DR. KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI VOLUME I ISSUE I INFINITY JOURNALS ARTICLE 5.

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DR.KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI ABSTRACT BORDERS OF India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with , Bhutan, ,, within the north or north-west, and Bangladesh and Myanmar within the east. India also shares water borders with Sri Lanka , Maldives and Indonesia.[1] All over world, most conflict-free borders are those which are geographical and are there from the days immemorial. Here Civilizations settled on either side of geographical barriers like river or mountain ranges and limited exchange takes place from very beginning. Amur flows between Russia and China, in same way Tigris between Iran and Turkey and these both marks political boundaries between these countries. Other boundaries are political ones and that they bear historical burden as is that the case of (sections of boundaries) India with neighbors like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal etc . In this case there has been a standard historical cultural flow on either side of the border and as a result there are claims or counter claims. This doesn’t imply that natural boundaries are always undisputed, river often changes their course in future and this river (if international boundary) may result into fluctuation of political boundaries. Further, just in case of Mountain ranges, a state with expansionist designs (as China is) can exert its claim unilaterally, resulting into tense situations. it's pertinent to notice that these areas between china and India were once inaccessible, but technological advancements haven't only made them accessible, but also strategically important. to protect borders efficiently, it's pre required that borders are agreed/delineated between the neighbors. Also, a state with malicious intent can willfully dispute border to bother its neighbor country to hamper its progress and to derail its growth. India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the value of ₹3,000 crore (US$420 million) (c. Oct 2017). In Indian case borders are quite complex and almost every sort of extreme geography is present at different borders viz. deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes or tropical evergreen jungles. it's 14818 kilometers of land borders and a coast line of 7516.6 kilometers. All states except Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, Delhi and Haryana have a world border or a coast line. 92 of India’s 593 districts are border districts in 17 states. India’s boundary with Pakistan (3323 km), China (3488 km), Nepal (1751 km), Bhutan (699 km), Myanmar (1643 km), and Bangladesh (4096.7 km). Border management becomes more important for the very fact that India is like island of democracy between seas of anarchical or instable states. Probably, no other neighbouring country has experienced uninterrupted democratic regime for quite 15 years. Additionally, in some countries there's cultural radicalism which is targeted on India, and terrorists and mafia groups are patronized by a number of India’s neighbouring states. there's cross border smuggling problem of medicine , cattle, humans, artifacts, fake currency note etc. Unfortunately, during this scenario our border forces appear to be severely undermanned and under-equipped which is taking heavy toll on economic, social and political stability of our country. In 2001, ‘Group of Ministers on review of border management’ gave many important recommendations. one among the main recommendations was the fixing of a separate Department of Border Management within the Ministry of Home Affairs. This has been done. Yet other major recommendations just like the early settlement of our maritime borders and therefore the demarcation of land boundaries has not yet been fully implemented. The GoM had strongly INFINITY JOURNAL

recommended the principle of “one border one force” for better accountability and specialization. It emphasized the imperative of not deploying the border guarding forces for law and order duties and counter insurgencies. It made some recommendations specific to raised management of India- Pakistan, IndiaNepal and other borders. It lamented the neglect of maritime borders and island territories and made recommendations to strengthen coast guard and police. As a results of these recommendations border management possesses more attention but the Mumbai terrorist attacks had again shown that tons more must be done to enhance border management. Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are: INDIA-NEPAL BORDER  Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh.  Banbasa in Champawat district of  Uttrakhand, in-principle approval in 2019.  Bhitamore/Bhittamore in Sitamarhi district of Bihar, in-principle approval in 2019.  Jogbani, Bihar.  Panitanki, Darjeeling district of , in- principal approval in 2019.  Raxaul, Bihar.  Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh;  Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh.  Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh. India and Nepal have shared an open border since 1950. The conception of such a border are often found within the Treaty of Peace and Friendship that the two countries signed that year. Provisions within the treaty, wherein citizens of both countries are given equal rights in matters of residence, acquisition of property, employment and movement in each other’s territory, provide for an open border between the 2 countries. While open border has been a superb facilitator of strong and unique bilateral relations, at the same time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious concerns. Open border has been an excellent facilitator of strong and unique bilateral relations. At the same time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious concerns. Allegations of excesses like intimidation, and forcible grabbing of land by either side along the disputed border also surface from time to time. All terrorist organizations, be it from Punjab, Kashmir, northeast or those of Maoists have fully exploited open borders with Nepal. it's been reported that a lot of terrorists have sneaked into India through the porous and poorly guarded Indo-Nepal border. aside from insurgents and terrorists, many hard-core criminals pursued by Indian and Nepalese security forces escape across the open border. These anti-national elements enjoys illegal activities, like smuggling of essential items and pretend Indian currency, gun-running, and medicines and human trafficking. The problem is further aggravated by intelligence inputs that Pakistani Directorate for Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been using Nepalese territory to carry out anti-India activities since the 1990s. WikiLeaks documents have revealed that the ISI has created sort of terrorist fronts in Nepal and has also pushed in men and explosives through the border to carry out terror attacks in India.

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In recent times, police forces have achieved some success in capturing all types of criminals from these borders. This shows that cooperation from Nepal is increasing during this regard. In 2013 two Terrorists – Abdul karim Tunda and Yasin Bhatkal were arrested from this border. Nepal could also be a landlocked country and its closest access to the ocean is through India. As a result most of its imports undergo India. Keeping this in consideration, India has granted Nepal 15 transit and 22 trading points along the border. The India-Nepal border is an open border that covers a length of 1,751 km. Being an open border, it's provided a platform for strong bilateral relations. it's also been the explanation for illegal activities like smuggling of medicine , stolen vehicles, and arms and ammunition into the country. Lately, anti-social elements and terrorist organisations also are using this open border for a least effort passage into India, thus posing a significant security threat to the states along the border and therefore the internal security of the country as an entire . The open border with Nepal has been exploited by terror groups. Thirty-one battalions of SSB are deployed to see all such activities at the IndiaNepal open border. Moreover, there are discussions at various levels to line up platforms for handling problems with mutual concern. INDIA–MYANMAR BORDER  Moreh ICP, already operational.  Zochawchhuah ( district in India) Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar approach Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project has already been operational since Oct 2017. The 22 km long Lunglei– Tlabung– Kawrpuichhuah road was upgraded in 2014- 15 during a World Bank-funded project to strengthen India- Bangladesh border Connectivity. Survey for the line from to Hmawngbuchhuah (1 km north of Zochawchhuah) was completed in August 2017 and it'll be constructed in future phase.] Frontiers of British India and Myanmar came together first time in 1826 after British won 1st Anglo Burmese war. After Independence, The boundary was demarcated in 1967 under an agreement signed by both countries. there have been many border agreements between these two years during which borders were fluctuating and this has created confusion. The location of the Indo-Myanmar boundary presents many challenges for the effective management of the boundary. Though the boundary is correctly demarcated, there are a few of pockets that are disputed. The rugged terrain makes movement and thus the general development of the planet difficult. the interior dynamics of the region in terms of the clan loyalties of the tribal people, inter-

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tribal clashes, insurgency, and transborder ethnic ties also adversely affect the security of the border areas. There is practically no physical barrier along the border either within the type of fences or border outposts and roads to form sure strict vigil. Insurgents make use of the poorly guarded border and flee across when pursued by Indian security forces. Close ethnic ties among the tribes like Nagas, Kukis, Chin, etc., who live astride the border help these insurgents find shelter in Myanmar. These cross-border ethnic ties have facilitated in creation of safe havens for various northeast insurgent groups in Myanmar. The location of the boundary at the sting of the “Drugs golden triangle” facilitates the unrestricted illegal flows of drugs into Indian territory. Heroin is that the main item of drug traffic . the majority of heroin enters India through the border town of Moreh in Manipur. it's reported that the local insurgent groups are actively involved in drugs and arms trafficking. Work for Fence erection and road building goes on, but sometimes it's interrupted thanks to opposition. India shares a porous border with Myanmar has been a priority for the United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and International Narcotics control panel (INCB), because it has been witness to drug traffic . There is a Free Movement Regime up to a distance of 16 km along the border. Though the border between India and Myanmar is correctly demarcated, its porous nature of border could also be an excellent threat to border security. quite 30,000 people live along the Indo-Myanmar border within a radius of 10 km; they're going to cross the border at any time with none visa restrictions. The open border and cross-ethnic ties among the tribal community help insurgents shake the hands of the border security forces. These insurgents are extensively involved in drug trafficking especially in areas like Moreh in Manipur and Golden Triangle covering Northern Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. Although the govt. is taking steps to form sure better border management and robust fencing, these activities are suffering because of protests from the local tribal community and thus the hilly and inhospitable terrain, which makes movement The Government of India has allocated a fund of around 30.96 crore INR to fence the planet between pillar number 79 and pillar number 81, which covers a length of around 10 km. there are huge protests from the local tribal community and thus the work has been halted after construction of 4.02 km of fencing. Approval from the Ministry of External Affairs is awaited to resume the work. INDIA-BHUTAN BORDER

 Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal , plan approved

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c. 2016. India and Bhutan share a 669 km long boundary. The boundary is demarcated except along the tri- junction with China. the tactic of demarcation of the India-Bhutan border started in 1961 and was completed in 2006. Like with Nepal, India’s boundary with Bhutan is additionally an open Chinese made goods, Bhutanese cannabis, liquor and forest products are major items smuggled into India. Livestock, grocery items and fruits are smuggled out of India to Bhutan. Smuggling is one of the most concerns along this border. Steps are taken by governments on all sides of the border to form sure bilateral cooperation. Additionally, the Indian government has also approved a budget of 1,259 crore INR for the event of 313-km long border roads along the Indo- Bhutan border. the govt. of India and Government of Bhutan have agreed for bilateral cooperation on the problem of border security. Insurgent camps established within the southern districts of Bhutan were successfully eliminated by the Royal Bhutan Army forces between 2003 and 2004. This operation is widely mentioned as ‘Operation All Clear’ India–Bangladesh borderTripura Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[7] INDIA–BANGLADESH BORDER o  Karimganj-Golapganj uppozilla in Sylhet District of Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post  (Sylhet division, Bangladesh), plan announced c. Oct 2017. o Meghalaya  Shillong-Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP stone laid in January 2017 and may become operation in 2018. o  Kawrpuichhuah / Kawarpuchiah / Kawripuichhauah near Tlabung in Lunglei district, opened in Oct 2017.[6][10][11] o Tripura  Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[7]  "Belonia, India - Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail crossing checkposts" in South Tripura district which connect the railway from Santirbazar in India to Feni in Bangladesh. o West Bengal (clockwise from Kolkatta to north)  –Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).  Barasat (India) to Ghojadanga (Bangladesh), plan announced c. Oct 2017.  Mahadipur in Malda district in Malda-Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing, in-principal approval in 2019.  Fulbari, plan announced c. Oct 2017.  Hili, plan announced c. Oct 2017.  Changrabandha railway station , in-principal approval in 2019.

India shares 4096.7 Km of its land border with Bangladesh. INFINITY JOURNAL

West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh. the entire stretch consists of plain, riverine, hilly/jungle and with hardly any natural obstacles. the planet is heavily populated, and at many stretches the cultivation is run till the last inch of the border. Border was drawn by the Bengal Boundary Commission chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe. The border was thus drawn on the thought of old district maps. This made the boundary random. instead of following natural barriers, it meanders through villages, agricultural lands, and rivers, rendering the border extremely porous with many disputed pockets. Undemarcated stretches, existence of enclaves (chhit-mohols), and adverse possessions had been causing constant friction between the border guarding forces of India and Bangladesh. Consequently, there was setup an ‘India- Pakistan boundary dispute commission’ in 1949 it settled many disputes but in soon they resurfaced in conjunction with new problems of enclaves. to affect the boundary disputes and to reduce tensions between the two countries, the Nehru-Noon Agreement on India-East Pakistan Border was signed in New Delhi in 1958. These efforts, however didn't bring disputes to end . it had been only in 1974, barely 3 years after liberation of Bangladesh that the Indira-Mujibur Agreement laid down the methods for demarcating various disputed stretches of the India-Bangladesh boundary. This also called ‘Land Boundary Agreement’ and, India and Bangladesh, both the countries committed to exchange the enclaves and cede the adverse possessions. There were 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 enclaves of Bangladesh in India. India did not have access to those enclaves in Bangladesh, and hence, no administrative set-up to provide facilities like police stations, courts, schools, roads, hospitals, banks, markets, etc. to their residents could be established there. it had been only in 2014 that bill ratifying Indira-Mujibur or ‘land boundary agreement’ was passed in Indian Parliament. ISSUES WITH THIS BORDER Illegal Immigration – there are both push and pull factors working on this border. Under development, religious persecution, environmental concerns etc. pushed Bangladeshis into India, while India’s huge economy and accommodative society pulled immigrants. according to ‘Task Force on Border management, 2001’, there are about 15 million Bangladeshi illegal immigrants in India, increasing at rate of three lakh per month. Recent eruption of communal violence in Assam has direct link with this immigration. Cattle and other Smuggling – It big unique problem with this border. it's said that if India restricts this supply then it can starve Bangladeshis of food. Cattle from as far as Haryana, UP, Bihar is taken to borders for grazing then smuggled to Bangladesh. Bangladesh also imposes custom duty on these imports. Cattle confiscated on border alone are around one lakh annually. this way INFINITY JOURNAL

government is losing revenue of around 10000 crore annually. Along with cattle, smuggling of arms, and other essential items like sugar, salt and diesel, human and narcotics trafficking, counterfeit Indian currency, kidnapping, and thefts are quite rampant along the India– Bangladesh border. Bases of Anti India elements: Presently, the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT), and thus the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) also as several other insurgent outfits from the Northeast have bases within the Chittagong, Khagrachari, and Sylhet districts of Bangladesh. Incumbent government possesses to much extent curtailed activity in these bases. Border out posts: BSF is presently manning 802 existing Border out Posts on Indo-Bangladesh border. In pursuance of Group of Ministers recommendations to reduce the inter-BOP distance to 3 .5 Km, the govt. has approved construction of additional BOPs on this border. Border Trade: Along the India-Bangladesh border, there are 32 land custom stations cover the states of West Bengal , Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura and Mizoram. Petrapole in West Bengal is one of the foremost important land customs stations with Bangladesh. Fencing and Floodlighting: These are important constituents of maintaining vigilance along the borders. so on curb infiltration, smuggling and other anti-national activities from across Indo- Pakistan and Indo-Bangladesh borders, the govt. has undertaken the work of construction of fencing, floodlighting and roads along these borders. In case of Bangladesh, of the 3326 kilometer border only 501 kilometers is left without fence of which 130 kilometers is land where wire fencing goes on and thus the rest of the portion is roofed with rivers and water bodies. On rivers Border private private security force is going to erect ‘floating fence‘. (as on Aug. 2014) Integrated Check Posts: There are several designated entry and exit points on the international borders of the country through which cross border movement of persons, goods and traffic takes place. Conventional infrastructure for discharge of various sovereign functions at these points is neither adequate or integrated nor coordinated and no single agency is responsible for coordination of various Government functions and services at these points. These functions include those of security, immigration, customs, human, plant and animal quarantine etc., as also the availability of support facilities for both the govt. personnel and thus the immigrants like warehousing, parking etc. As a response to things of inadequate infrastructure for cross border movement of persons, vehicles and goods, it had been decided to line up Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at major entry points on our land borders. These ICPs would house all regulatory agencies like Immigration, Customs, Border Security, Quarantine etc., in conjunction with support facilities during one complex equipped with all modern amenities. India’s first ICP was at Attari border, Amritsar with Pakistan. other was opened at Bangladesh border at Agartala in 2013. INDIA–PAKISTAN BORDER  Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already operational (2017)  Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan

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This is spread across extreme climate as long because the boundary runs from the recent Thar Desert in Rajasthan to the cold in Jammu and Kashmir. India shares 3323 km long and complicated boundary with Pakistan. The India-Pakistan boundary is categorized under three different heads. the first is that the international boundary also mentioned because the ‘Radcliff line’. it's 2308 km long and stretches from Gujarat to parts of Jammu district in Jammu and Kashmir.

The second is that the road of control (LoC), or the Cease Fire Line, which came into existence after the 1948 and 1971 wars between India and Pakistan. This line is 776 km long, and runs along the districts of Jammu (some parts), Rajouri, Poonch, Baramula, Kupwara, Kargil and a couple of portions of Leh. and thus the third is that the particular ground position line (AGPL), which is 110 km long and extends from NJ 9842 to within the North (Siachin Glacier). In the 1990s, India began to fence this massive, border, of which 550 kms in J&K were completed in 2004. By 2011, most of the border fencing – along J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat – was completed. The double-row fencing on the LoC is meant to remain out militants, separatists, smugglers and other infiltrators, and for this purpose, it has been electrified, connected to a spread of sensors and strewn with landmines. the entire border is additionally lit up with strong floodlights installed on quite 50,000 poles. As a result, the Indo-Pak border can actually be seen from space within the dark . There are about 700 border out posts, one Integrated Check post is there at Attari, Amritsar. Despite of fencing smuggling, mainly of Heroine is rampant at border of Punjab. It happens because villagers at all sides of border are accomplice to such activities. Further, Involvement of Local politicians is additionally there in these cases. Apart from this, anti-India Jihadist Groups are in collusion with Pakistan soldiers who constantly tries to push terrorists to Indian Side of LOC. For this there has been occasional indiscriminate firing from Pakistani side during which Soldiers and citizens get killed. Few years back there was news that a ten meter wall of earth excavations is being erected at border near Jammu. Recently, Border private private security force is implementing a Rs. 4500 crore project, ‘Smart Fence’ mechanism. Under this laser walls and heat sensor system are getting to be installed on the boundary. While this might deter terrorists and Pakistan, innocent villagers may get caught into the trap. Integrated Check Post at Attari remains pretty busy for trade and this is often often only venue for cross border trade with Pakistan. INDO-PAK BORDER CHALLENGES

The Indo-Pakistan border was created in 1947 supported the Radcliffe Line, covering a length of three ,323 km along the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan. This border has also witnessed several clashes with Pakistan, with the most ones being in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Although several attempts are made since independence to settle the border issues through negotiations and discussions, a bit like the Indus Waters Treaty. However, critical issues a bit like the Pakistan occupied Kashmir, Sir Creek dispute, cross-border terrorisms and ceasefire violations have remained key challenges plaguing this a neighborhood of the Indian border and our soldiers . The harsh and varied climate along this 3,323-km of border compound the challenges faced by our soldiers in securing these areas. an increase in ceasefire violations and infiltration attempts are observed during the pre-winter season, when vigilance becomes extremely tough because of snowfall along the mountainous terrain. Other factors a bit like the political instability and crisis in Pakistan also cause an upsurge in cross-border infiltration and threats because of terrorism, creating tension along the border areas. INFINITY JOURNAL

Cross-border terrorism stands out together of the most reasons of disaccord between India and Pakistan. As an impression measure, India started fencing its border within the 1990s and successfully completed fencing Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by 2011. CHINA NATHULA PASS I ndia and China share a 3,488 km long boundary. Unfortunately, the entire boundary is disputed. The line, which delineates the boundary between the two countries, is popularly called the McMahon line, after its author Sir Henry McMahon. In 1913, the British-India government had called a tripartite conference, during which the boundary between India and was formalized after a discussion between the Indian and thus the Tibetans. A Convention was adopted, which resulted within the delimitation of the Indo-Tibetan boundary. This boundary is, however, disputed by China which terms it as illegal. it's interesting that in same agreement, boundary upto Myanmar was settled, and China accepts Mac Mohan line with Myanmar. India and China had never shared a typical boundary till; China “liberated” or occupied Tibet in 1950. it had been then that the hitherto India Tibet boundary was transformed into an India-China boundary. Since 1954, China started claiming large tracts of territory along the entire border like Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir, some areas in Uttrakhand and thus the whole Arunachal Pradesh. In 1957, China occupied Aksai Chin and built a road through it. This episode was followed by intermittent clashes along the border, which finally culminated within the border war of 1962. The boundary, which came into existence after the war, came to be mentioned as Line of Actual Control (LAC). it is a military held line. The rapprochement between the two countries in 1976 enabled India and China to initiate High Level border talks in 1981 to hunt out a solution to the vexed problem. After eight rounds, the talks broke down in 1987. In 1988, following Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China, the Joint working group (JWG) was acknowledged to look into the border problem. In 1993, the Agreement on the maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the road of Actual Control (LAC) was signed and thus the India-China Expert Group of Diplomatic and Military Officers was acknowledged to assist the JWG. In 1996, the Agreement on Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) within the Military Field along the LAC was signed. In 2003, two special representatives (one each from India and China) were appointed to hunt out a political solution to the border dispute. Till 2009, these two special representatives had held 17 rounds of talks, but it seems they have not made much headway. Recently, NSA Ajit Doval was appointed as Special Envoy for talks. There are three stages of negotiation: Agreeing to guiding principles to be followed – this is often often done Recognizing Boundary and area – evolving consensus – this is often often toughest one and process

China’s People Liberation Army has time and again intruded Indian borders. This was followed by Indian PM’s visit to China in 2013, where additional Confidence Building Measure on Border INFINITY JOURNAL

cooperation was agreed at. The measures include regular interaction between the headquarters and Field Commands of the two sides, additional border personnel meeting points and more telecommunication linkages between their forward posts at mutually agreed locations. Despite this incursions continue, recent one when Xi Jinping was on Indian visit, suggests that either there's lack of coordination or there are differences in China Communist Party and People’s Liberation Army leadership. As regards border management, the India-China border presents only a few of challenges. there's hardly any circulation of people or goods between the two countries through the border. Few intermittent interactions, nonetheless did happen though the gaps within the mountain ranges. These gaps were the trade and migration routes through which individuals and goods flowed. Some tribes like Monpas, Sherdukpens, Membas, Khambas and Bhutias had social and cultural ties with people across the border. Many other tribes also frequented the markets of Tibet to buy for and sell products, but of those stopped after the 1962 war. Presently, there are only three designated areas along the India-China border through which border trade takes place; these are Lipu Lekh, and . the number of trade these trading points isn't large. However, large scale smuggling of Chinese electronic and other commodity happen through these border points. India has under taken border construction in Arunachal Pradesh which was objected to by China. India ignored the objection by reiterating its authority over the planet . Indian side of Border almost has no Infrastructure. this is often often because of ever-present lethargy of Indian government. On other hand, China has built massive rail road linkages on its side. Further, to implement recommendation on Border out posts 3.5 Km distance limit of Working Group; work on building more BOPs goes on. Indo-China border challenges The India-China border, mentioned because the McMahon Line, is canopy a distance of three ,488 km. Originally the Indo-Tibetan border (before the occupation of Tibet by China in 1950), this border remains disputed along its entire length and is one of the key points of friction between the two countries over the past years. Although confidence building measures just like the appointment of special envoys and formation of joint working groups are initiated time and again, incidents along the border are reported within the past. All this makes it imperative for the Indian soldiers to require care of constant vigil along the LoAC (IndoChina border).  Nathu La Pass: It's found within the state of . This famous pass is found within the India- China border was reopened in 2006. It forms an area of an offshoot of the normal silk route. it's one of the trading border posts between India and China.  Shipki La Pass: –Tibet: it's found through Sutlej Gorge. It connects Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. it's India’s third border post for trade with China after Lipu Lekh and Nathula Pass.  Pass: Sikkim-: This pass passes through the . It connects Sikkim with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.  Qara Tagh Pass: it's found within the Mountains. it had been a subsidiary of the normal silk route.  : Leh- Siachin Glacier: it's that the very best motorable pass within the country. It connects Leh and Siachen glacier. This pass remains closed during the winter.  Thang La: it's found in Ladakh. it is the second highest motorable pass in India.  Aghil Pass: Ladakh- Xinjiang: it's situated to the North of Mount Godwin-Austen within the Karakoram. It connects Ladakh with Xinjiang province of China. It remains closed during the winter season from November to May.  Chang-La: Ladakh- Tibet: it's going to be a high pass within the Greater Himalayas. It connects

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Ladakh with Tibet.  Lanak La: Ladakh-Lhasa: this is often found within the Aksai Chin in Ladakh region. It connects Ladakh and Lhasa. The Chinese authority has built a road to hitch Xinjiang with Tibet.  Imis La: Ladakh- Tibet: The pass features a difficult geographical terrain and steep slopes. This pass remains closed during the winter season.  Bara-La: Himachal Pradesh- Leh-Ladakh: it's situated on the National Highway within the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Manali and Leh.  Traill’s Pass: it's found in Uttarakhand. it's situated at the highest of the Pindari glacier and connects the Pinadri valley to Milam valley. This pass is extremely steep and rugged.  Lipu Lekh: Uttarakhand-Tibet: it's found in Uttarakhand. It connects Uttarakhand with Tibet. This pass may be a crucial border post for the trade with china. The pilgrims for Manasarovar travels through this pass.  : Uttarakhand-Tibet: it's found within the Greater Himalayas and connects Tibet with Uttarakhand. It remains under snow for six months during winter.  Mangsha Dhura Pass: Uttarakhand-Tibet: The pass which connects Uttarakhand-Tibet is known for landslides. The pilgrims for Manasarovar cross this route.  Muling La: Uttarakhand-Tibet: This seasonal pass connects Uttarakhand with Tibet remains snow covered during winter season  Niti Pass: This pass joins Uttarakhand with Tibet. This also remains snow covered during the winter season.  : and Parvati Valley: It joins Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley. it is a high pass in between the Kullu and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh. it is a bypass route of Pin- Parvati Pass.  : Kullu-Lahul-Spiti: This located within the state of Himachal Pradesh. it's excellent road transportation. This pass connects Kullu, Spiti, and Lahul.  Bomdi-La: Arunachal Pradesh-Lhasa: The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. it's located within the east of Bhutan.  Dihang pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay: it's found within the Northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connect Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar (Mandalay)  Diphu pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay: The Diphu pass also provides easy and an alternate route to Myanmar. This pass remains open throughout the year for the transportation and trade.  Likhapani: Arunachal Pradesh- Myanmar: It located within the state of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass remains open throughout a year for transport and trade. This connects Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar.  Pangsan Pass: it's found within the state of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connects Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar.  (Jawahar Tunnel): Banihal with Qazigund: Banihal pass could also be a well- liked pass in Jammu and Kashmir. it's situated in Pir- Panjal Range. It connects Banihal with Qazigund.  : Srinagar- Kargil & Leh: It connects Srinagar with Kargil and Leh. Beacon Force of Border Road Organization is responsible for clearing and maintaining the road, especially during winter.

Border regions and communities, variety of them away from the heartland, constitute India’s first line of defence, a critical link in its national security. India’s 15,000-km borders touch seven neighbouring countries: Afghanistan (abutting Gilgit), Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Bangladesh, Myanmar. Border regions have their own local dynamics, often shaped by subnational and religious

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identities that do not necessarily align neatly with political borders. Some also function flourishing corridors for illegal smuggling of products and humans. Technology plays an important role in better protecting borders, but in some cases it's made borders obsolete. Despite their importance, border regions don't receive the entire attention of the Indian mainstream, except when border tensions arise.

Border regions and communities, variety of them away from the heartland, constitute India’s first line of defence, a critical link in its national security. India’s 15,000-km land borders touch seven neighbouring countries: Afghanistan (abutting Gilgit), Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Bangladesh, Myanmar. Border regions have their own local dynamics, often shaped by subnational and religious identities that do not necessarily align neatly with political borders. Some also function flourishing corridors for illegal smuggling of products and humans. Technology plays an important role in better protecting borders, but in some cases it's made borders obsolete. Despite their importance, border regions don't receive the entire attention of the Indian mainstream, except when border tensions arise. The FICCI-PwC report on Smart border management: An Indian perspective explores how the govt. of India can answer border management challenges and adopt a proactive and resilient approach towards smart border management that need to have four key elements: innovation and technology infrastructure, collaborative border management, capacity building and agile organisation. I sincerely hope that this report will offer important and useful insights to the govt. , enforcement agencies and each one other stakeholders. Border management could also be a security function that involves coordination and concerted action by various government agencies within our country. The aim is to INFINITY JOURNAL

secure our frontiers and safeguard our nation from the risks involved within the movement of products and people from India to other countries and therefore the other way around . Border management itself could also be a multifaceted term and will include, but isn't limited to, the regulation of legal and illegal immigration, ensuring safe and secure movement of authorised people and good. The rapid growth that India is currently experiencing presents an array of opportunities and underlines the need for effective border management. In an increasingly globalised and service- oriented economy like ours, we rely heavily on the movement of products and people . A competent border management system involves the tight coupling of technology and infrastructure that's capable of handling the geopolitical, social and economic challenges we face in India thanks to our vast border fronts. India features a really large and complicated border, covering around 15,106.7 km, which it shares with Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar and Bhutan, also as alittle portion with Afghanistan. What further increase the complexity and criticality are the various terrain, climate and relationship with variety of the neighbouring countries. thanks to such peculiarities, having infrastructure. The numerous agencies involved in border management, like customs, immigration, soldiers , border security and intelligence agencies, are characterised by a requirement to cooperate with an expanding range of external information sources (technology driven and intelligence based) so on develop a typical operating picture of the movements within and beyond our borders. Smart border management is an attempt to identify and implement controls which aim to reinforce border security by:  Enabling effective communication and coordination among all security agencies to succeed in a typical entity picture  Controlling illegal trafficking of people and goods  Neutralising threats linked to terrorism and organised crime Checking illegal migrationBorder management: Complexity, enormity and implications We understand that economic prosperity and globalisation require the free movement of people , goods and ideas; however, the growing number of border threats necessitates increased vigilance and more robust controls to secure borders. We share our borders with seven different countries (Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan) with all possible terrains—namely deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes, snowcovered peaks and tropical evergreen jungles. this sort of vast terrain makes us vulnerable to insurgency, illegal migration and smuggling. While our coastal borders are still relatively stable, our land borders pose a singular complexity. India has three kinds of land border: international borderline (IBL), line of control (LoC) and line of actual control (LoAC). IBL is that the demarcation that has been agreed and has been accepted by the rest of the earth . LoC is that the de facto border and separates Pakistan-occupied Kashmir from India’s state Jammu and Kashmir LoAC is that the border that separates Indianheld lands from Chinese-controlled territory. The disputed and unsettled nature of our boundaries (both land and maritime) has made their security much more difficult While multiple initiatives are undertaken by the govt. , like constructions of roads, fencing, installation of ground radars, the use of technology, intelligence gathering and integration of knowledge from various sources to form a typical entity picture remain a challenge.

RESPONDING TO BORDER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES Current border management schemes by the govt. of India cover articles of trade and people , points of entry and borders, and strategic and operational facets. A kind of measures are taken to safeguard land borders. These measures are grouped into three

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categories— people, process and technology. People comprises the numerous kinds of forces and manpower deployed for safeguarding our borders. Process outlines a few of initiatives taken by the govt. of India to streamline the tactic of border control and management. Technology lists the technological controls into which the govt. of India continues to require an edge so on strengthen border management.  PEOPLE

 PROCESS Department of border management

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• Approach taken by the govt. of India The approach, as employed by the govt. towards border management, is categorised into four essential processes: 1. Guarding the borders 2. Regulation of the borders 3. Development of border areas Constitution of billateral instutional mechanism for resolving disputes and ironing out conflict with neighbours. GUARDING THE BORDERS responsibility for the IndiaPakistan and India-Bangladesh borders lies with BSF, AR for the India- Myanmar border, ITBP) for the India-China border, and SSB for the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan borders. additionally to this ,to manage the borders effectively, surveillance is run within the type of normal patrols by the border guarding personnel. GUARDING THE BORDERS Effective regulation of the borders involves facilitation of legitimate trade and travel and simultaneous prevention of illegal migration, smuggling etc. Method employed by the govt. to manage the borders is that the preparation of a national register and issuance of Multi-purpose National Identity Cards (MNICs). this is often ready to help to prevent illegal migration and facilitate the detection of those already staying in India. the govt. also undertook the event of ICPs so on supply better facilities for the legal movement of people and goods across the border. DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER AREAS The resulting lack of economic opportunities makes the border population more susceptible to illegal activities like drugs and smuggling. As a solution to tackle these issues, the govt. initiated the Border Area Development Program (BADP) in 1987, so on facilitate the availability of the required socioeconomic infrastructure and adequate security, and to eliminate how of alienation among the population living at the border. BADP schemes include the event of community-based infrastructure like forestry,pasture lands, fishery parks,community centres, markets and mobile dispensaries. BADP also takes up security-related schemes. BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Development of border areas has been a matter of concern for the country. The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) was initiated in western region, which at that point of some time was the foremost volatile border, during the Seventh Five Year Plan period for ensuring balanced development of border areas through development of infrastructure and promotion of wellbeing and how of security among the border population. The programme has been expanded since to cover the border blocks of the 17 States (including 8 North Eastern States), which have international land borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. the event of border areas is

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now viewed as an area of the good approach to the Border Management, which focuses on socio-economic development of the people and promotion of wellbeing and a security environment within the border areas. The programme is supplemental in nature to fill the gaps and thus the funds under BADP are provided to the States as a 100% non-lapsable Special Central Assistance for execution of projects concerning infrastructure, livelihood, education, health, agriculture, and allied sectors to satisfy the special developmental needs of the people living in remote and inaccessible areas situated near the international border. The BADP is being implemented by the Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home Affairs through the State Governments. Guidelines of the programme are prepared by the Ministry of Home Affairs in consultation with committee (or now NITI Aayog), Ministry of Finance and anxious State  PEOPLE Governments. Formulation of schemes/projects, their approval and execution is that the first responsibility of the State Governments. Implementation of the Programme is monitored and reviewed by the State Governments and Ministry of Home Affairs. As already said, Group of Ministers recommended principle of ‘One Border One Force’, because of which government has raised Paramilitary Forces Border private private security force , Sashastra Seema Bal, Indo Tibetan Border police etc. which have specialized area responsibility. Bilateral institutional mechanisms Effective border management requires the facilitation of bilateral dialogue on matters of mutual concern, and thus, the govt. of India has constituted a system of institutionalised interaction through the meetings of home secretaries, area commanders of border guarding forces and thus the joint working group on border management National level meetings (NLMs) and sectoral level meetings (SLMs) are organised under the house Secretary and Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs respectively. the primary agenda of these meetings is to form sure and maintain peace and tranquillity all along the border. to realize this objective, the two sides have agreed to ‘prevent inadvertent violations of each other’s territories by their security forces’ and also ‘monitor and curb effectively all illegal and negative activities Additionally, border liaison meetings (BLMs) happen between local area army commanders at designated places every six months. India has constituted multiple such institutional mechanisms with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. Such bilateral mechanisms confirm that both the sides are adequately sensitised towards the respective security concerns and hence aid in better formulation of strategies for border management.  TECHNOLOGY The Government of India is focussing extensively on leveraging the power of technology to reinforce the efficiency and effectiveness of border operations. the earth is moving towards technologically advanced military and defence systems and India has been equipping its military with sophisticated weaponry to help combat actual and perceived dangers to the state . Technology interventions near the border areas in Mobilisation and ordinance supply chain (including equipment, weapons, vehicles and ammunition. Surveillance and communication (including the use of technology that comprises information, logistics, reconnaissance, command and control centres, and surveillance within the border areas) Way forward: Smart border management  TRENDS Demographic and social change Shift in global economic power Accelerating urbanization Resource scarcity INFINITY JOURNAL

Technological breakthroughs

Terrorism

Innovation and technology infrastructure Smart identity management Smart inspection system Security and television Collaborative border management -border cooperation (CBC) Public private partnership (PPP) In-country collaboration (ICC) Capacity building Agile organisational capabilities

My love for army , nation, lead my thanks to know more about border, its safety and security. To accomplish my goal I even have researched tons about an equivalent and that i have presented a couple of of my investigations and researches within the slides.

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I acknowledged that it's tough to survive in borders in such harsh climate where you catch just by cold breeze of snow.Army survive welcome us with a smile over there .salute to them.jai hind. Where we've 7 countries with territorial and a couple of marine countries and other disturbances surrounding us .  My love for army , nation, lead my way to know more about border, its safety and security. FINDINGS:  I found out that it is not easy to survive in borders in such harsh climatic conditions where you catch cold just by cold breeze of snow. Army survive and welcome us with a smile over there .SALUTE TO THEM. JAI HIND.  I visited all these borders to assimilate information, interact with the people over there and come to know about the cultures and traditions of people so that we can build friendly relations with our neighboring countries.  Infiltrations and terrorist countries are known to all. If we talk to these people who are well acquainted with their environment ,forests, geographical areas it would help a lot in writing about national security of India.

REFERENCES

1. "Neighbouring Countries of India 2020: Map, Capitals, Connected States". www.careerpower.in. 2. SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border, Times of India, 20 Dec 2017. 3. "India-Sri Lanka fishing rights dispute". 4. "India plans to construct 7 integrated check posts on border with Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. October 18, 2017. 5. "Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India". mdoner.gov.in. Dawki ICP foundation stone laid. 6. India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Business Line. 7. "12th Five Year Plan". 8. Delhi approves Sutarkandi integrated check post along Indo-Bangla border, North East News, 7 Jan 2019. 9. Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan border to have more ICP, Oct 2016. 10. India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Times of India, 1 Oct 2017. INFINITY JOURNAL