DR. KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI VOLUME I ISSUE I INFINITY JOURNALS ARTICLE 5. INFINITY JOURNAL DR.KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI ABSTRACT BORDERS OF INDIA India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with China, Bhutan, Nepal ,Pakistan, Afghanistan within the north or north-west, and Bangladesh and Myanmar within the east. India also shares water borders with Sri Lanka , Maldives and Indonesia.[1] All over world, most conflict-free borders are those which are geographical and are there from the days immemorial. Here Civilizations settled on either side of geographical barriers like river or mountain ranges and limited exchange takes place from very beginning. Amur flows between Russia and China, in same way Tigris between Iran and Turkey and these both marks political boundaries between these countries. Other boundaries are political ones and that they bear historical burden as is that the case of (sections of boundaries) India with neighbors like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal etc . In this case there has been a standard historical cultural flow on either side of the border and as a result there are claims or counter claims. This doesn’t imply that natural boundaries are always undisputed, river often changes their course in future and this river (if international boundary) may result into fluctuation of political boundaries. Further, just in case of Mountain ranges, a state with expansionist designs (as China is) can exert its claim unilaterally, resulting into tense situations. it's pertinent to notice that these areas between china and India were once inaccessible, but technological advancements haven't only made them accessible, but also strategically important. to protect borders efficiently, it's pre required that borders are agreed/delineated between the neighbors. Also, a state with malicious intent can willfully dispute border to bother its neighbor country to hamper its progress and to derail its growth. India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the value of ₹3,000 crore (US$420 million) (c. Oct 2017). In Indian case borders are quite complex and almost every sort of extreme geography is present at different borders viz. deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes or tropical evergreen jungles. it's 14818 kilometers of land borders and a coast line of 7516.6 kilometers. All states except Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, Delhi and Haryana have a world border or a coast line. 92 of India’s 593 districts are border districts in 17 states. India’s boundary with Pakistan (3323 km), China (3488 km), Nepal (1751 km), Bhutan (699 km), Myanmar (1643 km), and Bangladesh (4096.7 km). Border management becomes more important for the very fact that India is like island of democracy between seas of anarchical or instable states. Probably, no other neighbouring country has experienced uninterrupted democratic regime for quite 15 years. Additionally, in some countries there's cultural radicalism which is targeted on India, and terrorists and mafia groups are patronized by a number of India’s neighbouring states. there's cross border smuggling problem of medicine , cattle, humans, artifacts, fake currency note etc. Unfortunately, during this scenario our border forces appear to be severely undermanned and under-equipped which is taking heavy toll on economic, social and political stability of our country. In 2001, ‘Group of Ministers on review of border management’ gave many important recommendations. one among the main recommendations was the fixing of a separate Department of Border Management within the Ministry of Home Affairs. This has been done. Yet other major recommendations just like the early settlement of our maritime borders and therefore the demarcation of land boundaries has not yet been fully implemented. The GoM had strongly INFINITY JOURNAL recommended the principle of “one border one force” for better accountability and specialization. It emphasized the imperative of not deploying the border guarding forces for law and order duties and counter insurgencies. It made some recommendations specific to raised management of India- Pakistan, IndiaNepal and other borders. It lamented the neglect of maritime borders and island territories and made recommendations to strengthen coast guard and police. As a results of these recommendations border management possesses more attention but the Mumbai terrorist attacks had again shown that tons more must be done to enhance border management. Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are: INDIA-NEPAL BORDER Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh. Banbasa in Champawat district of Uttrakhand, in-principle approval in 2019. Bhitamore/Bhittamore in Sitamarhi district of Bihar, in-principle approval in 2019. Jogbani, Bihar. Panitanki, Darjeeling district of West Bengal, in- principal approval in 2019. Raxaul, Bihar. Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh; Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh. Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh. India and Nepal have shared an open border since 1950. The conception of such a border are often found within the Treaty of Peace and Friendship that the two countries signed that year. Provisions within the treaty, wherein citizens of both countries are given equal rights in matters of residence, acquisition of property, employment and movement in each other’s territory, provide for an open border between the 2 countries. While open border has been a superb facilitator of strong and unique bilateral relations, at the same time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious concerns. Open border has been an excellent facilitator of strong and unique bilateral relations. At the same time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious concerns. Allegations of excesses like intimidation, and forcible grabbing of land by either side along the disputed border also surface from time to time. All terrorist organizations, be it from Punjab, Kashmir, northeast or those of Maoists have fully exploited open borders with Nepal. it's been reported that a lot of terrorists have sneaked into India through the porous and poorly guarded Indo-Nepal border. aside from insurgents and terrorists, many hard-core criminals pursued by Indian and Nepalese security forces escape across the open border. These anti-national elements enjoys illegal activities, like smuggling of essential items and pretend Indian currency, gun-running, and medicines and human trafficking. The problem is further aggravated by intelligence inputs that Pakistani Directorate for Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been using Nepalese territory to carry out anti-India activities since the 1990s. WikiLeaks documents have revealed that the ISI has created sort of terrorist fronts in Nepal and has also pushed in men and explosives through the border to carry out terror attacks in India. INFINITY JOURNAL In recent times, police forces have achieved some success in capturing all types of criminals from these borders. This shows that cooperation from Nepal is increasing during this regard. In 2013 two Terrorists – Abdul karim Tunda and Yasin Bhatkal were arrested from this border. Nepal could also be a landlocked country and its closest access to the ocean is through India. As a result most of its imports undergo India. Keeping this in consideration, India has granted Nepal 15 transit and 22 trading points along the border. The India-Nepal border is an open border that covers a length of 1,751 km. Being an open border, it's provided a platform for strong bilateral relations. it's also been the explanation for illegal activities like smuggling of medicine , stolen vehicles, and arms and ammunition into the country. Lately, anti-social elements and terrorist organisations also are using this open border for a least effort passage into India, thus posing a significant security threat to the states along the border and therefore the internal security of the country as an entire . The open border with Nepal has been exploited by terror groups. Thirty-one battalions of SSB are deployed to see all such activities at the IndiaNepal open border. Moreover, there are discussions at various levels to line up platforms for handling problems with mutual concern. INDIA–MYANMAR BORDER Moreh ICP, already operational. Zochawchhuah (Lawngtlai district in India) Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar approach Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project has already been operational since Oct 2017. The 22 km long Lunglei– Tlabung– Kawrpuichhuah road was upgraded in 2014- 15 during a World Bank-funded project to strengthen India- Bangladesh border Connectivity. Survey for the line from Sairang to Hmawngbuchhuah (1 km north of Zochawchhuah) was completed in August 2017 and it'll be constructed in future phase.] Frontiers of British India and Myanmar came together first time in 1826 after British won 1st Anglo Burmese war. After Independence, The boundary was demarcated in 1967 under an agreement signed by both countries. there have been many border agreements between these two years during which borders were fluctuating and this has created confusion. The location of the Indo-Myanmar boundary presents many challenges for the effective management of the boundary. Though the boundary is correctly demarcated, there are a few of pockets that are disputed. The rugged terrain makes movement and thus the general development of the planet difficult. the interior dynamics of the region in terms of the clan loyalties of the tribal people, inter- INFINITY JOURNAL tribal clashes, insurgency, and transborder ethnic ties also adversely affect the security of the border areas. There is practically no physical barrier along the border either within the type of fences or border outposts and roads to form sure strict vigil. Insurgents make use of the poorly guarded border and flee across when pursued by Indian security forces. Close ethnic ties among the tribes like Nagas, Kukis, Chin, etc., who live astride the border help these insurgents find shelter in Myanmar.