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Ecosystem Services of Avicennia Marina in the Red Sea

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Ecosystem Services of Avicennia marina in the Red Sea Dissertation by Hanan Almahasheer In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia November, 2016 2 EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PAGE The dissertation by Hanan Almahasheer is approved by the examination committee. Committee Chairperson: Xabier Irigoien Committee Members: Carlos Duarte, Danielle Daffonchio, Catherine Lovelock 3 © November, 2016 Hanan Almahasheer All Rights Reserved 4 ABSTRACT Ecosystem Services of Avicennia marina in the Red Sea Hanan Almahasheer The Red Sea is an arid environment, without riverine inputs, oligotrophic waters and extreme temperature and salinity. Avicennia marina is the dominant vegetation in the shores of the Red Sea. However, little is known about their distribution, dynamics, and services. Therefore, the aim of this Ph.D. was to obtain the basic information needed to evaluate their role in the coastal ecosystems and quantify their services. With that objective we 1) estimated the past and present distribution of mangroves in the Red Sea, 2) investigated the growth, leave production and floration 3) examined the growth limiting factors 4) measured the nutrients and heavy metal dynamics in the leaves and 5) estimated carbon sequestration. We found an increase of about 12% in the last 41 years, which contrasts with global trends of decrease. The extreme conditions in the Red Sea contributed to limit their growth resulting in stunted trees. Hence, we surveyed Central Red Sea mangroves to estimate their node production with an average of 9.59 node y-1 then converted that number into time to have a plastochrone interval of 38 days. As mangroves are taller in the southern Red Sea where both temperature and nutrients are higher than the Central Red Sea, we assessed nutrient status Avicennia marina propagules and naturally growing leaves to find the leaves low in nutrient concentrations (N < 1.5 %, P < 0.09 %, Fe < 0.06) and that nutrients are reabsorbed before shedding the leaves (69%, 72% and 35% for N, P, and Fe respectively). As a result, we conducted a fertilization experiment (N, P, Fe and combinations) to find that iron additions alone led to significant growth responses. Moreover, we estimated their leaf production and used our previous estimates of both the total cover mangrove in the Red Sea along with plastochrone interval to assess their total nutrients flux per year to be 2414 t N, 139 t P and 98 t Fe. We found them to sequester 34 g m-2 y-1, which imply 4590 tons of carbon sequestered per year for the total mangroves covered by the Red Sea. 5 ARABIC ABSTRACT ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻨﺒﺎت ُاﻟﻘﺮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺣﻨﺎن اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺷﻴﺮ ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ، وﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻘﺼﻮى واﻟﻤﻠﻮﺣﺔ. إن ُاﻟﻘﺮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ وﺣﺮﻛﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ. ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراﻩ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ دورﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ، وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ. ﻟﺬا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻋﻠﻰ (1) ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ وﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻷﻳﻜﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ و (2) دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻧﺘﺎج اﻷوراق واﻹزﻫﺎر (3) وﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺣﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ (4) وﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎت، وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق و(5) ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﺰل اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن. وﺟﺪﻧﺎ زﻳﺎدة ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ 12 ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ واﻷرﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن. أﺳﻬﻤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ، ﻣﻤﺎ أدى اﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر أﺷﺠﺎر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﺟﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺤﺎ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻷﻳﻜﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻟﺘﻘــــــــﺪﻳﺮ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل 9.59 ﻋﻘﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻰ زﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺼـــــﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ زﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻮاﻗــــــــــﻊ 38 ﻳﻮﻣﺎ. وﺑﻤـــــــﺎ أن ﻧﺒﺎﺗــــــــــــــﺎت اﻷﻳﻜﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ أﻃـــﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴـــﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ودرﺟـــــــﺔ اﻟﺤــــــــــــﺮارة واﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳــــــــــﺎت أﻋﻠـــــﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــــــــﺔ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ. ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﺟــﺮاء ﺗﻘﻴﻴــــــﻢ ﻟﻮﺿــﻊ اﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳـــــــــﺎت ﻟــﺒﺬور ﻧﺒــــﺎت اﻟﻘـــــﺮم وأوراﻗـــﻪ اﻟﻨــــــﺎﻣﻴــــــــــــــﺔ ﺑﺼـﻮرة ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴــــﺔ ﻟـﻴﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨــــــــﺎ أن اﻷوراق ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀــــﺔ ﻣــــــــﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺤﺘـــــــــــﻮى اﻟﻨﺒـــــــــﺎت ﻣـــــﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻــــــــــــﺮ اﻟﻐــﺬاﺋﻴـــــــــــــــــﺔ (N < 1.5 %, P < 0.09 %, Fe < 0.06) وأن اﻟﻤﻐـــــــــــــــﺬﻳﺎت ﻳﻌــــــــــﺎد اﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻗﺒــــــــﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻗـــﻂ اﻷوراق (%69 و %72 و %35 ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ و اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر و اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ). وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ، أﺟﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﺧﺼﺎب ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎت، واﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أن اﻻﺿﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﺪ أدت إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ إﻧﺘﺎج أوراﻗﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮاﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮع ﻏﻄﺎء ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻷﻳﻜﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ، واﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎً ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ 139 ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮر و 2414 ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ و 98 ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ، وأﺧﻴﺮاً ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﺰل ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ 34 ﺟﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ وﺟﻮد 4590 ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺰول ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻷﻳﻜﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﻄﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, Praise be to Allah Although only my name appears on the cover of this dissertation, many great people have supported me to finish it, my thanks and appreciation to all of them for their help during this unforgettable experience. I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Xabier Irigoien, I have been fortunate to have an advisor who was so generous with his time and immense knowledge, not only that he assisted me in each step to complete this dissertation but also guided me when my steps faltered. I can’t thank him enough for encouraging me throughout this experience. I am also truly grateful to my co-supervisor Prof. Carlos Duarte. His guidance, insightful comments, and constructive criticisms have been a valuable input to my research. I am forever thankful to him for holding me to a higher research standard. I thank Prof. Catherine Lovelock and Prof. Danielle Daffonchio for accepting to be in my examination committee. I am extremely grateful to King Abdullah University of Science and Technology for the scholarship and financial support. My sincere thanks to both Eng. Abdulaziz Aljowair from King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology and Dr. Oscar Serrano from the University of Western Australia for sharing their expertise with me. 7 I thank KAUST central workshops, Coastal and Marine Resources Core Labs, in particular, Dr. Nabeel Alikunhi, Dr. Zenon Batang and to all boat captains for the significant help I received from them during my field work. To the coast guards for letting me use their boat when ours did not work. The Analytical core lab for providing me the training to analyze my samples. KAUST greenhouse Dr. Muppala Reddy for always letting me borrow anything I needed. And to the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment for providing weather data. To Mr. Abdullah Alwatied from the Saudi Wildlife Authority for sharing his knowledge. I also thank Dr. Joao Curdia for helping me in the Nursery work. And I warmly appreciate the help from Mrs. Christine Nelson, Ana Sofia Viegas, and Lily Chen regarding any administrative matters. I thankfully acknowledge KAUST school grade 5 and 11 students and their teachers Mr. Euan Riddell and Mrs. Caitlin McQuaid for helping me plant mangrove seedlings in the beach. I consider that my greatest achievements at KAUST and a memory I will cherish forever. I am forever thankful to my friends Widyan Alamoudi and Alanoud Albugami for their friendship, emotional support, and the extra hands whenever I needed in the lab. Finally, my deep and sincere gratitude to my beloved parents, brothers, and sisters for the encouragement and support throughout the whole period. This journey would not have been possible without their love, patience, and faith. I dedicate this milestone to them. 8 Table of Contents EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PAGE ..................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 4 ARABIC ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. 6 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 11 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 14 List of Supplementary Tables ............................................................................................ 17 List of Supplementary Figures ........................................................................................... 18 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 19 Mangroves ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 1. Definition and history ......................................................................................................................... 19 2. Species and distribution ....................................................................................................................
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    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6(3):179-184 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Phylogenetic relationships among the mangrove species of Acanthaceae found in Indian Sundarban, as revealed by RAPD analysis Surya Shekhar Das 1, Swati Das (Sur) 2 and Parthadeb Ghosh* 1Department of Botany, Bolpur College, Birbhum, West Bengal, India 2Department of Botany, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nadia, West Bengal, India _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT RAPD markers were successfully used to identify and differentiate all the five species of Acanthaceae found in the mangrove forest of Indian Sundarban, to assess the extent of interspecific genetic diversity among them, to reveal their molecular phylogeny and to throw some light on the systematic position of Avicennia. The dendrogram reveals that the five species under study exhibits an overall similarity of 60.7%. Avicennia alba and A. officinalis (cluster C1) have very close relationship between them and share a common node in the dendrogram at a 73.3% level of similarity. Avicennia marina and Acanthus ilicifolius (cluster C2) also have close relationship between them as evident by a common node in the dendrogram at 71.8% level of similarity. Acanthus volubilis showed 68.1% similarity with cluster C1 and 60.7% similarity with cluster C2. Our study also supported the view of placing Avicennia under Acanthaceae. Regarding the relative position of Avicennia within Acanthaceae, it was shown to be very close to Acanthoideae. In comparison to other species, A. marina showed most genetic variability, suggesting utilization of this species over others for breeding programme and as source material in in situ conservation programmes.
  • Mesoscale Numerical Study of Quasi-Stationary Convective System Over Jeddah in November 2009

    Mesoscale Numerical Study of Quasi-Stationary Convective System Over Jeddah in November 2009

    Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2013, 3, 73-86 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2013.31010 Published Online January 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/acs) Mesoscale Numerical Study of Quasi-Stationary Convective System over Jeddah in November 2009 Mohammed Haggag1,2*, Hesham El-Badry2,3 1Hydraulics and Irrigation Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt 2Resources and Environment Department, Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners), Cairo, Egypt 3Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Email: *[email protected] Received July 18, 2012; revised August 20, 2012; accepted August 28, 2012 ABSTRACT 25 November 2009 is an unforgettable day for the people in Jeddah, the second largest city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). On that day, Jeddah turned into a disaster zone following a short heavy rainfall event that triggered flash floods leaving 122 fatalities and considerable losses. Numerical experiments using the Pennsylvania State University- National Center for Atmospheric research mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) have been performed to investigate the event. It was caused by a short quasi-stationary mesoscale convective system that developed over Jeddah and lasted for about 8 hours. Rainfall totals computed by the model exceeded 400 mm in some localities in the southern part of Jeddah city and to the north of Jeddah in Thuwal city. The limited available observed rainfall totals, at King Abdul Aziz International Airport and wadiQaws rain gauges, and Jeddah’s weather radar observations corroborates the ability of the model to reproduce the spatial and temporal characteristics of the rainfall event. A synoptic environment characterized by warm Red Sea surface temperatures and high humidity in the low levels of the troposphere.
  • Maqriziana I: Discovery of an Autograph Manuscript of Al-Maqrizi: Towards a Better Understanding of His Working Method (MSR X.2

    Maqriziana I: Discovery of an Autograph Manuscript of Al-Maqrizi: Towards a Better Understanding of His Working Method (MSR X.2

    FRÉDÉRIC BAUDEN UNIVERSITÉ DE LIÈGE/BELGIUM Maqriziana I: Discovery of an Autograph Manuscript of al-Maqr|z|: Towards a Better Understanding of His Working Method Description: Section 2 The present article is a continuation of the first section published in this journal in 2003.1 As discussed previously, al-Maqr|z| filled the blanks he left at the end of his resumés with numerous notes which became scattered with the passage of time. This article presents another aspect of his working method: cards which he organized to produce the first stages of his books. A complete description of these notes will be given here, following the system used in the first section of "Maqriziana I," by which material is presented in its physical order, keeping in mind that some material may have been rearranged. Since the publication of the first article, I have been able to trace other works back to their original source. At the end of the article, the reader will find addenda where identification or confirmation of these sources is provided. This will end my description of the contents of al-Maqr|z|'s notebook. The analysis of his working method, based on elements discussed throughout these articles, will be dealt with in a forthcoming study.2 B. THE SCATTERED NOTES XXIII. (fol. 31v3) Title on same fol., lines 13–14: Mukhta≠r min Kita≠b Ra≠h˝at al-‘Aql/H˛am|d al-D|n Ah˝mad ibn ‘Abd Alla≠h al-Da≠‘|. U¼ô«Ë UÄË ‚«dFë …d¹e?−Ð wŽ«bë tKë b³Ž sÐ bLŠ√ s¹bë bO?LŠ nOÃQð ¨qIFë WŠ«— »U²? sÄ —U²(Ä Middle East Documentation Center.
  • Avicennia Marina: a Novel Convivial Phyto Medicine for Antibiotic Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

    Avicennia Marina: a Novel Convivial Phyto Medicine for Antibiotic Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

    Open Access Journal of Biomedical Studies RESEARCH ARTICLE Avicennia Marina: A Novel Convivial Phyto Medicine for Antibiotic Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria Vibha Bhardwaj* Director Environment Laboratories, RAK Municipality, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates *Corresponding author: Dr. Vibha Bhardwaj, Director Environment Laboratories, RAK Municipality, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Vibha Bhardwaj (2021) Avicennia Marina: A Novel Convivial Phyto Medicine for Antibiotic Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria. J Biomed Stud 1: 101 Abstract This study investigated two different concentration of methanol extracts of the leaves of Avicennia marina against five human pathogenic bacteria, to determine their efficacy against multidrug resistant microbes. Powdered leaves of the tree were treated with two different concentration of methanol (10% w/v and 20% w/v) using hot extraction method. Crude methanol extracts of the leaves of Avicennia marina was investigated for their antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative) by disc diffusion method. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), E. coli (ATCC 8739), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 14028), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were used in the study. Ciprofloxacin was used as standard. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts were increased with increasing the concentration. The methanolic leaves extracts of A. marina showed a remarkable inhibition of the microorganisms. The potency shown by these extracts recommends their use against multidrug resistant microorganisms. It is clear that n-hexane extract was the most effective extract. Additionally, Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was strongly inhibited by both concentration of methanol extracts of A.
  • Coral Population Trajectories, Increased

    Coral Population Trajectories, Increased

    Coral population trajectories, increased disturbance and management intervention: a sensitivity analysis Bernhard Riegl1, Michael Berumen2 & Andrew Bruckner3 1National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania, Florida, USA 2Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, KSA 3Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Andover, MD, USA Keywords Abstract Coral population dynamics, coral reef, global change, impacts, management, predator Coral reefs distant from human population were sampled in the Red Sea and outbreak, sensitivity. one-third showed degradation by predator outbreaks (crown-of-thorns-star- fish = COTS observed in all regions in all years) or bleaching (1998, 2010). Correspondence Models were built to assess future trajectories. They assumed variable coral Bernhard Riegl, National Coral Reef Institute, types (slow/fast growing), disturbance frequencies (5,10,20 years), mortality Nova Southeastern University, Dania, Florida, (equal or not), and connectivity (un/connected to un/disturbed community). USA. Tel:+1-954-2623671; Fax: +1-954-262- Known disturbances were used to parameterize models. Present and future dis- 4098; E-mail: [email protected] turbances were estimated from remote-sensing chlorophyll and temperature Funding Information data. Simulations and sensitivity analysis suggest community resilience at >20- Funding by Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans year disturbance frequency, but degradation at higher frequency. Trajectories Foundation and National Coral Reef Institute. move from fast-grower to slow-grower dominance at intermediate disturbance frequency, then again to fast-grower dominance. A similar succession was Received: 12 December 2012; Revised: 29 observed in the field: Acropora to Porites to Stylophora/Pocillopora dominance January 2013; Accepted: 4 February 2013 on shallow reefs, and a transition from large poritids to small faviids on deep Ecology and Evolution 2013; 3(4): 1050–1064 reefs.
  • PDF (Volume 2)

    PDF (Volume 2)

    Durham E-Theses Maritime boundary delimitation of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia a study in political geography Al-Muwaled, Faraj Mobarak Jam'an How to cite: Al-Muwaled, Faraj Mobarak Jam'an (1993) Maritime boundary delimitation of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia a study in political geography, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10368/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Atlas of Maritime Boundary Delimitation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia A Study in Political Geography Faraj Mobarak Jam'an Al-Muwaled Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Science in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Durham, U.K. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged.
  • Farasan Fieldwork Project

    Farasan Fieldwork Project

    Coastal archaeology in the Farasan Islands: report on the 2008 fieldwork of the joint Saudi-UK Southern Red Sea Project Alsharekh, A., Bailey, G.N., Laurie, E.M., Momber, G., Moran, L.J., Sinclair, A., Williams, M.G.W., AlShaikh, N., AlMa’Mary, A., and AlGhamdi, S., Al Zahrani, A., Aqeeli, A., Laurie, E.M., Beech, M. Published as: Report on the 2008 fieldwork of the joint Saudi-UK Southern Red Sea Project. In A.M. Alsharekh, G.N. Bailey (eds) 2014 Coastal Prehistory in Southwest Arabia and the Farasan Islands: 2004–2009 Field Investigations, pp. 77–158. Riyadh: Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities. ISBN 978-603-8136-01-0. (Series of Archaeological Refereed Studies No 15. King Abdullah Project for Cultural Heritage Care) 1 Fieldwork Objectives In this report we describe the fieldwork undertaken in the Farasan Islands during March 2008, with an outline of key results and a preliminary assessment of their significance. This work builds on the first season’s fieldwork undertaken in 2006 (Bailey et al. 2007a, 2007b, Bailey et al., this volume and covers survey and excavation on land, and offshore exploration of the submerged landscape in inshore waters at depths down to about 20m. Our primary objectives in 2008 were to: Continue the systematic survey, location, mapping and description of the numerous shell mounds located in 2006 Undertake excavation of selected shell mounds to obtain a better picture of their chronology, mode of formation and cultural contents Conduct geoarchaeological observations of the coastal environments associated
  • NOTICE This Page Appended to Digital file by EXIM Bank

    NOTICE This Page Appended to Digital file by EXIM Bank

    NOTICE This page appended to digital file by EXIM Bank. The following document is an environmental assessment or supplemental environmental report (such as a remediation or mitigation plan or procedure, or related monitoring report) (“Assessment/Report”) that has been produced by a third-party and required to be submitted to the Export-Import Bank of the United States in conjunction with the referenced EXIM Bank transaction number . It is being provided here in furtherance of Section 11(a)(1) of the Export Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended (12 U.S.C. 635i-5). Please note that the Assessment/Report is as of the date noted. Accordingly, the Bank makes no representation that it (i) is the most recent version of this document, (ii) is fully accurate and/or complete, or (iii) includes a full descrip- tion of appropriate action taken by responsible parties in response to infor- mation about environmental or social issues, if any, raised therein. Requests for additional (including, in some cases, more current) environmen- tal or supplemental environmental Assessment/Reports regarding this project may be made using EXIM Bank’s online “Environmental and Social Project Information and Concerns” form at http://exim.gov/envsoc. This page appended to digital file by EXIM Bank. DUBA INTEGRATED SOLAR COMBINED CYCLE PROJECT Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 09/11/2014 Quality Management Issue/revision Issue 1 Revision 1 Revision 2 Revision 3 Remarks Draft Draft - Revision 1 Draft - Revision 2 Draft - Revision 3 Date 15/06/2014 21/07/2014 19/10/2014