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ASIAN~F Studijs [PO.LITICAL, SCIENCE) , ROLE OF MARONITE CHRISTIANS IN LEBANESE POLITICS SINCE THE TAIF ACCORD THESEiT f% r ~ \ A'31 k SUBMITTED;,,FOR\TH,E—A% ARD`OFSTHE DE, REE OF ç I 4 r-•• WEST (ASIAN~f STUDIjS [PO.LITICAL, SCIENCE) , ,/ So Under the Supervision of DR. JAWAID IQBAL CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARI-I MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA) 2013 A~~ \L ad LiTS *srirn Phones: Internal 1385, 1386 Telex: 564 —230 AMU IN CENTRE OF WEST ASIAN STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH — 202002 (INDIA) M M Certificate This is to certif ' tht .,the Thesis entitled "ROLE OF MARONITE CHRISTIANS IN LEBANESE POLITICS' SINCE THE TAIF ACCORD" by Mr. SOMCHAI DIJAROEN for the award of Ph.D. degree in West Asian Studies (Political Science) has been prepared under my supervision. This is his original work and, to be best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of any degree. (Dr. JAWAID IQBAL) Supervisor 7'o aCCljictims, Lebanese, Palestinian and Israe Ci, of Hatred, Hostitity and Injustice in Lebanon and elsewhere. CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgement X-XI Preface Xll-XXII List of Map XxLII-XXiV CHAPTER-I DEVELOPMENT OF MARONITE POLITICAL IDENTITY: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1-44 1.DISTINCTIVE FEATURES: Geographic, Historical, and Cultural 1-18 1.1 The Maronite Church 7 1.2 The Traditional Organization of the Maronites 10 1.3 The Social and Political Role of the Maronites 11 1.4 The Rise of the Maronite Church as a Socio-Economic Institution 13 2.The Emirate System and the Maronites 18-31 2.1 The Fakhr al-Din Ii 19 2.2 The Shihabs 22 2.3 Double Qaimaqamate (The two-governorate system) 26 2.4 The Mutasarrifyya 27 3. Lebanese Under French Mandate 31-44 3.1 Confessional System and Lebanon 36 3.2 Working of the Confessional System 38 3.3 National Pact: Power Sharing and Confessional Distribution 41 CHAPTER -II Role of Maronite Christians in the Politics of Independent Lebanon: 1943-1975 45-93 1. The Christians' Political Role in Independent Lebanon, 1943-75 45-59 1.1 The Power Structure: Political Parties 46 1.2 Political Structure 48 1.3 The Khoury Administration: 1943-1952 50 1.4 The Chamoun Administration: 1952-1958 52 2. The Class Nature of the 1958 Conflict 59-76 2.1 The Presidency of Shihab 62 2.2 The Shihab Administration: 1958-1967 63 2.3 Counter-Revolt and the Rise of Pierre Gemayel 65 2.4 The relative political autonomy of the Shihabist state 67 2.5 Chehab's Reforms and Mounting Opposition 69 2.6 Limitations on the autonomy of the state 72 3. Rise and Growthe of Palestinian Resistance Movement (PRM) 76-93 3.1 The Palestinian Resistance Movement (PRM) Ideology 78 3.2 The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) in Lebanon 79 3.3 Clashes between the Army and the PLO 82 3.4 The Slide towards Civil War 85 3.5 Lebanese Front and Lebanese National Movement 88 3.6 Civil War and External Interference 90 - Syria's Intervention 91 CHAPTER-Ill The Maronite Christian in the Aftermath of the Civil War 94-138 1. The Israeli connection 94-97 1.1 Beginning of the Civil War 95 Iv 2. The Israeli connection . 97-105 2.1 Israeli intervention 97 2.2 Syria Influence 101 2.31976 Riyadh-Cairo Arab Summit Conferences 103 3. Aftermath of the 1978 Israeli Invasion 105-113 3.11978 - Operation Litani 105 - The Good Fence policy 106 3.2 Consequences of the Invasion 112 4.1982 Israeli Invasion and the Rote of Maronite Christian 113-138 4.1 Towards the Mounting Crisis of 1982 113 4.2 Operation Peace for Galilee-1982 117 4.3 Beginning of the Invasion 119 4.4 Main Phases of the War 121 (a) The First Phase: Sweep Across Southern Lebanon 121 (b) The Second Phase: War with Syria 122 (c)The third Phase: Terror Bombing and Siege of Beirut 124 V I (d) The Fourth Phase: Assassination of Bashir Gemayil and the Massacre at Sabra and Shatila 129 4.5 Results of the War of 1982 133 4.6 Israeli — Lebanese Peace Treaty 134 4.7 The Resurgence of the PLO and the 'War of the Camps' 135 CHAPTER - IV TAIF ACCORD AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS 139-204 1. Taif Accord and its Outcome 139-153 1.1 Background of the Accord 139 1.2 Taif Accord and Constitutional Reforms 143 1.3 Provisions of the Taif Accord 145 A. New Lebanese Order 145 B. Disarming of Militias and Restoration of the Central Government Authority 146 C. Taif Accord and Israel's withdrawal from South Lebanon 147 D. The Accord and the Syrian Armed Forces 147 1.4 Resistance of the Taif Accord 147 VI A. General Michel Aoun's Rejection of Taif Accord 148 B.Dany Chamoun as Aoun Supporter 149 C.The Shiite Muslim Resistance 149 D.Iranian Government and the Taif Accord 151 1.5 Samir Farid Geagea: Shifting Alliance 152 2. Implementation of the Taif Accord 153-173 2.1 Lebanese — Syrian Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation and Coordination 1991 153 2.2 The Parliamentary Elections Since 1992 156 A.National Assembly Election 1992 (First after Taif Accord) 156 B.National Assembly Election 1996 (Second after Taif Accord) 159 C.National Assembly Election 2000 (Third after Taif Accord) 161 D.National Assembly Election 2005 (Fourth after Taif Accord) 163 E.National Assembly Election 2009 (Fifth after Taif Accord) 166 - Lebanon Election Rivals 167 - Election Results 169 - Estimate the Doha Electoral Law 170 - Election Result — An Analysts - 172 Vii 3. Role of Maronite Christians and Lebanese leaders in Lebanon's politics 173-204 3.1 President Rene Mouawad and His Assassination 173 3.2 President Elias Hrawi and His role 174 A.New President Elias Hrawi 175 B.Michel Aoun's Opposition 176 C.Weakness of President Elias Hrawi and Continuing His role 176 3.3 A Former President of Lebanon Emile Lahoud 177 A. The Extension of Lahoud Term 178 3.4 The Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and the Rebuilding of Lebanon 180 A.Saudi-Syrian Roles during Hariri's Premiership 181 B.The Hariri Assassination and the UN Resolutions 182 C.Lebanon since the Hariri Assassination 184 3.5 A Short term of Former Prime Minister Omar Karami 187 A. Lebanon Prime Minister to resign amid disarray 188 3.6 Prime Minister Fouad Siniora 188 A.United Nations Secyrity Council Resolution 1701 189 B.The Doha Agreement 190 3.7 Michel Suleiman after the Presidency in Lebanon 191 A. The Doha Agreement during of Presidential Vacancy 192 Vile B. President Michel Suleiman calls for unity 193 3.8 A Former Prime Minister Saad Hariri and His Role 194 A. The Future Movement 194 B. March 14 Alliance 195 C. March 8 Alliance 197 D. Saad Hariri after the Collapse of His Government 199 3.9 Najib Mikati and Separation terms of Prime Ministership 199 A. Lebanese government under Prime Minister Najib Mikati 200 -The main cause of civil war and civil strife in Lebanon 203 CHAPTER -- V CONCLUSION 205-235 MAPS 236-261 APPENDICES 262-292 Appendix —1 Lebanon — Constitution 262 Appendix-2 The Ta'if Accord 277 Appendix-3 The Cairo Agreement on Monday, 3rd November 1969 286 Appendix-4 Lebanon-Syria Treaties of Brotherhood, Cooperation, and Coordination May 20, 1991 289 BIBLIOGRAPHY 293-307 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of God, most Compassionate, most Merciful, who has created the universe and human beings, and made them realize whatever they desire with His consent and love. He is omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient. The topic of the thesis was researched and written in the Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., Aligarh, India, and I wish to express my particular gratitude to the entire staff of the Centre for their co-operation and assistance towards the completion of this study. My research could not have been completed without the valuable and timely help of many individuals and institutions. First of all, my sincere thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Jawaid lqbal, teacher of the Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., for his initiative, scholarly guidance and support in numerous ways. I express my love and gratitude to my parents, Haji Mohammad Dijaroen and Hajah Maream Dijaroen, my brothers, especially, Al-Marhoom Haji Prasert Dijaroen, Haji Sarfee Dijaroen, Haji Sommai Dijaroen, and my sisters, Hajah Aeasah Sriprasert, Hajah Aminah Yamai, and Mrs. Sainab Soheang, and my sister in law, Hajah Pranee Dijaroen who could not get chance to study but always encouraged me to study. I am indebted to them for their moral and financial support. xl My thanks and respects also go to my senior scholars, Prof. Imran Ma'luleem, currently a Senator in Thai parliament, late Dr. Kitima Amorrathad, a well known scholar in Thailand and Dr. Jaran Ma'luleem senior Faculty at the Department of International Relations, Thammasathr University, Bangkok, Thailand, for encouragement and guidance. I also owe my deep sense of indebtedness and reverence to Prof. Mahmoodul Haq, former Director of the Centre of West Asian Studies, for his valuable and critical suggestions. My thanks also go to my teacher Prof. Syed Shamir Hassan (Chairman of the Centre of West Asian Studies), Prof. Nasim Ali, Prof. (Mrs.) Tayyaba Hussian, Dr. Fazal Mahmood, Dr. Mohammad Azhar and Dr. Ghulam Mursaleen for their critical and timely suggestions towards the completion of this study. I am also grateful to the Library staff of the Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U., Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U., J.N.U. Library, New Delhi, for providing literature on the research subject.
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