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Bison Management Plan Wind Cave National Park December 2006

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Bison Management Plan Wind Cave National Park December 2006 Bison Management Plan Wind Cave National Park December 2006 BISON MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTATION WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK 2006 Recommended: _______________________________________ ________________________ Biologist Date Wind Cave National Park Concurred: _______________________________________ ________________________ Chief of Resource Management Date Wind Cave National Park Approved: _______________________________________ ________________________ Superintendent Date Wind Cave National Park I. PURPOSE AND NEED ..................................................................................................................................... 1 A. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1 B. PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PLAN ............................................................................................................. 1 1. Purpose of the Plan .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Need for the Plan ........................................................................................................................................ 2 C. PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARK ................................................................................................. 2 1. Description of the Park............................................................................................................................... 2 2. Significance and Legislation ...................................................................................................................... 5 D. BISON MANAGEMENT AT WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK ............................................................................. 8 E. RELATED PROJECTS, PLANS, AND POLICIES .............................................................................................. 11 F. SCOPING .................................................................................................................................................... 13 II. BISON MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................................................................... 14 A. POPULATION MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 14 1. Bison Population ...................................................................................................................................... 15 2. Bison Handling Facility............................................................................................................................ 16 3. Bison Roundup and Processing ................................................................................................................ 17 4. Population Census .................................................................................................................................... 18 5. Distribution of Excess Bison ..................................................................................................................... 18 6. Alternative Methods of Bison Population Management ........................................................................... 19 B. WATER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. 19 C. DISEASE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 19 D. BISON GENETICS ....................................................................................................................................... 20 E. CONSERVATION HERD(S) .......................................................................................................................... 23 F. BISON RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................................... 24 G. DISPOSITION OF BISON PARTS ................................................................................................................... 24 IV. COMPLIANCE ............................................................................................................................................... 24 V. PLANNING TEAM PARTICIPANTS ........................................................................................................... 24 V. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 25 APPENDIX A. SIGNIFICANCE OF BISON AS A RESOURCE ................................................................. 27 APPENDIX B. BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR BISON .................................................................... 30 APPENDIX C. FORAGE ALLOCATION....................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX D. BISON WEIGHTS ................................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX E. BISON DISTRIBUTION FROM WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK 1987-2006............... 44 APPENDIX F. DOI BISON WORKING GROUP RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 47 APPENDIX G. NECROPSY REPORT FORM ............................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX H. NECROPSY SHIPMENT PROCEDURES ........................................................................... 49 APPENDIX I. COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT – AMERICAN PRAIRIE FOUNDATION ................... 51 APPENDIX J. MOA WITH CUSTER STATE PARK ON ACCIDENTAL BISON .................................. 61 APPENDIX K. ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING FORM .......................................................................... 65 i I. Purpose and Need A. Introduction Wind Cave National Park (WICA) contains mixed-grass prairie, ponderosa pine, and riparian ecosystems, and lies in a transition zone between eastern and western biomes. The diversity of habitat supports a wide variety of plants and animals, including those that have been successfully restored after extirpation, such as bison and elk. Bison were a keystone element of the Great Plains for nearly 10,000 years, providing sustenance and materials for many on North America’s original human residents, and staple food for early explorers, fur traders, and early European settlers. Bison are a part of the modern day Euro-American culture. The American bison (Bison bison) is an icon used commonly as a symbol on currency, stamps, school and team logo, government departments, and even businesses. Bison are also closely associated with the Park and the National Park Service since it was one of the reasons why land for this Park was set aside. The Wind Cave Game Preserve was established in 1912 for a “. permanent national range for a herd of buffalo . .” (National Game Preserve Act). Bison are a wildlife species that visitors can readily view within the park and provide an educational opportunity about nature that few other species can rival. The park bison herd has high levels of genetic variation compared with other federal populations as studies have revealed the park bison have high genetic variation and heterozygosity, when compared to other federal bison populations examined (Halbert 2003). From cultural, historical, biologic, and legislative viewpoints, it is imperative that the bison within the Park are managed in a respectful and considerate manner while adhering to National Park Service and Park policies. Additional information on the significance of bison as a resource is found in Appendix A. Currently, the park has a General Management Plan (GMP) completed in 1994 (NPS 1994a) and Resource Management Plan (RMP), also completed in 1994 (NPS 1994b) that act as broad guides for managing resources within the park. B. Purpose and Need for the Plan 1. Purpose of the Plan Wind Cave National Park consists of 28,295 acres of mixed grass prairie and Ponderosa pine forest. With the Park surrounded by a woven wire fence, there is a finite amount of forage available to a wide variety of herbivores such as black-tailed prairie dog, mule deer, pronghorn antelope, elk and bison. The Bison Management Plan consolidates and summarizes past, present and future bison management at WICA. The plan defines the desired future conditions for the bison herd at WICA, outlines the number of bison that the Park would maintain, and alternatives to manage the bison population. In addition, the plan outlines methods to establish conservation herds to maintain the valuable bison genetics 1 found at WICA. The park must also be prepared for the possibility of no interested parties for surplus bison from WICA and the plan outlines measures to deal with this situation. Bison are not intensively managed at WICA, although a roundup is conducted in October and sufficient numbers are removed to keep the herd close to desired population levels. This plan will complement other Park plans that are in various stages of development, such as vegetation management plan, prairie dog management plan and elk management plan. 2. Need for the Plan A management plan with associated environmental documentation has never been completed for bison management at Wind Cave National Park. This plan is not new to the park, but represents a formalization of bison management
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