43]. The the treatment of diabetes without any detrimental effect presence of such characteristic indicates the significance on the body. It gives the urge to strive to get the of the plants in the delivery of the anti-diabetic response. medicinal value of the plant alongside its other uses. For instance, tannin boosts the performance of Beta-cells

165 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 and raises the secretion of insulin. Quercetin is proves to It is crucial to understand the processes that get be an effective antioxidant which poses many involved in the diabetes condition prior comprehension of mechanisms associated with the exclusion of the oxygen the occurrence of the diabetes condition. The radicals thereby preventing lipid peroxidation and pathological process entailed consists of four critical chelation of the metal ion [44]. However, the factors metabolic processes that destroy the hyperglycemia- related to these plants lead to the elimination of the induced cell and diabetes linked disorders like the rise in diabetic complication. the polyol conduit flux; protein kinase C trigger; Type 1and 2 diabetes conditions are linked with the augmented sophisticated glycation end product (AGE) significant development of the free radicals and the creation and raised hexosamine pathway flux [48]. Cell lowered antioxidant potential. The diabetes is a natural damage is portrayed through the destruction of the state in the developed and the growing nations that affect carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. On the other hand, the millions of individuals. The condition is believed to complications associated to diabetic consist of the increase in the future due to increased changes in the nephropathy, neuropathy and the retinopathy [49]. lifestyles. Therefore, the management of diabetes is Additionally, it is significant to understand that the significantly recognized and it possesses a significant oxidative stress impacted on the insulin signaling. The threat. These have led to the development of the standard insulin signaling pathway can be impaired counterfeit and plant medicines. However, the plant drugs during the oxidative stress situation that in turn causes are highly favored since the synthetic drugs have the beginning of the signaling pathways [50]. Conversely, dangerous side implications that involve the this comprises of the reduction in the GLUT-4, gene hypoglycemia, nausea, liver and heart failure, transcription, activation of the stress kinases and gastrointestinal discomfort, weight gain and diarrhea [45]. alteration in the mitochondrial activity; and the mediated apoptosis of the free fatty acids. The study demonstrates Thus, a lot of people have turned into the several plants that the oxidative stress state can trigger several stress available due to their richness in the antidiabetic kinases together with the stress signaling activation like components. The herbal preparations lack significant side the NF-ê that has adverse impacts on the standard implications. Estimates show that many plants species insulin signaling protocol. However, the trigger of other possess secondary metabolites that manage diabetes stress signaling process like the MAPK, p38 and the mellitus worldwide. JNK/SAPK interferes with the insulin indication by the Scientists have, therefore, identified the antioxidant dephosphorylating the IRS. Indeed, this results into the compounds in the Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia deactivation of the signaling cascades that causes insulin marina that are used for antidiabetic treatment. resistance. The glucose transporters facilitate the glucose Importantly, they have unique biological activities which diffusion into the cell. Here, the GLUT1 and GLUT4 have are rich in the medicinal contents that can manage a critical role in the insulin signaling. diabetes and relieve the associated oxidative stress. The However, the oxidative stress regulates the GLUT4 species have been proven to produce reactive oxygen expression that further decreases [51]. Additionally, the species as well as massive antioxidant products levels. mitochondria have a crucial role in insulin release from the Meaningfully, the oxidative stress leads to the -cells to respond to the blood glucose levels. The development of diabetic problems which makes the plant dysfunction of the mitochondrial due to oxidative stress crucial to improving diabetes and its correlated difficulties causes the insulin resistance and could be the causal of [16]. In fact, this makes it a global concern to determine the diabetes expansion [52]. Besides, the free fatty acids the antioxidant elements which are pharmacologically (FFA) and the hyperglycemia increase ROS and the effective and display reduced or lacks side effects. reactive nitrogen species creation degrees and initiate the However, the phytochemicals and the metabolites stress signaling conduits that result in the dysfunction of generated from these trees are stated to display potent the -cell and the resistance of the insulin. This antioxidant compounds for both enzymatic and non- knowledge guides on the antidiabetic potential of the enzymatic actions [46]. The plants exhibit antidiabetic phytochemicals that the mangrove species may have. It mechanisms that are linked to the specific metabolites like involves their elements such as the steroids, aliphatic the flavonoids, triterpenoids, polysaccharides and the alcohols, hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, tannins, limonoids [47]. In fact, this makes the plant crucial to terpenes, lipids, tannins, triterpenes, pheromones, tackling the diabetic and its related oxidative stress alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, etc. compounds that have associated difficulties. recognized pharmacological bioactivity.

166 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017

Compounds of the Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia The evidence that Avicennia marina has the marina That Have the Antidiabetic Activity antihyperglycemic activity was done through its ethanolic Alkaloids: Alkaloids produce antihyperglycemic activity leaf extracts in alloxan stimulated diabetic rats. After they by making sure that the pancreas produces insulin from were treated for 15 days, the blood glucose reduced the -cell of islets and enhances the transportation of the considerably while the total hemoglobin (Hb), serum blood sugar to the marginal cell. The alkaloids include insulin degrees and the total proteins increased. Notably, trigonellin, granatoin, xylogranatinin and acanthicifoline the leaf extracts from the Avicennia marina can decrease (47). the serum urea which is evidence that it can protect the significance tissues such as the pancreas, liver and the Polysaccharides: These have antihyperglycemic effects, kidney. The likely mechanism associated with the the impact is due to the increased tolerance to glucose, antihyperglycemic activity of the Avicennia marina is due elevated serum insulin levels and lowered blood glucose. to be the capacity to stimulate the surviving -cells that in turn releases enormous amounts of insulin. Flavonoids: They assist in the diabetic treatment through Additionally, the methanolic extracts of the Avicennia prevention of the -cell apoptosis, promotion of the -cell marina pneumatophores or the aerial roots indicate the propagation and the secretion of insulin and enhance the antihyperglycemic effect that could be attributed to the insulin activity. Avicennia marina is highly rich in the AGEs inhibition. The recent studies showed that the flavonoids that exhibit hypoglycemic activities. triterpenoids like the stigmasterol-3-O- -D- glucopyranoside reveal hypoglycemic constituents in the Saponins: Mainly steroidal glycosides and tree species and responsible for its antiglycation actions. triterpenoids: Importantly these compounds have potent Rhizophora annamalayana, hypoglycemic effect that revealed the existence of the - and Rhizophora mucronata have shown the antidiabetic amyrin in the Avicennia marina which helps in the activity [56]. The ethanolic root extracts from these antidiabetic actions of this mangrove species. In fact, the species indicated the potentiality for antidiabetic effects. ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and lupeol are pentacyclic Notably, the chloroform and the ethanolic aqueous sub triterpenoids located in the mangrove species like the fractions extracts from their roots show richness in Avicennia marina that have the antidiabetic activities phytochemicals that have antihyperglycemic activity. The [53]. purification of the extracts results in the isolation of lupeol, -sitosterol- -D-glucoside, -sitosterol, inositol, Phenolic Compounds: Importantly, this could inhibit the oleanolic acid, palmitic acid and pinitol. Therefore, the hypoglycemic actions through increased degrees of antidiabetic characters lead into the drastic scavenging serum insulin that rise the tissues sensitivity to the insulin and the safeguard of -cell. The administration of the effects. In turn, this stimulates the enzymatic activities for aqueous extract modulated the blood sugar, body weight, the use of glucose and inhibits the -amylase activity. FFA, plasma, triglycerides, cholesterol, glycosylated Tannins curb the diabetes disorders by decreasing hemoglobin and phospholipids to standard intensity in the AGEs and the oxidative stress formation. Both the the alloxan-induced rats. Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina are rich of The antidiabetic action of Rhizophora mucronata the tannins [54]. could result in the improved levels of the insulin secretion and its mechanism. Rhizophora mucronata can restrain Progress of Antidiabetic Research in Rhizophora carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Additionally, the mucronata and Avicennia marina: Mangrove plants have aqueous bark extracts of Rhizophora mucronata have been documented to inhabit the hostile ecological significant hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic reactions situations that have high salinity and temperatures, water Additionally, the Rhizophora mucronata hydro-alcoholic logging and reduced light and oxygen levels [55]. bark extracts show anti-hyperglycemic activity that is Research shows that they have abundant antioxidant associated with its -glycosidase inhibition potential [57]. elements discussed in this context. However, this is the case for all the other mangrove trees that are associated CONCLUSIONS with increased antidiabetic activity. The research done have reported that there are several ways that the plants Plants are natural antioxidants and useful herbal can show their antidiabetic potential: reduction of the remedies mostly due to their anti-diabetic compounds, like intestinal glucose absorption, insulin mimetic motion, the phenolics, tannin, flavonoids and alkaloids which lowering of the AGEs and exerting antioxidative effects. boost the pancreatic tissues performances via elevation

167 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017 of the insulin secretion and lowering the absorption of 7. Suganthy, N. and K. Pandima Devi, 2016. In vitro glucose by the intestines. However, further research is antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of significant to separate the active biochemical compounds Rhizophora mucronata. Pharmaceutical Biology, of the plants and to identify their molecular interactions 54(1): 118-129. that are vital for the assessment of their curative elements. 8. Mahmud, I., M.K. Islam, S. Saha, A.K. Barman, Additionally, these traditional therapeutic plants are M. M.Rahman, M. Anisuzzman and M. Rahmatullah, widely recognized in the world to cure diabetes. While, 2014. Pharmacological Overview of Heriterafomes; the existing information about most of the plants needs to Future Prospects. International Scholarly undergo regular studies to determine the anti-diabetic Research Notices, Volume 2014(2014), Article mechanism of the prospective plants. ID938543, pp: 12. However, studies on the Rhizophora mucronata and 9. Manilal, A., B. Merdekios, A. Idhayadhulla, Avicennia marina have shown that they contain the anti- C. Muthukumar and M. Melkie, 2015. An invitro diabetic characteristics as described in this context. antagonistic efficacy validation of Rhizophora Moreover, there should be clinical intervention to offer mucronata. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, evidence for secure and efficient utilization of the 5(1): 28-32. identified trees in diabetes treatment. 10. Alongi, D.M., 2008. Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis and responses to global REFERENCES climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76: 1-13. 1. Gomes, E.A., L. Silva, E.F. Silva-Júnior., J.C.C. Santos, 11. Hardoko, E.S., Y.E. Puspitasari and R. Amalia, 2015. A.R.B. Lima, G.R. Silva, P.F. Silva, D.P. Barbosa, Study of ripe Rhizophora mucronata fruit flour as a M.S. Alexandre-Moreira, M.S. Santos and functional food for antidiabetic. International Food J.X. Araújo-Júnior, 2016. Biological activity of Research Journal, 22(3): 953-959. atomized extract of Syzygium cumin (L.) Skeel 12. Nagelkerken, I., G. van der Velde, M.W. Gorissen, (Myrtaceae) edible fruit. Journal of Chemical and G. J. Meijer, T. van’t Hof and C. Hartog, 2000. Pharmaceutical Research, 8(7): 190-197. Importance of , seagrass beds and 2. Dhayanithi, N.B., T.A. Kumar, R.G. Murthy and theshallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral K. Kathiresan, 2012. Isolation of antibacterials from reef fishes, using a visual census technique. the mangrove, Avicennia marina and their activity Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 51: 31-44. against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 13. Alongi, D.M., 2005. “Mangrove-microbe-soil Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, relations.” In Macro- and Microorganisms in Marine 2(3): 1892-1895. 3. Sarkhel, S., 2014. Ethnogynaecological uses of plants Sediments.Eds., Kristensen, E., R.R. Haeseand J.E. by the Lodha Community of Paschim Medinipur Kostka.pp:85-103. Washington DC: American District, West Bengal. World Journal of Alternative Geophysical Union. Medicine, 1(1): 01-04. 14. Nayak, B.K., T. Janaki and T. Ganesan, 2014. 4. Offor, S.C.E.,. E.N. Ukpabi, M.E. Ogbanshi, P.C. Ugwu Antimicrobial activity of Avicennia marina (Forsk) Okechukwu and B.U. Nwali., 2014. The effects of Vierh from Back water area of Puducherry. ethanol leaf-extract of Anacardium occidentale on International Journal of Chemtech Research, Haemoglobin and packed cell volume of albino rats. 6(11): 4667-4670. World Journal of Alternative Medicine, 1(1): 05-08. 15. Duke, N., K. Kathiresan, S.G. Salmo III, E.S. Fernando, 5. Beyazen, A., E. Dessalegn and W. Mamo, 2017. J.R. Peras, S. Sukardjo, T. Miyagi, J. Ellison, N.E. Phytochemical screening and biological activities of Koedam, Y. Wang, J. Primavera, O. Jin Eong, J. Wan- leaf of Foeniculum vulgare (Ensilal). World Journal Hong Yong and V. Ngoc Nam, 2010. Avicennia of Agricultural Sciences, 13(1): 01-10. marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6. Addisu, D., L. Adane and P. Vijayalakshmi, 2016. 2010. Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of 16. Morada, N.J., E.B. Metillo, M.M. Uy and J.M. Oclarit, minimum antibacterial inhibitory concentrations 2016. Toxicity and hypoglycemic effect of tannin- ofmMethanolic extracts of the root and leaves of Aloe containing extract from the mangrove tree yavellana. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Sonneratiaalba Sm. Bulletin of Environmental 12(3): 190-195. Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 5: 85-64.

168 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017

17. Kahn, S.E., M.E. Cooper and S. Del Prato, 2014. 27. Modak, M., P. Dixit, J. Londhe, S. Ghaskadbi, A. Paul Pathophysiology and treatment Of type 2 diabetes: and T. Devasagayam, 2007. Indian Herbs and Herbal Perspectives On The Past, Present And Future. Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes. Journal of Lancet, 383(9922): 1068-1083. Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 40(3): 163-173. 18. Noor, A., V.S. Bansal and M.A. Vijayalakshmi, 2013. 28. George, M.M. and K.C. Copeland, 2013. Current update on anti-diabetic biomolecules from Current Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes key traditional Indian medicinal plants. Current Mellitus in Youth: Today’s Realities and Lessons Science, 104(6): 721-727. from the TODAY Study. Current Diabetes Reports, 19. Murugan, K., D. Dinesh, M. Paulpandi, 13(1): 72-80. J. Subramaniam, R. Rakesh, P. Amuthavalli, 29. Sena, C.M., C.F. Bento, P. Pereira and R. Seiça, 2010. C.Panneerselvam, U. Suresh, C. Vadivalagan, Saleh Diabetes mellitus: new challenges and innovative M. Alsalhi, S. Devanesan, H. Wei, A. Higuch, therapies. European Association for Predictive M. Nicoletti, A. Canale and G. Benell, 2016. Preventive and Personalized Medicine Journal, Mangrove HelpsSonneratia alba-synthesized silver 1(1): 138-163. nanoparticles magnify Guppy fish predation against 30. Daniel, M.J., 2011. Lipid Management in Patients with Aedesaegypti young instars and down-regulate the Type 2 Diabetes. American Health & Drug Benefits, expression of envelope (E) gene in dengue virus 4(5): 312-322. (Serotype DEN-2). Journal of Cluster Science, 31. Revathi, P., P. Thirumalaikolundusubramanian and 28(1): 437-461. N. Prabhu, 2013. Medicinal properties of mangrove 20. Zaccardi, F., D.R. Webb, T. Yates and M.J. Davies, plants-an overview. International Journal of 2016. Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes Bioassays, 2(12): 1597-1600. mellitus: a 90-year perspective. Postgraduate Medical 32. Abdel-Aziz, S.M., F.E. Mouafi, Y.A. Moustafa and Journal. 92(1084): 63-9. N.A. Abdelwahed, 2016. Medicinal Importance of 21. Hyun, T.K., H.C. Kim and J.S. Kim, 2015. In vitro Mangrove Plants. In Microbes in Food and Health. Screening for Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp: 77-96. Antidiabetic Properties of Some Korean Native Plants 33. Bobbarala, V., V.R. Vadlapudi and K.C. Naidu, 2009. on Mt. Halla, Jeju Island. Indian Journal of Antimicrobial Potentialities of Mangrove Plant Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77(6): 668-674. Avicennia marina. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 22.. Katiyar, C., A. Gupta, S. Kanjilal and S. Katiyar, 2012. 2(9): 1019-1021. Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated 34. Zandi, K., M.T. Aherzadeh, R. Yaghoubi, approach. Ayu, 33(1): 10-19. S. Tajbakhsh, Z. Rastian, M. Fouladvand and 23. American Diabetes Association. 2009. Diagnosis and K. Sartavi, 2009. Antiviral activity of Avicennia Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, marina against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 32(Suppl 1): S62-S67. vaccine strain of poliovirus. Journal of Medicinal 24. Ravikumar, S., S.J. Inbaneson, P. Suganthi, Plants Research, 3(10): 771-775. M. Venkatesan and A. Ramu, 2011. Mangrove 35. Dinesh K.R. and R. Rajakumar, 2016. Gas plants as a source of lead compounds for the chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of development of new antiplasmodial drugs from bioactive components from ethanol extract of South East coast of India. Parasitology Research, Avicennia marina leaves. Innovare Journal of 108(6): 1405-1410. Sciences, 4(4): 9-12. 25. Mutlu, F., A. Bener, A. Eliyan, H. Delghan, E. Nofal, 36. Coelho, G.D.P., V.S. Martins, L.V.D. Amaral, L. Shalabi and N. Wadi, 2014. Projection of Diabetes R.D. Novaes, M.M. Sarandy and R.V. Gonçalves, Burden through 2025 and Contributing Risk Factors 2016. Applicability of Isolates and Fractions of Plant of Changing Disease Prevalence: An Emerging Public Extracts in Murine Models in Type II Diabetes: A Health Problem. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, Systematic Review. Evidence-Based Complementary 5(2). and Alternative Medicine, 2016, Article ID3537163. 26. Musabayane, C., 2012. The effects of medicinal 37. Bansode, T.S., A. Gupta, B. Shinde and B.K. Salalkar, plants on renal function and blood pressure in 2017. Partial purification and antidiabetic effect of diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Medicinal 23(8): 462-468. Plants. MicroMedicine, 5(1): 1-7.

169 Advan. Biol. Res., 11 (4): 161-170, 2017

38. Balaji, R.M., C. Jeyaram, K.M. Sundaram and 49. Papatheodorou, K., N. Papanas, M. Banach, D. M.S. Ramasamy, 2015. Studies on the antidiabetic Papazoglou and M. Edmonds, 2016. Complications of activity of Indian medicinal plants using -amylase Diabetes 2016. Journal of Diabetes Research, Volume and -glukosidase inhibitory activity-a pathway to 2016 (2016), Article ID 6989453, pp: 3 . antidiabetic drugs. World Journal of Medicinal 50. Kumar, S., M. Saini, V. Kumar, O. Prakash, R. Arya, Sciences,12(3): 207-212. M. Rana and D. Kumar, 2012. Traditional medicinal 39. Rege, A.A. and A. S. Chowdhary, 2013. plants curing diabetes: A promise for today and Ethnopharmacological aspects of mangroves and tomorrow. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine, mangrove ecosystem: A review. The Journal of 7(4): 178-188. Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine Photon, 51. Selvaraj, G., S. Kaliamurthi and 119: 484-493. R. Thirugnanasambandam, 2015. Influence of 40. Das, S.K., D. Samantaray, J.K. Patra, L. Samantaand Rhizophora apiculataBlume extracts on - and H. Thatoi, 2016. Antidiabetic potential of glucosidase: enzyme kinetics and molecular docking mangrove plants: a review. Frontiers in Life Science, studies. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 9(1): 75-88. 4(4): 653-660. 41. Rout, P., S. Singh, N. Kumar and U.C. Basak, 2015. 52. Thatoi, H., D. Samantaray and S.K. Das, 2016. The Nutritional and antioxidant potential of some genus Avicennia, a pioneer group of dominant selected edible mangrove fruits of Odisha coast. mangrove plant species with potential International Journal of Advances in Scientific medicinal values: a review. Frontiers in Life Science, Research, 1(9): 349-355. 9(4): 267-291. 42. Braun L.A., E. Tiralongo, J.M. Wilkinson, O. Spitzer, 53. Thatoi, H.N., J.K. Patra and S.K. Das, 2014. Free M. Bailey, S. Poole, et al., 2010. Perceptions, use radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of and attitudes of pharmacy customers on mangrove plants: a review. Acta Physiologiae complementary medicines and pharmacy practice. Plantarum, 36(3): 561-579. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 54. Suganthy, N., S.K. Pandian and K.P. Devi, 2009. 10(38): 10 (38):1-7. Cholinesterase inhibitory effects of Rhizophora 43. Patel, D., S. Prasad, R. Kumar and S. Hemalatha, 2012. lamarckii, , An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having Sesuviumportulacastrum and Suaedamonica: insulin mimetic property. Asian Pacific Journal of mangroves inhabiting an Indian coastal area (Vellar Tropical Biomedicine, 2(4): 320-330. Estuary). Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal 44. Bentz, A.B., 2009. A Review of Quercetin: Chemistry, Chemistry, 24(3): 702-707. Antioxidant Properties and Bioavailability. A 55. Banerjee, D., S. Chakrabarti, A.K. Hazra, S. Banerjee, research paper, Journal of Young Investigators, J. Ray and B. Mukherjee, 2008. Antioxidant activity Appalachian State Univ., NC, US. and total phenolics of some mangroves in 45. Foo, L.W., E. Sallehand and S.N.H. Mamat, 2015. Sundarbans. African Journal of Biotechnology, Extraction and qualitative analysis of piper 7(6): 805-810. betle leaves for antimicrobial Activities. 56. Saranraj, P. and D. Sujitha, 2015. Mangrove Medicinal International Journal of Engineering and Technical Plants: A Review. American-Eurasian Journal of Research, 2: 1-8. Toxicological Sciences, 7(3): 146-156. 46. Racch, M.L., 2013. Antioxidant Defenses in Plants 57. Eldeen, I.M. and M.A. Effendy, 2013. Antimicrobial with Attention to Prunus and Citrus spp. agents from mangrove plants and their endophytes. Antioxidants, 2(4): 340-369. Microbial pathogens and Strategies for Combating 47. Das, SK., D. Samantaray, J.K. Patra, L. Samanta and them: Science, Technology and Education, 9ed. H. Thatoi, 2016. Antidiabetic potential of mangrove Méndez-Vilas, A. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex Research plants: a review. Frontiers in life science, 9(1): 75-88. Center, pp: 872-882. 48. Giacco, F. and M. Brownlee, 2010. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circulation Research, 107(9): 1058-1070.

170