Hariyo Ban Program

HARIYO BAN PROGRAM

Annual Performance Report 1 October 2011– 30 September 2012 (Cooperative Agreement No: AID-367-A-11-00003)

Submitted to: THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) NEPAL MISSION Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal

Submitted by: Judy Oglethorpe, Chief of Party, Hariyo Ban Program WWF in partnership with CARE, FECOFUN and NTNC P.O. Box 7660, Kathmandu Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal

31 October 2012 Resubmitted 31 December 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 6 3. OVERVIEW OF BENEFICIARIES AND STAKEHOLDERS 7 4. WORKING AREAS 8 5. MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORTING PERIOD 9 5.1 START-UP ACTIVITIES 9 5.1.1 Staff recruitment, induction and mobilization 9 5.1.2 Vehicle and equipment purchase 10 5.1.3 Launch of Hariyo Ban Program 10 5.1.4 Program inception workshops at the landscape level 10 5.1.5 District level stakeholders orientation and consultation workshops 10 5.1.6 Orientation on financial, administrative and compliance processes 11 5.1.7 Operationalizing Hariyo Ban Program Committees 11 5.2 PROGRESS ON IMPLEMENTING THE ANNUAL WORK PLAN 13 5.2.1 Biodiversity Conservation 13 5.2.1.1 Sub-IR 1.1 : Threats to focal species reduced 13 5.2.1.2 Sub IR 1.2 : Threats to targeted landscapes reduced 18 5.2.1.3 Sub-IR 1.3: Internal Governance of Community Groups Responsible for Ecosystem Management Strengthened 21 5.2.1.4 Sub IR 1.4: Income from sustainable sources of livelihoods for forest dependent communities increased 27 5.2.1.5 Sub IR 1.5: Creation, amendment and enforcement of biodiversity policies and strategies supported 29 5.2.2 IR 2: Sustainable Landscape Management 35 5.2.2.1 Sub-IR2.1: Analysis, formulation and execution of REDD+ policies and strategies supported 36 5.2.2.2 Sub IR 2.2: Capacity for forest inventory and GHG monitoring, and equitable benefit sharing developed 39 5.2.2.3 Sub IR 2.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation analyzed and addressed 41 5.2.2.4 Sub-IR2.4 Payments for carbon credits including other ecosystem services tested and expanded 46 5.2.3 Climate Change Adaptation 50 IR-3: The ability of human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change increased 50

5.2.3.1 Sub IR 3.1 : Government and civil society understanding of climate change vulnerability and gender-equitable and socially inclusive adaptation practices increased 51 5.2.3.2 Sub IR 3.2: Pilot demonstration actions for vulnerability reduction conducted and expanded 56 5.2.3.3 Sub IR 3.3: Participatory and simplified system for vulnerability monitoring established 62 5.2.3.4 Sub IR 3.4: Creation, amendment and execution of adaptation policies and strategies supported 63 5.3 PROGRESS ON CROSS CUTTING THEMES 68 5.3.1 Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) 68 5.3.2 Livelihoods 70 5.3.3 Governance 71 5.4 CONTRIBUTION OF HARIYO BAN PROGRAM IN THE IMPLEMENTATION, REVIEW AND FORMULATION OF GON STRATEGIES, POLICIES AND PLANS 71 5.5 OVERARCHING THEMES 72 5.5.1 Overarching Studies 72 5.6 MONITORING & EVALUATION 73 5.7 COMMUNICATIONS 77 5.8 DOCUMENTATION 79 5.9 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING 79 6. COORDINATION 79 7. WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY 80 8. MANAGEMENT REPORT 81 9. INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION 83 10. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 83 11. LESSONS LEARNED 84 12. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 85 13. PROSPECTS FOR NEXT YEAR 86

ANNEXES (Annexes 1-5 and 14 are in this document; Annexes 6-11 are in separate documents) Annex 1 : Geographic coverage of Hariyo Ban Program in year 1 Annex 2 : List of Hariyo Ban Program staff Annex 3 : Composition and TOR of Committees under Hariyo Ban Program Annex 4 : Site specific threats for different corridors/bottlenecks under TAL and CHAL Annex 5 : Details of Local Resource Person developed by Hariyo Ban Program Annex 6 : ISAS (2012). A compendium of reading materials: Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation

Annex 7 : NTNC (2012). Progress Report on Rhino Count Method validation in Chitwan National Park and Status and Distribution of Elephant Population in TAL Annex 8 : FECOFUN (2012). Community Forestry Operation Plan Preparation Checklist Annex 9 : FECOFUN (2012). Checklist for Community Forest Users Group constitution preparation Annex 10 : Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (2012). Chief Executive Officer Hiring Guidelines Annex 11 : Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (2012). Framework Structure for Nepal's REDD + Strategy Annex 12 : Contribution of the Hariyo Ban Program to the implementation, review and formulation of GON Strategies, Policies and Plans in Year 1 Annex13 : Progress on Performance Monitoring Plan Year 1 Annex 14 : International travel undertaken during September 2011 to September 2012

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Number of CLACs established and operationalized in TAL and CHAL Table 2 : Governance status of different CFUGs Table-3 : Key actions identified by CFUGs during governance assessment Table 4 : Summary of Progress in Biodiversity Conservation Component Table 5 : Key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in different physiographic zone Table 6 : Number of CFOPs planned for renewal in Hariyo Ban working sites Table 7 : Summary of progress in Sustainable Landscape Management component Table 8 : Summary of rapid vulnerability assessment Table 9 : Vulnerable Communities in TAL and CHAL Table 10 : Number of CLACs established and operationalized; and LRPs mobilized in TAL and CHAL Table 11 : Summary of Progress in Climate Change Adaptation Component Table 12 : Progress on key indicators

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Working Areas in TAL Figure 2 : Working Areas in CHAL Figure 3 : PGA at Shandhe Raniswara CFUG, Tanahu Figure 4 : Proportion of households under different well-being status

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACA Annapurna Conservation Area ACAP Annapurna Conservation Area Project AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Center ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio-resources ARS Agricultural Research Service ASD Alliance for Social Development AWP Annual Work Plan BaNP Banke National Park BCA Blackbuck Conservation Area BCT Brahman Chhetri Thakuri BNP Bardia National Park BSP Biogas Support Program BZ Buffer Zone BZCFUG Buffer Zone Community Forestry User Group BZUC Buffer Zone Users Committee CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee CAP Community Adaptation Plan CAPA Community Adaptation Plan of Action CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CBAPU Community Based Anti-Poaching Unit CBO Community Based Organization CBRP Corridors and Bottlenecks Restoration Project CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCC Cluster Level Coordination Committee CCN Climate Change Network CEO Chief Executive Officer CF Community Forest CFCC Community Forest Coordination Committee CFDG Community Forestry Development Guidelines CFOP Community Forest Operational Plan CFUG Community Forestry User Group CHAL Chitwan Annapurna Landscape CLAC Community Learning and Action Center CMDN Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal CNP Chitwan National Park COFSUN Community Forestry Support Network CRT Centre for Rural Technology CSO Civil Society Organization CTEVT Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training CVCA Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment DADO District Agriculture Development Office DANAR Dalit Alliance for Natural Resources Nepal DDC District Development Committee

DFO District Forest Office DFRS Department of Forest Research and Survey DFSCC District Forestry Sector Coordination Committee DLSO District Livestock Services Office DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNPWC Department of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation DoF Department of Forests DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSCO District Soil Conservation Office EC Executive Committee EIA Environment Impact Assessment ER-PIN Emission Reduction Project Idea Note FECOFUN Federation of Community Forestry Users Nepal FOP Forest Operational Plan FRA Forest Resource Assessment FY Fiscal Year GCP Global Conservation Program GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GHG Green House Gas GLA Government Line Agency GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood GoN Government of Nepal GPS Global Positioning System HH Household HICAST Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology HIMAWANTI Himalayan Grassroots Women's Natural Resource Management Association HWC Human Wildlife Conflict ICCA Initiative for Climate Change Adaptation ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ICS Improved Cooking Stove ICVCA Integrated Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment IDE International Development Enterprises IEE Initial Environmental Examination INEB International Network of Engaged Buddhists INGO International Non-Government Organization IOF Institute of Forestry IR Intermediate Result ISAS International School of Advanced Studies IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KCA Kanchanjunga Conservation Area LAPA Local Adaptation Plan of Action LCC CRSP Livestock-Climate Change Collaborative Research Support Program LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging LIP Livelihood Implementation Plan LRP Local Resource Person

MOEST Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology MOFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development MoFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MT Metric Ton MU Mid-Western University NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action NARC National Agricultural Research Council NBS National Biodiversity Strategy NGO Non-Government Organization NRM Natural Resource Management NTCC National Tiger Conservation Committee NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation PA Protected Area PABZ Protected Area and Buffer Zone Project PDD Project Design Document PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PF Protection Forest PGA Participatory Governance Assessment PHPA Public Hearing and Public Auditing PM&E Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation PMC Program Management Committee PMERL Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation, Reflection and Learning PMU Project Management Unit PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PSC Program Steering Committee PVSE Poor, Vulnerable and Socially Excluded PWBR Participatory Well-being Ranking PWR Parsa Wildlife Reserve RBCC River Basin Coordination Committee REDD Cell REDD Forestry and Climate Change Cell REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REFLECT Regenerated Freirian Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques REL Reference Emission Levels RL/REL Reference Level/Reference Emissions Level RPP Readiness Preparation Proposal SAGUN Strengthened Actions for Governance in Utilization of Natural Resources SAWEN South-Asian Wildlife Enforcement Network SCAPES Sustainable Conservation Approaches in Priority Ecosystems SCC Site Level Coordination Committee SES Social & Environmental Standards SHL Sacred Himalayan Landscape SLCC Site Level Coordination Committee SWR Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve

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TAL Terai Arc Landscape TBD To be determined TNA Training Needs Assessment TOR Terms of Reference TOT Training of Trainers UCPVA Underlying Causes of Poverty and Vulnerability Analysis UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government VA Vulnerability Assessment VAT Value Added Tax VDC Village Development Committee VER Verified Emission Reduction WCCB Wildlife Crime Control Bureau WPM Wildlife Premium Mechanism WWF World Wildlife Fund

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The first year of the Hariyo Ban Program successfully laid a foundation for the program, building the Hariyo Ban team and structures, undertaking studies as a base for program implementation, developing working relationships with stakeholders, and starting activities in the field and central level. The program is by and large on track for effective implementation and well positioned to achieve targeted results. The program was officially launched in December 2012 in Kathmandu, and subsequently in the two landscapes. Staff were recruited to the core team and consortium partners, and program offices were set up. A coordination mechanism was developed with a Program Steering Committee and working group, Program Management Committee, and coordination committees in the two landscapes. Working relationships were built with key partners and stakeholders including with the Government of Nepal (GoN), and other donor programs. The consortium drew on the individual strengths of the four consortium partners to develop an effective, collaborative, multi-level approach. Synergies were identified among the three thematic components and three cross-cutting components of Hariyo Ban, ensuring an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach for this complex Program. Hariyo Ban prioritized working areas in the two landscapes based on information available in 2011 on their importance for biodiversity, sustainable landscapes and climate impacts. In the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) it worked in the Brahmadev, Karnali, Barandabhar and Kamdi corridors and the Nijgadh and Chandranigahapur bottlenecks; in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) it worked in the Seti, Marsyangdi and Daraudi river basins and Annapurna and Manaslu Conservation Areas. In total the Program covered parts of 16 districts, 155 VDCs and 10 Municipalities. Biodiversity Conservation The overall objective of this component is to reduce threats to biodiversity in target landscapes. In year 1, we undertook foundational activities including a multi-disciplinary rapid assessment and biodiversity study of CHAL which was poorly understood as a landscape. Since the Program takes a threats based approach to biodiversity conservation, threats assessments were undertaken in CHAL and in TAL corridors, providing a basis for prioritizing program activities. While threats vary by area, major threats identified include forest land encroachment from agricultural expansion; poaching of focal species and their prey base, and illegal trade of their body parts; and human wildlife conflict, including retaliatory killing of focal species. We initiated studies and testing of methodologies related to key focal species to fill gaps in existing understanding for management purposes, including ecology and distribution of snow leopard, validation of rhino counting methodology, and a study on habitat occupancy of elephant. Since human wildlife conflict (HWC) was identified as a major threat a TAL-wide study on HWC was commissioned; it will help prioritize future activities to reduce conflict. In order to combat poaching community based antipoaching units were strengthened involving 173 people. 13 km of electric fence was constructed in critical areas in Chitwan and Bardia and 43.2 km was repaired in Bardia to reduce HWC, some with cost share funding. Twenty two blackbucks were reintroduced in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve to help conserve this highly threatened species. Improved habitat management was promoted by rehabilitating 95 ha grasslands in Kamdi and Khata corridors. Work is underway among the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Florida, USA and Hariyo Ban to explore most effective biological control

1 agent against water hyacinth, which is serious problem to the wetlands in Nepal. In order to reduce pressure on forests for firewood and grazing, 278 biogas plants were constructed in Chitwan, Bardia and Kanchanpur districts with cost share funding. To strengthen community forest management Hariyo Ban Program promoted improved governance of community natural resource management (NRM) groups to make their transactions more transparent, accountable and inclusive. Work included 136 participatory governance assessments (PGAs) in the two landscapes; 99 participatory well-being ranking (PWBR) sessions; and 118 public hearing and public auditing (PHPA) sessions. Hariyo Ban supported formation and mobilization of 126 Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs) to increase awareness and empower poor and excluded community members to exercise their rights and responsibilities. 126 Local Resource Persons (LRPs) received training and facilitated the CLACs, helping to strengthening internal governance of the community forest user groups (CFUGs). Biodiversity conservation and gender and social inclusion (GESI) training was provided to NRM groups, and orientation about Community Forestry Guidelines was provided to CFUG members and executives. To promote improved livelihoods and reduce pressure on biodiversity Hariyo Ban supported the preparation of 45 livelihood improvement plans (LIPs) for communities in critically threatened areas. An ecotourism study was commissioned to identify livelihood opportunities as a way to improve people’s lives and reduce key threats to biodiversity such as poaching and agricultural encroachment in forest; it has proposed 4 ecotourism sites in TAL and CHAL. Management plan preparation of these sites is currently underway. As a result of governance activities, various NRM groups have allocated Rs.1.17 million (US$ 15,583) to the poor user households to improve their livelihoods. Sustainable Landscape Management The objective of this component is to build the structure, capacity and operations necessary for effective sustainable landscapes management, especially reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) readiness. Since the policy framework required for these areas does not exist yet, policy support was a major focus in year 1. Hariyo Ban Program supported the REDD Forestry and Climate Change Cell of the Government of Nepal to prepare a framework for developing a REDD+ strategy which will be used as a guiding document to prepare the National REDD+ Strategy next year. Other interventions included building capacity on forest carbon inventory as a foundation for future work, initial work in addressing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and initiating a process for carbon financing. To this end a capacity needs assessment for forest carbon inventory and use of methodologies for developing a REDD+ project was conducted in relevant government line agencies, stakeholders and communities of TAL and CHAL. With cost share funding WWF trained 113 Local Resource persons in forest carbon inventory. WWF conducted Nepal’s first landscape-level effort to collect field data on forest carbon in TAL which can be used to support the development of a Tier 2 approach REDD+ project. WWF also supported the Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Project to demonstrate the use of LIDAR for measuring above-ground biomass in TAL. The Hariyo Ban Program will build on this effort and work with the REDD Cell, Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS) and FRA to analyze and test the feasibility of a REDD+ project in the voluntary market or fund based mechanism for TAL using the data from ground-truthing and LIDAR.

Drivers of deforestation were identified and ranked in CHAL for the first time; the project used existing driver information for TAL. High dependency on forest for livelihoods, illegal harvest of forest products, overgrazing, and infrastructure development were identified as major drivers amongst others. Early steps were taken to address high priority drivers of deforestation. This included strengthening community forest management through supporting revision of community Forest Operational Plans, many of which are out of date, resulting in weak management and forest loss/degradation. LRPs were trained in forest inventory, group constitution and FOP preparation, and revision of 89 FOPs is underway. Since fires are a serious driver, forest firefighting crews were developed in 8 CFUGs in TAL and CHAL by training 120 community forest users who were provided with firefighting equipment. In addition, 802 people from community forest user groups, CAMCs, mother groups, youth clubs, etc. were sensitized through various forest fire management trainings and workshops. Firewood and grazing pressure were tackled by starting a process for installing 100 biogas plants in 4 districts of CHAL; WWF constructed 205 biogas plants in Barandhabar, Kamdi and Karnali corridors as cost share activity, and 365 ICS were installed in Kamdi and Karnali corridors. A consultancy on impacts of infrastructure development is currently being commissioned to investigate ways to reduce impacts on forests. On carbon financing, Hariyo Ban is jointly supporting WWF to develop a second Gold Standard Biogas Verified Emission Reduction Project (VERP) which will construct 7,500 biogas plants in TAL. Preparatory work was undertaken this year, including site selection, development of terms of reference, stakeholder consultation and discussions with the Alternate Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) and the Biogas Support Program (BSP). Climate Change Adaptation The objective of this component is to increase the ability of human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. In year 1 the component mainly focused on building awareness and capacity to understand climate change and its impacts, building a foundation for future work. To start rolling out activities it also undertook initial vulnerability assessments and started adaptation plan preparation at local level. Capacity building included a number of activities to sensitize stakeholders and target beneficiaries on climate change and adaptation issues and gender-equitable and socially inclusive adaptation practices. This included five Training of Trainers events for representatives from Government line agencies, civil society and Local Resource Persons, which produced 136 master trainers to provide further training at different levels. Out of this two TOTs on vulnerability assessment and participatory monitoring were conducted by an international trainer from CARE, and one training on fundamentals of climate change adaptation was conducted by WWF US trainers. All core partners conducted different activities including sensitization and training activities with gender and social inclusion perspectives. A total of 14 vulnerable sites were identified through vulnerability assessments conducted during the year. In these sites there are a total of 2,466 households, out of which 1,713 households were found to be vulnerable; these vulnerable households include 218 Dalit, 1,144 Janajatis and 34 Madhesi families. This work was followed by preparation of four Community Adaptation Plans of Action (CAPAs) in Kanchanpur and Bardia in TAL. More adaptation plans are being finalized, based on the

3 vulnerabilities and adaptation options identified. The plans mainly focused on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) measures, climate resilient livelihood options, capacity building and addressing the underlying causes of poverty. To prepare for vulnerability monitoring, Hariyo Ban trained 29 people from government departments, regional directorates, district forest offices, district soil conservation offices under MoFSC and CARE, FECOFUN, NTNC and WWF staff on participatory monitoring, evaluation, reflection and learning (PMERL). These master trainers will conduct training on PMERL for local resource persons who will use the knowledge and skills to support communities to monitor, reflect and learn from implementing climate adaptation plans. Cross cutting themes In year 1, Hariyo Ban conducted a range of cross cutting activities that add value to the core work of the program. Livelihoods and governance activities are described above. We started to mainstream GESI across all thematic components, with a big focus on training for partner organizations, district based government stakeholders, NRM group representatives and LRPs. CLACs proved to be a valuable platform for raising GESI issues and promoting women’s empowerment both at individual and group level. Hariyo Ban’s GESI expert joined the GESI Core Group coordinated by the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, enabling the program to engage with GoN’s strategy and policy process on GESI. Overarching themes and issues Hariyo Ban places high importance on effective communication to stakeholders and partners. We developed a communication strategy which provides guidance on communication matters. A brochure was produced in English and Nepali to inform audiences about the goal, objectives strategies and activities of the Hariyo Ban Program. A website was developed, which is currently hosted by WWF Nepal. Regular newsletters were produced on Hariyo Ban events and achievements. The Program celebrated Earth Day by organizing a photo competition with USAID. It also updated its Branding and Marking Plan. In order to ensure effective monitoring of Hariyo Ban progress, a monitoring and evaluation system was established. A baseline study was undertaken and an M&E plan developed based on the Hariyo Ban results framework. Review and reflection meetings were conducted at landscape level which discussed progress made, challenges and the way forward. Field monitoring visits are being conducted and the observations and recommendations were shared with the core team. Hariyo Ban has also developed a draft learning strategy to guide program learning, particularly important in light of the cutting edge work it is undertaking. The Windows of Opportunity funds support innovative initiatives that arise at short notice, outside the annual work plan, that have great potential to help achieve Hariyo Ban’s goal. Funded activities included: support to the Ministry of Environment for the International Conference of Mountain Countries on Climate Change; support to and collaboration with the International School for Advanced Studies (ISAS) and partners to conduct a summer school on climate change; and co- funding for the Institute of Forestry’s Conference ‘Bridging IOF to the Future’. Several other proposals are in development. Some overarching studies were undertaken as a foundation for future years. The multi-disciplinary CHAL rapid assessment provided broader understanding CHAL and its biodiversity, forests,

4 watersheds, land uses, socio-economic conditions, effects of climate change, and infrastructure development. This assessment was used to prioritize geographical areas for year 2 Program interventions, and will serve as a base for developing a CHAL conservation strategy next year, as well as for the rest of our work in the landscape. A Training Needs Assessment identified training needs for Hariyo Ban partners, beneficiaries and stakeholders including government line agencies and civil society, and will serve as guiding document to for capacity building activities in the future. Beneficiaries During the first year a total of 45,413 people participated in and benefited from program activities. This included 25,148 women (55%), 6,579 Dalit (14%), 19,457 Janajatis (43%), 18,617 Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri (41%), 473 Madhesi (2%), 5,876 Poor (13%) and 4,931 youth (11%). General lessons and prospects for next year During its first year, Hariyo Ban learned many programmatic and operational lessons in several areas including partnerships, community engagement, program planning, implementation; and, monitoring and evaluation. The learning will be documented and applied as relevant in the course of program implementation. We have now built a solid foundation for Hariyo Ban moving forward into year 2 by filling key gaps in knowledge about the two landscapes, building capacity, developing strategies and working modalities, and undertaking early activities in all components. Core partners have developed greater understanding and respect for each other; engagement with GON is productive. The working modality in TAL is well established. The second annual work plan has been prepared through a rigorous process adopting a participatory, bottom-up approach with engagement of communities, civil society, GoN, and key stakeholders. Overall, year 2 will have heavy field implementation of activities. In the first year we did experience delays due to the fluid political situation, particularly around the time of the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly when travel was difficult, especially in parts of TAL. In the second year we may also face risks and challenges as many issues including the move to federalism and drafting of a new constitution still remain unresolved. The Program and partners will assess risks and devise appropriate strategies to deal with the situation with as little disruption to the Program as possible.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Hariyo Ban Program began operating in Nepal in August 2011 and will run for a period of five years. Funded by USAID, the Program is being implemented by four core partners: WWF Nepal (prime recipient), Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), and the Federation of Community Forestry Users in Nepal (FECOFUN). The Hariyo Ban Program works on three core, interwoven components: biodiversity conservation, sustainable landscapes, and climate change adaptation, with livelihoods, governance, and gender and social inclusion being important cross-cutting themes. This Annual Performance Report covers the period from October 2011 to September 2012. Year 1 of the Program focused on building strong foundations for program activities, positioning the program to achieve targeted results, and starting early field and national level activities. The core partners built up the team, offices and governance structure for the program, developed a monitoring and evaluation baseline and framework for the Hariyo Ban Program and undertook a training needs assessment on which to develop a training strategy. In TAL, we identified parts of the Government of Nepal’s Terai Arc Landscape Strategy Plan (2004-2014) where we could best contribute, including four corridors in the landscape, as well as working on focal wildlife species in protected areas. In CHAL, while waiting for results of a rapid assessment of the landscape, biodiversity, and drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, we identified a small number of key areas to start work on the ground in the Seti and Marsyangdi sub-basins. At the field level, the Program started field activities in the second half of the year, and undertook activities at national policy level. Most of the planned activities under the various components have been started, are on track or have been completed (a few are delayed or have been canceled). The country of Nepal is currently experiencing a very turbulent political environment due to the unresolved and ongoing processes of drafting a new country constitution. Political turmoil, particularly around April-May 2012 had some serious implications for the implementation of Hariyo Ban Program activities, as the circumstances restricted mobility of program staff, partners and consultant teams. However, Hariyo Ban took advantage of all possible opportunities for activity implementation. The post-Constituent Assembly dissolution period is by and large calm though the political agendas, including federalism and drafting of a new constitution, still remain unresolved. The political instability and insecurity is still looming, and may further implicate program activities during Year 2.

2. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The overall goal of the Hariyo Ban Program is to reduce adverse impacts of climate change and threats to biodiversity in Nepal. The Program will work through site-based interventions in two priority landscapes with high biodiversity value, namely the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) and Chitwan Annapurna Landscape (CHAL). This work will be complemented by supporting the strengthening of an enabling policy environment at the national level. The three objectives of the Hariyo Ban Program are: x Reduce threats to biodiversity in targeted landscapes;

6 x Build the structures, capacity and operations necessary for effective sustainable landscape management, with a focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) readiness; x Increase the ability of targeted human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.

3. OVERVIEW OF BENEFICIARIES AND STAKEHOLDERS

The Hariyo Ban Program engaged and worked with the following target beneficiaries and stakeholders in Year 1: Community level: x Poor, vulnerable and socially excluded men and women associated with the Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs) x Poor users identified through the participatory well-being ranking x Executive committees and general members of the NRM groups including CFUGs, BZCFUGs, BZUCs, CAMCs, and CFCCs x Executives and members of cooperatives x Community based anti-poaching units (CBAPUs) x Local Resource Persons (LRPs) Nepalese civil society, academia, research centers and private sector organizations: x FECOFUN District Chapters x Local NGOs x International School for Advanced Studies (ISAS) x Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST) x Mid-Western University (MU) x Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN) x Institute of Forestry (IoF) Government of Nepal x Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation x Ministry of Environment x Department of Forests x Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation x Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management x Department of Forest Survey and Research x District Forest Offices x District Soil Conservation Offices x National Parks National Programs x Multi Stakeholder Forestry Project (MSFP)

7 x Initiative for Climate Change Adaptation (ICCA) x Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) x Nepal Climate Change Support Project (NCCSP)

4. WORKING AREAS

The Hariyo Ban Program implemented activities in the Brahmadev, Karnali, Barandabhar and Kamdi corridors, as well as the Nijgadh and Chandranigahapur bottlenecks in TAL. These corridors and bottlenecks include part of nine districts (Kanchanpur, Kailali, Bardia, Banke, Dang, Nawalparasi, Chitwan, Rautahat and Bara), 57 VDCs, and 6 municipalities. In CHAL, the program was implemented in Seti, Marsyangdi and Daraudi river basins, Annapurna Conservation Area, and Manaslu Conservation Area. These areas cover part of seven districts (Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, Kaski, Myagdi, Manang and Mustang), 98 VDCs, and 4 municipalities. Hence in Year 1, Hariyo Ban worked in a total of 17 districts, 155 VDCs, and 10 municipalities in TAL and CHAL. Names of VDCs and other details are given in Annex-1. Figure 1 : Working Areas in TAL

Figure 2 : Working Areas in CHAL

5. MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORTING PERIOD

5.1 Start-up activities The Hariyo Ban Program undertook numerous start-up activities during the reporting period, including: staff recruitment, office set-up, vehicle and equipment purchasing, and formation and operationalization of various committees. 5.1.1 Staff recruitment, induction and mobilization All of the core partners of the Hariyo Ban Program have recruited and mobilized staff to execute program activities at the Central, Landscape, Conservation Area and District levels. The core Hariyo Ban team housed at the WWF Nepal Office in Kathmandu comprises the Chief of Party, Deputy Chief of Party, Component Coordinators, Gender and Social Inclusion Coordinator, M&E Specialist and field assistants, Program Administrator, Communications Officer, Finance Manager, Grants and Compliance Officer, Administrative Assistant, Messenger and driver. Both CARE and FECOFUN have deployed Team Leaders to oversee and manage Hariyo Ban activities implemented by their respective organizations. Overall responsibility of Hariyo Ban implementation at landscape level is coordinated by the WWF TAL Coordinator and Hariyo Ban CHAL Field Coordinator. In CHAL, CARE and WWF landscape level staff are located in the Hariyo Ban office in Pokhara. FECOFUN and NTNC staff work from their respective offices within the landscapes and districts. There are several people in each partner

9 organization that provide support for the Hariyo Ban Program on a shared basis. A complete list of the Hariyo Ban Program staff is given in Annex-2. 5.1.2 Vehicle and equipment purchase The Hariyo Ban Program received authorization from USAID and GoN to purchase 27 vehicles to facilitate program implementation activities out of 29 vehicles (4 four wheelers and 25 two wheelers) planned for procuring for year 1. The vehicles include cars and motorbikes, and they were distributed to the core partners. The remaining vehicles will be delivered to Hariyo Ban during the first quarter of Year 2.

5.1.3 Launch of Hariyo Ban Program The Hariyo Ban Program was officially launched in Kathmandu on November 8, 2011, with an event that communicated the goals, objectives, activities and strategies of Hariyo Ban to key national-level stakeholders. High-level dignitaries at the event included the Vice-Chairperson of the National Planning Commission; the Secretary of the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation; the Secretary of the Ministry of the Environment; the Deputy Ambassador to the United States; and the Deputy Chief of Mission in USAID/Nepal. The heads of the core partner organizations were present, along with staff from USAID and other donors, the media, community representatives from TAL and CHAL, and many representatives of conservation and development organizations.

5.1.4 Program inception workshops at the landscape level Three Hariyo Ban inception workshops were conducted in Chitwan (Eastern TAL), Pokhara (CHAL) and Nepalganj (Western TAL) with the objective of introducing the stakeholders to the Hariyo Ban Program. Participants included regional and district level offices such as Regional Forest Directorates, District Forest Offices, District Soil Conservation Offices, District Agriculture Development Offices, District Livestock Services Offices, Women Development Offices, and regional and district offices of the Hariyo Ban core partners. The media actively participated in all the inception workshops. Participants were enthusiastic in contributing their suggestions for best practices for program implementation, and also raised concerns such as program duplication, coordination mechanisms with GLAs, geographic coverage, balance between livelihood improvement activities and conservation of natural resources, the backlog of forest operational plans, and low targets for field level activities. The Hariyo Ban Program team responded to participants’ queries and gave assurances that the program will take their feedback into consideration throughout program implementation.

5.1.5 District level stakeholders orientation and consultation workshops District level program orientation workshops were conducted in TAL and CHAL in order to develop a common understanding among district partners about the goal, objectives, strategies, structures and working modalities of Hariyo Ban and its implementation. District level stakeholders including District Forest Offices, District Soil Conservation Offices, FECOFUN District Chapters, District

Development Committees, District Administration Offices and other district level GLAs participated, along with civil society organizations, representatives from various networks, and Hariyo Ban staff. Climate change adaptation, forest management, and local level coordination mechanisms were also discussed during the orientation workshops.

5.1.6 Orientation on financial, administrative and compliance processes WWF, CARE and FECOFUN conducted orientations on financial, administrative and compliance processes. These orientations provided information on financial rules and regulations, including USAID compliance, pertinent to Hariyo Ban staff and key persons from the Hariyo Ban core organizations. Personnel from WWF US facilitated two of the trainings organized at central level. Similarly, CARE Nepal organized an orientation program during the last quarter on financial activities for local implementing partners in the TAL for the districts of Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur. Topics included: USAID compliance, VAT refund policies, and Hariyo Ban fund management reporting formats. Thorough discussions were conducted on practical issues that arise during financial and administrative processes, and the resource persons provided relevant information and solutions to address such issues. These workshops and orientation meetings gave program staff a foundation for understanding basic rules and compliance matters to be observed and followed throughout Hariyo Ban activities. Follow- up meetings have been held with individual partners as needed throughout the year.

5.1.7 Operationalizing Hariyo Ban Program Committees A number of committees were created for internal and external coordination at the Central, Landscape, Clusters and Site level. These include: Program Steering Committee (PSC) and PSC- Working Group, Program Management Committee (PMC), Program Management Unit (PMU), Landscape Level Coordination Committees (LCCs), Cluster Level Coordination Committees (CCCs), and Site Level Coordination Committees (SCCs). The Hariyo Ban Program Committees continue to play critical roles in effective implementation of. The composition and TORs of these Committees are given in Annex-3. i) Program Steering Committee: The PSC, chaired by the Secretary of the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, provides overall guidance to the program, ensures its alignment with GoN priorities and policies, and promotes synergy with other national programs and sectors. The PSC held two meetings during Year 1. Key results from the PSC meetings include: the endorsement of a revised structure for the PSC and its TOR; endorsement of the PSC-Working Group structure and its TOR; and endorsement of the revised Annual Work Plan for 2012. ii) PSC-Working Group: The PSC-Working Group provides support to PSC planning, observing, monitoring, and providing feedback on program activities in consultation with concerned departments, consortium partners and other related stakeholders. The working group met several times to provide technical input on the second work plan and other PSC matters. Hariyo Ban thematic coordinators are members, along with representatives from MoFSC, DNPWC and DoF. This committee is coordinated by the Chief of Planning Division, MoFSC, who is the GoN designated focal person for the Hariyo Ban Program.

11 iii) Program Management Committee: The PMC is an internal mechanism of the Hariyo Ban Program that ensures coordination among the four partners and smooth implementation of the program. The PMC held five meetings during Year 1. Major agenda items proposed and discussed in the PMC included: endorsement of the windows of opportunity guidelines; updates on research and studies; the value chain study on biogas; the photo competition for Earth Day celebrations; risk assessment plans; the Annapurna Conservation Area management modality; protection forest management; engagement of Hariyo Ban in District Forestry Sector Coordination Committees (DFSCCs); and policy discourse for the Hariyo Ban Program. The decisions made by the PMC have been instrumental in clarifying previously ambiguous issues, and the Committee strengthens common understanding and central level collaboration among the core partners and core team. The PMC has developed action plans to ensure smooth implementation of program activities. iv) Program Management Unit (PMU): The PMU was initially conceived and structured to facilitate day-to-day Hariyo Ban activities. In practice, however, weekly meetings of the Hariyo Ban Program core team have taken the place of formal PMU meetings. v) Landscape Level Coordination Committees: The LCCs are responsible for planning, joint monitoring, review and reflection, and coordination at the landscape level. The LCCs held meetings in TAL and CHAL in January and July 2012. The January meetings focused on rolling out activities in the Year 1 Annual Work Plan, clarifying intervention sites and activities, and formalizing the CHAL Coordination Committee, where as the July meetings focused on preparation of Year 2 Annual Work Plan. vi) River Basin Coordination Committee (RBCC): The role of the RBCC is to facilitate joint monitoring, progress review, coordination, and reporting. The Hariyo Ban Program is specifically focusing on the Seti and Marsyangdi basins. The Seti River Basin Coordination Committee held a meeting in June 2012 in Pokhara to discuss the Year 2 planning process, joint monitoring, coordination and reporting, and also reviewed and reflected on progress. vii) Cluster Coordination Committees: Various cluster level meetings were conducted in TAL and CHAL. A total of 4 site/cluster level meetings were held in CHAL. viii) Site Level Coordination Committee: A total of 20 SLCC meetings were conducted in TAL in Year 1, and these meetings focused on program planning for Year 2 of Hariyo Ban. These meetings focused on site-specific issues, activities and local coordination mechanisms to ensure smooth implementation of Hariyo Ban activities.

5.2 Progress on Implementing the Annual Work Plan 5.2.1 Biodiversity Conservation Objective: To reduce threats to biodiversity in target landscapes

IR- Biodiversity conserved: Indicators- 1.1 Ha of bio-diverse area (forest, wetlands, grasslands) under improved management; 1.2 Populations of focal species increased 1.2.2 Number of people receiving training in NRM and/or biodiversity conservation The biodiversity conservation component of the Hariyo Ban Program aims to reduce threats to biological resources at the species, ecosystem and landscape level in TAL and CHAL by adopting a threats-based approach. The program focuses on strengthening governance among natural resource management groups and designing appropriate alternative livelihood options to improve the standard of living for local people who are dependent on the forests for their survival, particularly those of marginalized communities. Early field activities in the biodiversity component included participatory threat ranking for focal species and critical ecosystems, and foundational studies on focal species, human-wildlife conflict, ecotourism, and the biodiversity and socio-economic situation in the TAL corridors. Responding to high-ranked threats and study results, early field activities built community capacity for anti-poaching work; undertook habitat restoration; and supported fencing to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Communities were mobilized in conservation, forest management, livelihood and internal governance activities, and governance was strengthened in natural resource management (NRM) groups. Livelihood support was provided to marginalized communities, and training was organized in gender and social inclusion. These first year activities created a solid base and enabled prioritization of Hariyo Ban’s future strategy in biodiversity conservation. A detailed description is given below. A total of 39,803 people, including 22,252 women (56%), 5,881 Dalit (15%), 17,093 Janajatis (43%); 16,213 Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri (41%), 387 Madhesi (1%), and 229 (1%) others participated in various training workshops, campaigns, governance assessments and other activities under this component. 5.2.1.1 Sub-IR 1.1 : Threats to focal species reduced

IR- Biodiversity conserved: Indicators- 1.1.1 Poaching rate and trade for focal species reduced 1.1.2 Level of threats to target species reduced The major activities undertaken to reduce the threats to the focal species are the following: 5.2.1.1.1 Undertake research and monitoring of focal species Biodiversity threats assessment In Year 1, the Hariyo Ban Program completed participatory threats assessments and prioritization for critical corridors in TAL, including Brahmadev, Laljhadi, Basanta, Karnali/Khata, Kamdi and Barandabhar corridor forests. Major threats identified include: i) forest land encroachment from agricultural expansion; ii) poaching of focal species and their prey base, and illegal trade of their body parts; iii) human wildlife conflict, including retaliatory killing of focal species; iv) unsustainable harvest of forest and water resources; v) overgrazing by domestic stock; vi) invasion of alien species in both forest and wetland ecosystems; vii) siltation; viii) frequent forest fires; ix) high flooding and

13 river bank erosion; x) pollution and poisoning of water resources; and xi) rapid development of large and non-smart infrastructure. Levels of these threats differ from corridor to corridor. Landscape level threat assessment was also carried out for CHAL. Unsustainable fodder collection, infrastructure, pollution, poaching, encroachment of forest land, erosion and siltation, grazing, succession and invasive species were identified as the major threats to CHAL. Hariyo Ban will focus on addressing these threats in Year 2 and beyond. Details of site specific threats are presented in Annex-4. In addition, Hariyo Ban initiated research on snow leopard distribution in CHAL, elephant population dynamics and habitat, and rhino data collection validation methods. As anticipated in the first work plan these studies are expected to run for at least two years, and are currently on schedule. Assessment of status and distribution of snow leopard in CHAL The snow leopard is an endangered species in Nepal and its habitat covers large areas throughout the sub-alpine and alpine ecosystems of the Himalayan mountain range. Compared to the world’s other large cats, very little information has been available on its ecology, distribution and population status. Because of its cryptic nature, low population densities, large home ranges and inaccessible terrain, the snow leopard is difficult to monitor both directly and indirectly. The Hariyo Ban Program initiated genetic analysis of snow leopard scat samples to understand current status and distribution of this species in CHAL. NTNC assisted in the collection of 180 putative snow leopard scat samples from all potential snow leopard habitats in the northern CHAL, mainly within and between the Annapurna and Manaslu Conservation Areas. These samples have been delivered to the Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), the only organization that has capacity for genetic analysis of these types of samples. The results are expected during Year 2. Elephant study Hariyo Ban conducted a study to establish baseline data on elephant habitat occupancy, population dynamics, and human-elephant conflict at the landscape level in TAL. The occupancy survey was designed to use systematic grids to estimate the habitat occupancy of elephants, and population dynamics are observed using camera traps in PAs, all potential corridors, and in high elephant density areas outside PAs. The study area has been divided into four blocks based upon the distribution of elephant in Nepal: the Eastern, Central, Western, and Far-Western Blocks. The research was initiated during Year 1, is ongoing, and is expected to be completed by February 2013. NTNC is undertaking this study, in close coordination with DNPWC. Rhino census methodology validation This study has been initiated to validate the existing rhino count method, called the “block count,” by simultaneously using two other established and advanced techniques widely used in species population monitoring. These two techniques are the following: 1) individual identification technology used to develop rhino capture history profiles and to run capture-recapture analysis; and 2) DNA based non-invasive genetic analysis of rhino dung samples. This project is the first attempt to pursue a comparative analysis of all three methods. This is also a pilot project in using non-invasive genetic techniques in rhino population monitoring in Nepal, and is expected to serve as a benchmark for undertaking any future studies using dung as a non-invasive source for population estimation. The Sauraha area of Chitwan National Park, one of the rhino count blocks, has been selected for this study. The following activities have been completed under this program: training of field staff for

14 identification based monitoring and sample collection for the genomic study; block count of the rhinos; identification based monitoring; and dung sample collection. The dung samples have been delivered to CMDN for genetic analysis. Results are expected by the middle of 2013. 5.2.1.1.2 Promote blackbuck and Gharial conservation Reintroduction of Blackbuck In Nepal, Blackbuck is restricted in the wild to a habitat of 16 square kilometers in Khairapur, Bardia district. This area was set aside as a Blackbuck Conservation Area (BCA) in 2009. Although the area has been declared a conservation area, the anthropogenic pressure in BCA for resource use, particularly grazing and grass cutting, is threatening the survival of this species. To ensure the long term survival of this species, Hariyo Ban - through NTNC and DNPWC - has established a second viable population of Blackbuck in an additional habitat within the Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, which has similar climatic conditions to Khairapur. A total of 22 Blackbucks (6 males and 16 females) were translocated from the Nepalganj Municipality and released in the Hirapur Phanta (previously cultivated, revegetated open short grassland) in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in September 2012. The Blackbucks have been kept, initially, in an enclosure to allow them to adapt to their new environment and avoid the immediate risk of predation from tiger, leopard and feral dogs. Their progress in adapting to Suklaphanta and their future population levels will be closely monitored. It is expected that this sub-population will serve as a prey base for tiger in the future, once numbers increase. Gharial conservation With cost share funding, construction of the new gharial breeding pool was completed in the gharial breeding center in Chitwan National Park. This will increase the capacity of the center for gharial breeding. A draft Gharial Conservation Action Plan has been prepared in consultation with all key stakeholders and experts and is now ready for endorsement.

5.2.1.1.3 Build capacity to reduce threats to focal species Selection and training of citizen scientists Citizen scientists are groups of volunteers (youths, naturalists, students, scholars, farmers, traditional healers) of all ages and both sexes that are engaged in ecological monitoring, environmental training, and education. Citizen scientists in Hariyo Ban represent local communities, with a particular focus on marginal communities and women, students, and traditional healers. As a part of developing the capacity of citizen scientists, 28 local youth (9 females, 1 Citizen Scientists during orientation on Biodiversity Dalit, 18 Janajatis, and 9 from other conservation; Bardiya groups) were selected from Khata

Corridor and trained on basic monitoring techniques and handling new technologies such as global positioning systems (GPSs), binoculars, cameras, and range finders. Citizen scientists will be mobilized in monitoring species/ecosystem diversity, health of ecosystems (both forest and wetlands), ecological processes, environmental changes (precipitation, temperature, snowfall) and their impacts in the forest, wetlands and agriculture. Strengthening and mobilization of Community Based Antipoaching Operations: Poaching is the largest threat to wildlife conservation in Nepal. It is well recognized that successful management of protected areas depends on the cooperation and support of local people. Community based anti-poaching operations have been very effective in wildlife conservation in Nepal due to strong community ownership of conservation activities and their engagement, particularly the youth, in anti-poaching operations.

STORY OF A YOUNG CONSERVATION LEADER Baneldhap village lies in Churiyamai VDC, ward no.1 in Makwanpur district, a buffer zone area of Parsa Wildlife Reserve. The name ‘Baneldhap’ comes from the wild boars (Badhel) that used to be abundant in the village’s dense forest. But many years ago encroachment by timber smugglers and wildlife poachers started, resulting in loss of wildlife and devastating degradation of the wild boars’ habitat. The poaching and habitat degradation caused a serious decline in the wild boar population. Inhabitants of Baneldhap became concerned about this, and with the leadership of local women they started to protect their biodiversity. They established the Churiyamai Chori Sikar Niyantran Mahila Jagaran Abhiyan (Churiyamai anti-poaching women awareness campaign) in 2009 as a subcommittee of the Churiyamai Buffer Zone Users Committee for Parsa Wildlife Reserve. Durga Gole, a 21 year-old woman, is an active member of the CBAPU which has 23 women members. She is now acting as secretary of her unit, and recalls the challenges that the group has had. “It was very difficult to tackle the illegal activities in the forest. We used to patrol the forest twice a week to find timber smugglers and poachers red-handed. In addition, we carried out awareness raising and conservation activities in the community such as campaigns, home visits, plantation establishment and fire management. We also met the people engaged in illegal activities and counseled them to change their ways. These activities helped to make people aware of the importance of the forest, its wildlife and natural habitats, the need to look after it, and how to do this.” She explained her story of bravery: “Our unit had found many illegal wood cutters and poachers and informed the authorities of the Parsa Wildlife Reserve. I found one illegal wood cutter nearby my village when I was alone. These actions helped to lower the number of illegal activities in forest. “Being an active member, I got the opportunity to take part in CBAPU day, the 2012 celebration in Bardia. At that time I shared my experiences and learned from others. This has built up my confidence and encouraged me to work hard in the future.

“It’s not that easy for women to take part in conservation activities as it involves risk from poachers and timber smugglers. Our families are sometimes dissatisfied because we have to take time out from household chores. Besides, we also face threats. Despite this, it does not worry us – rather it gives us more energy and enthusiasm to work better,” she expressed. “I am worried about the future of the CBAPU. To sustain the unit, women members need to explore alternative livelihood options as most of us are from poor families. Financial support should be given to implement livelihood improvement plans. This will help to sustain the unit and will contribute to biodiversity conservation in long run. Then Baneldhap village will again be prosperous with protected forests and increased number of wild boars,” she concluded.

Currently there are 378 Community Based Anti-poaching Units (CBAPUs) in TAL and 33 in CHAL. CBAPUs perform various activities such as networking and orientation to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation, and community patrolling to provide a presence and report illegal activities to the relevant authorities. The members of CBAPUs organize regular patrolling and awareness campaigns in coordination with NTNC and park staff. The youth find and remove/destroy traps/pits that are used on tiger, deer and rhino. The CBAPUs help to control illegal timber extraction and fishing. Local youth helped Bardia National Park collect 135 guns from the northern part of the park in 2011. During Year 1, four CBAPUs were formed within the buffer zone areas of Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve and Bardia National Park, in which 59 people (14 women, 31 poor, and 25 youth) are involved. Members of the CBAPUs are trained to make CBAPU more efficient in information collection, wildlife trade scenarios, regular patrolling, and linkage with PAs. NTNC provided an orientation training in Bardia to promote active and effective participation in controlling illegal activities related to poaching and wildlife trade. Similarly, TAL-PABZ/Hariyo Ban Program organized a one and a half day training to CBAPUs of all five protected areas of TAL. The training was entitled “Role of Youth in Conservation and Poaching Control” and involved the participation of 23 CBAPUs from five protected areas: PWR, CNP, Banke NP, BNP and SWR.

5.2.1.1.4 Minimize Human Wildlife Conflict (HWC) Support to human-wildlife conflict management Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is one of the major challenges in conserving large mammals such as rhino, tiger, and elephant in Nepal. The main impacts of HWC include crop raiding, livestock depredation, human casualties, and property damage. In TAL, HWC mostly occurs along the fringes of PAs, including in the Parsa and Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserves, and in Chitwan and Bardia National Parks. Human-elephant conflict, a form of HWC, has been reported frequently in Bara, Rautahat, Jhapa, and Morang districts in eastern Nepal. This has contributed to a negative perception of elephants among the local communities, and has resulted in an increase in retaliatory killings of animals.

Electric fences have proven effective in minimizing HWC. There is high demand for electric fencing among the local communities where HWC poses serious problems. With the support of Hariyo Ban, a total of 9.2 km of electric fencing was constructed in Chitwan and Bardia, and 43.2 km of electric fencing was repaired and upgraded in Bardia . These activities benefited 726 households (HHs) including 186 BCT HHs, 487 Janajati HHs, 29 Dalit HHs, and 24 HHs of other castes/ethnic groups. In addition, with WWF cost share Buffer zone community users maintaining the electric fence at funding, 8 km of solar electric Dalla, Suryapatuwa, Bardia fencing powered by a dual power backup machine is being erected to stop wild elephants from entering farmland and settlements in Patabhar village, a hotspot for HWC located in the buffer zone of Bardia National Park,. The fence will be managed by the Patabhar User Committee. Solar fencing will also be maintained and extended 6 km in the Karnali corridor. This is expected to prevent wild animals from destroying crops and thereby reduce HWC. Building upon the progress made in these activities, Hariyo Ban began research on HWC in TAL. The main objectives of this study are to: i) outline status, distribution and trends of key wildlife species causing HWC; ii) identify the type of damage and quantify HWC loss due to crop damage (area damaged and economic loss), livestock depredation (number, type and economic loss), property damage (number and economic loss), disease transmission, local harassment (attack, injuries and casualties) caused by different species; iii) understand the demography (sex, age, socio-economic status, occupation) of people affected by HWC and causes of their vulnerability; iv) outline and map commonly practiced techniques to minimize HWC, and briefly review their current effectiveness and cost; v) assess effectiveness and relevance of existing policies targeted to address HWC; vi) study and identify innovative and effective measures employed to address HWC; and vii) recommend site specific measures to address HWC. The preliminary findings of this study are expected in January 2013. Year 2 activities to address HWC will primarily focus on resolving gaps identified in this study.

5.2.1.2 Sub IR 1.2 : Threats to targeted landscapes reduced

Indicators- 1.2.2 Number of people receiving training in NRM and/or biodiversity conservation 1.2.3 Number of sub-watershed management plans developed and implemented This Sub IR focuses on key management zones in the context of water and forest connectivity for species movement, ecosystem services, climate change impacts, and climate refugia, taking into account human settlements and socio-economic activities. Zoning will help prioritize critical corridors, disaster prone areas and climate refugia, as well as indicate the type and level of

18 intervention needed to restore and manage these areas. Inclusive community forestry strategies are utilized to restore priority areas employing natural regeneration and replanting to increase forest productivity, diversity, climate resilience and habitat suitability.

5.2.1.2.1 Undertake landscape assessment and planning CHAL Rapid Assessment and landscape level threats assessment: A series of rapid assessments was undertaken in CHAL, which identified core biodiversity areas and corridors, as well as drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Four north-south corridors and three east-west corridors were prioritized for their conservation value, along with 23 core biodiversity areas. The study identified the following threats in to biodiversity in the landscape: i) degradation of wildlife habitat due to deforestation; ii) poaching and trade of wildlife, including protected species, due to the absence of or inadequate controlling mechanisms; iii) degradation of wetlands and rangelands; iv) illegal harvest of forest resources, especially NTFPs; v) adverse effects due to alien invasive plant species; vi) forest fires, floods and landslides; vii) large infrastructure development; viii) human and wildlife conflict; ix) conversion of forest land for non-forestry uses; x) inadequate awareness and motivation to protect biodiversity; and xii) weak institutional capacity. Threats to biodiversity were ranked for the landscape in a participatory process. The biodiversity information has created a valuable base for future work in the landscape, and was used to determine the priority geographical areas and priority biodiversity threats for the Hariyo Ban Program to focus on in Year 2. The selection of priority areas is outlined in the second annual work plan. See also the Overarching Themes and Issues section. Of the first year’s activities under biodiversity conservation theme, engagement of local youth remarkably helped to reduce the poaching incidents across TAL; capacity building of government line agencies through cost share resource helped to control poaching in the core areas and trade of animal body parts; mobilizations of CLACs and other community groups helped to minimize unsustainable use of the forest resources and control illegal activities such as illegal harvest of timber, encroachment of forest land, although in small scale improve the quality of habitats by removing the invasive species and minimize the risk of forest fire; provision of power fence greatly reduced the human wildlife conflict in project area; and installation of biogas helped to reduce the pressure in the forest ecosystems. 5.2.1.2.2 Undertake forest restoration in selected corridors and bottlenecks Construction of biogas plants to minimize pressure on key habitats During Year 1, Hariyo Ban promoted biogas installation to reduce pressure on wildlife habitats through a reduction in overgrazing and fuelwood extraction. A total of 278 “Cooking is more efficient in biogas”, a woman in her kitchen; Kumroj, Chitwan 19 biogas plants serving 1,897 people were installed by NTNC in Chitwan (Kumroj, Padampur and Bachhauli VDCs), Bardia (Suryapatwa, Thakurdwara, Bagnaha, Daulatpur and Patabhar VDCs), and Kanchanpur (Jhalari, Kalikith, Bageswari VDCs and Bhim Datta Municipality) districts. The biogas plants are being installed in collaboration with Buffer Zone User Committees and Community Forest User Groups. This program not only helps to reduce the pressure on important habitats but equally contributes to IR 2 as individual bio-gas saves 2.4 mt of carbon per year. NTNC adopted various subsidy policies depending on the well-being of each community. Poor households receive an additional subsidy. The biogas plants have been installed by diverse caste/ethnic groups (50% Janajati, 45% Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri, and 5% Dalits), including six highly marginalized Sonaha households in Bardia. It is expected that there will be an increase in stall feeding of animals and reduced fuelwood consumption, leading to less pressure on nearby forest. Assessment of biophysical conditions of critical sub-watersheds The CHAL rapid assessment identified 38 critical sub-watersheds within the landscape. In four of them, assessments of biophysical and socioeconomic conditions will be carried out in the first quarter of Year 2 with a view to promoting their restoration.

5.2.1.2.3 Management of invasive species This activity aimed to develop mechanisms for biological control of invasive species, with a particular focus on water hyacinth in important wetland ecosystems. Water hyacinth severely affects the survival of aquatic biodiversity including important animals and birds; and also hampers navigation and fishing on water bodies in the Terai and mid-hills. Efforts to discover the most effective biological control mechanism have started through the National Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Government of Nepal, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of Florida, USA, and the Hariyo Ban Program. As part of this work, two scientists from NARC visited ARS in August 2012. The purpose of the visit was to collaborate and develop a program for mass rearing of the most suitable biological control agent for release in Nepal. This activity will continue throughout Year 2 and into Year 3.

5.2.1.2.4 Habitat Management Grassland management: In sites in two corridors (Kamdi and Khata) the exotic invasive bush species Lantana camara was uprooted and eliminated through controlled burning to manage the grassland (40 ha in Kamdi and 55 ha in Khata, with WWF cost share funds). This treatment will continue for the next two years to ensure that Lantana is suppressed. Removing invasive species has helped recovery of grassland habitats for tiger prey species, especially spotted deer.

5.2.1.3 Sub-IR 1.3: Internal Governance of Community Groups Responsible for Ecosystem Management Strengthened

Indicators- 1.3.1 Number of community groups with strengthened good governance practices The ability of community groups to exercise power and participate in the decision-making process to a large extent shapes the outcomes of natural resources management efforts. Though community forest groups contribute to biodiversity conservation and generate benefits from forest management activities, many of these groups have poor management capacity, weak governance, poor accountability and transparency, are not inclusive, and are often dominated by elites. This does not facilitate the participation of marginalized people such as women, dalits, poor and highly marginalized Janajatis, who are often the most dependent on forests for their livelihoods and wellbeing and exert unsustainable pressure on forests as a result of their exclusion. In Year 1, the Hariyo Ban Program used various participatory tools to assess governance status in NRM groups in the sites selected for Year 1 activities, identify the poorest of the poor users, and enhance governance practices to make community forest management processes more transparent, accountable, pro-poor, participatory and predictable. A number of activities were conducted during this reporting period, including: participatory governance assessment (PGA); participatory well-being ranking (PWBR); public hearing and public auditing (PHPA); biodiversity conservation and GESI training for NRM groups; formation and mobilization of Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs); creation and capacitation of a pool of Local Resource Persons (LRPs) for CLAC facilitation and undertaking various events at the local level; and an orientation concerning the Community Forestry Guidelines for CFUG members and executives. The implementation of various activities in the groups has contributed to strengthening internal governance of the NRM groups. The mobilization of CLACs has been instrumental in promoting good governance in the CFUGs, though in a very initial stage. Poor and ultra- poor households have been identified, who will be the focus for future livelihoods improvement activities. It is expected that the action plans prepared by the CFUGs after PGA will be implemented and various governance related issues will be addressed. 5.2.1.3.1 Build Capacity and Support for Community Learning and Action Centers Development and mobilization of Local Resource Persons (LRPs) The Hariyo Ban Program developed the capacity of 85 LRPs, including 51 women, 11 Dalit, 38 Janajatis, and 32 youth. The LRPs supported CLACs and CFUGs to conduct various governance activities in the group, such as PGA, PWBR and PHPA (See Annex 5 for details of LRP). The LRPs also supported planning and implementation of activities in their respective communities, and attended various trainings, workshops, and meetings organized by Hariyo Ban partners at the district and landscape level. A Training of Trainers (TOT) was conducted to develop the capacity of the LRPs, and various other trainings were provided to impart the necessary skills to develop CLACs and facilitate governance practices at the group level. From the trainings, the LRPs learned general facilitation tools, techniques, and basic communication skills; governance overview; approaches and techniques of CLACs and their operational mechanism; rights-based approaches for development and advocacy;

21 tools to analyze underlying causes of poverty; vulnerability assessment; the role of facilitators in reducing gender and social discrimination; and processes for social transformation at community level. The Local Resource Persons (LRPs) helped to capacitate NRM groups, community based organizations, civil society organizations, and other relevant stakeholders on governance, climate change adaptation, REDD+ initiatives, and participatory governance assessment. The mobilization of LRPs has been instrumental in supporting grassroots capacity building and strengthening of NRM groups, particularly reaching out to groups located in remote and inaccessible areas. Capacity strengthening of NRM groups Governance, biodiversity, and GESI training of NRM groups: In order to enhance the technical and managerial skills of CFUGs, and strengthen their internal governance practices and analyze the major threats to biodiversity, trainings were held in Kanchanpur, Kailali, Bardia, Banke, Nawalparasi, Chitwan, Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahu and Kaski districts throughout Year 1 concerning governance, biodiversity, and GESI. Hariyo Ban Program field staff and LRPs facilitated the sessions, and in some sites, District Forest Office (DFO) staff also facilitated sessions. Based on discussions during the trainings, it was revealed that most of the CFUGs have not followed various provisions of the Community Forestry Development Guidelines (CFDG- 2065), such as conducting PGA, PHPA, PWBR, allocating at least 35% of total income to the poor households, and ensuring CFD guideline Orientation in Phedikuna CFUG; Lamjung representation of women in the key positions of the executive committees. During the trainings, major governance issues, biodiversity threats, and GESI issues in and around community forests and national forests were analyzed and discussed. It is expected that increased knowledge on biodiversity, gender, and governance will help the NRM groups to promote good governance practices and better conservation of natural resources at the local level. Promote community empowerment: Community Learning and Action Centers Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs) are informal community-level platforms where community members (men and women) come together and collectively discuss their rights and responsibilities. During the reporting period, a total of 101 CLACs were formed under this component in Kaski, Tanahun, Lamjung, Gorkha, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Banke, Bardia, Kailali, and Kanchan districts. There were 2,663 participants, including 2,580 women (97%), 722 Dalits, 1,202 Janajatis, 1,305 poor and 370 youth who participated in CLAC activities (Table-1). The majority of participants in the CLACs come from marginalized segments of the community, including women, Dalits, and marginalized Janajatis. CLACs adopt participatory and empowering

22 learning processes, such as the REFLECT model, in which marginalized and excluded community members actively participate and discuss pertinent issues including how to exercise their rights and how to fulfill their responsibilities and duties. Participation in CLACs promotes empowerment, increases engagement in decision making processes of NRM groups and other social affairs, and ultimately helps to improve overall governance in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management.

Table 1: Number of CLACs established and operationalized in TAL and CHAL

S.N Districts Working Sites # of CLACs 1. Kaski Panchase-Phewa Watershed 12 2. Tanahun Sukhaura Khola Sub-watershed 12 3. Lamjung Marsyangdi Corridor 12 4. Gorkha Daraudi River Corridor 15 5. Chitwan Barandabhar Corridor 8 6. Nawalparasi Kawasoti and Pithauli 2 7. Kanchanpur Brahmadev Corridor 10 8 Kailali Karnali River Corridor-West 10 9 Bardia Karnali River Corridor- East 10 10 Banke Kamdi Corridor 10 Total 101

After the CLACs were established and operationalized in TAL and CHAL, the members discussed a number of issues pertinent to their community during a 16-week period. These issues were selected by the groups and included: governance of community forest; service delivery of the local government bodies such as health posts, district hospitals, and VDCs.; awareness of climate change and adaptation; drinking water and sanitation; pro-poor provisions such as livelihood improvements as defined in Community Forest Development Guideline 2065 (CFDG-2009); inclusive executive committees in CFUGs; poaching and illegal timber felling in CF and national forest; awareness campaigns on forest fire and other hazards; awareness on reproductive and sexual health; plantation issues; participatory governance in CFUGs; CFDG 2009; and dissemination of information on rights; and provision of facilities by government for the well-being of women, dalits, Janajatis, senior citizens, the disabled, and single women. Discussion of these issues provided the opportunity for CLAC members to prepare advocacy plans and pursue changes in the community. The major actions and achievements made by the CLACs during the reporting period include the following: x Plantation of 36,490 saplings of different species in 26.75 ha of forest area by 7 CLACs in Banke, Gorkha and Lamjung districts. This activity directly contributes to IR 2. x CLACs across all districts conducted 70 different campaigns (rallies, home visits, processions, interactions, and counseling) on different social and environmental issues such as forest fires, plantation, gender-based violence, practice of witchcraft, caste-based discrimination, hygiene and

sanitation, management of water sources, climate change, illegal poaching of wildlife, gambling and alcohol control, and child marriage. x Members of various CLACs regularly engaged in monitoring and patrolling for forest protection and control of illegal activities. This involved the formation and mobilization of patrolling committees in Banke, Bardia and Kailali districts. The committees confiscated traps, fined alleged poachers for killing of wild animals, caught buffaloes and charged buffalo owners a Rs. 1000 fine, and restricted illegal extraction of sand and stone from rivers. x Increased awareness about sanitation and hygiene, construction of toilets, and regular visits to health facilities during pregnancy. x To increase awareness of service delivery provisions of government line agencies, CLAC members coordinated with agencies and were successful in leveraging resources for social development. A total of Rs. 1,550,000 were received by three CLACs from Banke and Bardia districts. x CLAC members have been successful in convening general assemblies of CFUGs in Nawalparasi, and the executive committees were made more inclusive.

Most of the CLACs established during this reporting period have completed their 16-week sessions and weekly activities facilitated by the LRPs. The CLAC members are expected to hold monthly meetings after the end of the weekly sessions. Field monitoring visits indicated that CLAC members have begun to organize and initiate social actions, but need further support and more time to improve their confidence and establish their voices. The CLACs have been instrumental in strengthening internal governance of the CFUGs, as they are from the same groups, understand the situation, and can drive the momentum once they are empowered to bring change to the CFUGs. The CLACs will need strong support from local social mobilizers such as LRPs into the future. It became apparent that the current event-based facilitation modality of LRPs should be reviewed in light of the need for more intensive engagement in organizing communities and engaging with stakeholders.

5.2.1.3.2 Promote Improved Natural Resource Governance A number of activities such as PHPA, PGA, and PWBR were conducted to strengthen internal governance of the NRM groups. Participatory Governance Assessment

4.1 Strategy and program The Participatory Governance implementation Assessment (PGA) is a tool for assessing the governance status of the NRM groups, identifying the gaps and areas of improvement, and preparing action plans to address the gaps. The PGA performed during this Figure 3 : PGA at Shandhe Raniswara CFUG, Tanahu

24 reporting period was based on the four parameters of governance: i) transparency, ii) accountability, iii) participation, and iv) predictability. The assessments helped to sensitize group members on the governance status of their respective CFUGs, and results were used to establish the structure, strategy and action plans of CFUGs to improve their governance level. The assessment results for the Shandhe Raniswara CFUG are presented in the spider web diagram (Figure-1), which shows the current governance status of groups along with the plan they wish to achieve in two years.

Overall, the PGA was conducted in 136 CFUGs in Table 2 : Governance status of different Dang, Gorkha, Kaski, Tanahun, Lamjung, Chitwan, CFUGs Nawalparasi, Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur districts. A total of 5,955 people, Poor Medium Good Very Good Total including 3,309 women, 2,386 BCT, 2,423 0 44 70 16 130 Janajatis, 1,015 Dalits, 102 Madhesi, 570 poor, and 0% 34% 54% 12% 100% 568 youth participated in the governance assessment process. The CFUGs were classified into four categories based on the results of the governance assessment: poor (1-16), medium (17-32), good (33-48), and very good (49-64). The summary of the results are presented in Table-2. The key actions identified by the CFUGs to improve their internal governance are provided in Table- 3. Table-3 : Key actions identified by CFUGs during governance assessment

Parameters Key Activities Transparency x Carrying out PGA, PWBR, and PHPA regularly and implementing the action plans x Disseminating the decisions made by executive committees among general users x Following up with the implementing decisions and FOPs x Circulating the important decisions, messages, and provisions laid in the OPs and constitution among concerned stakeholders/users Participation x Reforming the executive committee to make it inclusive x Reserving at least two key positions on the EC for women x Conducting leadership development training of newly elected EC members focusing on women and marginalized groups x Ensuring the participation of all users in CFUG activities Accountability x Conducting leadership development training for women x Fulfilling duties and responsibilities by executive committee members and other general members as mentioned in CFOP and constitution x Conducting CFOP and constitution sensitization workshop for all users x Implementing CFUGs annual plan and allocating 35% of CFUG funds for livelihood improvement of poor households Predictability x Preparing annual work plan by ensuring participation of all CFUG members x Implementing CFOP x Applying equitable benefit sharing of forest products, available funds, and opportunities x Incorporating REDD+, CCA, and biodiversity conservation concerns in renewal of OPs x Attending meeting of CF networks x Keeping up to date with latest policies and provisions x Developing linkages and relationships with key stakeholders

Public Hearing and Public Auditing Public hearing and public auditing (PHPA) is a participatory process that provides general users with opportunities to discuss and examine activities planned and implemented during a certain period of time, as well as the expenditures on each activity. During the reporting period, 118 PHPA events were conducted in the CFUGs of Bardia, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Dang, Banke, Lamjung, Tanahun, Gorkha, Kaski and Nawalparasi districts. At the events, activities and financial transactions of CFUGs were presented and compared with their plans. A total of 9,883 participants, including 4,115 women, 3,717 BCT, 4,815 Janajatis, 1,156 Dalits, 95 Madhesi, 100 others, 1,938 poor, and 900 youth took part in the PHPA in Kalika CFUG, Tarkughat, Lamjung PHPA events. The major issues/concerns raised during the PHPAs concerned the following: i) Fund allocation for pro-poor activities; ii) Conservation of aquatic animals particularly, fish in local streams; iii) Compensation for environmental services from the forest; iv) Weeding and cleaning of plantation areas; v) Timely renewal of backlogged FoPs; vi) Reshuffle of executive committees and ensuring at least 50% female representation; vii) Recovery of misused funds; viii) Weak financial recording systems; and ix) Information sharing concerning the Constitution and FOPs.

Based on the discussions during the PHPA, users made the following recommendations for future improvements: i) PHPA should be regularly conducted on an annual basis to maintain transparency of fund use and decisions; ii) Wood, firewood and other forest products should be provided at lower rates to ultra-poor families; and iii) 35% of annual income should be allocated for livelihood improvement of poor and ultra-poor families. The PHPA events brought to light the following concepts: i) Conducting PHPA in CFUGs with high financial transactions is quite difficult; ii) PHPA is fruitful as it provides fora for sharing knowledge of CFUG activities and working procedures with users; iii) Figure 4 : Proportion of households under different well-being status 26

Knowledge of CFDP guideline 2065 among executive and general members is not adequate; iv) Pro poor services, access to loans among members at low interest rates, and other social package activities implemented by CFUGs are working well; and v) the LIP launched by CFUGs needs to be improved.

Participatory Well-Being Ranking The Participatory Well-Being Ranking (PWBR) is a process of assessing the well-being status of forest users of NRM groups based on criteria set by local communities. The criteria include: landholding size and its productivity, education status, income sources, and leadership quality and positions. The households are categorized into ultra-poor, poor, medium and well-off. In this reporting period, Hariyo Ban supported the NRM groups in conducting PWBR in 99 CFUGs/BZCFUGs in Kaski, Tanahun, Lamjung, Gorkha, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Banke, Bardia, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Manang, and Mustang districts. A total of 4,365 people, including 1,660 BCT, 2,000 Janajatis, 681 Dalits, 20 Madhesi, 4 others, 773 poor, and 333 youth participated in the well- being ranking process. From these results, a total of 20,726 HHs are affiliated with the 99 CFUGs/BZCFUGs. The results of the PWBR depict that of the households, 1,523 HHs (7.4% ) fall in the ultra-poor category, 5,659 HHs (27% ) are poor, 9,392 HHs (45%) are medium, and 4,152 HHs (20%) are well-off. The ranking revealed that 36% of households in the ultra-poor section are Dalit families (Figure-4). All user groups kept the records of the well-being ranking of their respective groups, and will use the information to make groups more accountable for implementing livelihood improvement plans and establishing community based green enterprises that benefit poor and marginalized users. The Hariyo Ban Program will select the ultra-poor and poor households identified through the PWBR for the livelihoods improvement program.

5.2.1.4 Sub IR 1.4: Income from sustainable sources of livelihoods for forest dependent communities increased

Indicators- 1.4.1 Number of forest dependent people with increased economic benefits from sustainable natural resource management and conservation; 1.4.2 Number of people benefitting from revenue generated through green enterprises increased The majority of forest dependent communities in both landscapes are Janajati, indigenous people, and dalits, and extremely poor. Active engagement of primary forest users is vital for any successful conservation initiative at the local as well as landscape level. The Hariyo Ban Program is working to promote tested and proven livelihood schemes, and promote new sustainable livelihood approaches to improve the living standards and enhance resilience to climate change among Janajati, indigenous people, and dalits. These interventions will help to relieve unsustainable pressure on biodiversity. A number of activities related to capacity building were implemented by WWF as cost share activities. 25 households received improved varieties of vegetable seeds to expand commercial vegetable farming in Kamdi corridor. In addition, the Jaya Durga Bhawani CFUG in Kamdi corridor received financial support for NRs 150,000 to operate a medicinal herb distillation plant. A total of 15 people (including 3 women) were trained in fish farming techniques in Karnali corridor, and a fish

27 pond was renovated in Mohanyal CFUG in Karnali corridor and supported to establish a revolving fund to initiate fish farming for a group of 10 HHs. 5.2.1.4.1 Support community groups for livelihood improvement plans and green enterprises

Trainings for NRM groups In this reporting period, the Hariyo Ban Program organized 7 trainings for 128 users from 26 CFUGs on livelihoods approaches, climate change issues, and biodiversity conservation in Kanchanpur, Bardia, Banke, Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, and Kaski districts. The trainings aimed to strengthen the capacity of forest dependent communities to plan and implement sustainable and climate resilient livelihood plans. The trainings were helpful in building a common understanding of LIP concepts and its frameworks, which is expected to diversify livelihood alternatives of poor households.

Support NRM groups to prepare Livelihood Improvement Plans (LIPs) The Hariyo Ban Program sought to provide technical and financial support, as matching funds, for CFUGs/BZCFUGs to prepare and implement household level LIPs. The program developed the LIP framework and guidelines for LIP preparation. The guidelines include HH selection criteria, establishment of a livelihoods improvement fund, criteria for the CFUGs matching fund, and terms and conditions of fund mobilization for implementing LIPs. For the first year, 26 CFUGs/BZCFs in 7 districts (Kaski, Tanahun, Lamjung, Gorkha, Banke, Bardia and Kanchanpur) were selected to implement LIPs. These CFUGs comprise 5,094 HHs, of which 179 ultra-poor families have been selected for LIP implementation in the first year based on the results of the PWBR. The LIP preparation process is underway, and during the reporting period a total of 45 LIPs were completed. The 26 CFUGs allocated or committed to allocate NRs. 1,168,750 (US$ 15,583) of annual income as a pro-poor livelihoods fund to implement LIPs. The Hariyo Ban Program plans to provide financial support to expand the pro-poor livelihoods fund as a matching fund.

5.2.1.4.2 Pilot Wildlife Premium schemes Wildlife Premium planning for tiger conservation The Wildlife Premium Mechanism (WPM) is a concept based on the premise that REDD+ payments for reduced deforestation and degradation (REDD+) at the sub-national level in the TAL can be augmented with a premium if the REDD+ activities also include explicit protection of wildlife such as tigers, rhinos, and elephants. The assumption is that these species have charismatic value and can attract financial contributions from investors and yield a substantially higher price for carbon credits than in situations where carbon is valued with no connection to wildlife recovery. Coupling the WPM with REDD+ allows the government of Nepal, NGOs, and community user groups to negotiate and construct new payment schemes to be additional to the REDD+ payment. The proposed payment scheme will allow the government and communities to generate performance-based revenue by recovering and maintaining threatened fauna in the forests under their stewardship. The conservation goal of WPM is to recover globally significant tiger, rhinoceros, and elephant populations across TAL, and contribute Nepal’s commitment to doubling the number of wild tigers by 2022, through community engagement in habitat management and protection of wildlife. During the first year of the

Program an operational modality was conceptualized and is under discussion. Once the mechanism and mode of operation is finalized and agreed upon, efforts will be made to pilot the WPM in TAL in Year 2.

5.2.1.4.3 Identification of key sites for community-based eco-tourism Nepal is a popular tourism destination globally, and tourism in the country contributes substantially to the national economy and provides a viable livelihood alternative to unsustainable forest practices and out-migration. Despite immense opportunities for tourism across the country, only certain places have been promoted as tourist destinations, and there is often minimal engagement with local communities in these areas. The Hariyo Ban Program plans to promote community based eco-tourism in the TAL and CHAL, which have rich and unique environmental, cultural, and geographic characteristics. To this end, a study was commissioned to Nepal Economic Forum to identify two high-potential community based ecotourism sites in each landscape and prepare site specific management plans. As a part of the study, the team of experts reviewed three existing community managed eco-tourism sites (Sirubari in Syanja, Ghalegaon in Lamjung, and Baghmara in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park) and outlined the current status of these sites. Based on the information from existing sites, wider consultation and interaction with stakeholders, and specific criteria (attraction, accessibility, availability of infrastructure, community willingness, and local capacity), the team proposed four sites with high potential for community managed tourism development: the Madi village in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, the Nayankatan Rana Tharu village in the buffer zone of Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, and Syange village and Lamjung village in the Panchase hills. This work will be followed in Year 2 by preparation of site specific sustainable management plans.

5.2.1.5 Sub IR 1.5: Creation, amendment and enforcement of biodiversity policies and strategies supported

Indicators- 1.5.1 Number of policy documents supported (proposed, revised, formulated, approved) and implemented related to biodiversity Policies and legislation that are inclusive, pro-poor, and which promote conservation are crucial for securing key wildlife species and their habitats. The Hariyo Ban Program reviewed policies, laws, regulations, strategies, and guidelines related to biodiversity conservation to identify gaps in addressing emerging conservation issues and challenges. The Program discussed with GoN and others the need to update the National Conservation Strategy 1988 and National Biodiversity Strategy 2002. During the reporting period, there were several consultative meetings conducted to advance the process to hand over ACAP. In addition, interactions, awareness raising activities, and dialogue occurred at the local level on relevant policy issues, particularly in the Community Learning and Action Centers. A common topic of discussion in these groups was the Community Forestry Development Guidelines and their effective implementation. Several CFUGs have taken bold steps for implementation of the CFDP Guidelines, including reshuffling the Executive Committee and allocation of resources to poor and marginalized communities.

5.2.1.5.1 Review existing laws/rules/regulations related to conservation After a series of meetings with the MoFSC during Year 1, Hariyo Ban agreed to support MoFSC’s initiative to review and update the National Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) 2002, as well as the implementation plan. The policy division of WWF Nepal is now closely working with MoFSC to find mechanisms to contribute to updating the NBS 2002 and its implementation plan. Support the process to hand over the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) FECOFUN and WWF jointly organized a National Consultation Workshop on the management modality of ACA, including the extension of an agreement between the government of Nepal and NTNC. Key persons from the Hariyo Ban core partners and other stakeholders and experts participated in the workshop. The meeting decided to continue discussions with a wider group of stakeholders. This was followed by series of meetings among consortium partners as well as at the site level in Jomsom, Myagdi, and Pokhara. FECOFUN also organized a regional workshop to promote community rights in conservation areas. The workshop recommended establishing and developing the capacity of an Annapurna Conservation Area Management Council, The workshop also recommended expansion of the agreement between the Government of Nepal and NTNC regarding ACAP in the short term, endorsing new regulations for conservation areas in a consultative manner, recognizing the community-based forest management system in conservation areas, and developing equitable benefit sharing mechanisms. Advocacy on buffer zone issues The Hariyo Ban Program, in partnership with NRUSEC Nepal, a Chitwan-based NGO, organized a meeting to discuss various issues related to 15-year BZ development programs. The meeting highlighted the contribution of BZ development programs, particularly in conserving biodiversity, community development, and improving local livelihoods. The programs use 30-50% of park revenue allocated for BZ development, and unanimously expressed the need to increase resources for: i) livelihood support programs and other priority programs identified by the users; ii) treatment of wildlife victims; and iii) maintaining transparency and accountability of all organizations working in BZs. The participants also proposed to begin capacity building of LRPs concerning policy advocacy and biodiversity conservation, as well as revision of the existing BZ related policies/regulations so that buffer zone community needs and aspirations are addressed. Table 4 : Summary of Progress in Biodiversity Conservation Component

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks 1.1.1 Undertake CHAL & Snow On-going 180 scat samples are research and TAL leopard currently being analyzed to monitoring identify the species of focal population. species Grey wolf On-going Preliminary ground work on area survey going-on. Rhinoceros On-going Scat analysis on going. Elephant On-going Field survey completed. 1.1.2 Promote TAL 1 species Completed 22 Blackbucks were Black Buck (Black Buck) translocated. and Gharial reintroduction conservation

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks 1.1.3 Build CHAL & 4 CBAPU Partially 2 events completed. Activities capacity to TAL training completed. planned to reduce support WCCB, threats to SAWEN were focal species not carried due to USAID compliance, but support was provided through WWF cost share. Undertake CHAL & 20 studies On-going Total-15, Corridor Study on 1.2.1 TAL focused on Assessment study-1, Study biophysical landscape new corridors on rhino, elephant and conditions of assessment and snow leopard -3, Predictive critical bottlenecks modeling -1, Human watershed could and planning wildlife conflict-1, not be ecotourism-1, Threat completed. Only assessments at different preliminary corridors and in TAL work was done. (Brahmadev, Laljhadi, Satellite images Kamdi, Basanta, Karnali, for Vegetation Barandhabar, and CHAL- analysis of 7; Invasive species-1 corridor has been procured and study will be completed. Value chain study deferred to second year after identification of potential NTFPs by CHAL study. Study on grey wolf could not be done. Preliminary groundwork completed. Study will be continued in year 2. Study on identification and mapping of biological corridor, disaster prone areas and climate refugia in CHAL merged in CHAL Assessment.

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks 4 plans On-going CHAL study Some studies including such as climate smart biodiversity landscape profile and plan for critical corridor CHAL assessment of CHAL were merged in the CHAL assessment. 1.2.2 Undertake TAL 6 critical sites Partially Support in 5 sites Biogas forest supported for completed. completed. installation in- restoration forest Barandabhar, in selected restoration Karnali and corridors Brahmadev and corridors; bottlenecks invasive species management in Kamdi and Khata. One site could not be completed due to delayed agreement. 1.2.3 Invasive TAL Develop On-going Collaboration with NARC species mechanism on identifying control agent management for biological for water hyacinth. control of invasive species and removal of invasive species in wetlands and corridors 1.3.1 Build CHAL & 126 trainings Completed Support provided to capacity and TAL Community Learning and support Action Centers. community learning and action centers 1.3.2 Promote CHAL & 25 CLACs Completed 25 CLACs established to Improved TAL strengthen the internal Natural governance of NRM groups Resource and empowerment of Governance marginalized groups. 1 workshop Completed Good governance training for LRP and District Coordinators completed. 75 wellbeing Completed 99 well-being ranking ranking and conducted, All groups were resource sensitized on the resource allocation allocation plans. Some of the resource rich groups

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks plans have allocated funds for the livelihoods improvement of poor users. 111 PHPAs Completed 118 PHPAs conducted Mobilization Completed 85 LRPs trained and of 11 LRPs mobilized 1.4.1 Support CHAL & 1 study on Not This activity community TAL market value completed was planned groups for chain analysis after the livelihood (MVCA) completion of improvemen CHAL t plans and assessment green which would enterprises identify potential products for value chain analysis; the CHAL assessment was delayed. 8 trainings On-going 7 trainings completed on LIP Preparation On-going 45 LIPs prepared; 179 Based on the of 100 LIPs households have been PWBR and identified for LIP support UCPVA, total 179 ultra poor HHs in poverty pockets and vulnerable sites have been selected and capacitated to prepare the LIP. The remaining LIP will be completed during the first quarter of year two. Support for Completed 278 constructed 146 biogas units 35 workshops Partially 7 workshops on LIP Remaining completed preparation conducted workshops 11 workshops on Forest could not be certification conducted. completed due to delayed field implementation. 2 exposure Not The resource visits completed. allocated for exposure visit was utilized for organizing

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks orientation and basic training on biodiversity conservation where 29 participants from different community forest and protection forests participated. This activity is reported under training. 1.4.2 Pilot TAL 1 WPS On-going Concept note prepared Will be piloted wildlife guideline in year 2 premium schemes 4 WPS Delayed Could not be support provided as the wildlife premium scheme was not ready. 1.4.3 Identificatio CHAL 2 studies to On-going Studies on-going. n of key identify sites for potential sites Community- based Tourism 1.5.1 Review National 1 study to On-going Will be continued in Year Hariyo Ban existing review 2. will contribute laws/rules/ existing to updating of regulations conservation National related to policies Biodiversity conservation Strategy 2002 and its implementation plan 1 workshop Not Planned to share completed the review of biodiversity strategy which could not happen. 1 policy Not Delayed from advocacy completed government side.

Started/On Completed Delayed Cancelled Track

5.2.2 IR 2: Sustainable Landscape Management IR 2 Objectives: To build the structure, capacity and operations necessary for effective sustainable landscapes management, especially reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) readiness.

Indicators- 2.1 Hectares of deforested and degraded forest area under Improved biophysical conditions, 2.2 Rate of deforestation and forest degradation in the target landscape reduced, 2.3 Quantity of GHG emissions measured in MT of CO2 equivalent, reduced or sequestered as a result of USG assistance Deforestation and forest degradation are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Nepal. REDD+ presents an opportunity to promote forest conservation and sustainable landscapes, and enhance the well-being of forest-dependent communities. A successful REDD+ strategy needs to include three key elements: defining a national architecture for REDD+; ensuring national level policies to address the underlying causes of forest loss; and establishing an equitable benefit sharing mechanism that provides significant support to forest dependent communities.

In the first year this component undertook foundational activities on which to build the future strategy. An assessment of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation was conducted in CHAL, which will form the basis of interventions in the field in the coming years. Support to Government of Nepal in developing a national REDD+ strategy framework will provide the basis for a new REDD+ strategy. A training needs assessment identified training needs for government officials, community forestry users, and other stakeholders in this and other components. Awareness raising and capacity building were undertaken on REDD+, sustainable forest management, and forest fire management and control. At field level early implementation activities included planting of pilot areas of degraded land with trees, and installation of biogas plants for local community forestry users, reducing pressure on forests for firewood. Revision of 93 Community Forestry Operational Plans was initiated to promote improved forest management and tackle priority drivers. A total of 2,124 people, including 1,099 women (52%), 277 Dalit (11%), 688 Janajatis (32%); 1,159 Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri (55%), 35 Madhesi (2%), and 15 (1%) others participated in various training workshops, campaigns, governance assessments and other activities under this component. A total of 0.063 million metric tons of GHG equivalent to CO2 has been reduced through installation of biogas plants, improved cook stoves, afforestation and improved management of forests and grasslands.1

1 Factors of 4.06; 1.5; 85 has been used for the reduction/sequestration of carbon through biogas installation, ICS installation and plantation respectively.

5.2.2.1 Sub-IR2.1: Analysis, formulation and execution of REDD+ policies and strategies supported

Indicators- 2.1.1 Number of REDD+ related policies and strategies proposed/approved/implemented During Year 1, the Hariyo Ban Program developed a framework structure for guiding the national REDD+ strategy. At the request of MoFSC, Hariyo Ban developed and submitted guidelines for MoFSC to use in hiring CEOs of different parastatal organizations under the ministry. A Technical Committee was formed comprising governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental representatives from the REDD Cell, DFRS, FRA project, WWF, and ICIMOD. The Technical Committee will support and capacitate the REDD Cell in the development of a Reference Level to be submitted to the UNFCCC.

5.2.2.1.1 Support formulation, amendment and implementation of policies, strategies, standards and guidelines for national REDD+ program Framework structure for National REDD-plus Strategy of Nepal One of the main components of the national REDD+ readiness process is the development of a National REDD+ strategy. The REDD Forestry and Climate Change Cell (REDD Cell) of MoFSC has to complete this activity under the Readiness Preparation Proposal (RPP) phase. To develop the National REDD+ Strategy, the REDD Cell decided to build upon a framework of the basic RPP structure. The Hariyo Ban Program supported the development of this structural framework at the request of the REDD Cell through a consultancy. In the process of developing the framework, the Program identified the importance of evaluating and analyzing the following elements: i) drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and their underlying causes; ii) available range of strategy options to address these drivers; and iii) policies, institutions, and governance mechanisms that can be reformed, coordinated and synergized to effectively address the drivers while linking these efforts to meeting national development objectives. The development of a framework structure for Nepal’s National REDD+ Strategy represents a critical element of the readiness preparation process. The structural framework was also shared with relevant stakeholders at both national and local level through consultation meetings, to reflect a wider set of views and ideas. Officials from regional and district based government line agencies, representatives from the Federation of Community Forestry Users in Nepal, civil society organizations, women, marginalized groups, international and national NGOs, donors, and independent REDD+ experts participated in these meetings. The draft framework incorporated valuable input from the consultative processes. The National REDD+ Strategy will also need to support and/or complement the policy and institutional frameworks for the establishment and operationalization of systems and modalities deemed crucial for REDD+ strategy implementation. The key elements integral to the national REDD+ strategy include: forest reference level/reference emissions level (RL/REL); monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system; financing mechanism (market, non-market or fund based); assessing and addressing social, economic and environmental safeguards; clarification of forest tenure and carbon rights; and ensuring equity in benefit sharing mechanisms.

The consolidated framework structure of Nepal’s national REDD+ strategy attempts to clarify the intent of the national REDD+ strategy, explain the basic requirements through a literature review of national and international forestry policies and REDD+ strategies/forestry development strategies of other countries, and further build upon the elements planned or documented in the R-PP. A refined framework structure was presented in the national level consultation in Kathmandu, which also provided valuable input. Consultation processes for developing the National REDD Strategy In line with and building upon the structural framework, FECOFUN organized a regional stakeholder consultation workshop in order to develop a common understanding among stakeholders and identify various issues for the National REDD Strategy development process as prescribed in the R-PP. The 224 participants of the workshop were provided an orientation on REDD+ and climate change, and given the opportunity to discuss various community concerns pertinent to the national REDD+ strategy. These included capacity building of local communities and indigenous people, wider consultation at the local level for REDD strategy development, definition of carbon tenure, and benefit sharing mechanisms in forestry laws, policies and the REDD strategy. Key recommendations coming out of the workshop for the REDD Cell to consider incorporating in the national REDD+ strategy of Nepal and the process of developing it are: a) Ensure wider consultation with relevant rights holders and stakeholders in the process of the national REDD strategy development; b) Ensure provisions in the strategy for equitable benefit sharing, community participation in MRV, and capacity building; c) Define carbon rights based on the existing forest laws, local self-governance law and laws related to mining and watershed management; and d) Cover safeguards under the National REDD Strategy Since Nepal is preparing the National REDD+ Strategy, it is expected that the input from regional consultations will be valuable in making the strategy more pragmatic and relevant. The next steps for the REDD Cell include forming a committee with representatives from government, civil society organizations, and independent experts. A representative from WWF Nepal will participate in the committee, as requested by the REDD Cell, for the strategy development process. Support for the development and implementation of REDD+ Social and Environmental Standards (SES) and other Social and Environmental Safeguards including Gender The REDD Cell and FECOFUN jointly prepared the first draft report of specific REDD+ SES indicators for Nepal, with financial and technical support from CARE Denmark. After consultation, a second draft incorporated comments from stakeholders. Further consultations will be conducted with the stakeholders during Year 2 of Hariyo Ban, and final indicators will be developed. Major outputs from this component during Year 1 include the national REDD+ Strategy framework and guidelines for hiring Chief Executive Officers of MoFSC parastatal organizations. In addition, WWF worked as a steering committee member for the development of the National Land Use Policy, which was finalized and approved by the Government of Nepal. WWF used cost Hariyo Ban program cost share funding for printing this policy document.

5.2.2.1.2 Support capacity building and strengthening of institutional frameworks including the National REDD Cell to implement REDD+ strategy and RPP The Sustainable Landscapes coordinator of the Hariyo Ban Program, and other experts from WWF, attended technical meetings organized by the REDD Cell and will be providing input for effective implementation of the RPP of Nepal. WWF has been working as a member of various technical committees formed by the REDD Cell, including the Reference Emission Level (REL) development subcommittee, MRV system development subcommittee, and REDD+ strategy drafting subcommittee, to provide support and capacity development as needed. The Hariyo Ban Program purchased satellite imagery of different time periods to analyze trends of deforestation and forest degradation in the program areas. These images will be shared with the DFRS. The Hariyo Ban Program also received a request for software, hardware, and other supplies to establish a dendro-climatological lab for modeling the impact of climate change on tree growth. The Hariyo Ban program will purchase these supplies and deliver them to DFRS.

5.2.2.1.3 Support for developing protocols/tools, awareness raising and issue based advocacy for REDD+ policies, strategies and guidelines With cost-share funding, WWF conducted a national workshop with the GoN to disseminate updates on REDD+ international negotiations at the UNFCCC Durban conference, as well as outcomes from the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice/ SBSTA in Bonn, to inform and capacitate government officials and community members.

5.2.2.1.4 Reducing poverty in Nepal through REDD+ Phase II The project “Reducing Poverty in Nepal through REDD+ Phase II” is funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland, WWF Finland, and WWF US, and provides cost share for Hariyo Ban. Following activities were conducted under this cost share activity in year 1: (a) Three forest carbon inventory training to 113 local resource persons and students including 9 international participants ( Bhutan-4, Malaysia-3, WWF Malasia-2 and WWF Finland-1)This training helped to increase understanding among government, academia, civil society, media and community members of the role of forests as a carbon sink and storage, as well as the role of biodiversity and forest conservation in climate change mitigation and adaptation. (b) A total of 11 workshops were organized this year on REDD+ in Kathmandu, Butwal, IOF Hetauda, and IOF Pokhara. The total number of participants was 493 (25% women). The participants were from the government, academia, youth, journalists, women’s groups, indigenous people and marginalized communities, and civil society organizations (DANAR, FECOFUN). (c) A field based training program on forest carbon inventory was also organized for students from Tribhuvan University and other colleges. The 8 students who participated in the field based training were also involved in the field based forest carbon inventory as team leaders, and several students have chosen REDD+ as a topic for their dissertations.

(d) Tribhuvan University was provided support to revise the conventional academic curriculum to include climate change and REDD+. The revised curriculum under the post graduate course for environment now includes issues of climate change and REDD+, and more than 150 students from different colleges will have the opportunity to take the new course each year.

5.2.2.2 Sub IR 2.2: Capacity for forest inventory and GHG monitoring, and equitable benefit sharing developed

Indicators- 2.2.1 Number of people (government and civil society) received capacity building training in forest inventory and GHG monitoring, equitable benefit sharing, and REDD+ issues

2.2.2 Number of people participated in GHG monitoring, equitable benefit sharing and REDD+ related activities 5.2.2.2.1 Support design and implementation of a cost-effective and accurate system for reference scenarios and MRV Periodic monitoring of GHGs is important for the implementation of REDD+ and to claim benefits from carbon sequestration and emissions reductions. The creation of cost-effective and accurate systems for developing a baseline, or Reference Emission Level (REL), and MRV system for enabling REDD+ programs, are huge and evolving challenges worldwide. With its physiographic challenges and diverse forests, this is particularly true for Nepal. Key to any credible and accurate MRV system for REDD+ is capacitating stakeholders both in government and civil society on issues related to methodologies before developing a technical system. A Training Need Assessment in relation to forest carbon inventory and use of methodologies for developing a REDD+ project was conducted within the related government line agencies, stakeholders and communities of TAL and CHAL. Based on the findings, the Hariyo Ban Program will design a capacity building program on both technical and non-technical grounds using experts and/or relevant institutions. Close collaboration with the ongoing Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Project and Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS) has been maintained to support the Government of Nepal in developing an effective MRV system for Nepal. In Year 1, WWF conducted Nepal’s first landscape- level effort to collect field data on forest carbon in TAL, which provides data that could be used to support the development of a Tier 2 approach REDD+ project. WWF also supported the FRA in demonstrating the use in TAL of LIDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging), a cutting edge technology for measuring the above ground biomass. The Hariyo Ban Program will build upon this work with the REDD Cell, DFRS and FRA to analyze and test the feasibility of a REDD+ project in the voluntary market, or pursue a fund based mechanism for TAL using the data from ground truthing and LIDAR.

5.2.2.2.2 Build capacity at all levels for forest governance, inventory and GHG monitoring The training needs assessment for government line agencies and civil society was initiated during this reporting period. The final report summarizing conclusions is expected to be completed by November 2012.

Awareness at community level on REDD+ In order to provide a basic understanding and general knowledge about REDD+, a one-day awareness program was organized by FECOFUN and the CHAL landscape office. The participants included LRPs and executive committee members of the CFUGs from Chitwan, Kaski and Tanahun districts. The one-day program was designed to familiarize executive committee members with the REDD+ program so that they could act as peer educators in their respective areas. It took considerable time to introduce and clarify the concept of REDD+, and it became apparent that a simple training manual is needed for this purpose. With WWF cost share funds, LIDAR training was provided to government officials from the REDD Cell, DFRS, and FRA Project. Twenty participants received this training. Similarly, REDD+ workshops were held in Pokhara, Kathmandu and Hetauda to discuss the concept of REDD+ with students of the Institute of Forestry as well as other universities. Altogether, there were 150 participants in these workshops. 5.2.2.2.3 Support establishment of national carbon accounting system

This activity was deferred to 2013 as the structure of the national carbon accounting system is not yet finalized. The Hariyo Ban Program is sharing the available satellite data with DRFS to develop the national carbon accounting system, and is supporting the dendro-climatological lab for modeling tree growth in the face of climate change. ToR were developed for consultants to train local resource persons, youth and women in CHAL to help establish a baseline for forest carbon accounting. The training and forest carbon assessment of CHAL will be finalized by the end of FY 2013.

5.2.2.2.4 Support design and implementation of an equitable benefit sharing mechanism for REDD+ program Orientation on carbon benefit sharing mechanism With support of the Hariyo Ban Program, FECOFUN organized a one-day orientation and training on climate change and REDD+ benefit sharing mechanisms in Gorkha district. The main areas of focus included information on climate change science and REDD+, benefit sharing mechanism practices at international and national levels, and ways to explore the best options for carbon benefit sharing mechanisms. It is expected that the outcomes of the pilot project will be used by the Government of Nepal to develop a carbon benefit sharing mechanism. FECOFUN, ANSAB and ICIMOD have been piloting REDD+ projects in three districts (Dolakha, Chitwan, and Gorkha) with financial support from the Government of Norway, seeking to develop REDD+ payment mechanisms. These are Nepal's first REDD+ pilot projects that include testing of benefit sharing mechanisms at community as well as household level. Review of benefit sharing mechanisms of participatory forest management models/practices and cost benefit analysis of community based REDD+ activities in Nepal This portion of activity 2.2.4 has been deferred to Year 2 ToR were developed and proposals were invited from consulting companies/individuals. However, we failed to find a qualified consultant for the assignment. . We hope to complete this activity by June 2013.

Community consultation workshop on carbon benefit sharing mechanism A workshop was organized in August 2012 by FECOFUN for community consultation on a potential REDD+ benefit sharing mechanism, with a focus on how the community may benefit from REDD+. The participants were provided information about climate change, REDD+, and how the CFUGs can benefit from carbon sequestration through the sustainable management of forests. The participants suggested that there should be a network of all CFUGs at district level who could develop and share their voices for establishing the benefit sharing for REDD+

5.2.2.3 Sub IR 2.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation analyzed and addressed

Indicators- 2.3.1 Number of community forest operational plans revised/prepared in line with REDD+ guidelines; 2.3.2 Number of people directly benefiting from alternative energy (biogas, ICS, metal stove) reducing threats to deforestation and degradation; 2.3.3 Number of PVSE and marginal farmers received skill based trainings; 2.3.4 Level of key threats in priority sites to forest reduced 5.2.2.3.1 Identify the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and appropriate community based measures to tackle them The Hariyo Ban Program conducted an analysis to determine the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in CHAL in the following physiographic zones: Terai/Inner Terai, Siwalik, Middle Hills, and High Mountain. The key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation identified in each physiographic zone in the analysis are listed in the following table : Table 5 : Key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in different physiographic zone Rank High Mountain Middle Hills Siwalik Terai (TAL) High dependency on High dependency High dependency High dependency on 1 forests on forests on forests forests Infrastructure Infrastructure Illegal harvest of 2 Illegal harvest of forests development development forest products Over grazing Forest fires Illegal harvest of Unsustainable 3 forests Harvesting Practices Encroachment Illegal harvest of Forest fires 4 Forest fires forests Forest fires Unsustainable 5 Overgrazing Encroachment harvesting Infrastructure Encroachment Encroachment 6 Overgrazing development Expansion of invasive Unsustainable Resettlement Infrastructure 7 species harvesting development Natural disasters Expansion of Overgrazing 8 Resettlement invasive species Pollution Natural disasters Expansion of Expansion of 9 invasive species invasive species 10 N/A Soil erosion Shifting cultivation N/A 11 N/A Shifting cultivation N/A N/A

Possible strategies and key interventions for addressing these drivers were identified as a result of this analysis. The Hariyo Ban Program is taking into account the ranked drivers, their underlying and root causes, and the recommended area for interventions while implementing program activities.

5.2.2.3.2 Address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation

Major activities conducted to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation are the community awareness on forest fire, forest fire management training, promotion of alternate energy program to minimize dependency on firewood, support for the preparation and community forest operational plan and train the local communities on sustainable forest management training. Rehabilitation of degraded land through plantation and protection of regenerations were other major activities conducted in year 1. The future activities will be governed by ranking of drivers, but this work was largely done before we had the drivers results. Following are the major activities conducted in year 1: Promotion of alternative energy sources High dependency on forests is the highest ranked drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in all the physiographic zones of CHAL and TA. Hariyo Ban Program is giving top priority to address these drivers. Forest is the main source of firewood in both the landscapes. In order to minimize pressure on forests for fuel wood collection, the Hariyo Ban Program is supporting number of activities like biogas, Improved Cook Stoves and Improved Cooking stoves promotion. Following activities were conducted in year 1: (a) Installation of biogas plants Over-extraction of fuelwood is one of the drivers of deforestation which contributes to increased carbon emissions. To reduce pressure on forests from fuelwood collection, WWF Nepal supported the construction of 100 biogas plants in Kaski, Tanahun, Gorkha and Lamjung districts in CHAL, working through FECOFUN and mobilizing its district chapters. In Kaski, Lamjung and Tanahun districts, households have been identified for biogas installation, and pit construction work has begun. In addition, with WWF cost share funding, 47 biogas plants were constructed in Chitwan, 112 in Kamdi corridor, and 46 in the Karnali corridor. With cost share funds from the WWF supported approximately 240 households in the installation of biogas units with toilet attachment in Dang district. A model biogas village was also Participants of forest fire management training during practical inaugurated in Dang during this session; Lamjung

quarter. Support was also provided by the Government of Finland to 25 households to build toilets; around 50 households were assisted with cement troughs for stall-feeding livestock as part of the integrated biogas approach. (b) Construction of improved cooking stoves (ICS) Improved cooking stove is one of the major alternatives for minimizing fuelwood consumption, especially for the poor households who could not afford for biogas plants. With WWF cost share funding, 50 ICS units were installed by households in the Kamdi corridor. 315 were installed in the Karnali corridor, where training for 5 ICS promoters was organized. An ICS model village has been developed in the Khata corridor with 93% of the households having ICS units. In addition, with cost share funding of WWF, 30 households were assisted with improved cook stoves in Dang district. Forest Fire Control (Photo) Forest Fire is one of the major drivers identified in all the physiographic zones of TAL and CHAL. Hariyo Ban program will address this by adopting (i)preventive measures like awareness, forest fire line construction, regular cleaning of fire lines, (ii) support forest fire control by developing trained human resources and providing forest fire fighting tools and equipment, and (iii) supporting local communities for post fire management activities like regeneration protection and plantation. Following activities were conducted during year 1: (c) Fire Fighting Community Awareness Campaign To create awareness about forest fire prevention and control, 9 community firefighting awareness campaigns were conducted in corridor and river basin sites. The topics in the campaigns included an overview of forest fires, integrated approaches to forest fire management, and forest fire management planning. In Kaski, on the occasion of Teej festival, a song competition was held for slogans related to forest fire control, and a large group of local women carried banners and posters with the slogans. The awareness campaign was instrumental in forming volunteer fire fighting groups in the communities. (d) Forest fire management training of local communities FECOFUN conducted 5 firefighting training events during the reporting period in Kanchanpur, Kailali, Tanahun, Lamjung and Chitwan. The participants included CFUG members and local police, as local coordination and support are required during forest fire incidents. The objectives of the training were the following: to impart knowledge and skills concerning forest fire prevention and control; to develop the management capability of local people for suppression and management of forest fires; and to provide knowledge of legal provisions pertaining to forest fire control. The training was designed as a TOT and the participants will roll out training at the community level at a later time. This training will be useful to prepare the Fire Management Plan to be integrated into the Forest Operational Plans of the CFUGs. WWF/Hariyo Ban Program conducted forest fire management trainings in 8 districts of TAL and CHAL in April and May 2012. The objective of the trainings was to build capacity of community forest fire fighters to use forest fire fighting tools and control forest fires. The participants were also provided with information about participatory resource mapping and preparing forest fire management action plans. For all the trainee groups, fire-fighting tools

such as swatters, shovels, rakes, rake-hoes, axe-hoes, first-aid kits, jump suits, gloves, helmets, boots, torches, socks, water bottles, and face masks were provided. A total of 7 events of forest fire and hazard management training was conducted by NTNC in which 218 members of CAMCs, village leaders, chairperson/secretary of the forest management committee, mother groups, youth clubs participated in the training. In addition, with the cost share funding, WWF Nepal conducted 6 community based forest fire management trainings (2 in the SHL and 4 in the TAL). The first training program was organized in Tapethok Village Development Committee (VDC) in KCA, and the second was held in Timure VDC in Langtang National Park. A group of 59 people (9% female and 91% male) was trained. In the TAL /PABZ, two trainings were conducted in Parsa and Chitwan, and included a total of 46 participants (26% female and 74% male). In the TAL/CBRP, two trainings were conducted with 40 participants (58% female and 42% male) in Dang and Bardia. All of the groups were equipped with forest fire fighting gear. In addition, 97 people (29% women and 71% men) were provided information on forest fires in TAL.

5.2.2.3.3 Promote community based sustainable resource management and good governance Unsustainable harvesting of forest products is one of the drivers identified in CHAL and TAL and its ranking vary according to physiographic zones. In order to manage forest in sustainably, Hariyo Ban program is supporting for the preparation and amendment of Community Forestry Operational Plans, providing sustainable forest management training to the local communities, promoting forest rehabilitation, and value chain analysis of NTFPs for micro enterprise development. Under this category, following activities were conducted in year 1: Revision and amendment of Community Forest Operational Plans (CFOPs) in line with revised community forest guidelines, REDD+, and forest carbon The constitutions and Forest Operational Plans Table 6 : Number of CFOPs planned for (FOPs) of CFUGs must be renewed on a periodic renewal in Hariyo Ban working basis, generally every five years. However, out of a sites total of 2,343 FOPs, 754 (32%) have already expired in 11 districts of TAL and CHAL. The # of FOPs to be District CFUGs are awaiting renewal of these FOPs for renewed legitimate community forestry operations. The Kailali 17 reasons behind the backlog are limited financial Kanchanpur 2 resources in District Forest Offices (DFOs), high Banke 4 cost and lengthy time requirements to prepare Bardia 18 operational plans in community forests with more Nawalparasi 1 than 200 ha due to mandatory requirements of IEE Gorkha 16 and EIA, inadequate forest technicians available at Lamjung 19 the DFO and their competency to conduct these Tanahun 3 activities , and inadequate recognition of the LRP Kaski 9 competency in FOP preparation. Total 89 In order to expedite this process, the Hariyo Ban Program simplified the steps for renewing operational plans by developing checklists in accordance with the Community Forest Development

Guidelines 2009, Forest Act 1993, Forests Regulation 1995, Climate Change Policy 2011, and Forest Carbon Measurement Guideline 2011. The checklist is now being used to revise the FOPs. Altogether, CARE and FECOFUN had planned to support renewal of 89 CFOPs (see Table-6) in priority areas in Year 1. The renewal process has started in Kaski, Tanahun, Gorkha, Lamjung, Bardia and Kailali, and will be finalized by December 2012. A number of meetings with DFO staff were conducted in these districts to develop a common understanding of the renewal process, share the checklist, and gauge its effectiveness. The planning process was being conducted during the rainy season, which created problems for forest inventory and field visits. However, the field data collection, community forest user verification, forest inventory, and other necessary discussions have been completed in these areas, and the plans will be completed in year 2. The process did not start in Nawalparasi, Banke and Kanchanpur in Year 1 due to unfavorable weather conditions, governance issues, and large areas of community forest. In order to address the shortage of human resources for FOP renewal, FECOFUN developed a modular training program to build capacity of Local Resource Persons (LRPs) based on the Community Forestry Guideline and Community Forestry Inventory Guidelines developed by the Department of Forest. The main objective of the training was to train LRPs capable of helping CFUGs in preparing constitutions and operational plans. The training has three modules: 1) preparation and renewal of the CFUG constitution and FOP; 2) training in forest survey and resource inventory; and 3) write-up of forest operational plans. Only those participants who passed the first and second modules joined the third module. The training started with 25 people, and a total of 19 LRPs joined the third module of training which will finish in October 2012. The trained LRPs will take part in the Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT2) Skill Test Level 2, and successful candidates will be qualified for both constitution and FOP preparation. All the CTEVT certified LRPs will facilitate the process of FOP preparation in their respective districts. Sustainable forest management training The FECOFUN office in Kaski organized training on sustainable forest management in May 2012. The objectives of the training were to develop a common understanding of sustainable forest management, ascertain the current status of forest management in part of CHAL, and support CFUGs in the implementation of the Forest Operational Plans. This training helped to strengthen the knowledge and understanding of community forest user groups on sustainable forest management. Participants developed an understanding of the importance of managing community forests not only for timber and supply of daily household needs, but also for increasing carbon stocks and adapting to

2 CTEVT – The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) is a national autonomous apex body committed to the production of technical and skillful human resources required by the nation. It mainly involves policy formulation, quality control, preparation of competency based curriculum, developing skill standards of various occupations, and testing the skills of the people (source: CTEVT website http://www.ctevt.org.np/).

45 climate change. The training is expected to help the district leaders improve leadership, promote the concept and practice of sustainable forest management, and further support FOP implementation. It is anticipated that participants will transfer knowledge and skills on sustainable forest management to the CFUG level. Rehabilitation of degraded land With the objective to restore degraded area and address the drivers of deforestation, the Hariyo Ban Program supported 17 Leasehold Forestry User Groups in the restoration of 37 hectares of degraded slopes through plantation of broom grass and protection of natural regeneration. These areas were previously used for shifting cultivation, and soil erosion and soil fertility loss were significant problems. The broom grass is important for vegetation cover and prevention of soil erosion. Broom grass was planted along the Trishuli/Seti corridor in Devghat VDC of Tanahun district. Production of brooms will help support the livelihoods of the poorest community residing in the area, and provide a viable alternative to shifting cultivation. This activity was undertaken in close collaboration with the District Forest Office, Tanahun. DFO Tanahun has been implementing leasehold forestry activities in the area over the last five years. The local Leasehold Forestry User Groups will protect the naturally regenerated tree species in this plantation site and will also plant tree species in this area, which will help to increase forest carbon in the planted sites. Value chain analysis of NTFPs The planned value chain analysis of NTFPs could not be conducted this year and will be conducted in Year 2.

5.2.2.4 Sub-IR2.4 Payments for carbon credits including other ecosystem services tested and expanded

Indicators- 2.4.1 Revenue generated from successfully piloted PES schemes – biogas, forest carbon, ecotourism, hydropower etc. in CHAL and TAL 5.2.2.4.1 Conduct feasibility and identify opportunities for REDD+ and other PES mechanisms This activity was delayed pending the identification of possible sites for REDD+ and other PES in CHAL by the CHAL Rapid Assessment. The Hariyo Ban Program did, however, begin supporting the REDD Cell in developing a PDD for REDD+ in TAL. A series of discussions was conducted with the REDD Cell for developing a Reference Level (RL) and base year. Once it is finalized, a consultant will be hired in FY 2013 to develop a PDD for REDD+ in TAL. The feasibility study of other PES mechanisms was delayed as potential sites will be selected based upon the CHAL rapid assessment report. This activity will be undertaken in Year 2.

5.2.2.4.2 Support formulation of enabling policies, guidelines, and advocacy for PES mechanisms As noted in the work plan, 2.4.2 activities will begin after Year 1.

5.2.2.4.3 Develop and implement a carbon financing project Gold Standard Biogas Verified Emission Reduction (VER) Project: PHASE II To meet the demand for fuel wood and at the same time reduce the impact on forests, the Hariyo Ban Program is supporting the installation of biogas plants in the TAL. The WWF-TAL program developed the first Gold Standard Biogas Verified Emission Reduction (VER) project in 2009, which generates carbon credits. With more than 9.3 million head of cattle and over 6.7 million people in the TAL, biogas is a viable investment, but this technology is still out of reach for the majority of people who cannot afford it without external support. Under this scheme, the Hariyo Ban Program will support the construction of at least 7,500 biogas plants in TAL during the program period to further develop the gold standard biogas VER project. Site selection, development of the ToR, and discussions with the Alternate Energy Promotion Centre and the Biogas Support Program were undertaken during this reporting period for a second Gold Standard Biogas program. A multi-stakeholder consultation was conducted in Nepalganj, where stakeholders from most of the TAL districts participated. Central level stakeholder consultation was conducted in Kathmandu to discuss the possible mechanisms of the project with the stakeholders. Hariyo Ban will provide co-funding and technical support for this activity, helping to scale it up. Table 7 : Summary of progress in Sustainable Landscape Management component

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks 2.1 Analysis, formulation and execution of REDD+ policies and strategies supported 2.1.1 Support National 2 national On-going Framework structure Will work on formulation, policies for National REDD+ Low Carbon amendment and Strategy of Nepal Development implementation of finalized Framework in policies, strategies, year 2. standards, and 1 set of Complet Support provided to guidelines for guidelines ed. MoFSC to develop a national REDD+ set of guidelines for program hiring Chief Executive Officers of MoFSC parastatal organizations. 2.1.2 Support capacity National Equipment Complet Equipment provided. building and for REDD ed. strengthening of Cell institutional Central Complet Stakeholder meetings frameworks level ed. conducted. including the stakeholders National REDD meetings Cell to implement REDD+ strategy and RPP 2.1.3 Support for CHAL, REDD+ On-going Guidelines developed developing TAL, awareness to amend CFOPs in protocols/tools, National materials line with Climate awareness raising Change Adaptation and issue-based and Mitigation advocacy for REDD+ policies, strategies and

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks guidelines REDD+ Delayed Due to delay in manuals developing REDD+ strategy and equitable benefit sharing mechanism by REDD Cell

2.2 Capacity for forest inventory and GHG monitoring, and equitable benefit sharing developed 2.2.1 Support design and National REL Guidelines for implementation of system-1 developing REL a cost-effective and set of are not finalized accurate system for guidelines by UNFCCC/ reference scenarios SBSTA and MRV REL for On-going Emission baseline for CHAL-1 CHAL estimated. 2.2.2 Build capacity at CHAL, Capacity Complet Report being all levels for forest TAL, needs ed finalized. governance, National assessment inventory and GHG -1 monitoring Capacity Not Due to delay in building complete assessing based on d. capacity need development needs 2.2.3 Support National National On- Contracted out establishment of Carbon going. for study. national carbon Account accounting system 2.2.4 Support design and National; Review On- Contracted out. implementation of CHAL report-1 going. an equitable benefit sharing mechanism for REDD+ program 2.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation analyzed and addressed 2.3.1 Identify the drivers CHAL, Identified Complet of deforestation TAL drivers for ed Physiographic zone and forest CHAL-1 wise drivers of degradation, and deforestation, appropriate degradation, and their community based root and underlying measures to tackle causes were identified them in CHAL. Strategic options to address those drivers were also identified. 2.3.2 Address the drivers CHAL, Identificati Complet Forest fire of deforestation TAL on of ed management training and forest appropriate and equipment degradation options to support; rehabilitation

IR Activities Location Target Status Achievements Remarks address of degraded land, drivers biogas plant establishment support, Improved cook stove distributed 2.3.3 Promote CHAL, CFUG and On-going Forest management community based TAL GoN training provided; sustainable managed CFOP revision resource forests of initiated, record management and TAL and keeping and good governance CHAL accounting keeping training provided to local communities 2.3.4 Participatory On- Support to development in going. communities in forest TAL (cost share restoration, and activity) alternate source of energy (biogas, ICS) 2.4 Payments for carbon credits including other ecosystem services tested and expanded 2.4.1 Conduct feasibility TAL, Feasibility Delayed waiting and identify CHAL report -1 for CHAL opportunities for assessment REDD+ and other report to initiate PES mechanisms the detailed feasibility study on PES. 2.4.2 Support National Not planned in formulation of year 1 enabling policies, guidelines and advocacy for PES mechanisms 2.4.3 Develop and TAL, Consultatio Complet Consultation implement a carbon CHAL n report-1 ed workshop with multi- financing project stakeholder for biogas gold standard project completed. and report produced.

Started/On Completed Delayed Cancelled Track

5.2.3 Climate Change Adaptation IR-3: The ability of human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change increased

Indicators- 3.1 Number of people with improved adaptive capacity to cope with adverse impacts of climate change; 3.2 Rate of deforestation and degradation in forest, watersheds Rate of degradation in wetlands (invasive species, sedimentation and loss i.e. conversion to agriculture land) from non- climate stresses reduced (Level reduction from baseline). This will be measured from 2.2; 3.3 Number of organizations (government and civil society) mainstreaming climate change adaptation into their policies and plans and implemented. The main objective of this component is to increase the ability of human and ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. There are four sub-intermediate results, including: building a common understanding of climate change related issues; testing and piloting vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning; testing and monitoring participatory vulnerability monitoring; and, support for policy creation, amendment and execution. Several activities were conducted in Year 1 under this component, and they focused on enhancing understanding and knowledge on climate change issues across different levels. This included strengthening capacity of staff and stakeholders on vulnerability assessments and preparation of Climate Adaptation Plans (CAPs), and supporting communities to conduct vulnerability assessments and prepare CAPs. A training needs assessment for the Hariyo Ban Program was also conducted, and specific recommendations were made for training activities needed across components and cross cutting themes. An improved understanding of climate change issues and strengthened capacity among staff and stakeholders has provided a solid foundation for the implementation of adaptation focused activities in Year 2. A total of 3,264 people, including 1,737 women (53%), 462 Dalit (14%), 1640 Janajatis (50%); 1,087 Brahmin/Chhetri/Thakuri (33%), 47 Madhesi (1%), and 28 (1%) others participated in various training workshops, campaigns, governance assessments and other activities under this component. A total of 14 vulnerable sites were identified by the vulnerability assessments conducted this year. There are a total of 2,466 households in these sites, out of which 1,713 households are listed as vulnerable. Out of 1,713 vulnerable HHs, 218 are Dalit families, 1,144 are Janajati families, and 34 are Madhesi.

5.2.3.1 Sub IR 3.1 : Government and civil society understanding of climate change vulnerability and gender-equitable and socially inclusive adaptation practices increased

Indicators- 3.1.1 Number of organizations (government, civil society and academia) undertaking capacity building activities related to climate change vulnerability and adaptation 3.1.2 Number of people (government and civil society) received capacity building training in climate change adaptation

3.1.3 Number of people participated in climate change adaptation related activities and events The Government of Nepal (GoN) has adopted the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA, 2010), an innovative approach to multi-stakeholder engagement and climate vulnerability analyses. Within this context, knowledge and comprehension of climate related issues (climate change and variability, vulnerability, and adaptation practices) and gender-equitable and socially inclusive adaptation practices are imperative to the GoN, civil societies, educational institutions, local stakeholders, NRM groups, communities, and the media. The Hariyo Ban Program conducted a set of activities to train, sensitize, and raise awareness about climate change issues and GoN’s approach to adaptation, targeting officials and representatives of government, civil society, CBOs and CSOs, NGOs, media personnel, NRM groups, CFUGs, and local communities. A number of trainings, workshops and campaigns were organized in CHAL and TAL, as well as at the central level. 5.2.3.1.1 Train government and civil society representatives on climate change issues and gender-equitable and socially inclusive adaptation practices Training of Trainers (TOT) on climate change and adaptation issues During the first year of Hariyo Ban implementation, five TOTs on climate change and adaptation were conducted. Two TOTs were organized for GON, CSOs and government partners, and 3 TOTs were convened for community groups. One TOT event on climate change and adaptation issues was conducted in July, 2012 with the objective of imparting knowledge and building a common understanding of the concept of climate change, its impacts, and climate adaptation issues in line with the GoN’s NAPA and LAPA framework. The training was facilitated by experts from the Alliance for Social Development (ASD). The participants for the TOT included 13 government officials from MOFALD Regional Forestry Training Centre, DFOs, DSCOs, and 10 Hariyo Ban consortium partner staff. The training provided the opportunity to discuss climate change and adaption issues, and provided training which the participants will be able share with others. The participants discussed climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in thematic areas identified in the NAPA, including agriculture and food security, water resources and energy, climate induced disasters, forests and biodiversity, public health, and urban settlements and infrastructure. Training of Trainers (TOTs) on underlying causes of poverty and vulnerability analysis (UCPVA) The UCPVA ToT was conducted in Pokhara in May 2012. The major objective of the training was to introduce the staff of Hariyo Ban consortium partners to different tools and techniques relevant to the analysis of the underlying causes of poverty, vulnerability, and social exclusion at the community

51 level. During the training, different PRA tools and maps were discussed, and field exercises were performed in a local community. Poor and vulnerable areas were identified using power mapping in the Chapakot VDC of Kaski together with representatives of political parties, different organizations, CFUGs, and the VDC secretary. The training provided the opportunity to practice using participatory tools and to identify poor areas in a participatory manner by involving local politicians and VDC representative. This tool was also used in the Year 2 annual planning process of the Hariyo Ban Program. Furthermore, three ToT events concerning GESI in climate change, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation were organized for CFUGs/CBOs and civil society groups in Pokhara, Nepalganj and Chitwan. The participants were from Women Development Offices (WDO), NGO Federation, Dalit NGO Federation, Federation of Nepalese Journalists, HIMAWANTI Nepal, NTNC, FECOFUN, and CFUGs. The major objective of the TOT was to develop a local resource pool for mainstreaming gender and social inclusion into climate change and natural resource management. A one-day field exercise was also conducted in order to enhance practical knowledge of different tools and techniques in vulnerability assessment. Participants appreciated the training, as it linked gender and social inclusion with climate change, natural resource management, and REDD+. The trainings were facilitated by external technical experts, as well as experts from CARE and FECOFUN on gender, governance, REDD+, and climate change. The lessons and experience of these trainings will be utilized in organizing future events. The trainings provided the opportunity to build a common understanding on climate change and adaptation issues across various levels, and created a pool of trained people at various levels. The master trainers provided training to the local resource persons (LRPs) in the communities, who are then engaged in conducting training workshops in the targeted communities. Moving forward, the master trainers will also engage government officials, media personnel, and other stakeholders. In this way, training is being cascaded down to local level and reaching a large target audience. Sensitization workshops on climate change issues at different levels A common understanding of climate change issues is crucial across various levels to devise locally suitable mitigation and adaptation measures. The Hariyo Ban Program conducted sensitization workshops for district level authorities, civil society organizations, and community based NRM groups such as CFUGs, BZCFUGs and other CBOs. Altogether, 66 workshops and 74 climate change campaigns were organized during the reporting period. In addition, CARE conducted 12 workshops on climate change issues for local district authorities in Gorkha, Lamjung, Kaski, Tanahu, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Banke, Bardia, Manang, Mustang, Kanchanpur and Kailali districts. Representatives from DDC, DFO, DSCO, DADO, DLSO, WCO, Sensitizing people on climate change through street drama in Deurali VDC, Nawalparasi 52

FECOFUN district chapters, field officers, and LRPs from the Hariyo Ban Program attended the workshops. The workshops were helpful in developing a common understanding among the district level government line agencies about the concepts, issues and impacts of climate change, and were helpful in identifying areas vulnerable to climate change and climatic hazards as defined by NAPA. The representatives from government agencies agreed to incorporate climate change adaptation issues into their annual development plans, an important way of mainstreaming adaptation. Two workshops were also held for civil society groups concerning climate change issues in Kaski and Kailali. Representatives from CSOs and CBOs learned about climate change issues and developed a common understanding about coordination and collaboration, as well as integrating climate change activities into organizational plans and programs. The role of civil society in mainstreaming climate change adaptation initiatives at the local level was discussed in the workshops. Also, CSOs mapped their climate change work to identify who is doing what, where and possibilities for future collaboration. A total of 36 community level workshops were conducted by FECOFUN for CFUGs, NRM groups, and civil society organizations in different districts. The major objective of this activity was to provide information to members of CFUGs and NRM groups to raise awareness of climate change, its impact on various sectors, and mitigation and adaptation strategies. Participants were able to evaluate climate change and compare theoretical concepts with the practical experiences they have been facing. It is expected that the workshops will be instrumental in mainstreaming climate change issues into local planning processes, and will result in climate resilient plans. NTNC organized 16 climate change workshops in the ACAP area for CAMC members, representatives from women’s groups, youth groups, and key village leaders. Participants were provided information about climate change, its impacts on day to day life, and innovative ideas to adapt to such impacts. The various impacts observed in different sectors, such as water resources and energy, forest and biodiversity, agriculture and livestock, infrastructure and health, and local adaption measures were discussed during the workshop. The people trained in the ICVCA TOT were mobilized to facilitate these workshops. DFO, DSCO, and DDC officials of the respective districts and Hariyo Ban Program staff also helped facilitate them. During this reporting period, the Hariyo Ban Program organized 74 climate change sensitization campaigns in TAL and CHAL. These campaigns included rallies, folk song competitions in CLACs and CFUGs, street dramas, quiz competitions in schools, plantation sessions, and visual demonstrations. The campaigns were effective in raising awareness and are expected to be instrumental in mainstreaming climate change issues into local level planning processes. Climate Change, Gender and Social Inclusion Training The Hariyo Ban Program organized two trainings on climate change and GESI in Kanchanpur and Lamjung districts. The trainings involved key personnel from the FECOFUN district office, LRPs, and staff of partner organizations. The objectives of the training were to share concepts of gender and social inclusion, discuss gender mainstreaming into Hariyo Ban, identify the impact of climate change on marginal people, and provide information on LAPA concepts and tools. The outputs of the trainings include increased awareness of integrated approaches to climate change and GESI. In addition, an action plan was prepared based on the identified gaps and opportunities for mainstreaming GESI into climate change adaptation initiatives.

Training Needs Assessment A Training Needs Assessment (TNA) was conducted to identify training needs and develop training strategies that effectively promote the long term sustainability of the efforts of the Hariyo Ban Program. The specific objectives of the TNA include assessing existing gaps in knowledge, skills in the thematic components, and cross cutting issues; developing a specific training strategy for the Hariyo Ban Program; recommending a training package to share knowledge and refine skills to address identified gaps; and identifying opportunities for policy level support to help create an enabling environment at the national and landscape level and strengthen capacity building efforts. Samuhik Abhiyan, a national NGO, conducted this assessment for the Hariyo Ban Program. The assessment team followed a participatory approach to identify the training needs through consultations at the community, district (Kaski, Tanahun, Kailali, Chitwan and Bara), regional, and national level. The draft TNA report identified the gaps and needs, suggested strategies, and proposed specific training activities starting in Year 2. The recommendations were instrumental in addressing the training needs of individual components and cross cutting issues. The TNA report is still being finalized and will be shared with relevant stakeholders when it is available. The Hariyo Ban training strategy will start to be implemented in Year 2. Training on climate vulnerability capacity building A climate vulnerability capacity building training was organized in Kaski for 28 CAMC members from Mustang, Manang and Myagdi. The training focused on how to use tools to monitor climate change impacts and analyze hazards. Participants were provided with information about climate change, its impacts on socioeconomics and ecosystems, and adaptation measures to cope with the impacts. A four-day workshop on the fundamentals of climate change adaptation was held in August, 2012 in Nagarkot. The workshop focused on climate change adaptation practitioners of the Hariyo Ban Program consortium - WWF Nepal, CARE Nepal, FECOFUN, and NTNC. There were 52 participants at the workshop, including representatives from USAID. The workshop sought to build an understanding of climate change adaptation issues and the status of international discourse. The workshop included sessions on the fundamental terminologies of climate change adaptation as well as concepts of climate variability, vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation in current Hariyo Ban work. It promoted the integrated human-ecosystem approach to adaptation. The workshop also provided techniques for communicating climate change adaptation concepts, and stressed the importance of incorporating climate change adaptation into conservation strategies. The workshop was very useful in imparting skills about how to communicate complex scientific messages in simple language. It also included a day on disaster risk reduction/disaster recovery and reconstruction in relation to climate change.

5.2.3.1.2 Integrate climate change issues in existing academic curricula Initially, the Hariyo Ban Program planned to hire an external consultant to identify how climate change education can be better integrated into existing curricula of universities in Nepal. After a number of consultations with academic institutions, however, it became apparent that curriculum revision and integration is a dynamic process that differs from one university to another. The Hariyo Ban Program decided to support the implementation of curricula revisions directly, and collaborate

54 with institutions to deliver trainings on climate change issues. The Hariyo Ban Program has started to support the Institute of Forestry (IOF) in this field, for its BSc in Forestry. Tribhuvan University has recently revised its MSc Environment curriculum, integrating REDD+ and climate change. During the reporting period, Hariyo Ban collaborated with the International School for Advanced Studies (ISAS), Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST), and Mid- Western University (MU) to organize a summer course in July 2012. The summer school course discussed new developments in national and international climate change policies, as well as Hariyo Ban Program interventions related to climate change adaptation. The course was attended by participants selected from various organizations. It was planned and budgeted to enroll 25 participants, but due to demand, 30 participants (6 female) were selected for the course. Among the participants, 4 were from government offices, 2 from UN offices, 2 from research body, 6 from NGOs, 6 from academia including university students, 3 from the private sector, 7 from INGOs. The course aimed to enhance the capacity of local professionals interested in working in the field of climate change adaptation. This initiative contributed to enhancing knowledge of national and international policy, as well as practical skills, concerning climate change adaptation. The course also created a platform for practitioners, policy makers, academics, and researchers to discuss and exchange knowledge concerning climate change adaptation, challenges, and impacts. The course graduates created a web forum through which they are communicating their field experiences on climate change with each other and with Hariyo Ban. Coincidentally, two of the participants have since been recruited to the Hariyo Ban Program core team, where they will put their training to good use. Hariyo Ban also supported IOF students in a field based study concerning sustainable forest management, and assessing vulnerabilities and impacts of climate change on forest resources. The students were exposed to CFUGs and community forests, with the objective of strengthening student capacity and developing their understanding of forest management techniques, and the relationship between forests, local communities, and ecosystems. The 27 students (25 male and 2 female) are involved in landscape forest and biodiversity conservation approaches, and are evaluating their importance within the context of climate change mitigation.

5.2.3.1.3 Conduct climate research/studies at the national level and for TAL and CHAL, and disseminate results to enhance knowledge on climate change and its impacts on biodiversity, water, food security, disaster risk, energy and infrastructure. During the first year of the Hariyo Ban Program, three climate change studies were planned. These studies were: 1) identification of past, current and future climate change and climate variability in Nepal; 2) development of baseline climate indicators and scenario planning for CHAL; and 3) development of baseline climate indicators and scenario planning for TAL. The first two studies were rolled into the CHAL assessment study. The information available from the CHAL assessment study will be used to disseminate potential impacts on biodiversity, food security, water, energy, disaster risk, and infrastructure. However, the multi-disciplinary CHAL rapid assessment did not cover climate in great depth, and separate landscape-level vulnerability assessments are planned for both TAL and CHAL in the second year, building on the CHAL rapid assessment and also the community level vulnerability assessments undertaken in the first year (see the second year work plan for more details).

Cost Share Activities Scholarship support With cost-share funds, WWF’s Education for Nature program has been supporting graduate fellowships and professional development grants for five conservation and development professionals in Nepal (including one woman). Grantees include a park ranger for Chitwan National Park who is pursuing a master’s degree in environmental science at Kathmandu University; an officer from the District Soil Conservation Office in Gorkha who is attending the Applied Climate Change Professional Training course at Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation in Virginia, USA; a student at the Institute of Forestry in Pokhara who is pursuing a master’s degree in forestry; a student at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology doing a master’s degree in natural resource management; and a student pursuing a master’s degree in environmental science at University of Washington, School of Forest Resources, USA. The scholarship application for this year is now open, and has been announced in daily newspapers. Use of climate-adaptive crop varieties Through WWF cost-share funding, 110 farmers were trained in Dang to cultivate climate-adaptive crop varieties, in light of the increased climate variability they are experiencing. The plots of the farmers are being used for the different crop varieties, including rice and different vegetables. The results will be monitored in the second quarter of FY 13. The monitoring of the results will be included in the vulnerability assessment planned for FY 13, and will be a basis for identifying some of the adaptation options in the corridor.

5.2.3.1.4 Promote public private partnership for climate resilient community based adaptation practices No activities corresponding to 3.1.4 were planned for Year 1. However, consultations with the private sector were organized to explore their interests and potential areas for partnerships. The initial interests include supporting activities from community adaptation plans, as well as supplying agricultural and forestry inputs like seeds, saplings, equipment, etc. for adaptation activities.

5.2.3.2 Sub IR 3.2: Pilot demonstration actions for vulnerability reduction conducted and expanded

Indicators- 3.2.1 Number of vulnerable people/households benefiting from the implementation of Community Adaptation Plans (CAPs) 3.2.2 No. of vulnerable sites showing improved biophysical condition after implementing CAPs For this sub-IR, Hariyo Ban planned to test and pilot integration of CARE’s Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (CVCA) approach with elements of ecosystem based adaptation tools taking into consideration guidelines developed by MOE and recent work piloted by USAID-funded SCAPES. The Program planned to develop this integrated approach to vulnerability assessments by performing the following activities: designing and testing the appropriate methodology and tools, refining the vulnerability tools, conducting vulnerability assessments, and providing capacity building for key GoN ministries, community groups and civil societies at all levels to enhance LAPA mainstreaming into broader economic planning.

During this reporting period, the Hariyo Ban Program modified the CVCA tool of CARE International and piloted a vulnerability assessment using the Integrated Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (ICVCA) tool. The integrated approach included elements from community based and ecosystem based adaptation, and the vulnerability assessments were performed in communities in CHAL and TAL with participation from communities and other relevant stakeholders. To ensure full participation from stakeholders, Hariyo Ban conducted trainings to improve the capacity of LRPs and government officials, CBOs, communities, and program staff.

5.2.3.2.1 Design and field test integrated vulnerability assessment tools in selected communities and ecosystems In order to identify the vulnerable ecosystems and communities, rapid assessments of the Hariyo Ban identified VDCs were conducted at the district and site level. Based on the rapid vulnerability assessments, communities were selected for a more detailed vulnerability assessment. District Level Rapid Assessment The Hariyo Ban Program conducted nine separate integrated climate vulnerability and capacity assessments (ICVCA) in Kaski, Tanahu, Gorkha, Lamjung, Mustang, Bardia, Banke, Kailali, and Kanchanpur districts. The participants of the assessments included CFUG members, VDC secretaries, representatives of ward citizen forums, schools, agriculture service centers, livestock service stations, DSCO, and political parties. The district level rapid assessment identified the vulnerable VDCs, and sites from among the VDCs selected by the Hariyo Ban Program, based on biophysical (biodiversity important areas, potential for REDD+,) and socio-economic criteria. Site Level Rapid Assessment A total of 58 assessment workshops were conducted by CARE in all working sites in TAL and CHAL. CARE used UCPVA tools such as resource mapping, power mapping, hazard mapping, and biodiversity threat analysis. The assessment was successful in the identification of vulnerable areas, and a social map of the VDCs was prepared with site specific adverse impacts of climate change and poverty pockets. The map will help identify priority programs for Year 2 of Hariyo Ban. Representatives from the VDC, CFUG, VDC level networks, women's groups, Janajatis network, Dalit network, ward citizen center, health service center, political parties, FECOFUN, and LRPs participated in the assessment. Workshops were facilitated by staff from CARE and FECOFUN. In addition, a site level rapid assessment of proposed intervention sites in western TAL was performed by the joint team of the site level coordination committee. Assessments were conducted in the Brahmadev, Kamdi, Karnali and Barandabhar corridors. The rapid assessment team finalized the major intervention sites in each of these areas. Vulnerability Assessment Summary results from the vulnerability assessments in nine sites are presented in Table-8. As is evident from the Table, vulnerability assessments have provided insights into the existing climatic and non-climatic hazards and vulnerability of the community.

Table 8 : Summary of rapid vulnerability assessment Location Sites Major hazards Current weather pattern Mustang Dhe Drought, absence or lesser Temperature increasing, declining snow fall; declining rainfall rainfall and snowfall Kaski Thulakhet Flood, drought, and water Temperature increasing and less source drying rainfall Tanahun Dharampan Flood, drought, and Temperature increasing and landslide adequate rainfall Lamjung Ghermu Flood, river bank erosion, Temperature increasing, decreasing landslide; hailstorm, rainfall, declining number of winter invasive species days Gorkha Deurali Flood, river bank cutting, Temperature increasing, rainfall landslide; invasive species amount increasing and rainfall days declining Banke Madanapur, Flood, river bank cutting Increasing fog in winter season, Kamdi VDC and drought increasing temperature, intense rainfall for a short period Kailali Dhanuwapha Flood and siltation; drought, Increasing fog in winter season, nta, Pathraiya river bank cutting increasing temperature; intense VDC rainfall for a short period Bardia Murgahawa, Flood and siltation; drought, Increasing fog in winter season; Daulatpur river bank cutting increasing temperature; intense VDC rainfall for a short period Kanchanpur Daiji VDC Drought; flood; river bank Increasing fog in winter season; cutting increasing temperature; intense rainfall for a short period

Rapid Vulnerability Assessment during district stakeholder consultation workshop Four vulnerability rapid assessments were completed by FECOFUN during this reporting period in stakeholder consultation workshops in Kanchanpur, Bardia, Lamjung and Tanahu districts. The main objective of the assessments was to identify and prioritize climate induced hazard sites and vulnerable communities in and around Brahmadev and Karnali corridors in TAL, and Participants preparing social and power maps during the Marsyangdi River basin and Sukhaura rapid assessment in Bandipur VDC, Tanahun © Pratigya Khola Sub-watershed of Seti in CHAL. Silwal, CARE

Participatory transect walks/field observations and stakeholder consultation workshops following the tools developed by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) were used for the assessment. The assessments were successful in analyzing climate induced hazard sites and vulnerable communities in biological corridors in both TAL and CHAL. They will be instrumental in linking sectoral programs and catalyzing cross sectoral coordination to build climate resilience plans. A total of 7,105 households in the Karnali and Brahmadev corridors and Marsyangdi sub-watershed were found to be particularly vulnerable. The major hazards identified were floods, fire, erosion, and mud slides. The major activities identified in the CAP to minimize the hazards were afforestation, Social map prepared by the participants; Bandipur, bio-engineering for gully control, fire line Tanahun construction and maintenance, awareness on fire management, and loose stone gabion check dams. Table 9 : Vulnerable Communities in TAL and CHAL

Caste /Ethnicity Number of

Number of i s s

t t e SN. Corridor/District HHs in the r i T a e l h vulnerable HHs j a C h d n

community t a a B D J O M 1 Brahmadev/ Kanchanpur 2146 2146 1100 643 393 0 0 2 Karnali/ Bardia 4879 4879 625 301 3337 221 137 3 Marsyangdi/Lamjung 81 45 31 5 5 0 0 4 Marsyangdi/Tanahu 80 35 5 5 25 0 0 Total 7186 7105 1761 954 3760 221 137

Testing and piloting vulnerability assessment tool in pilot communities The piloting of the vulnerability assessment tool was completed by using the Integrated Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (ICVCA) tool, a modified version of CARE International’s CVCA tool. However, a complete integration of different tools of community based and ecosystem based approaches has yet to be formulated, and WWF and CARE are discussing how to do this in Year 2 (the two landscape level vulnerability assessments will provide opportunity to work further on this).

5.2.3.2.2 Build capacity at all levels and conduct vulnerability assessment TOT on integrated climate vulnerability analysis and planning Two meetings were convened for a master TOT on ICVA and planning. The meetings were held in Pokhara and Nepalganj in March 2012 and April 2012, respectively. The major objective of the trainings was to provide information to participants regarding integrated climate vulnerability analysis and planning at the district, regional and national level. The meetings also sought to consolidate different methodologies and tools as defined in the LAPA. The participants of the training included 56 representatives from government line agencies, Hariyo Ban core partners, and resource partners. The master trainers of the TOTs conducted district and community level trainings on vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning for local resource persons in different districts during the reporting period, and they will also conduct these trainings in FY 2013. In addition, the Hariyo Ban Program organized an integrated climate vulnerability and adaptation capacity analysis training for 28 LRPs in June 2012. Participants were equipped with knowledge and skills to carry out rapid climate vulnerability assessments to identify vulnerable areas and communities and to facilitate community based adaptation plan preparation and implementation. During the training, field exercises were performed at two CFUGs in Pokhara. Participants used ICVCA tools to explore climatic vulnerabilities and hazards, and planed adaptation activities through participatory discussions with CFUG members.

5.2.3.2.3 Develop and support implementation of gender equitable and socially inclusive Community Adaptation Plans of Action (CAPAs) Community Adaptation Plans of Action (CAPA) aim to develop a system of adaptation planning which enables communities to understand the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and communities, participate effectively in the process of developing adaptation priorities, implement climate resilient plans to respond to the adverse impacts of climate change and vulnerability conditions, inform sectoral programs, and identify integrated approaches between sectors. With the objective of establishing climate change resilient plans, four CAPAs were prepared by FECOFUN in Kanchanpur and Bardia in TAL. The draft adaptation plans were prepared based on the vulnerabilities and possible adaptation options identified. The plans mainly focus on disaster risk reduction measures, resilient livelihood options, capacity building, and addressing the underlying causes of poverty. The final adaptation plans will be presented to the VDC councils in Year 2 after incorporating participatory monitoring, evaluation, reflection, and learning aspects for the identified adaptation projects. The activities planned CAPA will contribute to increasing ecosystem resilience which will have direct impact on forest coverage for component 2. Establish and strengthen Community Learning Action Centers in priority communities to implement issue based advocacy Hariyo Ban formed 25 CLACs under this component in Tanahu, Lamjung, Nawalparasi, Kaski, Chitwan, Gorkha, Banke, Bardia, Kanchanpur, Kailali and Dang. This involved 692 participants, including 181 (26%) Dalit, 317 (46%) Janjati, 164 (24%) BCTs, 62 (9%) poor, 109 (16%) youth, and 653 (94%) women).

Table 10 – Number of CLACs established and operationalized; and LRPs mobilized in TAL and CHAL

S.N Districts Working Sites # of CLACs 1 Kaski Phewa watershed and Seti 3 2 Tanahun Sukhaura Khola Sub-watershed 3 3 Lamjung Marsyangdi Corridor 2 4 Gorkha Daraudi River Corridor 2 5 Chitwan Barandabhar Corridor 2 6 Nawalparasi Kaligandaki 2 7 Kanchanpur Brahmadev Corridor 2 8 Kailali Karnali River Corridor, Adjoining area of Basanta 2 9 Bardia Karnali River Corridor 2 10 Banke Kamdi Corridor 3 11 Dang 2 Total 25 The details of the background, process, outputs, and outcomes of the CLACs are described in sub-IR 1.3.1.

5.2.3.2.4 Build the capacity of key government agencies at all levels to mainstream climate change into broader economic planning During this reporting period, Hariyo Ban did not conduct the workshop on mainstreaming climate change into local development plans for government officials. The government officials had already participated in other trainings, workshops, VA assessments, and other district level climate change activities, and expressed that they had a detailed understanding of climate change impacts and adaptation measures that should be mainstreamed3 into broader sectoral economic planning (e.g. forestry, agriculture, livestock, health and infrastructure). However, Hariyo Ban did interact with government officials at the district and site level to discuss the need to incorporate climate change adaptation into development planning. The process for mainstreaming will be further discussed with government agencies and community groups, and needs-based workshops will be convened in FY 13 with community representatives and government officials to enhance government capacity.

3 Mainstreaming means integrating climate concerns and adaptation responses into relevant policies, plans, programs, and projects at the national, sub-national, and local scales.” USAID, 2009: Adapting to Coastal Climate Change. A Guidebook for Development Planners. United States Agency for International Development. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/water/docs/coastal_adaptation/ adapting_to_coastal_climate_change.pdf. ( USAID 2009, p.47).

5.2.3.3 Sub IR 3.3: Participatory and simplified system for vulnerability monitoring established

Indicators- 3.3.1 Number of organizations (government and civil society) using standard participatory vulnerability monitoring system and tools The regular monitoring of CAPA implementation is crucial to keep track of changing climate conditions and hazards, as well as learn about the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions. The Hariyo Ban Program will field test the participatory guidelines developed by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) for monitoring and evaluating vulnerability, and will establish the simplified system of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E). Hariyo Ban will assess the PM&E system applied by field organizations, test and pilot PM&E tools, refine the methodology, incorporate community reflections on PM&E, and document and disseminate the PM&E processes and tools to develop the PMERL system for effective implementation of adaptation plans. Under this sub IR, the Hariyo Ban Program conducted one PMERL training of trainers (see below). The trained personnel will be mobilized to enhance the capacity of LRPs on PM&E as needed. 5.2.3.3.1 Design and field test a participatory and simplified system for vulnerability monitoring. Training on Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation, Reflection and Learning The Hariyo Ban Program organized a training of trainers event on participatory monitoring, evaluation reflection and learning (PMERL) in August 2012. A total of 29 participants from departments, regional directorates, district forest offices, district soil conservation offices under MoFSC, and staff from CARE, FECOFUN, NTNC and WWF attended the training. An international consultant from CARE International facilitated the training and was assisted by CCA specialists from CARE Nepal and WWF Nepal. The training included key concepts and processes of PMERL such as mapping the stakeholders, deciding what to monitor, developing indicators, measuring baselines and finalizing the M&E plan, and budget and resource allocation. The training also covered the project cycle of community based adaptation planning. Participants were expected to integrate the PMERL process into the preparation and implementation of the community adaptation plans in their respective organization. The master trainers will conduct trainings on PMERL for LRPs trained in CAP preparation in FY 2013. The LRPs will use the knowledge and skills to support communities in monitoring the adaptation plans.

5.2.3.3.2 Implement the PM&E for vulnerability monitoring by building capacity of the local authorities and CBOs, and institutionalizing the monitoring system After obtaining information about the PMERL processes mentioned in 3.3.1, the consortium partner staff returned to the selected sites and collected more information about the indicators to monitor, baseline figures for the selected indicators, and prepared the M&E plan, which are incorporated into the Community Adaptation Plans (CAPs). When the communities begin implementing the CAPs in Year 2, they will initiate participatory monitoring using PMERL tools through review and reflection meetings.

5.2.3.3.3 Monitor trends in climate variability and change at landscape level A preparatory discussion on monitoring climate change impacts on ecosystems at the landscape level has been initiated with a WWF US expert. The expert will help Hariyo Ban with landscape/corridor/sub-basin vulnerability assessments, bringing in the ecosystem approach, and will prepare a monitoring system for recording climate variability trends at landscape levels. Based on the assessment, local communities will be supported to monitor climate change at the selected river basin level. The information obtained from this monitoring will be used in addressing the adverse effect of climate both on ecosystems and communities contributing to component 1.

5.2.3.4 Sub IR 3.4: Creation, amendment and execution of adaptation policies and strategies supported

Indicators- 3.4.1 Number of policies and strategies on climate change adaptation proposed/adopted/implemented (new and amendment) 3.4.2 Number of advocacy campaigns of civil society organizations supported

3.4.3 Number of local level plans integrating climate change adaptation Hariyo Ban worked from the local to national level on enhancing the capacity of local and district level partners to raise awareness and advocate for the rights of the most vulnerable people regarding resources and ecosystem services. At the national level, Hariyo Ban supported the GoN and consulted with MOFSC and MOEST to undertake reviews of existing sectoral policies to make them pro-poor, gender responsive and inclusive, and to ensure adequate coverage of ecosystem resilience. During the first meeting, held in April 2012, discussions included recent policies related to climate change and LAPA documents. It is important to share this information with stakeholders, including community members, to create the opportunity for policy feedback. To this end, Hariyo Ban conducted activities to share policy documents with communities at the grassroots level.

5.2.3.4.1 Support CFUGs, FECOFUN and other CBO federations to conduct evidence-based advocacy campaigns, participate in critical policy dialogues, and disseminate climate and adaptation information to their constituencies. During the reporting period, Hariyo Ban facilitated the establishment of 126 Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs) within the Kanchanpur, Kailali, Banke, Bardia, Nawalparasi, Chitwan, Dang, Gorkha, Lamjung, Kaski and Tanahun districts. Issues related to climate change adaptation were of great interest in each of the CLACs. The issues presented by the CLACs, and group discussions during different informational sessions on climate change issues, were compiled. The major issues identified in CLACs include the following: x Lack of mainstreaming of climate change adaptation in local development processes x Crisis of governance in all sectors and at all levels – very poor responsibility and accountability, including inefficient services to the communities during disasters and epidemics x Deforestation and degradation through illegal logging, forest fire and over grazing

63 x Shifting of wildlife habitats and early blooming of some vegetation x Decreased agricultural production due to loss of soil fertility and extinction of local/indigenous crop varieties x Invasion by invasive species x Appearance of new diseases in humans as well as crops x Drying of water sources resulting in seasonal migration, increased workload of women, change in occupation x Change in rainfall patterns resulting in flash floods and siltation In FY 2013, the communities will initiate actions to combat the major issues identified through the use of advocacy campaigns. The Hariyo Ban Program will support issues such as reducing vulnerabilities of women, poor, and marginalized communities, and addressing vulnerabilities of ecosystems. The issue based campaigns will contribute to acquiring assistance from the government and other stakeholders.

5.2.3.4.2 Support consultation on climate vulnerability and adaptation issues with Constitution Assembly members and parliamentary committee on natural resources, women’s groups, ethnic minority groups and religious leaders. The dissolution of the Constitution Assembly (CA) in June 2012 inhibited Hariyo Ban’s ability to facilitate stakeholder hearings with the members of the Assembly. Hariyo Ban was able, however, to consult with several ex-CA members and parliamentary committee members, political leaders and authorities during the reporting period. Hariyo Ban and WWF Nepal are actively involved in the Climate Change Network (CCN), which organizes meetings regularly to discuss climate change issues. WWF Nepal participated in two of these meetings in July and September 2012. The meetings concerned involvement in a negotiation team on behalf of the Government of Nepal in international negotiations. Hariyo Ban also participated in 2 CCN meetings during the reporting period. Hariyo Ban participated in an inter-religious dialogue conference on climate change and biodiversity conservation held in Sri Lanka in September 2012. The International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), in partnership with SEWALANKA and IUCN, hosted the event. The 120 delegates present were mostly Buddhists from Asia, but also included social workers, and religious leaders from Africa, USA and Europe representing Christianity, Hinduism, Muslim and Bahai faiths. Dr. Ghana S. Gurung from WWF Nepal participated as a keynote speaker, presenting the root causes of climate change and its impacts in Nepal and globally, and speaking as a panelist about the political problems in combating climate change. Mr. Gurung presented evidence of Himalayan glacial retreat and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), impacts on biodiversity, and WWF’s responses to climate change through integrated approaches at the regional level through the Living Himalayas Initiative and at the national level through Hariyo Ban in partnership with government line agencies and development partners.

5.2.3.4.3 Support local authorities at the district level in CHAL and TAL to integrate climate change adaptation into existing development planning and disaster risk management processes Because CAPs were completed towards the end of FY 12, no integration activities were conducted. Concrete integration activities are planned for Year 2.

Table 11 : Summary of Progress in Climate Change Adaptation Component

IR 3 Activities Location Target Status Achievement Remarks 3.1 Government and civil society understanding on climate change vulnerability and gender- equitable and socially inclusive adaptation practices increased 3.1.1 Train government TAL, TNA-1, Completed TNA and civil society CHAL, assessment representatives National completed on climate report being change issues and finalized. gender-equitable TOT-2 Completed 2 TOTs and socially completed. inclusive Sensitizatio 169 sensitization adaptation Completed practices n workshops and workshops- campaigns 72 conducted. Trainings Completed 4 training events on GESI- 4 conducted and a consolidated report produced 3.1.2 Integrate climate National Assessment Completed. Supported ISAS change issues into -1 to conduct existing academic Summer School curricula on Climate Change Adaptation. 3.1.3 Conduct National Studies as On-going. CHAL Information research/studies part of Assessment contained in and disseminate baseline gathered CHAL study. results to enhance and CHAL information on knowledge on Rapid climate climate change Assessment variability and and its impacts changes. It on biodiversity, measured water, food adaptation security, disaster options with a risk, energy and broader infrastructure recommendation

IR 3 Activities Location Target Status Achievement Remarks 3.2 Pilot demonstration actions for vulnerability reduction conducted and expanded 3.2.1 Design and field CHAL, 6 sites Completed 14 sites test integrated TAL and vulnerability National assessment tools in selected communities and ecosystems 3.2.2 Build capacity at CHAL, TOT-1 Completed 3 TOTs all levels and TAL and conducted conduct National vulnerability assessment 3.2.3 Develop and CHAL, CAPs -12 On-going 4 CAPAs Vulnerability support TAL and prepared assessments implementation National conducted in 14 of gender sites. CAPA equitable and preparation socially inclusive process is on- community going. adaptation plans (CAPs) 3.2.4 Build the CHAL, Workshop Not Deferred to year capacity of key TAL and - 1 completed. 2 as it has to government National happen after the agencies at all preparation of the levels to CAPs. mainstream climate change into broader economic planning 3.3 Participatory and simplified system for vulnerability monitoring established 3.3.1 Design and field CHAL Sites - 6 Partially 4 completed Monitoring plan test a and TAL completed. of Community participatory and based adaptation simplified system included in for vulnerability CAPs. monitoring 3.3.2 Implement the CHAL Sites - 12 Ongoing Inbuilt in 4 The remaining PM&E for and TAL CAPs. CAPs will have vulnerability Monitoring Plan monitoring by in year 2. building capacity of the local

IR 3 Activities Location Target Status Achievement Remarks authorities and CBOs and institutionalizatio n of monitoring system 3.3.3 Monitor trends in CHAL 1 number On- going. TOR for The assessment climate and TAL monitoring will conducted in variability and climate year 2. change at the variability study landscape level prepared 3.4 Creation, amendment and execution of adaptation policies and strategies supported 3.4.1 Support CFUGs, CHAL Communit Completed. 75 CLACs FECOFUN and and TAL y Learning established for other CBO and Action dissemination of federations to Centers - climate change conduct 75 adaptation evidence-based information advocacy including campaigns, policies related participate in to climate critical policy change dialogues, and disseminate climate and adaptation information to their constituencies 3.4.2 Support National Consultatio Partially Meeting with Meeting with consultation on n -1 completed. Climate Change Constituent climate Network held Assembly vulnerability and and sharing of members and adaptation issues biodiversity and parliamentary with Constituent climate change committee was Assembly issues in inter- not possible as members and religious both CA and parliamentary meeting Parliament were committee on undertaken. dissolved in May natural resources, 2012. women groups, ethnic minority groups and religious leaders. 3.4.3 Support local CHAL Districts - 6 Not Deferred to year authorities at and TAL completed. 2. The learning district level from CAPs has to

IR 3 Activities Location Target Status Achievement Remarks under program be incorporated landscapes to in the integrate climate development change plans. adaptation into existing development planning and disaster risk management processes

Started/On Completed Delayed Cancelled Track

5.3 PROGRESS ON CROSS CUTTING THEMES 5.3.1 Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) GESI is a key cross-cutting theme of the Hariyo Ban Program. Integrated actions were taken to mainstream GESI throughout all three thematic components, and Hariyo Ban conducted a series of consultations with programmatic team members to explore possibilities of mainstreaming opportunities, and reviewing studies and research from a GESI perspective. Most of the studies were conducted in the presence of a GESI expert, so as to capture key analyses and recommendations. Initial discussions with other partners and concerned stakeholders were initiated to promote a GESI sensitive policy environment. A gender and social inclusion core group coordinated by the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation incorporated a Hariyo Ban representative to accelerate the policy engagement process. Hariyo Ban consortium partners initiated efforts to empower and engage women, poor, Dalit, marginalized Janajatis and other socially excluded groups in program initiatives. Most of the first year initiatives included enhancing capacity of partner organizations, district based government stakeholders, NRM group representatives, and Local Resource Persons (LRPs). These initiatives were designed to enable strategic engagement to catalyze effective participation of women and other excluded groups in biodiversity conservation, REDD+, and climate change adaptation. The range of capacity building initiatives targeted various levels of community members and representatives, and indicated the need for well-documented training materials to disseminate uniform GESI messages across the program areas. As a result of these activities and discussions, the Hariyo Ban Program will prepare a GESI manual focusing on three thematic areas of the program. A total of 126 Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs) formed both under biodiversity and climate change reported presence of 3355 participants. It comprised of 96% women, 45% Janajatis, 41% poor, 27% dalits and 14% youth. Therefore, CLACs have proven to be a common platform for raising issues of gender equality and social inclusion. Sira Devi Sanjyal of Kailali shared that, "When I used to say that we need to protect forest, no one used to agree with me. But the CLAC has provided

68 a platform for like-minded women to gather and voice our concerns together. Now I have found other like-minded women will raise their voices together.” Evidence of increased representation and participation of women and marginalized Janajatis were found in some community forest groups, such as Namuna and Hariyali in Nawalparasi. There were increasing trends of self-confidence among Musahar women, who decided to be selected through elections rather than by a quota system. The women believed that the quota system should be used for other underrepresented women and marginalized people. There were instances in which CLAC participants raised concerns regarding the high entrance fee to join CFUGs and water user groups and high admission fees for poor students. They facilitated addressing issues of caste discrimination, domestic violence, family property rights, and sanitation campaigns. They also supported marginalized people in acquiring citizenship and birth and death certificates. The CLAC participants played a strong role in addressing social issues of their communities, and in improving the lives of poor and marginalized sections of society. They stressed the importance of balancing mechanisms for conservation with other social issues. Women’s empowerment is an essential component of CLACs, which have more female than male members. They were engaged in monitoring and patrolling to control illegal collection of forest products, poaching, timber smuggling, and other illegal extraction of natural resources. The influence of the committees represented by women inspired other committees of women in nearby villages to protect their natural resources through active engagement. This contributed to changing the mindset of society, and showed that women can and should play a strong role in patrolling and conserving biodiversity. This transformation and empowerment was possible due to dedicated efforts of Hariyo Ban team members, who provided support and professional input for confidence building of marginalized sections of society. These successful stories of increased self esteem of marginalized sections of society further inspired the program team to pursue efforts and commitments to address the issues of gender equality and social inclusion. In addition, a common understanding of mainstreaming gender and social inclusion was identified among the consortium team members, and the development of the GESI strategy was initiated and will be continued in Year 2. The strategy development will be led by the Hariyo Ban core team, including the GESI Coordinator, engagement with core partners, and will be supported by a consultant.

Study on Gender in Natural Resources Management: Analysis of Power Dynamics and Documentation of Indigenous Knowledge The terms of reference for this study have been developed, and the processes to hire a consultant are ongoing. The objectives of this study include: a) to review and assess the level of gender consideration in natural resources management, and underlying causes hampering meaningful participation; b) to analyze power dynamics in natural resources management groups and underlying causes affecting women’s roles and leadership; c) to develop an inventory of gender based indigenous knowledge on natural resources, focusing on both flora and fauna; and, d) to examine and assess knowledge of climate change, its impacts, and methods to minimize these impacts. Documenting the knowledge and insight of local communities will provide valuable information for how GESI issues affect the process of sustaining biodiversity conservation and climate change

69 adaptation initiatives. Therefore, in-depth analysis focusing on power dynamics and traditional knowledge on management and use of natural resources will add value in achieving the overall goal of the Hariyo Ban Program. This study is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2012. Training on Gender and Social Inclusion FECOFUN conducted a three-day Gender and Social Inclusion training targeted to FECOFUN district members, LRPs and staff of partner organizations during April 22-24 at Kanchanpur and July 5-7, 2012 at Lamjung. The objectives of the training were to develop an understanding of gender and social inclusion, discuss gender mainstreaming in Hariyo Ban, ascertain the impact of climate change among marginalized members of the community, and provide information about LAPAs. The training focused on the following themes: gender disparity, analysis of the root causes of social exclusion, analysis of gender roles at the community level, positive discrimination and implications for promoting gender balance, access, control and benefits derived from resources, and vulnerability assessments conducted from a gendered perspective. A plan of action was developed at the end of the training to mainstream gender and social inclusion. CARE Nepal coordinated three events of Training of Trainers on “Mainstreaming Gender and Social Inclusion on Climate Change, Natural Resource Management and Bio-diversity conservation” were organized in Pokhara (July 18-22, 2012), Nepalgunj (August 6-10, 2012) and Chitwan (August 12-16, 2012). The events were aimed to build local resource cadres for supporting women and marginalized groups to establish themselves as power of agents in bio-diversity conservation and climate change adaptation initiatives. Major sessions were facilitation on conceptual clarity, Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis, Natural Resource Management Governance, Gender and Social Inclusion mainstreaming as well as integration of GESI analysis in Local Adaptation Plan of Action. It was realized that more capacity building events to some of these selected resource persons should be organized in following years to ensure their quality inputs. Similarly, WWF coordinated two events of GESI mainstreaming training in TAL areas in order to facilitate and strengthen catalytic role of government stakeholders, key partners of the program to develop common understanding on gender and social inclusion and in mainstreaming gender and social inclusion in thematic components of Hariyo Ban linked with biodiversity conservation, sustainable landscape with focus on REDD+ and climate change during September 14-16, 2012 at Nepalgunj and September 22-24, 2012 at Sauraha. The key aspect of the training was to acquaint participants with skills on Gender Relations Analysis in biodiversity, climate change and natural resource management programming. It was realized that there should be continuation of these capacity building interventions to selected and committed resource persons. These local cadres should be mobilized for increasing GESI sensitivity in Hariyo Ban program interventions and beyond. On the other hand, process of providing consistent messaging on these capacity building should also be continued.

5.3.2 Livelihoods In Year 1, activities that were implemented include: identification of poor households in CFUGs, preparation of Livelihood Improvement Plans (LIPs), and selection of sites for community based ecotourism. Resources were provided to support poor households. In addition, a number of orientation workshops were organized for the CFUGs in which the provisions of the Community Forestry

Development Program Guidelines were explained, discussed and commitments were made to follow them. CFDP guidelines are very progressive in terms of pro-poor and inclusive provisions, which says that at least 35% of the total income of the CFUGs should be allocated to poor households. A total of 7,182 (35% of the total households assessed) are very poor households and have been identified through the participatory well-being ranking in 99 CFUGs. Many of the CFUGs have already started resource allocation plans for these identified households. A total of NRs. 1.5 million has been allocated by different CFUGs in Year 1. The poor households selected will be supported with different income generating activities through the LIPs. Forty five LIPs have been developed and many more are in the process of development. Once the LIPs are prepared, the poor households will be supported in the implementation of the appropriate livelihoods options identified in the LIP. The mechanism for engaging and supporting the poor households will be made in the management plans of the newly selected ecotourism sites in Year 2. Also, livelihoods support for the families of victims of human wildlife conflict is planned for next year. Promotion of green enterprises including forest based enterprises will also generate income for poor households, engagement with CFUGs and mobilization of CLACs is expected to facilitate resource flow to the poorer sections of the NRM groups.

5.3.3 Governance Participatory governance assessments have been conducted in 136 CFUGs, which helped internalize the governance of CFUGs. The preparation of action plans after these assessments provided additional momentum for strengthening CFUG governance. The Participatory well-being ranking has been conducted in 99 NRM groups, and identified the poorest users in the groups. Many groups have allocated resources for livelihoods support of poor households, which will be supported through various income generating activities and other livelihoods improvement activities. During the reporting period, 118 PHPAs were conducted to promote transparency, participation and accountability of user groups. In addition, the Community Learning and Action Centers (CLACs) have been instrumental in strengthening the internal governance of the CFUGs. 5.4 Contribution of Hariyo Ban Program in the implementation, review and formulation of GON Strategies, Policies and Plans Hariyo Ban Program works with GoN, civil society, communities and other stakeholders to support implementation of existing government strategies, policies and plans. The program also works with stakeholders to review selected policies to assess their appropriateness in light of the changing context in Nepal. When needed, the program provides support to GoN in new policy development and policy revision. Hariyo Ban Program is involved in existing forums (for example: District Forest Sector Coordination Committee (DFSCC) constituted under government guidelines at the district level) and has also supported the formation of new forums at different levels; Hariyo Ban Program Steering Committee (PSC) and a Working Group (under PSC) at national level that are very helpful in facilitating policy discourse. In addition, the program core team members and consortium partners are affiliated with several policy working/advisory groups - National Tiger Authority, Protected Area Research and Monitoring Advisory and Technical Committee, REDD Working Group, REDD+ SES

Working Group, MoFSC Gender Task Force, Forestry Sector Strategy Preparation Advisory Committee, Community Forestry Task Force, Climate Change Network - which provides opportunities for greater engagement with government and other stakeholders in policy work. In order to align its activities with GoN priorities, programs and plans the program is following the GoN planning process in collaboration with government agencies.

In Year-I, Hariyo Ban Program contributed to the implementation, review and formulation of various GON policies and plans. These include: Community Forestry Development Guidelines, Species Action Plans - Snow Leopard, Rhinoceros and Elephant Conservation Action Plans and management plans of protected areas, TAL strategy, Protection Forest Management Plans, and the Forest Sector Gender and Social Inclusion Mainstreaming Strategy, MoFSC. The Program contributed to GoN's policy to maintain at least 40% forest cover in Nepal, and to the implementation of the NAPA, LAPA and Climate Change Policy. Details of the policy support are given in Annex 12.

Prospects for Year II In the second year, the Hariyo Ban Program will continue the policy work started in the first year (implementation, review and formulation of new strategies, policies and plans) in collaboration with GoN and other relevant stakeholders. Second year policy related work is likely to include:: x Review of National Biodiversity Strategy 2002 x Review of TAL Strategy x Support to transboundary meetings (Nepal part) on wildlife trade and trafficking strategies x Development of Forestry Sector Strategy in collaboration with MSFP x Development of Low Carbon Development Strategy (agriculture, rural infrastructure, energy) x Development of National Land Use Plan (in support of National Land Use Policy) x Organizing National Community Forestry Workshop to set future direction for Community Forestry Program x Development of policy on gender and climate x Integration of climate change adaptation into local development plans (DDCs, VDCs) x Preparation of LAPA manual x Organization of Community Based Adaptation Conference in Nepal x Discourse on issues related to Protection Forest Guidelines, DFSCC Guidelines, and Buffer Zone Regulations that have direct implications for Hariyo Ban Program implementation x Approach Paper for Interim Plan (likely but not confirmed)

5.5 Overarching Themes 5.5.1 Overarching Studies CHAL landscape rapid assessment Since very little was known about the CHAL as a landscape, apart from a study undertaken 12 years ago, three landscape-wide studies were commissioned by a multi-disciplinary consultancy team of the Kathmandu Forestry College. In addition to a rapid assessment of the whole landscape, the team also identified core biodiversity areas and corridors, and drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The team collected and reviewed existing information, undertook consultations at community, district

72 cluster, landscape and national levels, and traveled extensively in the region to make first-hand observations. Hariyo Ban team members participated in many of the consultation activities. Ranking of threats to biodiversity and drivers of deforestation and forest degradation were completed. The three reports are currently being edited and will be available soon. A foundation for Hariyo Ban’s work in CHAL was established, with results and recommendations of the studies being used to determine the priority geographical areas, threats, and drivers for the Hariyo Ban Program in Year 2. These are outlined in the second annual work plan. Summaries of the three studies are annexed in this report.

Priority corridor and bottleneck rapid assessment A rapid assessment was undertaken of the Brahmadev corridor by members of the Hariyo Ban core team in collaboration with staff from consortium partners. In addition, a participatory threat ranking of several corridors was conducted in collaboration with local communities and government staff. A socio-economic and environmental study is also being commissioned to provide a comprehensive analysis of the TAL corridors and bottlenecks. The results of these activities will be used to set priorities for future actions and detailed work planning.

5.6 Monitoring & Evaluation A number of activities were conducted in Year 1 to streamline the M&E process, and include the following: development and operationalization of the M&E plan, data collection formats and guidelines developed, baseline study conducted, review and reflection meetings at different levels conducted, indicator reference sheets developed, orientation on data sheets and basic M&E processes, engagement and contribution to the annual work planning process, and field monitoring visits completed. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan of the Hariyo Ban Program To implement the results framework and the performance management plan of the Hariyo Ban program, the M&E plan was developed in the beginning of the program period through a participatory process engaging key staff and executives from core partners. The plan includes an operational definition of the results and indicators, data need, frequency and methodology of indicator measurement, and use of information. Detailed indicator reference sheets have been developed to provide detailed descriptions and definitions for each indicator. These reference sheets ensure that M&E staff have a uniform understanding of the indicators, and that they are able to report consistently across all levels of indicators. The M&E plan was revised in August 2012 to react and adapt to the data obtained through the baseline surveys. New indicators relating to GESI have been added in the M&E plan to highlight the focus and efforts the Hariyo Ban Program is placing on gender equality and social inclusion. The revised M&E plan has been submitted to USAID for approval. Data collection formats and instruction sheets To operationalize the M&E plan, data collection formats were developed in the Data Needs Assessment Workshop. The M&E assistants, program staff of the Hariyo Ban Program, and the WWF M&E unit contributed significantly to this process. The primary and secondary data collection formats, as well as the instruction sheets, provide clear information on different data needs. The

73 formats were revised in September 2012 based on field experience. The formats are expected to contribute to effective data collection, analysis and utilization to better demonstrate the impact of the Hariyo Ban Program. Baseline study The baseline study of the Hariyo Ban Program has been completed. The main objective of the baseline study was to assess baseline values for the indicators outlined in the M&E plan. The specific objectives included revisiting and revising the existing indicators, if needed, and to review the targets set in the M&E plan. These baseline values obtained from the study have been used in the revised M&E plan. Review and reflection meetings A number of review and reflection meetings were conducted at the site level, cluster level and landscape level to review the progress made by the Program, to reflect on the issues and challenges, and to devise appropriate action plans to address the issues raised. At the end of the Review, Reflection and Planning Workshop, the issues raised were prioritized and action points were developed. The core team of the Hariyo Ban Program held a meeting to address these issues, and progress was reviewed periodically and shared with the core partners. Review and reflection meetings are expected to significantly contribute to the Program functioning smoothly. However, Hariyo Ban is a large program, and the landscape level meetings were conducted in a more formal atmosphere so it was not possible to have in depth discussions of each theme. For this reason, separate meetings on thematic progress and in-depth discussions need be planned. M&E Orientation Workshop: Orientation on data collection format, documentation and reporting Two M&E orientation workshops were organized in TAL and CHAL in order to introduce field staff to the M&E activities and processes of Hariyo Ban. This provided clarity and consistency in data collection, compilation and reporting processes, and provided the opportunity to discuss and clarify reporting requirements of the Hariyo Ban Program.

Integration of M&E activities and contribution into results based planning for FY 2013 AWP Planning Workshop The Year 1 (October 2011-September 2012) Annual Work Plan (AWP) of the Hariyo Ban Program was prepared based on the activities outlined in the technical proposal, with input from stakeholders during the consultation meeting. Based on feedback from stakeholders, the year Hariyo Ban Program has adopted a bottom up planning approach for the FY 13 AWP.

Monitoring Visits The Year 1 activities of the Hariyo Ban Program were implemented in the field, and monitoring visits were conducted by staff of core partners to track program implementation. In June 2012, an M&E Specialist, TAL-CBRP field officer, and M&E Assistant visited the Brahmadev corridor and interacted with the chairperson of the Chure Conservation Network. In addition, an M&E Specialist and three M&E Assistants of Hariyo Ban visited the Tanahun district in September 2012. The team met with the Hariyo Ban Program team, provided information about the monitoring process, and received a briefing from the field team about various activities implemented in Tanahun. The M&E

unit observed the data collection formats, progress reports and relevant documents. The team visited the broom grass plantation site in Pireghari Leasehold Forest of Devghat VDC, and interacted with the members of the leasehold forest and the ranger of the district forest office in Damauli. The team visited and observed the broom grass plantation sites. In addition, the team visited CFUGs and CLACs in Bandipur VDC, and interacted with CLAC participants, CFUG executive committee members, and facilitators. After the field visit, the team organized a joint analysis, including observations, an action plan, and next steps. The observations and suggestions from the monitoring visits were shared with the core team in Kathmandu.

Progress against key indicators Progress against the Year 1 target of key indicators is given in table 12. Table 12: Progress on key indicators

Target Overall Year 1 Indicators for FY Remarks target Progress 2012

Number of person hours of training in 250,000 2,432 5,592 The target of 2432 did natural resources management and/or not include bio- biodiversity conservation supported by diversity conservation USG assistance based livelihood related training (achievement of livelihood related training was 2304 person hours), more participants attended CBAPU training than planned.

Person hours of training completed in 171,000 35,277 39,474 climate change supported by USG assistance

Number of hectares of biological 500,000 1,000 711.25 Renewal of CFOPs and significance and/or natural resources under their implementation improved natural resource management as a delayed result of USG assistance

Number of institutions with increased 2,000 200 197 Central level : Centre capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate and department, variability and change as a result of USG regional level : regional assistance offices and district line agencies, community level : user groups

Target Overall Year 1 Indicators for FY Remarks target Progress 2012

Number of people with increased economic 25,000 575 224 45 LIP implemented in benefits derived from sustainable natural 45 HHs which resources management and conservation as benefitted 224 people. a result of USG assistance Identification of HHs through PWBR took longer than anticipated, remaining plans will be prepared by the end of December Number of vulnerability assessments 700 10 14 conducted as a result of USG assistance Quantity of greenhouse gas, measured in 3.3 0.086 0.063 483 biogas, 385 ICS metric tons CO2 equivalent, reduced or and only plantation on sequestered 711.25 ha was achieved, The achievement target is a bit low due to delayed CFOP renewal and implementation .

Progress on Performance Monitoring Plan (PMP) is given in Annex- 13.

5.7 Communications In the beginning of September 2012, the Branding and Marking Plan for the Hariyo Ban Program, as required per Cooperative Agreement# AID - 367- A-11-00003, was finalized in accordance with USAID guidelines. The branding and marking plan was operational immediately after approval from USAID. The plan provides an outline for communicating USAID’s support for the Hariyo Ban Program. The Hariyo Ban Program has also produced a communication strategy. The strategy sets out the overall communication goal and objectives, and identifies key audiences, messages and communication activities for the Program. It provides guidance for all the program partners (WWF, CARE, FECOFUN and NTNC) on how “communication” tools may best be used to help achieve the program objectives. The communication strategy will be used until the end of the project, with periodic revisions. All of the communication activities of the Hariyo Ban Program are executed on the basis of the communication strategy. The strategy identifies the overall goal of Hariyo Ban communication and complements the overall goal of the Hariyo Ban. The communication goal is "To facilitate the understanding of the Hariyo Ban Program and influence knowledge, attitudes and behavior of key audiences to better achieve Hariyo Ban Program objectives". There are five communication objectives identified, which are the following: x To enhance the understanding of key audiences regarding threats to biodiversity conservation and the importance of climate change adaptation and mitigation, including payment for environmental services. x To provide knowledge and influence attitudes and behavior of targeted audiences to reduce vulnerability to climate change and threats to biodiversity. x To strengthen the voices of women, poor, traditionally marginalized, and ethnic minority groups, and promote their meaningful participation in good governance of forests and natural resources. x To facilitate the engagement of key stakeholders in decision making processes to promote sustainable development and implementation of appropriate policies and strategies. x To document and share the Hariyo Ban Program’s successes, lessons learned and best practices. Based on the communication goal and objectives, the following activities were performed during inception meetings: Outreach materials - Hariyo Ban brochure in English and Nepali A Hariyo Ban brochure in English was developed together with a Hariyo Ban folder before the launch of the Program. The brochure and the folder provide information on the Program, areas of work, core components, and consortium partners. The need for a Nepali brochure in the field emerged, so a brochure was produced and circulated in the field.

Hariyo Ban Program Weekly Highlights and Calendar To share information with USAID, core partners, and field staff, the Hariyo Ban Program initiated the circulation of weekly highlights and the monthly calendar. The weekly highlights include information and updates on activities conducted during the prior week, and document achievements and stories related to the Hariyo Ban Program. Similarly, a monthly calendar of key Hariyo Ban events has been shared with partners in the field to notify them of upcoming events, and to promote coordination and information sharing. In the near future, Hariyo Ban plans to launch a newsletter that will be circulated to a wider audience, including the Government of Nepal, academia, resource partners, and the media. Website WWF, as prime grantee, planned a website for the Hariyo Ban Program. The website aimed to engage both international audiences and urban audiences at the national level. The website will include information about the working areas, activities under thematic components, success stories, and pertinent information about the Hariyo Ban Program. The website was to be launched at the beginning of May 2012, but was delayed due to contractual issues and concerns related to Hariyo Ban website branding. The Hariyo Ban website development is currently on hold, and is awaiting official approval from USAID. Earth Day Celebration Earth Day was celebrated in Nepal in April 2012 with a photography competition titled “EARTH and YOU.” The program sought to highlight different aspects of climate change and its impact on people and nature. The competition also aimed to highlight aspects of Nepal’s forests, their conservation and restoration, and the benefits that millions of people derive from them. Twelve photographs were submitted under two categories, including “Hariyo Ban Nepal ko Dhan” and “Climate Reality.” The winners were announced on Earth Day at the event, and the photographs were exhibited for two weeks at the Siddhartha Art Gallery, Baber Mahal Revisited, Kathmandu. The event was led by the Hariyo Ban and WWF communications team in collaboration with USAID, and provided the opportunity to share messages about climate change and the importance of forests with the media.

5.8 Documentation This year the following documents were produced: 1. ISAS (2012). A compendium of reading materials: Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation (Annex 6) 2. NTNC (2012). Progress Report on Rhino Count Method validation in Chitwan National Park and Status and Distribution of Elephant Population in TAL (Annex 7) 3. FECOFUN (2012). Community Forestry Operation Plan Preparation Checklist (Annex 8) 4. FECOFUN (2012). Checklist for Community Forest Users Group constitution preparation (Annex 9) 5. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (2012). Chief Executive Officer Hiring Guideline (Annex 10) 6. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (2012). Framework Structure for Nepal's REDD+ Strategy (Annex 11)

5.9 Training and Capacity Building Training needs assessment and capacity building strategy development and roll-out Detailed description is given in Component 3 – 3.1.1 Small Grants Program No activities planned this year. Program Officer (Grants and Internships) has been recruited and will join Hariyo Ban in October 2012. Internship Program No activities planned this year. Program Officer (Grants and Internships) has been recruited and will join Hariyo Ban in October 2012. 6. COORDINATION

Internal Consortium Coordination This information is provided under start-up activities and the management report. Coordination with Government of Nepal Information about the Program Steering Committee and its working group is included earlier in this report under start-up activities. Each program component has been undertaking direct coordination with relevant government ministries and departments, including the following: x Biodiversity – MOFSC’s DNPWC and DoF in the field and at the central level (the latter includes discussion of support to revise the National Biodiversity Strategy) x Sustainable Landscapes – MOFSC’s DoF and the REDD Cell in the development of a national REDD+ strategy, and working with Regional Directors and certain District Forest Officers. x Climate Change Adaptation – Climate Change Division of MOEST to prepare Community and Local Adaptation Plans, and integrating them into the government plans according to the LAPA

framework 2011. At the regional and district levels, the Program is also working with regional directorates, district forest offices, soil conservation offices, and other line agencies.

Coordination with resource partners Meetings with resource partners have been held to explore possibilities for collaboration. Through WWF, Hariyo Ban is collaborating with AEPC and BSP on the second gold standard biogas project with co-funding from Hariyo Ban. The Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal is undertaking genetic analysis of snow leopard and rhino scat samples for Hariyo Ban. The School Environment Conservation Education Network, Nepal is collaborating with Hariyo Ban on work with eco-clubs in TAL. While we are working with some resource partners directly, others have implemented or are in discussion with us about implementing activities funded through the Windows of Opportunity, including Rupantaran, DANAR, HIMAWANTI, Mercy Corps, COFSUN, Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB), and CRT. We have had several discussions with IDE about collaboration between Hariyo Ban and the ICCA project. Coordination with other programs and donors During Year 1, the Hariyo Ban Program met with other programs and donors working in similar fields. This includes the Multi-Stakeholder Forestry Program, the Leasehold Forestry Program, and the President’s Churia Conservation program. A discussion was held with the USAID-funded SUAAHARA Program on opportunities to collaborate on biogas and other activities, generating health as well as environmental and development benefits. The Hariyo Ban Program also met with several implementers of the Livestock-Climate Change Collaborative Research Support Program grant (LCC CRSP). Hariyo Ban discussed infrastructure development and ways to reduce adverse impacts with the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. Upon invitation, we also attended sectoral coordination meetings to provide briefings on Hariyo Ban.

7. WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY

The Windows of Opportunity funds provide support for innovative initiatives, outside the annual work plan, that have great potential to help achieve Hariyo Ban’s goal. In the first year, a number of activities were identified by the Hariyo Ban core team, core partner NGOs, USAID staff, and resource partners. The core team worked with applicants to develop proposals, of which some were funded and others are in development. The following activities were funded during the first year: x International Conference of Mountain Countries on Climate Change: Co-funding support was provided to the Ministry of Environment for this conference which took place in April 2012. The conference was attended by over 100 national and international delegates. One of the major outputs of the conference was the Kathmandu Call for Action. The issues raised were important in the Rio+ 20 process and climate change negotiations. In addition to the outputs of the conference itself, the Hariyo Ban Program support helped to build MoE capacity to organize international conferences, which is linked with IR 3.1. x Summer school: Hariyo Ban collaborated with the International School for Advanced Studies (ISAS), Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST), and Mid- Western University (MU) to organize a summer course in July 2012. The objective of the summer

course was to support academic institutions to incorporate climate change adaptation into their curricula. This activity is linked with IR3.1 (see 3.1.2). x Institute of Forestry Conference ‘Bridging IOF to the Future’: Hariyo Ban co-funded this event, which aimed to share lessons learned from the Conservation Leaders Memorial Center for Excellence (MemCoE) and to develop and strengthen partnerships with different organizations in order to achieve academic excellence in forestry and natural resource management in South Asia. IOF plays a critical role in training foresters and natural resource managers, and Hariyo Ban is keen to collaborate with IOF as a major organization that can assist Hariyo Ban to achieve its goals and carry forward some of the cutting edge approaches that the program is developing. The next steps in IOF’s future planning will be very important for this process. There are several other proposals under development, including: x DANAR (Dalit Alliance for Natural Resources Nepal): to undertake a review of Dalit inclusion in community based forest management, which could make an important contribution to Hariyo Ban’s GESI approach x Siddhartha Art Gallery (Second International Kathmandu Arts Festival): sponsorship of various exhibits linked with biodiversity, environment and climate change to communicate messages about conservation and impacts of climate change x Institute of Forestry: furnishing a women’s hostel to encourage more female students and female professionals in the field of forestry, as part of Hariyo Ban’s focus on gender and social inclusion x Mercy Corps Nepal: to document lessons from DRR and livelihoods work through bioengineering, which can build community resilience to disasters, climate variability, and help reduce dependence on forests in times of adversity x FECOFUN: to strengthen organizational management at national and district chapter levels, equipping FECOFUN with the ability to strengthen its internal finance and administration processes, and scale up its operations

8. MANAGEMENT REPORT

During its first year, the Hariyo Ban Program core partners built up the team, offices and governance structure for the program, and laid the foundation for implementation over the next four years. We undertook a number of foundational studies that are now serving as a base for program implementation (some studies are still being finalized). We undertook field activities with local communities in the two landscapes, in priority corridors and in protected areas and buffer zones in TAL, and in pilot areas in CHAL. The Hariyo Ban Program worked to develop a sound working relationship with GoN line agencies at central, regional and district levels, strengthening relationships and exploring GoN needs and synergies with the Hariyo Ban Program, which are being incorporated into the second annual work plan. There was a big focus on building capacity in preparation for rolling out Hariyo Ban components, with strong integration of GESI, governance and livelihoods. We also undertook some activities that will yield quick results, such as restoration of steep slopes with

81 shifting cultivation in Tanahun with broom grass, working with local communities to improve livelihoods, and translocation of blackbuck to Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve. In our approach we have been seeking synergies among the three thematic components, taking as integrated an approach as possible and using this, for example, in the selection of priority geographical areas within the landscapes. During the first year we have used the individual strengths of the four consortium partners to develop an approach that is much stronger than could have been achieved by a single partner alone. This includes a solid understanding of the local context; long-standing field presence in the two focal landscapes with strong community representation and protected area experience; partnership with the Government of Nepal built on trust and mutual respect; and a proven track record in policy support, collaboration with civil society and the private sector in Nepal. Over the first year we have learned much about the different organizations’ aspirations and operating modalities, developing mutual respect and finding ways to accommodate the different needs, approaches and capacities of our organizations. In the consortium the two international NGOs are transferring knowledge and skills to strengthen capacity of FECOFUN and NTNC, for example in new themes of climate adaptation and mitigation, as well as in operational and compliance aspects. This should place them in a good position to apply for and manage donor funds in the future, for example under the USAIDForward approach. International travel undertaken during the period of this report is listed in Annex 14. There have been a number of challenges. We experienced some delays in working through the administrative processes with USAID for direct implementation by WWF of this complex project. These included addressing how to give grants to the Government of Nepal, subaward and consultant approvals and processes, and the application of the Leahy amendment. On the last point, while WWF fully endorses the spirit of the Leahy Amendment, WWF arranged to cover law enforcement activities for WWF and NTNC with cost share funds because of the complexity of the documentation required by the Leahy Amendment. WWF succeeded in receiving consultancy approval from USAID in late March 2012, resulting in commencement of foundational studies such as the CHAL rapid assessment and baseline study a bit later than planned (additional delays in these activities due to the political situation are outlined in the next section). Other delays include the ongoing hold-up in launching the Hariyo Ban website on its own platform (mentioned above). Taking a landscape approach requires working at multiple scales (local level, district, region, water catchment, landscape, and national) and with multiple sectors and disciplines. At times this was a challenge for planning and implementation, particularly harmonizing district and landscape levels (for example, for GoN whose structure is based on district and regional political boundaries and for FECOFUN, whose structure is based on district chapters). Hariyo Ban operates in parts of districts and administrative regions: for example, in areas that fall within a water catchment or a biodiversity corridor, or a block of forest appropriate for restoration for REDD, rather than following political boundaries. It was difficult for some partners to work in only part of administrative areas. With much discussion we reached consensus on the landscape approach, with FECOFUN adapting as much as possible to this approach, and GoN staff agreeing to collaborate in those parts of their districts identified as priority for landscape work. Partners have increased awareness about the contribution of their work to maintaining and restoring ecological processes at various scales from local to landscape to national and regional, including in the face of climate change. In the second year, Hariyo Ban will support MoFSC to strengthen its Landscape Support Unit and undertake a national

82 review of landscapes. Lessons from TAL and now CHAL will help to inform landscape approaches in Nepal in the future. Another challenge involved defining GoN’s role in the program, since Hariyo Ban funding comes through the NGO window. GoN is a major partner and stakeholder, and Hariyo Ban cannot succeed without working very closely with GoN at many levels. In TAL the program was supporting the GoN TAL Strategy, and at national level planned to provide support to GoN policy development and implementation. It was also unclear whether the program could provide funding to GoN. Many discussions were held at different levels on how the program should work with GoN, building trust and understanding. The Program Steering Committee, its working group and the MoFSC Focal Person were extremely helpful in working this out. Alignment of Hariyo Ban Program’s planning and monitoring processes with that of GoN and close coordination during the implementation has helped in improving the overall understanding and collaboration. WWF worked with USAID to clarify its existing working relationship with GoN, particularly in the Terai, and ways were identified to support GoN. Now that mechanism for working with and support to GoN is better defined, Hariyo Ban can move forward in partnership with GoN to achieve its objectives more effectively. This includes building both programmatic and operational capacity for implementation, which will be valuable as USAID focuses more on support to local institutions through USAID Forward. We had initial discussions with the UK, Swiss and Finnish funded Multi-Stakeholder Forestry Programme, and identified some excellent synergies and complementarities, particularly in CHAL. However, while its GoN-implemented component started in July this year, the NGO component has been delayed, which has implications for Hariyo Ban.

9. INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

The Hariyo Ban Program has started procedures necessary to ensure environmental compliance. Based on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Fact Sheet developed by USAID for Hariyo Ban, thematic coordinators have started a review of activities under their themes and grouped activities into two categories: Categorical Exemption and Negative Determination with Conditions. To date most impacts are positive and we have not identified any significant negative impacts but if we do, we will investigate them in more detail. To be able to take further steps and complete the procedures early in the second year, we are awaiting IEE guidelines from USAID.

10. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

When Hariyo Ban Program started in August 2011, the people of Nepal anticipated a new constitution that would shape the future of a federal, democratic republic for Nepal. People from diverse caste, ethnic, cultural, religious and geographical backgrounds hoped that their concerns and interests would be reflected in the new constitution. State restructuring, particularly related to federalism, remained the hottest topic, having conflicting propositions and interests of different groups. To push their agenda, people organized huge demonstrations, rallies and mass gatherings, and often general strikes. In many instances, such advocacy initiatives turned violent and severely affected the general life of the people. Long strikes in different regions, demonstrations, and rifts between political parties and caste/ethnic groups resulted in a very tense environment across the country. The situation in far western Nepal was

83 particularly difficult because of a month-long transportation and market strike in April and May 2012. It reduced the availability of basic need items including food and medical supplies. Hariyo Ban staff, partner and consultant mobility was restricted, which compelled the Program to postpone many activities, including the baseline study, CHAL Rapid Assessment, and other field activities. Unfortunately, the Constituent Assembly (CA) that was formed to develop the new constitution was dissolved in May 2012, shattering the people’s expectations, and resulting in a political standstill. During this period, the Hariyo Ban Program took advantage of all available opportunities to minimize the impact on program activities and deliverables. The post-CA dissolution period is comparatively calm. General strikes are less frequent and mass demonstrations are very few. However, the political polarization process is intense and the multiple political forces are being created as a result. With the conflicting interests and the core agenda of the constitution still outstanding, however, the tensions associated with the process may slowly gain momentum in future months.

11. LESSONS LEARNED

Social Mobilization and Inclusion x Reaching communities and building trust is taking time x Community Learning and Action Centers (CLAC) significantly contribute in strengthening the internal governance of the CFUGs, as the members of CLACs are from within the CFUG itself. x GESI required more of a proactive effort than other cross-cutting themes but it is paying good dividends x The event-based service provision modality of LRPs is less effective for overall ownership and driving issues forward. Therefore, regular engagement is required to effectively facilitate advocacy and change in the community. x Public Hearing and Public Auditing is a useful means of participatory monitoring and evaluation of Community Forest User Groups and their overall activities/functions, and improves access to information and communication between ordinary users and executive committees. x Community Learning and Action Centers play a helpful role in facilitating inclusion of women in community forest management, and are an important platform to discuss issues facing marginalized people. Coordination x Policy work requires balance with multiple ministries, departments and civil society, who, at times, hold conflicting views and positions. x Improvement in inter-partner relationships among consortium partners of Hariyo Ban is possible if we practice sharing information among the team regarding activities before implementation. x For a complex program like Hariyo Ban, coordination among core partners and stakeholders is a big challenge. Coordination mechanisms such as the Project Management Committee are instrumental in strengthening partnerships among core partners through regular sharing and discussion of activities and issues, and working out the way forward. x Sequencing of activities was a challenge in the beginning as consortium partners started their activities at different point of time due to delay in processing agreements. x Rigorous selection processes at the district level for district coordinators or LRPs motivates commitment to the Program.

Capacity Building/Local HR Development x Orientation Program on “Community Forest Development Guidelines – 2065” is influential for ensuring representation of voices and interests in the community forest management program and increasing female representation in management committees. Planning and Monitoring x Working at multiple scales was at times a challenge for planning and implementation, particularly harmonizing district and landscape levels. x Government approval is a pre-requisite for successful implementation of activities related to wildlife research and monitoring, especially inside protected areas. x Separate budget for M&E ensures adequate M&E focus x Active engagement of the M&E unit is important in the annual planning process through the description of the intended results and indicators, and to devise result oriented activities. x Joint monitoring is an effective monitoring tool to provide direct feedback and create a platform for discussion and dialogue among stakeholders. It also helps to make the program transparent and accountable.

12. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

This section includes the potential challenges and opportunities pertaining to the socio-political, socio-cultural, and socio-economic situation in the country. Challenges ¾ The unfinished political agenda has again forced development priorities to take a back seat. Both economic growth and overall development will be affected. ¾ Further weakening of governance due to the caretaker status of the government and disagreement among political parties on how to proceed with the new constitution will result in challenges for governance objectives. ¾ If the constitutional stalemate continues over the next couple of months, the reaction of opposition parties may disrupt daily life in Nepal and affect regular activities of development programs. Federalization, once introduced, will likely have big implications for natural resource management. Opportunities ¾ The people have not been subjected to agitation from different interest groups, either for or against the new constitution. ¾ The lull after May 2012 has given a window of opportunity for development programs to resume activities. ¾ Interest groups now have a few months’ time to develop pragmatic approaches to achieve their objectives. ¾ Mechanisms for management of natural resources and benefit sharing should be a high priority before the promulgation of the new constitution. This is an opportunity for the GoN, donors, and experts to come together and provide pragmatic suggestions for future discourse, continuing the work that WWF has been doing in this area.

13. PROSPECTS FOR NEXT YEAR

Key activities for next quarter include the following: x The Sustainable Landscapes IR will build on these Year 1 activities, as well as existing work being done in TAL on REDD+ and biogas by WWF and partners. It will also apply REDD+ learning from the Sacred Himalayan Landscape (SHL) in CHAL. The Program will work to further support policy development, capacity building of government and non-government organizations on forest carbon inventory and GHG monitoring, and implementing recommended measures to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The Program will also support the development of appropriate carbon credit projects, such as REDD+ and a second Gold Standard Biogas VER Project in TAL, and will review other opportunities for payments for ecosystem services. x To reduce key threats to focal species and critical ecosystems, in Year 2 this IR will build on results of Year 1 and adopt multiple approaches, including the application of science and innovative technologies to understand the ecology of the focal as well as other co-existing species. It will build capacity among local youth, including citizen scientists, to engage in combating poaching and to control illegal activities in corridors/core areas, monitor ecosystems including key flora and fauna, and will also promote participatory restoration and management of critical corridors and biodiversity important areas. IR 2 will contribute to minimizing the risk of fire to biodiversity. During Year 2 climate vulnerability assessments will be undertaken at landscape, river basin (for CHAL) and community levels. Based upon the results, we will work to build resilience of natural systems and species, and mainstream climate adaptation into the biodiversity component. x In the second year, the Program will build on this capacity and experience to support community adaptation activities based on vulnerability assessments. The Program will work to harmonize the assessment methodology in terms of tools and process. It will support integration of CAPs planning with local government planning processes, leveraging additional resources from local bodies, community groups and sectoral line agencies. Furthermore, the Program will give a major focus to landscape-level vulnerability assessments (VAs) of CHAL and TAL, followed by VAs key sub-basins and sites. This will provide missing ecosystem vulnerability information for future adaptation planning at multiple levels. Results will be applied in scenario planning at landscape/river basin level for rapid and slower climate and development scenarios. In addition, we will continue building capacity at various levels in support of adaptation priorities. This IR will provide input to help make consortium partners and other institutions ‘climate smart’ so that they can prepare for change and play a bigger role in climate change adaptation in the future., Finally, the component will undertake policy work to create a more enabling environment for adaptation. x GESI will be mainstreamed across all thematic components, cross cutting themes and activities; and will have appropriate engagement at policy level for policy influence. x Database will be strengthened; capacity building activities will be carried out across various levels. More rigorous field visits will be made and M&E information will be closely linked with adaptive management. x Hariyo Ban Program will assess risk and devise appropriate strategies so as to have minimum impact in the program.

ANNEXES

Annex-1: Geographic coverage of Hariyo Ban Program in year 1 In Year 1, the Hariyo Ban Program worked in a total of 155 VDCs and 10 Municipalities of 17 districts, in TAL and CHAL. Hariyo Ban Program coverage in TAL Corridor/bottleneck/ District VDC Remarks basin/watershed Beldandi, Bhimdattanagar 5 VDCs Brahmadev corridor Kanchanpur municipality, Daijee, Jhalari, 1 municipality Rautelibhichuwa, Suda Baganaha, Bhimmapur, Daulatpur, Neulapur, Patabhar, Rajapur, Bardia 9 VDCs Shivapur, Suryapatuwa and Karnali corridor Thakurdwara Chuha, Baliya, Dhansinhapur, 7 VDCs Kailali Durgauli, Narayanpur, Patharaiya, 1 municipality Sugarkhal and Tikapur municipality Deurali, Gaidakot, Kawasoti, Kaligandaki/Baranda Nawalparasi Mukundapur, Pithauli, 7 VDCs bhar corridor Ratnapur and Sunwal Bachhauli, Baghauda, Bharatpur municipality, Dahakhani, Gitanagar, Barandabhar 8 VDCs Chitwan Jutepani, Kumroj, Mangalpur, corridor 2 municipalities Padampur and Ratnanagar municipality Basudevpur, Bejapur, Binauna, Kamdi corridor Banke Kachanapur, Kamdi, Mahadevpuri, 8 VDCs Manikapur and Phatepur Bela, Dhikpur, Diruwa, Ghorahi municipality, Goltakuri, Halwar, 10 VDCs Lamahi Dang Lalmitiya, Panchakule, Phoolbari, 2 municipalities Tarigaun, Tulsipur municipality and Urahari Rautahat Rangapur 1 VDC Nijgadh- Bara Dumbarwana 1 VDC Chandranigahapur Makwanpur Handi Khola 1 VDC TOTAL 10 districts 57 VDCs and 6 municipalities

Hariyo Ban Program coverage in CHAL

Corridor/bottleneck/ District VDC Remarks basin/watershed Panchase sub Bhadaure Tamagi, Chapakot, watershed/Phewa Dhikurpokhari, Kaskikot, 6 VDCs watershed Pumdibhumdi and Sarangkot, Kaski Armala, Bharatpokhari, Kahukhola, 4 VDCs Seti riverbasin Lekhnath and Pokhara municipality 2 municipalities and Thumakodanda Upper Marsyangdi Bahundanda, Bhulbhule and Ghermu corridor Archal Bot, Bharte, Bhorletar, Lower Marsyangdi Mohariyakot, Sundar Bazaar, river corridor Lamjung 14 VDCs Tarkughat and Udipur Ristikhola Sub- Jeeta, Rangha, Suryapal and Watershed of Madi Tandrandtaksar Riverbasin Bandipur, Barbhanjyang, Bhanu, Byas Sukhaurakhola sub municipality, Devghat, Dharampani, 9 VDCs Tanahu watershed Dulegauda, Keshabtar, 1 municipality Kota and Raipur Barpak, Deurali, Ghyachok, Gorkha Daraundi river 8 VDCs Gorkha municipality, Khoplang, Mirkot, corridor 1 municipality Muchcok, Saurpani and Simjung, Bhachowk, Dangsing, Dhampus, Ghachowk, Ghandruk, Lahachowk, Lumle, Lwang-ghale, Machhapuchhre, Kaski 16 VDCs Mijuredanda, Namarjung, Parche, Reevan, Saimarang, Sardikhola, Sildujure and Thumakodanda Bhoje, Bhujung, Ghanpokhara, Khudi, Lamjung Pasgaun, Simpani, Taghring and 8 VDCs Uttarkanya Annapurna Myagdi Ghara, Narchyang and Shikha 3 VDCs Conservation Area Bhraka, Chame, Dharapani, Ghyaru, Humde, Khangsar, Manang, Nar, 13 VDCs Manang Ngwal, Phoo, Pisang,Tanki Manang and Thonche Charang, Chhonup, Chhoser, Chuksang, Ghami, Huksang, Jhong, Mustang Jomsom, Kagbeni, Kobang, Kunjo, 17 VDCs Lete, Lho-Manthang, Marpha, Muktinath, Surkhang, and Tukuche TOTAL 7 Districts 98 VDCs and 4 municipalities

Annex 3: Composition and the TOR of Committees under Hariyo Ban Program: National level Program Steering Committee (PSC) The Program Steering Committee (PSC) has been proposed to provide overall guidance to the program, ensure its alignment with GoN policies, priorities and promote synergy with other national programs and other relevant sectors. The PSC will comprise: Secretary, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) Chair Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment Member Director General, Department of Forests Member Director General, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Member Director General, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Member Director General, Department of Forest Research and Survey Member Chief, Monitoring Division, MoFSC Member Member Secretary, Social Welfare Council Member USAID representative accompanied by USAID Hariyo Ban AOTR Member Representative of CARE USA Member Representative of WWF-US Member Country Representative, WWF Nepal Member Country Director, CARE Nepal Member Chairperson, FECOFUN Member Member Secretary, NTNC Member WWF Nepal Conservation Program Director (Hariyo Ban Coordinator) Member Hariyo Ban Chief of Party (COP) Member Hariyo Ban Deputy Chief of Party (DCOP) Member Chief, Planning and Human Resource Division, MOFSC (Hariyo Ban program Focal Point) Member Secretary Invitees Director General- Department of Plant Resources Chief- Foreign Aid Coordination Division, MoFSC Planning Officer-Dhananjaya Paudyal, Planning and Human Resource Division, MoFSC Chief, REDD Cell, MoFSC TOR: x provide broad, overall guidance and feedback to the program x endorse annual work plan to be submitted to USAID x review and monitor Hariyo Ban program results x ensure alignment with GoN policies and priorities x promote and facilitate synergy with other national programs and other relevant sectors x provide policy and strategic guidance on challenges and/or new opportunities

Frequency of meetings: at least once a year (note that US based members will attend as feasible). PSC Working Group and ToR Preamble The PSC working group is formulated following the decision made by the Hariyo Ban Program Steering Committee meeting dated 19thMarch 2012 to provide continued support to PSC in planning, observing, monitoring and providing feedback of the program activities in consultation with concerned departments, consortium partners and other related stakeholders Members Chief Planning & Human Resource Division, MoFSC (Coordinator) Shyam Prasad Sharma, Under Secretary, DoF Dr. Maheshwar Dhakal, Ecologist, DNPWC Gehendra Keshari Upadhyay, Planning Officer, DSCWM Dr. Shant R. Jnawali, Coordinator, Biodiversity Conservation Dr. Sunil Regmi, coordinator, Climate Change Adaptation Keshav Khanal, Coordinator, Sustainable Landscapes TOR: x Engagement in annual plan preparation and review x Review and provide inputs in AWP and propose AWP for endorsement in PSC x Amend activities in consultation with concerned departments as deemed necessary (in between PSC meeting) x Support PSC in fulfilling the functions as specified in its ToR x Review and provide inputs in reports including annual and study reports of national and landscape significance x Share and update concerned division/department heads on Hariyo Ban Program related matters x Meet at least quarterly

Program Management Committee (PMC) TOR: x Facilitate coordination among the four consortium partners x Review “Windows of Opportunity” proposals x Review progress including conducting semi-annual reviews x Identify bottlenecks, make necessary adjustments x Advise Project Management Unit x Advise on annual work plans

Invitees: CHAL Coordinator of WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Team Leader, CARE Nepal, TAL PA/BZ Manager and TAL CBRP Manager Frequency of meetings: Quarterly

Program Management Unit (PMU) TOR: x Overall program planning x Day to day program management, and implementation x Monitoring and reporting x Overall coordination and communication Invitees: Team Leader FECOFUN and Project Coordinator NTNC, CHAL Coordinator of WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Team Leader, CARE Nepal, Frequency of meetings: as needed

Landscape Level Coordination Committees (LCC) TOR: x Planning x Joint monitoring, review and reflection x Coordination

Meeting: At least twice a year

Cluster Coordination Committees (CCC) TOR: x Planning x Facilitate implementation x Joint monitoring, review and reflection x Coordination x Reporting

Meeting: Quarterly

Site/River Basin level Coordination Committee (Cluster level) TOR: x Planning x Facilitate implementation x Joint monitoring, review and reflection x Coordination x Reporting

Meeting: Monthly/Quarterly

Annex 4: Site specific threats for different corridors/bottlenecks under TAL and CHAL 1. Threats for different corridors/bottlenecks under TAL x Threats for Barandabhar Corridor

x Threats for Basanta corridor

x Threats for Brahmadev Corridor

x Threats for Karnali Corridor

x Threats for Kamdi Corridor

x Threats for Laljhadi-Mohana bottlenecks

2. Threats in CHAL

A COMPENDIUM OF READING MATERIALS Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation

July 2012

Disclaimer: This reading material is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of WWF and the partners involved and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Acknowledgements

The Third Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is an academic immersion course for development professionals, researchers and promising candidates for future professionals in the field of climate change. This course is designed to enhance understanding on climate science, vulnerabilities and socio-economic impact of climate change and possibilities for adaptation with empowerment of people.

This was one week long program including field study. The program outlined in this reading material book incorporates the articles and presentation of experts on climate change belongs to government, academic, civil society and international areas.

Developing this program with our partners, we hope that the participants who are and will be working on climate change issues read these pages will experience the same enthusiasm that we did in developing it. We believe this collection will help all who use it to discover innovative and new ideas or approaches in climate change adaptation.

We appreciate the contribution of all collaborative agencies for their significant support and cooperation in summer school. In addition to this we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to USAID funded Hariyo Ban Program for their financial and technical cooperation extended for the summer school.

Summer School Secretariat, 2012

Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation

CONTAINS OF THE READING MATERIALS

SN Topic Presenter

1. Introduction to Climate Change Scenarios: in Mr Suresh Pradhan, development prospective Academic Director, ISAS

2. Climate Change Science; Impact and adaptation Prof/ Dr Dinesh Bhuju, strategies in the Nepalese context, Academician and Consultant

3. Climate Change issues in Water Resource with Er Adarsha Pokhrel focus on Nepalese context Experts/Consultant

4. Climate change mitigation Initiatives (Project Mr Resham Dangi, REDD case stories), Forestry and Climate Change Cell

5. Environmental and socio - economic Prof Narendra Raj Khanal, vulnerability from Climate Change prospective Academic Consultant

6. Climate change impact from Agriculture, food Prof Khem Raj Dahal security and livelihood prospective Expert/Researcher

7. Understanding the linkage between climate Dr Bishwo Raj Joshi

change and public health Public Health Consultant

8. Climate Change adaptation from gender and Ms Meena Kunwar social inclusion prospective Gender Expert

9. Integrated Climate Change Adaptation: Dr Judy Oglethorpe, Chief Ecosystem based adaptation (EbA) and of Party - Hariyo Ban community based adaptation (CbA)

10. Integration of local adaptation plan in Dr Sunil Kumar Regmi development process and community needs Coordinator, Hariyo Ban Program

11. Climate induced disasters: Understanding the Dr Narayan Prasad issues and Way forward Chaulagain

12. EU guidelines/prospective on mainstreaming Ms Flavia Fabiano, Project climate change in development cooperation Officer, ArsProgetti, projects, Bruxelles

13. Policies and program in climate change: Mr Batu Krishana Upreti, National initiatives, challenges and Consultant opportunities (NAPA and LAPA)

14. Climate change issues in Forest and Dr. Swoyambhu Man Biodiversity Sectors: global to local context Amatya, Expert

15. Food Security situation and its interlink with Dr. Devendra Gauchan climate change adaptation: program policies in Scientist and Expert Nepal

Introduction to Climate Change Scenarios: in Development Prospective

- Mr Suresh Pradhan, Academic Director, ISAS

Climate Change is the global phenomena. What is Climate Change? Why and how it is happening? What different approaches are practiced around the world to deal with challenges brought by the climate change? These are the discussion subjects of the Summer School and will be elaborated intensively in the learning sessions over next five days.

I will leave in-depth discussions on Climate Change to the specialists who will share their knowledge on the Climate Change. This paper consists of a discussion on impacts of the Climate Change in development efforts in general and with specific reference to Nepal in Particular.

Climate Change and Global Warming:

From the layman‟s level of understanding, let‟s understand Climate Change as changes in temperature and weather conditions on the Earth. While such changes are caused by the natural phenomenon related to the Earth and Sun, human induced changes – large emission of the Carbon Dioxide and other Green House Gases (GHG)1 and their deposit in the atmosphere is attributed as the major cause of such change in temperature and weather patterns around the world. It is estimated that presence of the Carbon Dioxide, one of the major GHG has increased from 280 parts per million (ppm) before the industrial revolution to 397 ppm now.

I will go straight to this fact of the climate change – the Global Warming. Scientists have traced cycles of such global warming in the history of the Earth and how nature has taken

1 Mainly Water vapour, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Chlorofluorocarbon, Ozone. Green House Gases are important for the Earth to maintain balance in its surface temperature. Lack of these gases in the atmosphere will result in the loss of surface temperature of the Earth by 33oC (59oF).

care of such global warming. Often, we can see devastating effects of the Global Warming in their research findings. We know the temperature around the world is rising again. It is estimated that the average surface temperature of the Earth has increased by 0.8oC (1.4oF) since the 1900 and most of this increase happened after 19802. It is estimated that this may increase at least by another 1.1 to 2.9oC (2 to 5.2oF) over the 21st century3. If nature can take care of Global Warming, why should we be worried about it then? Yes, nature can and will eventually take care of such changes but that is a very slow process. The natural system of absorbing GHG is disturbed by the rising population and their activities such as extensive burning of fossil fuel, coal and wood for industrial, transport and domestic purposes; extensive industrial processes; rapid urbanization and resulting use of non-renewable energies; and deforestation of forests. Global Warming is therefore taken seriously for the irreversible and irreparable loss it could cause to the environment and life in the Earth.

It is the threat of rising sea level as a result of increase in the Earth‟s surface temperature that Maldives‟ fear wiping out its entire islands from the world map. It is the change in precipitation that is disturbing cultivation patterns throughout the South Asia. It is the threat of receding glaciers and snow lines in Nepal‟s Himalayas that is depleting water resources for drinking water and for irrigation that could decrease quality of life and agriculture yield. These are only a few examples.

There is therefore call for action to minimize such large scale emission and deposit of the green house gases in the atmosphere so as to prevent irreparable losses the global warming could cause in the Earth. The first major event was establishment of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 by the UN which is a scientific body of experts that provide authoritative assessment on the risks of climate change and advice on

2 The National Academics Press, Washington DC (2011): America’s Climate Choices. 3 Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (2007): The Fourth Assessment Report.

mitigation or adaptation issues. Another major event is endorsement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is an international treaty endorsed in the World Environment Summit (known as the Earth Summit) held in Rio De Janerio, Brazil in 1992. It has now been ratified by 194 parties. Due to objection of some countries, UNFCCC however could not include mandatory requirements for cutting GHG emissions. This was done after adopting the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which was enforced in 2005 by ratification of the protocol by majority of the countries (191 to date). This put legally binding limits for emission of GHGs for developed countries. Four countries including the United States of America are yet to ratify this protocol. Every year, the conference of parties (COP#) is held to assess progress towards goals set for reducing adverse effects of climate change. COP15 held in 2009 in Denmark was full of action for getting a politically binding agreement for all countries but it could not get endorsement. Similarly, COP16 held in Cancun, Mexico also brought forward the idea of Climate Change loan financing, which is still under debate. COP18 is being held in Doha, Qatar this year.

Impact of Climate Change:

Impact of the Global Warming can be analysed in three broad categories:

Impacts on natural resources and environment:

Impact of Global Warming is widely predicted on the natural resources. There are many scientific predictions of melting of ice in the arctic region and high altitude areas with arctic like climate resulting in shrinking glaciers, shrinking marshlands, rising sea levels. Rise in average surface temperature are also attributed to the changes in rainfall duration and precipitation as in Monsoon of the South Asia region. Global warming is also predicted to cause loss of flora and fauna diversity. These will be dealt intensively by the subject experts over the next few days. Therefore these are not elaborated so much here. Rather we will focus more on impact of Climate Change more on development interventions and achievements.

Impacts on development interventions and achievements:

World development efforts took a new dimension after the Millennium Summit held in the United Nations, New York endorsed the Millennium development Goals in 2000. Departing from the meta-narratives of development theories and practices of 6 Millennium development Goals: decades past, the MDGs, endorsed by 193 1. Eradicate Extreme poverty and Hunger

UN member countries to date, has eight 2. Achieve universal primary education clearly-focused medium term development 3. Promote gender equality and empower goals to be achieved by 2015 to bring women about positive impacts for the present and 4. Reduce child mortality rates future generations of people. Impacts of 5. Improve maternal health Global Warming pose threat to the 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other development interventions and achievements. diseases

MDG 1 - eradicating extreme poverty and hunge7. r Ensurehas three environmental main targets sustainability – to halve the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day; to achieve decent employment for 8. Develop a global partnership for women, men and young people and to halve the proportiondevelopment of people who suffer from hunger. Income of Nepalese households was on increasing trend, thanks to the large number of migrant youth workers whose remittances keep the country going. Nepal is one of those countries where remittances income constitutes almost one fourth (23%) of its GDP. But it places Nepal in a volatile situation as it is vulnerable to the shocks of global financial crisis. Nepal is on track to achieve this target – to reduce proportion of people living in absolute poverty (on less than $1.25 a day) to 21 % by 2015 from 42% in 1996. Agricultural yield and increased income should support food security and keep people free from hunger. The government target is to increase availability, accessibility and utilization of food is becoming a growing challenge in Nepal due to impact of climate change.

Agriculture contributes to one third (35.7%) of the GDP and more than two-third of population are engaged in it in Nepal4. Yet it is still mostly subsistence agriculture. Cropping patters and diversity are highly dependent on the Monsoon, which has already seen changes in precipitation and duration, causing disturbance on agricultural yield. Although minor growth in agricultural yield is reported in Nepal (e.g. 5 % growth this year5), this is not sufficient to feed the growing number of population. Meanwhile prices of food commodities had escalated over the years (8% according to the government this year alone), which poses real hardship to lower and middle class households to afford and consume quality food. Agriculture and food security are therefore under tremendous threat from adverse impacts of climate change and this could adversely affect the achievements made so far in Nepal.

MDG3 – of gender equality and women‟s empowerment targets are also under threat as it is the women, who face the brunt of hardships caused to the households. Depleting water resources could increase the time women have to spend fetching water for households consumption thus diminishing their productive roles.

MDG4 – Nepal has made impressive progress in reducing child mortality rates to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births. There is a need to focus more on neo-natal survival where high child mortality is observed. Water borne diseases are still a prime factor for child mortality. Depleting water resources, especially fresh water for drinking water could pose a serious threat to this achievement as well.

MDG5 – of improving maternal health was also an impressive achievement in Nepal. Nepal may very well achieve this goal of reducing maternal mortality to 192 from current level of 281 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. However, increased drudgery caused by extra time spent to fetch water due to depleting drinking water resources; drinking unsafe water could disturb achievement of this Goal.

4 Ministry of Finance 2012), Kathmandu: The Economic Survey 2011-12. 5 Ministry of Finance 2012), Kathmandu: The Economic Survey 2011-12.

MDG6 – Nepal had successfully contained spread of HIV/AIDS pandemic and controlled many vector borne diseases. However rise in thermometer and prolonged warn seasons have already seen reemergence of some of the vector borne diseases like Malaria. MDG7 – the environmental sustainability goal is perhaps the most affected MDG in Nepal. The fourth assessment of the IPCC predicts possibility of sharp rise in surface temperature in the South Asia Region. Nepal is highly vulnerable to such change in temperature. It has already faced melting of snow and receding of glaciers. With the Monsoon, water recharge system also changing precipitation, Nepal has been witnessing intense rainfall and flash floods but less of water retention by forests and recharging of ground water. And after the monsoon, the rivers quickly go dry. This situation is already causing tremendous difficulties in Nepal in meeting energy (hydro-electricity) needs of households; in supplying adequate drinking water; in maintaining environmental hygiene. Similarly, less retention of water resources by forests means shrinking marshlands, an integral part of ecosystems. Biodiversity and forest resources which cover 24% of land area of Nepal are also under tremendous threat due to human induced changes such as deforestation for agriculture and settlements. Poor governance and infrastructure are only compounding the situation. Ensuring environmental sustainability therefore calls for renewed actions to revert negative impacts of climate change.

And finally MDG8 – Nepal definitely has been receiving development partners‟ cooperation in financial and technical support from bilateral donors such as USAID and DFID for climate change adaptation plans. These are however less than adequate to meet its challenges and to build resilience capacities of affected communities.

Dealing with impacts of climate change:

We are concerned about adverse impacts of the Climate Change which are not only affecting adversely the lives of people, but also are posing threats to the achievements of development efforts so far. There are two approaches to deal with the impacts of global warming:

Mitigation:

As Professor Nicolas Stern suggests, investment is required for energy efficiency, low carbon technologies and a halt to deforestation. These will in the long run cut back dependence of countries on imported expensive non-renewable fossil fuels; reduce GHGs

emissions and preservation of water resources and bio-diversity. Of course these are long term investments and mitigation efforts take time to produce results.

Adaptation:

As professor Stern therefore argues, adaptation is the need of the hour6. There are also arguments that rich and developed countries should make such additional resources available to countries like Nepal as the developed countries are responsible for current high level of GHGs emission and deposit in the atmosphere. Meanwhile, resource poor countries like ours have a choice to make – that is to start early. Yet it is about providing resources for mitigation to reduce GHGs emission and adaptation to the climate change, which are additional resource requirements on top of the country‟s existing priorities of development.

In Conclusion

It has become urgent as the poor, rural, marginalized communities are facing the brunt impact of climate change which is already threatening their livelihood. It is therefore necessary that Nepal takes following firm steps –

 Communities which are poor and most vulnerable are consulted and supported to develop their adaptation plans to build the climate change resilience;

 Vulnerable rural communities are supported for protection of ecosystems and biodiversity to protect their livelihoods;

 Such communities are trained and supported to protect freshwater resources and to manage rain-fed and ground water.

In order to strengthen national level initiatives to revert the adverse impacts of climate change, it is also necessary to:

6 Nicolas Stern (2009), The World Bank website: Low Carbon Growth: The only sustainable way to overcome the world poverty.

 Mainstream climate change adaptation measures in national policy and development interventions;

 Correlate adaptation plans with Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk Management plans to protect loss of lives and to build resilience capacity of vulnerable communities;

 Link adaptation plans with poverty reduction strategies and food security strategies with particular focus on children and women in vulnerable communities.

It is also imperative for the Government to allocate adequate resources and be accountable for proper use of such resources.

And finally, Climate change impacts everybody. Findings objective facts and evidences of impacts of climate change in the lives of rural vulnerable populations should be the business of media as well. Of course impartiality is their mantra but objective coverage of climate change issues will give farmers, women, children in vulnerable communities the most up to date information about the impact of climate change in their lives which should enable them to claim their rights and entitlements and prompt their action to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

Climate Change Science: Impact and Adaptation Strategies in the Nepalese Context - Prof Dinesh Raj Bhuju, PhD

ABSTRACT

The science of human induced climate change and debate on its possible impacts began over a hundred years ago, which have been realized at public policy level only recently. Climate change, in specific the global warming, is now an unequivocal issue, yet the Himalaya is depicted as “white spot” in the lack of scientific database. Nepal has formulated policy frameworks including program planning for the grassroots. While general people are independently trying to adapt with the impending climatic impacts with hardships, scientific communities are bound to bring new knowledge on the issue. A combination of scientific endeavors in understanding the impacts of climate change and people‟s experiences of adaptation measures with indigenous knowledge system could emancipate strategies at the best.

SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY

Climate change emerged in the 1980s as a public policy issue posing apparently intractable challenges to science and policies (Gore 1992). In his classic best-selling book Earth in the balance: ecology and human spirit, Albert Gore, a strong proponent of climate change issue and US Vice President (1993-2001) described how the engines of human civilization have brought us to the brink of catastrophe, threatening the destruction of nature and ultimately ourselves. Its groundbreaking analysis placed the environment on the national agenda, prompting politicians, the media, and the public to reckon with a looming disaster. However, the scientific debate of climate change, in particular the global warming, had begun nearly a hundred years ago. In 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927), a founder of the science of physical chemistry and Nobel laureate (1903), predicted that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes were large enough to cause global warming.

Arrhenius was the first scientist to envision the impacts of global warming. His pursuit on nature‟s energy balance and global warming stemmed from a demonstration of the geochemical cycle of carbon dioxide by a contemporary geologist Arvid Högbom in Stockholms. He went on so details that the Arrhenius'

Greenhouse Law was formulated, which reads as if the quantity of carbonic acid increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression. He estimated that a doubling of CO2 would cause a temperature rise of 5–6 °C. Since then, industrial carbon dioxide levels have risen at a much faster rate: Arrhenius expected CO2 doubling to take about 3000 years; it is now estimated in most scenarios to take about a century. It is remarkable that Arrhenius‟ laborious analysis gave thermal results close to those later obtained by hundreds of hours of calculations carried out with powerful digital computers (Gustaf Arrhenius et al. 2008).

How the scientists could know the global warming a century ahead? The prediction was never a Nostradamus prophecy, nor a wizard‟s enchantment. The scientific postulation that global warming will occur due to carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes through green-house effect was but a plausible reasoning endowed in the discourse of science. Science is now seen as a process, a process of seeking truth, rather than a definition as a subject of systematic study of natural universe. In its recent definition, Science Council of UK (2009) maintained that Science is the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.

Arrhenius ideas remained in circulation, but until about 1960 most scientists doubted that global warming would occur as they continued to believe that the oceans would absorb carbon dioxide faster than human activities emitted the gas. Also, most scientists dismissed the greenhouse effect as implausible for the cause of ice ages, as Milutin Milankovitch (1879 – 1958) had presented a mechanism using orbital changes of the earth. Nowadays, the accepted explanation is that orbital forcing sets the timing for ice ages with CO2 acting as an essential amplifying feedback. To „question‟ and to „doubt‟ is but a part of scientific discourse, which in fact is basis of discovering new knowledge. Scientific methodology has a built-in mechanism to check and revise itself: falsification, and science is manner of thinking and working towards more complete knowledge (of the world). This applies to climate change as well.

IMPACT STUDIES

As the climate change became evidently an unequivocal establishment (IPCC 2007), activists and as well as policy making bodies emphasized on its harmful impacts such as aggravation of flood like disasters, food insecurity due to impending drought and pest infestation, extinction of species and ecosystems, epidemic of tropical diseases etc. This has helped development agencies garner support of the political decisions and accumulate the fund on headings like climate change adaptation and mitigation, recently the climate resilience. However, when Arrhenius first calculated the rate of global warming, he pointed to the benign effects of climatic optima in recent geological and cultural history. It should be pointed out here that it was in the perspective of the inclement Nordic

weather that Arrhenius as a “cultural optimist” considered the global warming as an attractive prospect as it would increase abundance of the plant nutrient carbon dioxide promising improved harvests (Gustaf Arrhenius et al. 2008). The recent scientific papers as well do not discard the contribution of global warming and CO2 fertilization in the increment of agriculture production especially in the mountain highlands at least in its initial phase (Parry et al. 2007).

Nepal is considered to be one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts due to various factors such as its rugged mountain topography, acute poverty, especially in rural areas, and weak national and local institutional capacity. Most often, citing the 2011 report of risk-analysis company Mapplecroft, Nepal is mentioned as the world‟s fourth most vulnerable country to climate change. A modeling exercise conducted by Nepal Climate Vulnerability Study Team (NCVST) in 2009, using the emissions scenarios in the IPCC's special report (2007) found that the temperature will increase in the mid-hills and that this region is likely to grow more arid in the non-monsoon seasons. It also suggested that precipitation is likely to be more uncertain and that storm intensity will increase. The report included following key insights (NCVST, 2009):

 Global circulation model (GCM) projections indicate that the temperature over Nepal will increase between 0.5ºC and 2.0ºC with a multi-model mean of 1.40C, by the 2030s and between 3.00C and 6.30C, with a multi-model mean of 4.70C, by the 2090s. GCM outputs suggest that extremely hot days (the hottest 5% of days in the period from 1970 to 1999) are projected to increase by up to 55% by the 2060s and up to 70% by the 2090s.  GCM outputs suggest that extremely hot nights (the hottest 5% of nights in the period from 1970 to 1999) are projected to increase by up to 77% by the 2060s and 93% by the 2090s.

GCMs project a wide range of precipitation changes, especially during the monsoon: from a decrease of 14% to an increase of 40% by the 2030s and from a decrease of 52% to an increase of 135% by the 2090s.

Local perceptions of farmers suggest that days are becoming hotter and precipitation is growing more erratic, while the impacts are noticeable in daily life such as early flowering, drying of water-holes etc. (Baral et al. 2012). Nepal's National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) prepared in 2010 and National Climate Change Policy (2011) also recognize that climate will be uncertain and vulnerability will increase. In scientific communities, the effect of rising temperatures in Nepal has seen through decreased in areas covered by permafrost (Fukui et al. 2007), retreating glaciers (Bajracharya et al. 2007) and advancement of tree-line (Suwal 2008). The impact of the climate change in biological sector in Nepal including phenological shift, range shift of species are also reported, but limited to media reports and with little justification from scientific research and field data. It is to be noted here that the IPCC's 2007 Fourth Assessment Report has

designated Hind Kush Karakorum Himalaya (HKKH) region as a "white spot" because of the limited number of scientific studies conducted on climate related agenda in this region, including Nepal.

A general expectation is that plant species distribution will shift upward due to climate warming, on which scientific information are piling up. A meta-analysis of a global data set, including 166 sites for which treeline dynamics had been recorded since 1900 AD, showed either tree line advances ( 52% of sites) or stable position, and only few treelines have shown recession (1%) which were anthropogenically disturbed (Harsch et al. 2009). Recently, based on a study covering 66 mountain summits distributed across 17 study regions, Pauli et al. (2012) confirmed that species have moved upslope on average in the European mountain summits although the magnitude and rate of advancement, population growth and stand densification vary on local environmental conditions. Similarly, reports are there that several other faunal creatures have shifted breeding and/or migration dates. According to an analysis of 1700-some species published in Nature (2 January 2003, p. 37) mobile creatures such as butterflies and birds have moved ranges poleward an average of 6.1 kilometers per decade since the 1960s.

In Nepal, scientific studies to understand the impact of climate change and reconstruct the environmental history by using dendro-climatological tools have been initiated (Bhuju et al. 2011). In a study carried out in Samagaon of Manaslu Conservation Area in Gorkha, the species limit of Abies spectabilis was found to advance from 3673m asl in 1958 to 3841m asl in 2007 with a total of 168 m upslope shift at the average rate of 34.3 m per decade (Suwal 2009). In the same conservation area, a study in another site called Kalchhuman Tal, an upward shifting rate of upper distribution limit of Abies at treeline ecotone was calculated approximately 26.1 m per decade (Gaire et al. 2012). The local climatic data documented climatic warming in recent decades, and the regeneration of the species was found positively related with the May to August rainfall and January to April temperature of current year. Similarly, in the study of Langtang National Park, some seedlings and saplings of tree species, indicating upward migration with temperature increase in recent past. Studies are continued in the site, which will bring new knowledge on the subject.

ADAPTATION PLANNING AND PRACTICES

Adaptation is seen as a key element in creating a resilient society. Two approaches have made their headway in the search of adaptation to the anomalies of climate change, one is community based adaptation (CbA) and the other is ecosystem based adaptation (EbA). Community-based adaptation to climate change is a community-led process, based on communities‟ priorities, needs, knowledge, and capacities, which should empower people to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate change (Reid 2009). CbA identifies the poor as the most vulnerable to climate change, and advocates for greater support and involving them in the process of adaptation planning. On the other hand, EbA promotes

community resilience through ensuring the maintenance of ecosystem services, support adaptation of different sectors, reduce disaster risks, among others (Coll et al. 2009). Through considering the ecosystem services on which people depend to adapt to climate change, EbA integrates sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services in a comprehensive adaptation strategy (CBD 2009). The concept of EbA complements and supports the concept of CbA and unifies approaches to ecosystem management in terms of adaptation.

One of the challenges to adaptation planning in the context of Nepal is to understand the complexity and uncertainty arising from the inherent dynamic nature of the climatic, ecological, socio-economic and political systems (Thapa et al. 2010). Continuous efforts have been made to tackle this challenge at national and international scales. For example, National Climate Change Policy (2011), National Adaptation Program of Action (2010a) and Local Adaptation Program of Action (2011) have set a framework that might eventually facilitate ground level intervention. NAPA draws nine „combined profiles‟ built around six „thematic areas,‟ namely, Agriculture and food; Water Resource and Energy; Climate-Induced Disaster; Forests and Biodiversity; Public Health; and Urban Settlements and Infrastructure. On the other hand, LAPA provides a framework to take nationally conceived NAPA activities to the grassroots and is geared towards community ownership of planning, implementation and monitoring processes.

The LAPA Framework ensures that the process of integrating climate adaptation and resilience into local and national planning is bottom-up, inclusive, responsive and flexible as the four guiding principles (GoN-MoE 2011b). Recently, the Government of Nepal launched DFID/EU supported climate adaptation project in the 14 hill districts of mid- and far- western Nepal. Involving much enthusiastic young genre of science graduates, the project is preparing vulnerability maps and adaptation planning for five VDC (village development committee) of those districts. As defined in the LAPA Framework the adaptation planning and implementation follows seven-step formulation process, namely: i) sensitization, ii) vulnerability and adaptation assessment, iii) prioritization of adaptation options, iv) formulation of adaptation plan, v) integration into planning processes, vi) implementation and vii) progress assessment.

At local level, people are responding to the hardships to environmental degradation (including those supposedly aggravated by climate change). An example presented here is from Ramechhap, which ranks as the second most vulnerable district (vulnerability score 0.995 out of 1.000) in Nepal (GoN-MoE 2010b). The district is known for being drought prone, with 19 VDCs in its southern belt facing severe drought. A pilot study was undertaken as a part of Adaptation Knowledge Platform in 2012, which revealed that while the problems in some communities are worse than in the others, several problems are common. Each of the areas, at the least, is characterized by 1) erratic rainfall 2) ever depleting water sources 3) crop failure and 4) loss of biodiversity. The local people were found struggling to adapt to the new situation by applying their own traditional

knowledge and experiences, such as maize cultivation instead of the paddy; rearing small ruminants like goats instead of big ones like cattle, water provisioning from poly-pipes from nearby creeks; and rationing of drinking water are some of the examples of local adaptation (Table 1). However, it may be noted that most of the hardships revolve around water scarcity both for drinking and irrigation.

Table 1 Issues and adaptation practices in Pakharbas VDC, Ramechhap, Nepal

Issues Adaptation Practices • Erratic rainfall pattern. Monsoon failure • Padlocking waterholes since 2004. Increased temperature for regulated use of • Huge scarcity of drinking water water • Drying of spring/waterholes (out of 20 • Rainwater harvesting waterholes just 5/6 remain now with very wherever supports are limited water) available through • Paddy cultivation almost abandoned NGOs • Depletion in grass/fodder • Paddy cultivation • Heavy infestation of Invasive species replaced by maize • Low agriculture production • Initiation of cash crops • Change in livestock holding and rearing like coffee/Avocado • Bee keeping almost wiped out (by a few individuals to • Early flowering and unseasonal fruiting a very limited extent) • Forest conservation

Towards the adaptation measures to save Nepal‟s biodiversity, an example of how an international collaboration has been conceived is given here. Nepal‟s flora, specifically those in the high mountains are facing threat from impending global warming and also from human activities. As a collaborative project of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology and Ev-K2-CNR (Italy), the Himalayan Seed Bank Project (HSBP) has been initiated in 2010 (Orsenigo et al. 2012). The HSBP aims to collect, preserve and make scientific studies of the high mountain plants, specifically the threatened and rare, in the beginning. To begin with, ex situ conservation activities will be carried out at the Sagarmatha National Park; however, in the future the HSB is planning to conserve seeds from all over Nepal. To expedite its objectives a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two organizations and Seed Laboratory has been developed in the premises of NAST. It is hoped that the project will extend its collaboration with Millennium Seed Bank, an international scheme of conserving seeds for the future. Currently, NAST is trying to get support of the Government of Nepal and include its concerned departments in the endeavor.

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Bajaracharya, SM, PK Mool and BR Shrestha. 2007. Impacts of Climate Change on Himalayan Glaciers and Glacial Lakes: Case Studies on GLOF and Associated hazard in Nepal and Bhutan. ICIMOD and UNEP.

Baral, JC, DR Bhuju, DB Shrestha and PY Shrestha. 2012. Institutional Responses to Local-Level Climate Change Adaptation in Nepal. Policy Research Brief No 4. Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia, Bangkok.

Bhuju, DR, M Carrer, NP Gaire, L Soraruf, R Riondato, F Salerno and SR Maharjan. 2010. Dendroecological study of high altitude forest at Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal. In: Contemporary research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region, Nepal (eds. PK Jha & IP Khanal). Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur. 119-130 pp.

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Climate Change issues in Water Resource with focus on Nepalese context - Er Adarsha Prasad Pokhrel, ADAPT Nepal

Climate Maker the Sun, and the Earth

The ancient Hindu POORANAS declare “AAdityad Jayate Vrishti”, the Sun is the creator of precipitation. True indeed, the modern science has proven that the climate of the earth is driven by a continuous flow of energy from the sun which arrives to the earth in the form of visible light. We live on Earth, which is the third planet in distance outward from the Sun. It is at a distance of some 149,600,000 km from the Sun and is believed to be about 4.56 billion years old. This age is determined by dating radioactive isotopes in meteorites.

The earth makes one revolution, or one complete orbit of the Sun, in about 365.25 days at a mean distance of approximately 149 million kilometers, an axial rotation period of 23 hours 56.07 minutes. Its total surface area is roughly 509,600,000 sq km of which about 71% is water.

The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere is a protective cover of air blanketing our Earth. The atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse gas effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

The atmosphere of the Earth has five principal atmospheric layers starting from the one nearest the surface of the Earth upwards, the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.

The heights of each layer can vary to some extent due to changing weather and climate conditions, but it can be approximated their values to the following: the Troposphere

extends up to 20 km above sea level, the Stratosphere up to 50 km, the Mesosphere up to 85 km, the Thermosphere up to 690 km, and the Exosphere up to 10,000

Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the „average weather‟, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. The classical period of time is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, ice or snow cover, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and rainfall.

Climate Change United Nations framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines: "Climate change" means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Climate change in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) usage refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average (for example, greater or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. It can be caused by recurring, often cyclical climate patterns such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or come in the form of more singular events such as the Dust Bowl.

WATER RESOURCES Overview of Water Resources The spatial and temporal distributions of fresh water are highly sensitive to climate change resulting in more unfavorable situation. These impacts are more prominent in mountainous country like Nepal. The dense orographic barriers and substantial snow and glacier cover areas are mainly accountable for such responses affecting the planning, development and management of water resources of the country. Nepal is endowed with abundant water resources from the availability point of view. Water is regarded as the key strategic natural resources having the potential to be the catalyst for all round development and economic growth of the country. There are about 6000 rivers in Nepal. There are 33 rivers having their drainage areas exceeding 1000 sq km. Drainage density expressing the closeness of spacing of channels is about 0.3 km per sq km. The development of Nepal‟s water resources could generate hydroelectric power, furnish water for irrigation, and supply water for domestic and industrial uses. Rivers in Nepal can be typically classified into three types depending on their source and discharge. The first type of rivers is large rivers that originate in the Himalayas and carries snow-fed flows with significant discharge even in the dry season. Mahakali, Karnali, Gandaki and Kosi rivers are of this type. These rivers are perennial and offer promising water sources for irrigation and hydropower development. The second type of rivers are Babai, West Rapti, Bagmati, Kamala, Kankai and Mechi rivers, which are the medium type that originate in the Midlands or the Mahabharat range. Rivers of this type are fed by precipitation as well as groundwater regeneration including springs. These rivers are also perennial but are commonly characterized by a wide seasonal fluctuation in discharge. The third type of rivers originates from Siwalik range. These rivers are seasonal with little or no flow during the dry season, and cannot be used for year-round irrigation or hydropower generation without surface storage. Figure 3.3 represents the major basins of Nepal.

Nepalese rivers are characterized by a wide, seasonal fluctuation of flow with the monthly flows generally reaching their maximum in July-August and declining to their minimum in February-March. It can be generalized that the smaller the size of the river catchment area, the wider is the range of flow fluctuation.

Assessment of Climate Change Impacts Water Resources system is very sensitive to climate change. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, its impact on local hydrology is considerable. Hydrological seasons in Nepal can be categorized in three different groups: (a) dry pre-monsoon season (March–May) with almost no rain; (b) rainy monsoon season (June–September); and (c) post-monsoon season (October–February) with little rain. Specific discharges of Nepalese river are not uniform for all the rivers and vary randomly. Climate change will significantly increase the intra-annual variability of stream flow (Agrawala et al., 2003). An assessment of 30 river systems spatially distributed over the country of different sizes for quantifying the likely impact of climate change on the water availability of Nepalese rivers (out of which seventeen are completely rainfed basins and thirteen are combined snow-glacier-rainfed basins) for the period of 1963-2010 has shown that the changes vary widely from river to river. The rainfed rivers have shown a decreasing trend during lean seasons and an increasing trend during rainy season and magnitude of the change is relatively higher than the snow-glacier fed rivers. Trend of the annual discharge of three major River basins Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali indicates that the discharges in these major basins are decreasing annually but contrary to this fact, the annual discharges in southern basins were in increasing. Bagmati river which originates in middle mountain region also has the decreasing annual discharge. Time series data of observed monthly flows shows that flow in monsoon season (June – September) is decreasing meanwhile it is increasing in other months. The trend analysis has shown that the aerial averages of flow in eastern and far western mountains have a decreasing trend, however in central and western mountains there is no significant impact of climate changes in annual discharge. Similarly, the increasing trend in annual

response of Babai and Rapti Basins is therefore mainly due to increasing trend in monsoonal rainfall amount over mid western hills of Nepal. Although, there are apparent trends in stream flow volumes, overall change in mean stream flow is not very noticeable in most of the basins but their impacts on the month- wise distribution are clear. It would obviously affect the water availability in the river temporally. Early shift of the hydrographs seems to be clear in river basins which are snow-fed as Kali Gandaki as well as in midland originated rivers as Bagmati. Shifting of hydrograph also has impact on the normal water withdrawal pattern of the river. These trends in stream flow have direct impact on electricity generation expansion plan. The projection using climate model for dependable flow shows a significant reduction in river flows. This would therefore reduce the electricity generation of existing plants considerably. This runoff decrease will affect Nepal‟s economically feasible hydropower potential; however, with only 1-2% of that potential currently developed, it will be quite some time before the opportunities to expand the hydropower are constrained by climate change. Likewise, there might be significant declines in the dependability of dry season flows in certain rivers, which is quite critical for both water supply required for municipal, industrial and agriculture purposes as well as and energy supply. On the other hand, the intra-annual variability of stream flow is also projected to increase significantly – posing considerably more complexity for hydropower planners and engineers in maintaining electricity generation throughout the year. Moreover, the hydropower generation and potential might be seriously affected by a combination of variable flows, flooding risks, as well as sediment load in river due to intense rainfall and GLOF events. As the models suggest that there will be an increase in flood magnitude and frequencies which may result in damage of irrigation infrastructure during monsoon season. The existing water resources infrastructures, which have been designed and constructed earlier, based on past flow data and regime, might be less appropriate or even inappropriate in the new flow regime under climate change. The models also reveal decreasing lean flows during non-monsoon seasons, when there is more irrigation water

requirement. Increasing temperature would increase the water requirement on one hand and decrease the water availability during dry season on the other. This would result in a growing gap between demand and supply of water for irrigation. The installed capacity of most of the hydro power plants are designed based on 65% dependable flow using past records of few years. From the above evidences of Bagmati River, estimation of such dependable flow using projected flow from climate model would be much less as compared to that estimated using classical method. This would, therefore, reduce the electricity generation of existing plants considerably in future. This runoff decrease will also affect Nepal‟s economically feasible hydropower potential. Efforts for Reducing Vulnerability of Water Resources Various efforts have been initiated in mainstreaming climate change and climate risks into national and sectoral development plans and policies in recent years. However, some measures such as introduction of non conventional irrigation (e.g. sprinkler/drip irrigation), rainwater harvesting, solar water pumps, and river training works are already in practice. Activities like the establishment of a national disaster preparedness and management agency, the creation of village-level early warning systems for floods, landslides, building decentralized emergency response capacity, enforcing design standards for buildings and infrastructure that take into account site-specific risks, investing in better weather prediction systems are few coping measures adopted by Nepal Government in the context of climate change. Besides, reorientation of supply driven approach, institutional strengthening, and capacity building of Water Users Associations (WUA) are some other government initiatives. The development of micro- and small hydro is already in line with Nepal‟s development priorities, and is being encouraged by both the government and donors. Introduction of multiple units in power plant, alternate sources of energy supply, and better demand side management are some noted approach adopted by Nepal in coping the adverse effect of climate change in hydro power sector. In addition to that the

initiation of Optimum Sediment Exclusion (OSE) research in Jhimruk and Khimti hydro power plants is a step forward in adaptation measure in the context of climate change. Working on OSE research will improve the performance of the existing as well as the planned hydropower projects. Increasing performance means maximizing the benefit from existing hydropower plants. This will lead to minimization of the construction costs and overall environmental effects caused by the construction of new projects to meet an equivalent energy demand. Time series studies on glacier and snow shows that majority of glaciers in Nepal Himalayas have retreated in the range of 30 to 60 m in the past and while some smaller glaciers have begun to disappear. The most studied glaciers of Nepal; Glacier AX010 in Shorong Himal, Yala Glacier in Langtang Valley, Rikha Samba Glacier in Hidden Valley and Khumbu Glacier in Khumbu region, all are retreating and thinning. Such retreats are helping to expand the existing glacial lakes such as the most studied glacial lakes of Nepal, Imja, Tsho Rolpa and Thulagi Glacial Lakes. The ongoing climatic changes and changes those are projected to occur in the near future are likely to have severe impact on water resources. It also increases the risk of the sudden flooding following glacial lake outbursts. Therefore, climate induced disasters are increasing in number at present and will increase in future too.

Climate Change Mitigation: Reflection of REDD+ Piloting in Nepal: Mr Resham Dangi, REDD Forestry and Climate Change Cell, MoFSC

1. Back ground:

Climate change has emerged as a global cross cutting issue impacting all sectors. The trend of global temperature rise in 20th century is estimated around 0.7 degrees Celsius and predicted to rise even more in future. Various studies have predicted that the global mean surface temperature has increased by 0.8* C in last century. It has also been predicted that the global temperature may rise up to 1.4 – 5.8* C by year 2100. This indicates that there is high probability of relatively more hot days in future and may severely affect the natural systems and human welfare in future.

IPCC reports predicts that average annual mean temperature over the Asian land mass, including the Himalayas, will increase by about 3*C by the 2050 s and about 5 *C by the 2080 s (quoted by Shresths etc, 2012). Various localized studies on temperature and rainfall patterns show that Himalayas are getting almost three times warmer, at an average rate of 0.06*C yr-1 , than the global average. These studies have also indicated that the average annual precipitation in Himalayan Region has increased in last 25 years and expected to increase by 10-30 % by 2080.

Temperature records between 1976 to 2005 for Nepal indicate that the average annual temperature has increased by 0.04 degree Celsius which is more than global average. Similarly the average rainfall has increased by 163 mm or 6.52 mmYr-1. There has been widespread belief among the local people that the flowering season in certain forest trees and cropping cycle for few agriculture crops have changed. These kind of changes have impacted local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.

It is evident that all countries will be affected from the Climate change, but the coastal countries-like Bangladesh, Srilanka Maldives etc- would suffer most. The trend of temperature rise in the Himalayan region also indicate that the mountain countries like Nepal would be most vulnerable nations due to lack of capacity to cope climate change

and high threat to biodiversity which is life support system for the mountain communities. The increasing temperature and prolonged drought may affect the natural water budget systems and severely affect the structure and function of mountain ecosystem.

All ecosystems do have certain resilient capacity to cope the external shocks within a certain threshold limits. When the external shocks - like biotic intervention, climate-led hazard, Climate change drivers etc- are within the threshold limit then ecosystem can adjust to external distress. If an ecosystem is exposed to beyond its resilient capacity then ecosystem may temporarily or permanently fails to adjust changes. This may ultimately result to system collapse and may cause species extinction and loss of human welfare in local communities. It has been predicted that forest ecosystems would be no longer capable to maintain their current potentiality to provide provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services to human society in future.

Though Nepal contributes only 0.025% of the total global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (MoE, 2011), but this nation is forced to face the adverse effects of climate change. It has been predicted that around 20 glacial lakes are under the high risk of outburst. Local farmers have been complaining that their work calendar for seed sowing, ripening and harvesting time for paddy, maize and wheat have changed over time. Local media have covered, time and again, that there has been early flowering and fruiting in certain tree species. It has also been observed that certain wildlife habitats have shifted up-wards and over lapped with other habitats, particularly noticed in carnivores. Incidence of new wild life sighting in local forests has been reported by local communities from various parts of the country.

2.0. REDD+ and Climate Change Mitigation:

After Rio convention on 1992, the UNFCCC has been very instrumental platform to negotiate in climate change issues at international level. High rate of deforestation and degradation of forests has not only threatened the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functions but it has also accelerated the global warming due to green house gas emission. Dual role of Forests, as a source and sink of carbon-dioxide, have had attracted environmentalist to worry about the ongoing global loss of forests in general and tropics in particular.

It is obvious that the cumulative accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere, due to various anthropogenic activities, is the major drivers of climate change. The IPCC report (2007) states that it is specifically the carbon dioxide gas that plays the most vital role in global warming. Various study indicate that the concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from 315 ppm to 370 ppm in between 1958 to 2000.

Figure 1: sources of Global GHG Emission

Figure 2: Global Carbon Cycle

It is obvious from above figure-1 (A and B) that the CO2 is the major contributors of

GHGs. The share of different sources in global CO2 emission is very interesting. The forestry sector alone is responsible to contribute almost 18 percent of the global Emission, which is more than the transport sector. This clearly indicates that the deforestation and degradation of forests is one of the major sources of GHG emissions that can release very high level of CO2 emission in a very short time period. Though, it is a global problem but it has been a serious issue especially in the tropical region of Latin America, Asia and Africa.

It is obvious from figure-2 that Forest has huge potentiality to capture and store the CO2 from the atmosphere but it is also important to realize the fact that it is also one of the major source of CO2 emission in the atmosphere due to deforestation and forest degradation. It is also obvious that the vegetation and soils constitute second largest reservoir of carbon after ocean. The most important point is that the carbon flux indicated by the anthropogenic flux and natural flux reveals the importance of forest

conservation and management to maintain global carbon cycle. If there is disturbance between removal and release of carbon to the atmosphere then the atmosphere fails to maintain carbon balance.

Carbon concentration can increase in atmosphere either due to direct release from human activities or declining sink capacity. The deforestation activities directly contribute to carbon release where as degradation activities may contribute both ways. The combined effect of deforestation and degradation has significant contribution in increasing carbon concentration in the atmosphere and has accelerated global warming.

The aforementioned logic provides sufficient ground to realize the fact that if current rate of emissions from deforestation and degradation are not halted then it may further accelerate the global warming process causing multiple stresses on the natural resources. If this trend continues then it may disrupt the life support system temporarily or permanently in the long-run. Recognizing this fact, global community has sought for international political commitment to conserve the remaining natural forests. This demonstrates the urgency of curtailing current rate of deforestation and degradation of forests to keep earth a safe home for now and future.

There are two basic pathways to respond the climate change impacts. First, to make efforts to moderate harms or improve resilient capacity of the forest ecosystems which is referred as adaptation. Second, to adapt sustainable forest management intervention to reduce carbon emissions or enhance carbon capture and storage capacity of the forests; which is referred as mitigation. The Mitigation options follow two broad policy options with respect to Land Use Change and Forestry- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). REDD is a new but an innovative incentive based reward system for implementation of effective regulation and sustainable management interventions in the developing countries.

Many empirical studies support the argument that the costs of reducing carbon emissions from REDD, in many circumstances, are lower compared to other alternatives (Chomoitz 2007; Stern 2007). Most of the tropical forests, which are supposed to be a huge terrestrial GHG sink and important biodiversity hotspots, have been under high threats of agriculture expansion and over exploitation for wood products. These forests are gradually loosing functional potentiality of producing valuable ecosystem services and heading towards the permanent conversion of forests to non-forests. However, complete halt in deforestation and degradation in developing countries is not simple due to poverty, food security and economic development agenda are set at highest priority. Therefore, effective implementation of REDD instrument in these countries needs a high level political commitment.

3.0. REDD+ in Global context:

REDD has emerged as market based instrument to halt current loss of forests and contribute in maintaining environmental integrity at global scale. This concept was first time formally discussed in Montreal Climate Change negotiation (2005), which was later picked-up by CoP-13 (2007) held in Bali. Bali action plan (BAP) clearly express global commitment on forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks to reduce the share of GHG emission from deforestation and degradation of forests in developing countries. The BAP also indicated need of mobilizing financial resources from developed countries to developing countries to provide positive incentive for conservation of forests.

The CoP-15 (2009) held in Copenhagen concluded with Copenhagen accord that further clarified the crucial role of REDD beyond deforestation and degradation and included three additional components- sustainable forest management, carbon stock enhancement, conservation of carbon stocks- and since then REDD-plus regime got formal entry to international negotiation.

The CoP- 16 (2010) held in Cancun further pushed REDD+ as a key component of the post -2012 climate change regime through clarifying unclear issues including safe guards for forest dependent communities. The Cancun Agreement concluded without a very clear decision on safeguard and finance issue but agreed to discuss further in CoP 17 at Darban.

Negotiation at CoP 17 (2011) held in Darban was basically focused on four key themes of REDD+ issues- finance, safeguards, reference levels, and MRV of carbon emissions from forest activities. The CoP-17 out-come document clearly indicates that there has been good progress in science related issues; but progress on finance and safeguard issue was still not clear. These issues are expected to be further discussed in CoP -18 to be held in Doha (2012).

Though REDD-plus has emerged as a market based incentive to maintain forests intact and enhance the carbon sequestration potentiality of forests through appropriate forest management interventions. The sustainable forest management (SFM) intervention also offer other co-benefits- included but not limited to biodiversity conservation, resilience of ecosystem, watershed services, livelihoods improvement, good governance etc. which are non-carbon benefits. Therefore, the improved forest management under REDD+ will not only increases the potentiality of forests to offer sustainable supply of ecosystem goods and services (including carbon) but it will also contribute to reduces the vulnerability of forests itself to climate change.

4.0. REDD+ in National Context: Nepal is a low carbon foot print nation compared to global average. However, if GHG emission from per unit land use change and forestry is considered then Nepal falls under the category of high emission nations. This observation is crucial because of high dependency of local community in forests for sustaining livelihoods and food security.

Since, all plant communities do have potentiality to sequester the carbon; so all types of forests in Nepal do have certain sink capacity. But the sink capacity largely vary with

site quality, forest structure, forest composition, forest tenure arrangement, age-class distribution, geographical feature, extent of anthropogenic intervention and other underlying drivers of forest change. Therefore, management intervention like silvicultural treatment, forest fire control, forest restoration and regulatory intervention like control illegal harvesting, law enforcement, corruption control etc are very important to manipulate carbon capture and storage capacity of the forests.

Like many other developing countries, Nepal is also suffering from lack of adequate public finance to invest in forest management activities. Therefore, weak financial and human resource capacity has constrained public forest institutions to limit themselves in to day-to-day forest administration activities and have largely failed to offer technical input in forest management. Despite high demand, public forest institutions are unable to produce time series data to detect changes in forest cover, carbon stocks, carbon emissions and carbon removals. Due to such limitations, there is difficulty to meet global expectation to maintain scientifically robust methodological framework to establish reference emission level (REL) and establish high standard Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems. In this context, Nepal's REDD+ participation has created additional investment demand to public finances.

It is very evident from various CoP decisions that market based REDD+ will require a credible REL and a very robust MRV systems for successful carbon trade in future. If Nepal is committed to adopt tier- 3 (as per earlier submission to SABSTA) , then substantial amount of investment will be required to establish REL and periodic measurements in future. Considering the existing level of technical capacity, available public finances; and the nature and dynamics of drivers of deforestation and degradation in the field, a step-wise approach starting from tier-2 with moving target of tier -3 should be the right approach to move further.

In addition to limited financial and technical capacity, there are other pertinent issues in REDD+ participation. One of the bottleneck for REDD+ participation is fragmented

forests, mosaic forest management regimes, difficult terrain and inaccessibility. These factors could substantially increase transaction and implementation costs in producing certified emission reduction certificates from the individual forest regimes. For example, almost one-third forests are under community forests (CF) management regimes. However, almost 60 % of them are below 50 ha in size. This self explains that there is scope for local community engagement in REDD+ process but it is not clear whether individual CF would be capable enough to effectively participate in the global carbon markets.

This problem is also pertinent for other participatory forest management regimes as well. Therefore, it is crucial for all forest owners to consider the potential costs associated with the REDD+ carbon transaction before planning to develop REDD+ Project Idea Note (R-PIN) for emission reduction.

5.0. REDD+ Readiness activities in Nepal

The REDD+ readiness process started with the preparation and submission of the Readiness Plan Idea Note (R-PIN) in 2008. After approval of R-PIN, Nepal took initiation to prepare Readiness Preparation Proposal (RPP ) with financial support from forest carbon partnership facility (FCPF) under the World bank. The R-PP was submitted in April, 2010 and endorsed by FCPF 6th participant committee (PC) meeting to fund implementation of this R-PP. Nepal signed grant agreement with the World bank on 31st March 2011 to receive grant of $ 3.4 million for R-PP implementation. Out of total projected cost FCPF will cover only 45 % and rest will be shared by bilateral donors (including DfID, US-AID, Government of Finland, Switzerland and Japan) and Government of Nepal.

To implement R-PP a three layer organizational setup is in place - apex body, REDD Working group, and REDD Cell. Apex is the highest body formed under the chair of Hon Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) and consists of members from the National Planning Commission, Ministry of Environment (MoE), Ministry of

Agriculture Cooperatives (MoAC), Ministry of Energy (MoEn), Ministry of Irrigation, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Land Reform and Management, Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Ministry of Industries, Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) and Ministry of Physical Planning and Works. The main role of this body is to provide inter-ministerial coordination and cooperation for the implementation of REDD activities.

The second tier is REDD Working Group (RWG) chaired by the Secretary of the MoFSC and comprised of members representing Department of Forests, Department of National Parks, Department of Forest Resources and Survey, MoAC, MoLD, MoEn, Civil society, and donors. The main role of this entity is to guide over all REDD+ readiness process in the Center. Below this entity there is a third layer- REDD Forestry and Climate Change Cell.

The REDD-Cell under the MoFSC is a kind of secretariat to deliver the decisions made by Apex and RWG. Major responsibilities includes to carry out day-to-day administrative business, participate in international REDD dialogue as national delegate and coordinate all national level REDD related activities. The REDD Cell has three sections- Policy and Program Development Section, MRV Section and outreach Section. Two separate loose forum- REDD stakeholder forum and expert committee- are also envisaged to make REDD process more inclusive, transparent and effective.

Table 1: Status of REDD+ Piloting in Nepal

Theme Institutions Lessons Learned Remarks

1. PES- Reward ICIMOD, Establishment of a Watershed based for Forest FECOFUN, Forest Carbon Fund, Conservation ANSAB Designing MRV System

2. Poverty WWF, Nepal standard methods of Landscape level alleviation forest carbon measurement Forest Carbon inventory Data 3. Capacity RECOFTC Awareness in grass Local community building root level 4. Adaptation SDC synergy of adaptation Community through forest & mitigation forest users management activities 5. Adaptation DfID Adaptation plan to CFUGs through forest address impacts of management CC 6. Capacity NEFIN Awareness raising Local IPs building especially in IPs 7. Capacity SNV, Nepal Awareness creation Mahottari district building to Tarai people about CC & REDD

This table demonstrates that the pilot activities have focused on three important aspects of the REDD readiness process- local capacity building, preparation of forest carbon baseline, benefit sharing mechanisms.

6.0. Key Issues, Challenges and Opportunities:

 Weak capacity at various levels- There is need of capacity building at institutional and personal levels. Many of the REDD piloting institutions do not have technical capacity for analysis of remote sensing data. Similarly, DFRS which is central hub for MRV

does not have the up-dated knowledge and skill for establishing REL and MRV systems.

 Unplanned Deforestation: Large scale deforestation occurs due to unplanned infrastructure development and forest encroachment guided by political party;

 Policy inconsistency and poor coordination: Forest Act and Bi-laws are contradicting with other sectoral Acts and Regulations. This often creates confusion and develops power ego between the sectoral agencies. Weak coordination among sectoral agencies has been one of the strong driver of forest loss;.

 Poor technology transfer-The development of the REDD process has brought up new techniques and technologies in the field of forest carbon trade and forest carbon inventories, which are costly. Nepal is investing huge amount of financial resources in developing REL and MRV through international experts;

 Data Gaps- the detail information on forest types would have contributed much in developing reference base line, trade-off analysis, and strategy options for removal enhancement, unfortunately such data are not available.

 Data inconsistency: National forest inventories are carried out in long space of time and have produced data set with different methodologies. The sample plots established in the past do not overlap with the recent permanent sample plots.

 Difficult Topography and remoteness-The difficult topography and steep mountain slopes has increased costs of developing robust MRV system, forest restoration and law enforcement.

 High transaction cost- The transaction cost of operating the MRV system will be higher due to a higher number of fragmented and mosaic forest regimes;

 Benefit sharing- Effective, efficient, and equitable benefit sharing among different regimes and within the individual regimes is quite challenging and complex;

 Non-Carbon benefits: Due to methodological complexity it is difficult to suggest premium values for non-carbon benefits like biodiversity conservation, watersheds, livelihoods, good governance etc

 High Uncertainty: Demand size of REDD+ CER is still not very clear. The demand size in voluntary market is small and compliance market is unclear;

 Data integration: There is huge challenge to integrate local data generated by different forest regimes to national MRV system;

 REDD Project Boundary: It is not very clear whether ER-PIN will be developed with ecological or political boundary;

 Opportunities: Despite various challenges, Nepal has good success in community based forest management. Forests are important for food security, livelihoods improvement, biodiversity conservation, fresh water supply, energy security and so forth. So in that context, REDD+ is an opportunity to bring forestry back to business. To participate in REDD+ Nepal needs to institutionalize the governance reform, which would be a great opportunity to improve and institutionalize the forest law enforcement and good governance practice in forestry sector.

7.0. Conclusion:

The REDD readiness process in general consists of three phases- development of national strategy, demonstration of national strategy implementation and result based actions (fully MRV-ed emission reduction). The first phase involves the formulation of national REDD strategy, implementation framework, capacity building, and establishment of REL/MRV. The second phase involves the demonstrative activities to experience the learning of national REDD strategy implementation. Though they are two separate phases but can go together side by side to gain mutual benefits from each process. The third phase is real transaction phase which is far away

The REDD Forestry and Climate Change Cell is now working side by side to prepare a national REDD strategy and consulting for developing emission reduction project idea note (ER-PIN) which will be a part of national R-package in second phase. If Nepal successfully submits a standard proposal, there is opportunity to access additional finance from carbon fund for phase two.

The R-package is a voluntary arrangement for REDD readiness process under FCPF. The R-Package incorporates key sub-components of the R-PP template. Prior to submit R-package submission of mid-term progress report of R-PP is compulsory. In that sense, R-Package will be developed after the key activities of R-PP will be implemented in the field. This will help REDD Cell to track down the implementation status of R-PP activities and establish performance based payment with respect to established reference baseline. Since, this work demands a high level of critical and rigorous exercise, REDD Cell expects moral and intellectual support from all knowledge holders at individual and institution level.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are personal and does not necessarily represents the author's organization. Author takes full responsibility to clarify any issues raised in this paper at personal capacity.

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MoE (2011): Status of Climate Change In Nepal. Government of nepal, Ministry of Environment

Environmental and Socio-economic Vulnerability from Climate Change Perspective - Prof Narendra Raj Khanal, PhD

Climate Change Trend in Nepal Except for small isolated pockets, most of Nepal has an increasing trend upto 0.55° C per decade. The trends in diurnal temperature range (monthly mean difference between daily maximum and minimum temperatures) are positive over most of the stations and negative over southern plain. In addition, decreasing trends in occurrences of frost days (annual count when daily minimum temperature is less than 0 ºC) are evident over the mountainous region. Further, increasing trends in summer days as well as summer nights and decreasing trends in winter days as well as winter nights over most of the stations, except increasing trends of winter days over southern Terai region which could be due to persistent winter fog over Terai region, are evident.

According to the annual precipitation trend analysis, in general, most of the country have positive trend with maximum increase of about 15 percent of the annual amount per decade over few isolated pockets. While some places of west Nepal show negative trend. It is likely that the climate change in Nepal will increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events.

Indices like monthly maximum one day precipitation amount, annual count of days when precipitation of 50 mm or more falls, extremely wet days (annual total precipitation when rainfall exceeds 99th percentile) all exhibit increasing trends in many stations particularly in the west and decreasing trends in some mountainous locations. However, the annual total precipitation in wet-days (days with 1 mm or more precipitation) does not exhibit increasing trends similar to other indices. In addition, increasing trends in consecutive dry days (maximum number of consecutive days with rainfall less than 1 mm) and decreasing trends in consecutive wet days (maximum number of consecutive days with rainfall equal or more than 1 mm) over most of the station are good indicators of increasing extreme precipitation events in Nepal.

Table 2: Temperature scenario

OBS Baseline Bias 2020s 2050s 2080s Season (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C)

Maximum Temperature

DJF 17.8 9.5 8.3 1.5 2.8 4.4

MAM 26.0 21.7 4.3 1.1 2.6 4.5

JJAS 27.3 21.6 5.7 1.0 2.1 3.3

ON 23.3 14.7 8.6 1.2 2.7 3.8

ANNUAL 23.6 16.9 6.7 1.2 2.6 4.0

Minimum Temperature

DJF 4.7 -5.6 10.2 2.3 3.9 5.4

MAM 12.5 7.0 5.4 1.2 2.9 4.2

JJAS 18.5 15.3 3.3 1.2 2.4 3.4

ON 10.8 2.9 7.8 2.5 3.8 5.0

ANNUAL 11.6 4.9 6.7 1.8 3.3 4.5

Table 3: Precipitation scenario

Bias OBS Baseline 2020s 2050s 2080s Season (mm) (mm) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Precipitation

DJF 71 163 -130 -15 3 -12

MAM 211 319 -51 4 10 -3

JJAS 1330 1190 11 -1 8 20

ON 72 220 -206 -4 -5 3

ANNUAL 1683 1892 -12 -2 6 12

Observed all-Nepal seasonal and annual change and their PRECIS projected values during baseline period (1981-2010) including changes during 2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2070) & 2080s (2071-2098).

Climate Change Impacts Several sectors – agriculture, water resources including the development of hydropower, irrigation, and drinking water, forest and biodiversity, human health, infrastructure including human settlement and overall livelihood of the people are likely to be impacted from climate change.

Agriculture

Climate change decreases rice and wheat production. Projection has shown that the net decrease in rice production will be 51 thousand metric tons in 2020; 216 thousand metric tons in 2050 and 412 thousand metric tons in 2080. The decrease in 2020 is

1.6% of the present production, that in 2050 is 6.7% of the present production and in 2080 12.9% of the present production.

The projected changes in production is equivalent to a 15.5% decrease in 2020, 5.6% increase in 2050 and 9.7% decrease in 2080 in terms of present level of production. Everything else remaining the same, the national loss in food production is expected to be 5.3% in 2020, 3.5% in 2050 and 12.1% in 2080.

Livestock production is highly sensitive to climate change. Increased temperature increases lignifications of plant tissues and reduce the digestibility reducing meat and milk production in range-based livestock production system. The increased heat alters heat exchange between animal and environment affecting the feed intake and metabolism. Such stresses will affect growth and productivity of the animals. But, effects vary from species to species and management practices. Nepalese livestock farmers who cannot control the production conditions of the livestock are bound to suffer from the reduced production and inadequate rise of the price. Climate change also increases mortality and morbidity of animals particularly from the climate sensitive infectious diseases. Increases in zoonotic diseases among the animals also increase the risks of transmission of such diseases in the human being.

Water resources

The availability and quality of water resources is likely to be affected the most from climate change. Retreating of glaciers, expansion of glacial lakes, change in the volume of discharge in the rivers and shifting in hydrographs are some of the observed changes in this sector. Time series studies on glacier and snow shows that majority of glaciers in Nepal Himalayas have retreated in the range of 30 to 60 m in the past and while some smaller glaciers have begun to disappear. Such retreats are helping to expand the existing glacial lakes. So, the risk of the sudden flooding following glacial lake outbursts is increasing.

Trend of the annual discharge of three major river basins Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali indicates that the discharges in these major basins are decreasing annually but contrary to this fact, the annual discharges in southern basins were in increasing trend.

Early shift of the hydrographs has been observed in snow-fed river basins such as Kalidgandaki as well as in midland originated rivers such as Bagmati. The shifting of hydrograph has also affected the normal water withdrawal pattern of the river. These trends in stream flow have direct impact on hydropower generation, irrigation and water supply. There might be significant decline in dry season flows in certain rivers, which is quite critical for both water and energy supply.

The intra-annual variability of stream flow is also projected to increase significantly. There will be an increase in flood magnitude and frequencies which may result in damage of irrigation infrastructure during monsoon season. The existing water resources infrastructures, which have been designed and constructed earlier, based on past flow data and regime, might be less appropriate or even inappropriate in the new flow regime under climate change. It is also revealed a decreasing trend in lean flows during non-monsoon seasons, when there is more irrigation water requirement. Increasing temperature would increase the water requirement on one hand and decrease the water availability during dry season on the other. This would result in a growing gap between demand and supply of water for irrigation.

Forest and biodiversity

Climate change has increased vulnerability on forests and biodiversity of Nepal. Rise in temperature, decrease in snowfall, increased variability and timing of precipitation, these all are impacting flowering and fruiting season and also ultimately resulting in difficult situation for survival of plant species in forests and change in wildlife habitat also. Some identified impacts on forest ecosystems are due to increased dryness and fire; physical disturbance from erratic rain, landslides and erosion; altered natural life cycles; encroachment by alien species; disease and pests; degradation of species

diversity. Similarly, the rangelands might be impacted through more grass due to rise in temperature; less grass due to drought; reduced availability of NTFP; damage by fire. In the same way, the wetland ecosystem will also be adversely affected e.g. degradation of species; encroachment by alien species; and degradation of livelihood resources. Loss of local crop diversity is another impact of climate change on agriculture ecosystems. Some of other potential climate change impacts on biodiversity are: ecological shift of some life zones; shift in tree line or snow line; ecological shifts of species (endemic species); changes in species assemblages in ecotones; changes in phenology of plants; loss of some cold tolerant genetic diversity; enhanced invasion of alien species; loss of chemical diversity in some medicinally important plants. Likewise, physiological biochemical response and behavior change may occur in large animals; insect population may increase; and frequency of fires will increase due to climate change and deplete biodiversity. Species mortality may increase and seed viability of some tree species may be affected.

Human Health

The climate change has differential impacts on human health due to different levels of vulnerability of the people. There are huge spatial and temporal variations of climatic elements in Nepal. The impacts of climate change on health have been observed through the changes in average temperature, precipitation and extreme weather events. These changes have brought direct and indirect impacts on human health.

Based on existing database and observation, the health impacts due to climate change are summarized into three groups: (a) Extreme weather related health impacts such as heat wave causing heat stress in Terai region of Nepal where average summer temperature remain above 30°C. The consequences are hyperthermia, heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat cramps, and heat rash. Similarly cold wave in different parts of the country including Tarai region in winter causes respiratory problems such as cough, throat infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis,

asthma, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis and others like rotavirus diarrhoea, skin diseases etc. (b) Vector borne diseases including Japanese Encephalitis (JE), malaria and Kala- azar (Visceral leishmaniasis) seem to have occurred in the warmer districts of Nepal. The cases of Dengue have also been observed in the selected districts of Nepal. (c) Diarrhoeal disease shows a definite monthly pattern in a year i.e. with distinct seasonal pattern. The trend of diarrhea morbidity has been in increasing despite several government intervention programs. Some weather conditions are conducive for spreading of water borne and vector borne diseases. There are serious concerns that increased climate variability in combination with increased population density and inadequate sanitation could augment the occurrence of these diseases in Nepal.

Conceptual Framework Vulnerability in general is the function of probability of occurrence of event (hazard), probability of damage (element‟s exposed*sensitivity) and adaptive capacity. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR, 2009) defines a hazard as a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption or environmental damage. Snow and blizzard, drought, floods, fog, frost, windstorm, hailstorm, thunderbolt and fire, heat and cold waves (loo, sireto etc) are different form of hydrometeorological hazards. Though landslide is a geologic/geomorphic hazard, it is induced by precipitation and considered as water induced disasters. Climate variability and change may also cause biological hazards such as pests and diseases and also determines growing season of crops and thus affects the livelihoods. Recent trend of increasing temperature and frequency of high intensity precipitation has increased the occurrence probability of hazards such as drought, landslides, floods including glacial lake outburst floods and landslide dam outburst floods in the mountain areas like Nepal. Risk is defined as the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. Risk is the product of hazard probability and damage probability. ISDR (2009) defines vulnerability as the

characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or assets that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Some people treat vulnerability simply as exposure to hazards or being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

There are four fundamental dimensions of Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk assessment (HVR). Those are i) system of analysis (population group, an economic sector, a geographical region or a natural system), ii) attribute of concern (the value attribute of the vulnerable system that is or are threatened by its exposure to hazards), iii) hazard (a potentially damaging influence on the system of analysis), and iv) temporal reference (the point in time or time period of interest) (Fusel, 2007).Not all the exposed people (individual, household, community) or socio-economic sectors (agriculture, health, infrastructure) or a natural systems (forest, biodiversity, water, land cover) or geographical regions are equally affected from a hazard. It is determined by the vulnerability factors which is the function of sensitivity and adaptive or resilience capacity. The vulnerability factors are generally grouped into four categories – i) internal/endogenous or in a place, ii) external/exogenous or beyond place, iii) socio- economic, and iv) biophysical.

For example household income, social networks, access to information is socio- economic internal vulnerability factors whereas topography, environmental conditions and land cover are biophysical internal factors. Similarly, national policies, international aid, economic globalization are external socio-economic vulnerability factors whereas severe storms, earthquakes are external biophysical vulnerability factors. Internal vulnerability factors are taken as vulnerability and adaptive capacity (human coping and adjustment or resilience or human influence) whereas internal biophysical factors as sensitivity or intervening condition to danger. The external vulnerability factors are taken as hazard or environmental influence (Fusel, 2007).

Table 1: Example for each of the four categories of vulnerability factors classified according to the dimensions sphere and knowledge domain (Fussel, 2007) Sphere Domain Socio-economic Biophysical

Internal Household and adjustments adaptation and (vulnerability Resilience Topography, danger) conditions (intervening Sens

(in place) income, social environmental itivity

networks, condition and

access to coping land cover

information

External National Human influences Severe storms, (hazard) influences Environmental (beyond policies, earthquakes, place) international sea-level aid, economic change

globalization

Fussel (2007) has reviewed different approaches of hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment. The commonly used approaches include i) risk-hazard approach, ii) political economy approach, iii) pressure-and release model, iv) integrated approach, and v) resilience approach. Risk and hazard approach is useful for assessing the risk to exposure units that arise from their exposure of hazards of a particular type and magnitude. According to the political economy approach, the vulnerability is determined by the availability of resources and crucially by the entitlement of individual and groups to call on these resources. The pressure-and-release model conceives the risk as the product of hazard and vulnerability. The risk-hazard and the political economy approach is combined and extended into in various integrated approaches, most notably the hazard-of-place. It is the interaction of the hazards of place with the social profile of communities. The resilience approach is used to examine the propensity of social and ecological systems to suffer harm from exposure

to external stresses and shocks. Another commonly used approach is livelihood. According to this approach the vulnerability due to low adaptive capacity is determined by the access to physical, natural, social and financial capital or assets. An integrated approach by combining risk-hazard through assessing the exposure of a system or elements (life and properties) to potential hydrometeorological hazard in a particular place and livelihood approach by assessing sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the people through examining different livelihood strategies and outcomes is commonly adopted in HVR assessment.

Drivers Response

(Climate change and (Mitigation, coping and variability) adaptation)

Pressure Vulnerability

(Frequency, magnitude/ (Exposure, sensitivity, intensity) adaptive capacity)

State Impacts (Biophysical and socio- (Pathways, economic condition) magnitude/intensity)

The process of risk assessment starts from the i) identification of hazard, its magnitude and probability of occurrence based on frequency and likely changes in such hazards as a result of climate change to the ii) identification and quantification of elements exposed to hazards; iii) estimation of sensitivity of the exposed elements (probability of loss or damaged) based on past experience; iv) assessment of coping and adaptive capacity of people and institutions (individual, household, community, VDC, District levels) based on the analysis of livelihood strategies and outcomes; and vi) estimation of risk as the function of hazard probability and damage probability.

An analytical framework of climate change impact and vulnerability is given in (Figure 1). Many sectors- agriculture, livestock, forest, water resources, landscape and biodiversity, health and environment are highly affected due to climate change. Similarly, the livelihood options are also affected. However, the types and intensity of impacts are determined by the level of exposure of life, properties and infrastructure on one hand and the capacity of people to cope with the adverse impacts on other hand. The capacity of people depends on the access to resources, information, technology, skills, service infrastructure, institution and decision making. People living in areas with high exposure and low capacity are more vulnerable and susceptible to different types of hazards, conflicts and violence. In this context, it is necessary to enhance the capability and limit the exposure through equity and empowerment to reduce the

vulnerability and conflicts (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Framework for climate change impact analysis

Risk Reduction Strategies

Figure 2: Adaptation/mitigation strategies for risk reduction

Vulnerability Assessment Methodology and Steps According to IPCC, the word vulnerability is defined as "the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity" (IPCC 2001, p.995). Vulnerability is thus defined as a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity as:

Vulnerability = f (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity) ……. (Eq. 1)

IPCC has defined exposure as “the nature and degree to which a system is exposed to significant climatic variations”; sensitivity is defined as “the degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate-related stimuli”; and adaptive capacity is defined as “the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes), to moderate the potential damage from it, to take advantage of its opportunities, or to cope with its consequences”. Vulnerability assessment and mapping is generally carried out using 7 steps.

1. Deriving climate change scenario (observed change, GCM projections) 2. Selection of parameters related to environment, population, socioeconomic condition, service infrastructure, technology and institutions and collection of data (formulation of base line scenario and projected scenario with and without climate change 3. Selection of parameters for vulnerability mapping and assessment 4. Normalization or standardization of the data for preparation of index value 5. Calculation of the index value 6. Mapping of indices 7. Interpretation of the patterns with conclusions

Baseline scenario Scale (Population, environment, Integration GNP, technology, (Spatial: district, regional, institutions) (GIS) national; Temporal: 2030, 2050, 2080) Sectors Climate change scenario (observed and downscaled (Agriculture and food security, Water from regional and global resources, Forest/biodiversity, Human health, climate change models) Other sensitive sectors)

Impacts

(Projected scenario with or without climate change in biophysical and societal systems)

Vulnerability

Exposure (population and sectors), sensitivity (differences with and without CC scenario) and adaptive capacity (wealth, technology, education, institutions, information, infrastructure, social capital)

Purposeful Adaptation (Action Plan)

(Technology, efficiency, affordability acceptability, policy provisions, and sustainability etc.)

Figure 2: Assessment Framework for Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Nepal

Number of parameters to be selected for vulnerability assessment depends on the availability of data and its temporal (year) and spatial coverage (spatial units).

Hahn, Riederer and Foster (2009) have developed the following livelihood vulnerability index. This study has also incorporated environmental factors in order to develop overall vulnerability index.

Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVId) = (ed-ad)*sd

where, ed = Exposure index of the district

ad = Adaptive capacity of the district

sd = Sensitivity index of the district

The value of a district were aggregated and normalized to a scale of 0 to 1 range using the following formula. For the purpose of aggregation, the indicators were grouped into two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A consists of those indicators whose values increase with the decrease (from better to worse) in the level of performance among districts. Group B consists of those indicators whose values increase with the increase (from worse to better) in the level of performance among the districts.

max max min Group A: Zi,j= (Xi – Xij)/(Xj -Xj )

min max min Group B: Zi,j= (Xi,j – Xj )/(Xj -Xj )

where, Zi,j= standardized indicator index of type i of district j,

Xi,j = unstandardized indicator index of type i of district j,

Xjmax= maximum value of the indicator index over district j, and

Xjmin = minimum value of the indicator index over district j.

Index values are calculated simply by averaging the scores or by using the weighted values.

Vulnerability Mapping and Assessment in Nepal The Ministry of Environment has prepared and published climate change vulnerability map for Nepal for the first time in 2010 at district level (MoE, 2010b). It used 5 proxy indicators/indices of sensitivity, 15 direct indicators/indices of exposure/risk and 10 direct indicators/indices of adaptive capacity to prepare a composite climate change vulnerability map of Nepal (Table 4).

Table 4: List of indicators/indices selected for vulnerability assessment and mapping by districts

Particulars Direct Indicators/Indices Proxy indicators/Indices

Sensitivity

Human Population

Area

Ecology Forest area coverage

Protected area coverage

Area

Exposure/Risk

Temperature Mean annual temperature and Rainfall trend

Annual rainfall trend

Landslide and Occurrences Flood (Hill Death and Mountain Injured Ecological Property losses

Zone Positive rainfall trend

Flood (Terai Occurrence

Ecological Death Zone) Injured

Property losses

Positive annual trend

Drought Negative annual rainfall Food production

trend Food requirement Mean annual temperature Population at risk due to food trend shortages

GLOF Location of potential Distance from GLOF potential GLOF lake

Ecology Population pressure on forest land

Human poverty index

Motorable access

Adaptation

Socio- Human Development economic Index

Human Poverty Index

Gender Development Index

Human Empowerment

Index

Infrastructure Road length

Area

Landline phone numbers

Population

Technology Irrigation coverage

Area

Source: MoE, 2010b

While preparing Second National Communication Report for Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, ADAPT-Nepal has also attempted for vulnerability mapping and assessment with slight modification in the methodology (selection of parameters and scoring technique). The parameters used are listed in Table 5.

Table 5: Lists of Indicators selected for Vulnerability Assessment

Particulars Indicator Data Sources

Exposure

Climate Mean Annual Calculated based on time series data Temperature Trend obtained fromDHM

Mean Annual Calculated based on time series data Precipitation Trend obtained from DHM

Disaster Property Loss Due to Disaster DNCDM, MOHA, 2011

GLOF Risk Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping

for Nepal, MOE, 2010

Sensitivity

Socio-Economic Population Density CBS, 2011

Health Facilities (Health Institutions) Annual Report 2066/67, DOHS, 2011

Department of Agriculture and Food Balance Cooperatives, 2009/10

Drinking Water Facility Nepal WASH Sector Status Report 2011

Department of Agriculture and Irrigation Facility Cooperatives, 2002/3

Statistics of Strategic Road Network Road Facility SSRN2009/10

Environment Steep Slope ( > 30 Degree) LRMP, 1986

Sloping Terraces LRMP, 1986

Forest Coverage JAFTA, 2001

Adaptive capacity

Human Development Nepal Human Development Report Development Index 2004, UNDP, Nepal, 2004

Livelihood Economically active Strategies National Census Report 2001, CBS people engaged in non-

farm activities

Number of working Social Network NGOs Social Welfare council(1978-2009)

Comparison and conclusion

ADAPT-Nepal (2012) has identified nine districts namely Bhojpur, Khotang, Udaypur, Dolakha, Sindhuli, Chitwan, Gorkha, Lamjung and Baglung are highly vulnerable, 27 districts are in medium level of vulnerability and 39 districts are in low level of vulnerability. Districts like Udayapur, Lamjung, Dolakha, Gorkha and Chitwan were also identified as high to very high vulnerable districts and Baglung, Sindhuli and Bhojpur in moderate categories while making vulnerability assessment in 2010 (MoE, 2010). Some districts like Kathmandu, Ramechhap, Mugu, Bhaktapur and Jajarkot which were identified as districts of very high vulnerable in the earlier study (MoE, 2010b) did not appear in high category by ADAPT-Nepal. Kathmandu, Mugu and Bhaktapur appeared as low vulnerable in this report whereas Ramechhap, Saptari and Jajarkot as medium vulnerable category. Such differences in ranking of the districts in terms of vulnerability are partly due to selection, categorization and use of the different indicators and partly due to incorporation of updated climate and socio-economic data. In the context of upcoming population data (Census 2011), forest survey data, downscaling of climate projections data and other relevant data, it seems necessary to re-assess the vulnerability to climate change in the future.

Reference: ADAPT-Nepal and CDES, TU 2012. Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation Assessment Report for Second National Communication. A report submitted to the Government of Nepal,

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Climate Change Management Division

Fussel, H., 2007. Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change research. Global Environmental Change 17, 155-167.

IPCC: 2007. 'Summary for the policy makers, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basic. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change', IPCC.

ISDR (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), 2009. UNSIDR terminology on disaster risk reduction. United Nations, Geneva.

MoE: 2010a. 'National Adaptation Programmes of Actions to Climate Change', Ministry of Environment, Kathmandu.

MoE: 2010b. 'Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping of Nepal', Ministry of Environment, Kathmandu.

Climate Change Impact from Agriculture and Livelihood Prospective -Prof Prof Prof Khem Raj Dahal, Expert/Researcher

1. Climate Change

Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (IPCC, 2007a). It may be natural or accelerated and in recent decades, the earth is facing accelerated climate change. The human activity is very likely the cause for this (IPCC, 2007b) - the rapid increase in global average temperatures as a result of increased green house gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the decade from 2001 to 2010 had 0 a global temperature that was 0.46 C above the 1961–1990 average; the highest value ever recorded for a 10-year period.

Sectors affected by climate change may vary from country to country, although agriculture, forestry, infrastructures, transport, energy, nature, tourism, water resources, and health and well-being are the most common (Taalas, 2009). Mode and severity of the effect, and responsive strategies accordingly, vary depending upon the way the country or region earns its livelihood and economic prosperity. However, the impact on agriculture is of a great concern on local, national and global levels as food production is the basis of all human activities (Dahal, et al, 2009).

2. Livelihood

Livelihood basically refers to the means of securing the necessities of life. In broader sense, it is the command an individual, family, or other social group has over on income and/or bundles of resources that can be used or exchanged to satisfy its needs. This is the way people live encompassing and their engagement and earning. In developing countries it depends largely upon the endowment of natural resource and its domination which shape the life style of the people. Farming is the source of livelihood for agrarian countries; fishing is for the countries lying in coastal areas; tourism in others; and so on.

Determined by the geographical characteristics and past course of development, agriculture remains the source of livelihood of majority of Nepalese people. At present, about 65 % of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and agriculture contributes about 34% of the national Gross Domestic Products, GDP (ABPSD, 2010). Although dependence of country and its population on agriculture has been reduced drastically in recent decades; it provided livelihood for about 90% of the population, accounted for nearly two-thirds of GNP and 80% of the export earnings in 1990s (MoF, 1992), it still remains one of the crucial life supporting systems in the rural areas, and an important economic sector of the country.

3. A glimpse of Nepalese agriculture

Nepalese farming as a source of livelihood is an inseparable integration of five J (Hf): Jamin (Land), Jangal (Forest), Jal (Water), Janawar (Animal), Jaibik bibidhata (varieties of macro & micro flora including the crops/varieties) managed by another J, Janata (People or Farmer). These are the resources as well as the builders (components), of our agriculture, if perceived it as a system or a whole functional entity. Degradation or malfunctioning of one of them may make our system unsustainable.

Jamin (Land) is the very basis of food production. There is 21% cultivated land with average land holding of 0.8ha. Under as well as over-utilization; expansion of urban/basic infrastructure and housing onto fertile lands; no proper land use planning; imbalanced and ruthless use of agro-chemicals; mining mentality and associated nutrient drain; soil erosion, landslide and siltation; land fragmentation and tenure; etc are degrading the land making it, less fertile, low productive and useless.

Jangal (Forest) is an integral part of farming as farmers depend on them for fodder, animal bedding, fuel wood, medicine, and timber for building and agricultural implements. 84% of the total energy and about 42% of the fodder requirement, and 9.45% from direct products and 27.55 percent indirect services to the GDP, come from forest. There is mere 29% of the forest cover in the country and deforestation is going on

with 100,000 ha of forest is under encroachment in Tarai by illegal squatters and overstocking of livestock and tree cutting in mountains.

Jal (Water) is vital for agriculture as lack of water impairs the proper functioning of all living components of the system. Although Nepal is the second largest country in the world in water resource but only 38% of land is irrigated. Traditional small irrigation schemes are almost defunct due to urbanization and construction works; sources are dying due to increasing deforestation and land slide; big schemes are expensive even to maintain; and frequent untimely drought is jeopardizing the system making livelihood hard.

Janawar (Animal) is an indivisible part of the system contributing to the livelihoods through manure, nutritious food and income generation. Loss of traditional hardy breeds, large stock of unproductive herds, declining transhumance systems in high hills, shrinking grazing lands and manpower, difficulty in maintaining exotic breeds due to high feed requirements, diseases and infertility are the problems. Yet, many success stories with goat, pig, and poultry are seen in this sector contributing to sustain livelihoods of farming family and supporting even the industrial sector.

Jaibik bibidhata (macro and micro floral diversity including crops and varieties) is important for productivity, stability and resilience. People have been using 3,000 or more plant species for food and sustaining livelihood, cultivating and trading some 150 of these. Traditional crops and associated knowledge base are being lost and landraces of major crops are being displaced by modern varieties. Exotic varieties are vulnerable to pests and diseases making farmers to use more and more chemicals rendering the system both ecologically and economically unsustainable. Production and productivity of major crops are either declining or are stagnant.

Janata (People) manage these components based on biophysical and socioeconomic conditions and according to their goal and aspirations. Lack of trained manpower is a bottleneck for research and development on sustainable livelihood through agriculture.

There is no attraction of people to agriculture, especially of young generation, and about 400000 youth out-migrate every year in search of job leaving old parents at home and putting the land fallow.

With this situation, agriculture is not being able to serve the purpose of, at least, feeding the population and maintaining their livelihoods. The country is becoming severely food deficit with two of three Nepalese suffering food insecurity at some point during the year. Although food production fluctuates with marginal surplus in some years, 55 of the 75 districts are categorized as food deficient. Two fifths of 3.4 million land holdings in Nepal produce enough food only for less than six months.

4. Climate change and agriculture

Climate change affects agriculture either directly or indirectly, through changes in ecosystem and support services. Directly, it controls the soil moisture level; the amount of solar radiation plants receive; and the conditions plants are subjected to on a daily basis. Changes in these variables can alter crop yields, affecting food supplies and farmers‟ livelihoods (WMO, 2009b). Indirectly, climate change may bring changes in land vegetation, ocean circulation, sea surface temperature and global atmosphere composition, which, in turn, affect rainfall patterns (Salinger, et al., 2005) that have impacts on agricultural systems. It holds the potential to radically alter agro-ecosystems and devastating crop failures, which are already evident in several countries of the world (Borron, 2006). In addition, temperature increases may influence crop-pest interactions by speeding up insect and pathogen growth rates, which increase reproductive generations per crop cycle, by decreasing pathogen mortality due to cold winter temperatures, and by effects on the crop itself that leave the crop more vulnerable (FAO, 2005). Climate change is significantly impacting biodiversity, ecosystem and the services they provide (food security, climate regulation, fresh water supply, disaster risk reduction), which are the fundamental units of life support on Earth.

5. Nepalese Scenario

Long term meteorological data show that mean daily temperature in Nepal has increased at the rate of 0.0430C per annum (1.30C in 30 years) between 1976-2005 and annual precipitation has increased at the rate of 14.2 mm/year in the same period (DHM, 2007 as cited by Bhandari, 2009). Monsoon rain has become more intensive resulting in increased frequency of flash floods and landslides (Gurung, 2009). SAGUN (2009) has reported the increasing trend of weather-related extreme events such as excessive rainfall, longer drought periods, landslides and floods in term of both magnitude, as well as frequency in Nepal. Through their dependence on agriculture for their livelihood, people in Nepal are greatly affected by climate change. Changing climate have put their livelihood at risk threatening sustainability of agriculture and livelihood systems, and jeopardizing the economic development endeavors. Studies have shown that farming communities already perceive unusual changes in weather parameters such as warmer temperatures, temperature extremes, alterations in monsoon patterns and erratic rainfalls (Dahal, et al, 2009; Manandhar, et al, 2010). These changes constitute additional threats to the farmers and rural population, who are habituated and dependent on certain rainfall and temperature patterns for their agricultural production (TDF, 2008)

6. Impact of agriculture on climate change

Not only agriculture is affected by climate change but it also has significant effect on the process of climate change mainly through the emission of green house gases (GHGs). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that agriculture is responsible for 25% of carbon dioxide, 50% of methane and more than 75% of nitrous oxide emitted annually (WMO, 2009). Fossil fuel use and land use change are the primary cause for increase in carbon dioxide concentration, while rice farming, livestock farming and use of nitrogenous fertilizers are primarily blamed for methane and nitrous oxide. Agriculture is also a major contributor of reduced carbon sequestration (storage) through land use change (e.g. the loss of soil organic matter in cropland and pastures, and forest

conversion to agriculture), although quantitative estimates are uncertain (WB, 2008). The conversion of ecosystems to farmland is a major source of CO2; not only due to losses of plant biomass but also through increased decomposition of soil organic matter caused by its disturbance, and the energy costs of various agricultural practices such as fertilization and irrigation. Similarly, another source of greenhouse gases in agriculture is the fertilizers as the production of fertilizer is an energy intensive process, and when it is applied to the land it emits nitrous oxide. The combined impacts of the production and use of chemical fertilizer is estimated to contribute as much as 3‐5 percent to the long term greenhouse effect (OE, 2009). However, no matter what the environmental or climate cost of food production is, we can not stop cultivating the land and producing the foods. It is therefore, mitigating climate change through the reduction of GHGs emission and getting adapted to the changing climate are of a paramount importance for sustainable development and safe livelihoods. 7. Mitigation and Adaptation

Mitigation as an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases whereas and adaptation is adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. While mitigation tackles the causes of climate change, adaptation tackles the effects of the phenomenon. In agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors, many mutually re-enforcing synergies and benefits exist among mitigation and adaptation actions and overall development goals. Although, agriculture and forestry sectors are the largest sources of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, however, at the same time, these sectors of economy and livelihood have a very high potential for reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. Sustainable agriculture that boost the capacity of agricultural production to adapt to more unpredictable and extreme weather conditions, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and halt or reverse carbon losses in soils are, thus, more critically needed than ever before.

7. Sustainable Agriculture

TAC, CGIAR defines sustainable agriculture as the successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs while maintaining or enhancing the quality of the environment and conserving natural resources. Invention of DDT (1874), reinvention of its insecticidal property by Paul Muller (1934), massive production and use of DDT in agriculture (1943), Nobel Prize to Paul Muller (1948), The Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962), Ban of DDT in USA and formation of IFOAM in France (1972), IFOAM International Conference Towards Sustainable Agriculture (1977) and Our Common Future by Brundtland Commission (1987) were instrumental to pioneer the present day movement on sustainable agriculture. There are three pillars of sustainable system in general and of sustainable agriculture in particular: environmentally sound, economically viable & socially acceptable.

Overall notion of sustainable agriculture is attached with the welfare (conservation) of soil and plant as vital components of ecosystem. Managing agriculture in a sustainable way is one of the important and effective strategies to face the climatic adversities.

Sustainable livelihood approach (SLA): is a way to improve understanding of the livelihoods of poor people. It draws on the main factors that affect poor people's livelihoods and the typical relationships between these factors. It can be used in planning new development activities and in assessing the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods. Natural resources, and dependent on them, agriculture is at the at the centre of SLA Guiding principles are: be people centered, be holistic, be dynamic, build on strength, promote micro-macro links, encourage board partnership and aim for sustainability

8. Way forward

No matter how much efforts have been made to reduce the emission of green house gases, the climate will keep changing for many years to come, and so, adaptation is an urgent strategy to live with. Our aim, so, should be to make agriculture to transcend from

being a problem to an essential part of the solution to climate change provided there is a more holistic vision. Farming practices such as organic farming, agro-forestry, conservation farming that include minimum tillage/zero tillage, bed planting, direct seeding (rice), mulching, system of rice intensification (SRI) are proven to be climate resilient. Improvements in existing agricultural practices such as improved compost, urine management, recycling of farm wastes, use of urban waste through composting, rain water harvesting, biodiversity management, conservation of indigenous knowledge, reducing the food mileage, etc are easy and helpful to cope with climate change.

Adoption of organic farming has major potential for reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions because of carbon sequestration in soil, and no use of energy intensive and

N2O releasing nitrogenous inorganic fertilizers. An eighteen year study comparing fields fertilized organically versus with eight mineral fertilizers in Europe found that the organic fields sequester three to eight more tons of carbon per hectare. Adaptation potential of organic farming is also high because it utilizes the synergistic effect among the components. Similarly, agro-forestry system can sequester between 9 and 63 tons of carbon per hectare depending on the composition, cover and practice. SRI is a system that produces high grain yield with minimum water. Adoption to low water demanding crops/varieties also help farmers to adapt to the situation. Keeping the agricultural land engaged with suitable crops, and waste lands planted with trees, are very important and easiest means to cope with climatic adversities at farm level. In addition, for climate smart livelihood not only agriculture but lifestyle itself should be changed and made sustainable following the path of green economy and low carbon foot print.

Reference

ABPSD, 2010. Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2009/2010 (2066/067). Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Co- operatives Government of Nepal, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Bhandari, D., 2009. Adaptation to Climate Change: Improving Livelihoods amidst Multiple Hazards. In NGO Bulletin on Climate Change Scaling up Communiy based Adaptation in Nepal Issue 3-December 2009. LI-BIRD, Pokhara, Nepal

Borron S., 2006. Building Resilience For An Unpredictable Future: How Organic Agriculture Can Help Farmers Adapt To Climate Change. Department of Sustainable Development, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 25pp. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ah617e/ah617e.pdf

Dahal, K. R., B. Poudel, and R. Ghimire, 2009. Assessment of the impacts of climate change on agriculture sector and livelihood of marginalized community in Chitwan, Nepal. Paper presented in world Climate Conference-3 (August 31-September 4, 2009), Geneva, Switzerland. Available at www.wcc3.org/wcc3docs/pdf/Poster_1.pdf

FAO, 2005. Background Document on Special Event on Impact of Climate Change, Pests and Diseases on Food Security and Poverty Reduction 31st Session of the Committee on World Food Security 23-26 May 2005. 10pp.

Gurung, G., 2009. Climate Change: Nepal‟s Priorities for Action. In NGO Bulletin on Climate Change Scaling up Communiy based Adaptation in Nepal Issue 3-December 2009. LI-BIRD, Pokhara, Nepal pp 3-5.

IPCC, 2007a. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

IPCC, 2007b. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z.

Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Manandhar, S., D. S. Vogt, S. R. Perret and F. Kazama, 2010. Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of farmers‟ perception and practices. Reg Environ Change DOI 10.1007/s10113-010-0137-1 14pp

MoF, 1992. Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, HMG/Nepal, Kathmandu , Nepal

OE, 2009. Making informed Choices: Climate Change and Agriculture Climate Change In Climate Change, Organic Exchange, Texas, USA Salinger, M.J., Sivakumar, M.V.K. & R. Motha. 2005. Reducing vulnerability of agriculture and forestry to climate variability and change: workshop summary and recommendations. Climatic Change, 70(1-2): 341-362. Available at www.springerlink.com/ media/pf9gxjyrmj09ca0vtrw6/ contributions/q/0/0/3/q0031230 713q2587.pdf

Taalas, P., 2009. Adaptation to climate change: the role of organizations with atmosphere expertise. In climate Sense, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland pp 260-263.

TDF, 2008. More than Rain: Climate Change Risk, Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies at Community Level in Nepal, The Development Fund, Norway WMO, 2009. Climate information for securing food Fact # 4, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Climate-induced Disasters: Understanding the Risks and Way Forward

Dr. Narayan Prasad Chaulagain, Renewable Energy Expert

General

The disasters related to and caused by climatic elements are called climate induced disasters. A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can also be defined as any tragic events such as floods, earthquakes, catastrophic accidents, fires or explosions. It is a phenomenon that disasters can cause damage to life, property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people. Academically, disasters are defined as the consequence of inappropriately managed risks. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.

The Water Cycle

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Water can change states among liquid, gas and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid, and gas. During the circulation of water in the cycle, different types of climate disasters occur due to „too much‟ or „too little‟ of water in its different locations.

Climate Induced Disasters

Drought

A drought is an extended period of months or years with a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. The term drought may refer to a meteorological drought (i.e. precipitation well below average), hydrological drought (i.e. low river flows and low water levels in rivers, lakes and groundwater), agricultural drought (i.e. low soil moisture), and environmental drought (i.e. a combination all of the above). The socio- economic impacts of droughts may arise from the interaction between natural conditions and human factors such as changes in land use, land cover, and the demand for and use of water. Excessive water withdrawals can exacerbate the impact of drought.

In regions that are already suffering from drought, climate change is expected to have an exacerbating effect: it may cause a decrease in precipitation combined with an increase in evapotranspiration. Climate change would make marginal areas into drought areas. Increases in agricultural intensity and population density on top of climate change contribute further to drought situations. The consequences of hydrological droughts depend on regional / local circumstances (soil type, crop type, availability and depth of groundwater, water storage etc.).

Droughts affect rain-fed agricultural production as well as water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. Particularly, subsistence farmers suffer the most from droughts, which may lead to forced migration or famine

Floods

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land. It can be as a covering by water of land which not normally covered by water. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or a lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries, or may be due to accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground.

Floods can also occur in rivers, when flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are placed in natural flood plains of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have always lived and worked by the water to seek sustenance and capitalize on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being near water. That human being continues to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is evidence that the perceived value of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated periodic flooding.

Several factors contribute to the increase of river floods. In almost all mountainous regions, glacier retreat is causing a decrease in snow melt, leading to a lower base flow in rivers. With higher temperatures winter snow melts quicker, leading to an increase in peak flows. Furthermore, almost all models predict more dynamics in rainfall patterns, i.e. with higher intensity of precipitation leading to even more pronounced peak flows in rivers. In combination with climate drivers, changing land use will still remain to be one of the main culprits behind increased flood risks in the future.

Five types of floods resulting loss of life and properties have been reported from Nepal. Those are flash floods associated with i) extreme local scale precipitation (cloud burst) like in Lele area in 1981, Kulekhani area in 1993 and Syangja in 1998; ii) heavy monsoon precipitation at regional scale like in 1954 and 1955 in many parts of the country; iii) Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) like in Bhotekoshi/Sunkoshi in

1981 and Dudhkoshi in 1985; and Landslide Dam Outburst Floods (LDOFs) like in Budhi Gandaki in 1967 and 1968, Balephi in 1982, Myagdi in 1988 and Larcha khola in 1996 and flood triggered due to failure of infrastructure such as dam and embankments like Koshi flood in 2008 due to failure of embankment and Bagmati flood in 1993. Nine events of disastrous flood triggered by the failure of infrastructures have been reported from Nepal. In addition to these riverine floods, sheet flooding or inundation after heavy precipitation is common problem in lowland area in Inner Terai and Terai regions.

A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood that occurs when the dam containing a glacial lake fails. The dam can consist of glacier ice or a moraine. Failure can happen due to erosion, a buildup of hydrostatic, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or volcanic eruption under the ice, or if a large enough portion of a glacier breaks off and massively displaces the waters in a glacial lake at its base. A glacial lake outburst flood is a type of outburst flood occurring when water dammed by a glacier or a moraine is released.

A landslide dam is a natural damming of a river by landslide. The water impounded by a landslide dam may create a dam reservoir. Because of their rather loose nature and absence of controlled spillway, landslide dams frequently fail catastrophically and lead to downstream flooding often with high casualties. A common failure scenario is overflowing with subsequent dam breach and erosion by the overflow stream.

Landslides

A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, slope failures and debris flows. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released.

A mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h) and fluid type of downhill mass wasting. It is a rapid movement of a large mass of mud formed from loose soil and water. Similar terms are mudflow, mud stream, debris flow (e.g. in high mountains).

Debris flows are fast moving, liquefied landslides of mixed and unconsolidated water and debris that look like flowing concrete. They are differentiated from mudflows by their coarser and more poorly sorted sediment load. Flows can carry materials ranging in size from clay to boulders, and may contain a large amount of woody debris such as logs and tree stumps. Flows can be triggered by intense rainfall, glacial melt, or a combination of the two. Speed of debris flows can vary from 5 km/h to up to 80 km/h in extreme cases. Volumes of material delivered by single events vary from less than 100 to more than 100,000 cubic metres. Variables considered important in debris flow initiation include slope angle, available loose sediment, and degree of land disturbance by activities such as forest harvesting. Debris flows are often more frequent following forest and brush fires. Debris flows are extremely destructive to life and property, and claim thousands of lives world-wide in any given year. They are a particular problem in steep mountainous areas subjected to intense rainstorms.

Avalanche

An avalanche is a sudden, drastic flow of snow down a slope, occurring due to the triggers, such as loading from new snow or rain, explosives or overload of the snowpack. The influence of gravity on the accumulated weight of newly fallen loose snow or on thawing older snow leads to avalanches which may be triggered by earthquakes and the movements of animals. Avalanches are most common during winter or spring but glacier movements may cause ice avalanches during summer. Avalanches cause loss of life and can destroy settlements, roads, railways and forests. Typically occurring in mountainous terrain, an avalanche can mix air and water with the descending snow. Powerful avalanches have the capability to entrain ice, rocks, trees, and other material on the slope. Avalanches are primarily composed of flowing snow, and are distinct from mudslides, rockslides and sudden collapses on an icefall.

Avalanches are not rare or random events and are endemic to any mountain range that accumulates a standing snowpack. In mountainous terrain avalanches are among the most serious hazards to life and property, with their destructive capability resulting from their potential to carry an enormous mass of snow rapidly over large distances.

Avalanches are classified by their morphological characteristics and are rated by either their destructive potential, or the mass of the downward flowing snow. Some of the morphological characteristics used to classify avalanches include the type of snow involved; the nature of the failure; the sliding surface; the mechanism of the failure; the trigger of the avalanche; the slope angle; slope aspect; and elevation.

Heat and Cold Wave

A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity. The heat wave is relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season. Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be termed a heat wave in a cooler area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. The term is applied both to routine weather variations and to extraordinary spells of heat which may occur only once a century. Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.

A cold wave is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. A cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24 hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criterion for a cold wave is determined by the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. A cold wave can cause death and injury to livestock and wildlife. Exposure to cold mandates greater caloric intake for all animals, including humans, and if a cold wave is accompanied by heavy and persistent snow, grazing animals may be unable to reach needed food and die of hypothermia or

starvation. They often necessitate the purchase of foodstuffs at considerable cost to farmers to feed livestock

Hailstorm and Thunderstorm

Hail is a form of solid precipitation. It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is referred to as a hail stone. Hail formation requires environments of strong, upward motion of air with the parent thunderstorm and lowered heights of the freezing level. Hail stones generally fall at higher speeds as they grow in size. Hail can cause serious damage, notably to automobiles, aircraft, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers' crops.

A thunderstorm is a form of weather characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth‟s atmosphere known as thunder. Thunderstorms are usually accompanied by strong winds, heavy rains and sometimes snow, hail or no precipitation at all. Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools, condenses, and forms clouds that can reach heights of over 20 km. As the rising air reaches its dew points, water droplets and ice form and begin falling the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth's surface. As the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. The falling droplets create a downdraft of air that spreads out at the Earth's surface and causes strong winds associated commonly with thunderstorms. Thunderstorms cause physical destruction as well damage to life of the people and livestock due to the very high voltage electricity shock.

The Way Forward

The best to reduce the risks of the climate disasters to better prepare for these disasters in order to adapt with them. There are different ways how to deal with them, such as i) developing and operationalizing early warning system, ii) increasing adaptive capacity of

the people through training, information access, income diversification, building social networks, developing drought and flood tolerant crops, iii) disaster mapping, iv) relocation/resettlement from the disaster prone areas.

Integration of Environment and Climate Change in Development Cooperation, European Commission (EC) - Ms Flavia Fabiano

This session aims to introduce to the class the Guidelines on the Integration of Environment and Climate Change in Development Cooperation. These guidelines define a comprehensive reference framework for integrating the environment and climate change into the different stages of the cycle of operations for EC development cooperation covering the programming phase and the three aid delivery approaches: sector support, general budget support and project approach.

In the EC context, mainstreaming is defined as „the process of systematically integrating a selected value/ theme/idea into all domains of development cooperation…‟ and requires changes both in ideas and practices. The integration of the environment and climate change serves four main objectives:

 Identifying and avoiding harmful direct and indirect environmental impacts of programs and projects in the different co-operation sectors, which can undermine sustainability.

 Recognizing and realizing opportunities for enhancing environmental conditions, thereby bringing additional benefits to development and economic activities.

 Promoting improved environmental dialogue with partner countries.

 Identifying potential risks of a project or programme by assessing its exposure and sensitivity as well as response capacities in place to deal with existing or anticipated climate variability and change.

The rationale for mainstreaming the environment including climate variability and change is based on a number of arguments. These include the concept of environmental services and the increasing realization of external environmental costs. The concept of sustainable development based on approaches that not only address economic objectives but also social and environmental ones is established and emphasized in EU development cooperation objectives, however achieving sustainable development remains both a local and global challenge. The main area of interaction between environment and development priorities are: poverty eradication, gender, security, human rights and governance.

Environment and climate in programming. Integration in multi-annual programming is considered particularly critical as it sets the parameters for subsequent phases in the cycle of operations. During programming, key steps are taken to identify and avoid any harmful impacts of cooperation; to realize opportunities for enhancing environmental conditions; and to address risks, constraints and opportunities including those resulting from climate variability and change. The main environmental integration tool during programming is the Country

Environmental Profile (CEP). The CEP provides the necessary information to integrate environmental concerns into the country analysis and response strategy and, if required, inform policy dialogue on environment and natural resource management. In the definition of a response strategy and multi-annual programming, the environment should be considered as a cross-cutting issue influencing the specific interventions for different focal and non-focal sectors, and may also be considered as a possible sector of intervention.

Environment, including climate, in sector policy support programs Sector policy support is a major aid delivery approach of the EC and refers to the individuation and support of certain sectors- e.g. in Nepal: education, trade and peace building and security. Although the impact of sector programs on the environment and also the influence of the environment on sectors may not be as immediate and apparent as for some projects, they can be very significant.

The main phase when environment and climate can be mainstreamed is identification phase, when sector policies or programs are screened for environmental and climate implications. Screening supports the identification of those policies and programmes that have the potential to cause significant environmental impacts and/or are significantly dependent upon environmental and climatic constraints. Screening can identify opportunities for the sector policy or program to make positive contributions to environmental sustainability. One outcome of screening could be a decision to proceed with a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). An SEA is a systematic process for evaluating the environmental consequences of proposed policies, plans or programmes in order to ensure they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision making. Understanding the links between environmental, social, economic and cultural factors is essential. The engagement of stakeholders and the inclusion of their concerns into the process in order to identify appropriate responses is another key element. Lastly, it should be stressed that SEA approaches are particularly appropriate for assessing the influence of climate change on policies and programmes, as well as possible mitigation and adaptation measures.

Environment, including climate, in General Budget Support General Budget Support refers to the aid delivery method for which the European Commission supports directly government spending in policy areas connected to development priorities, e.g. poverty eradication strategy, infrastructural reforms, trade reforms. For GBS, much of the environmental integration effort is during the initial

phases, focusing on assessments and analysis of linkages between policies and environment and institutional capacities to effectively carry out the environmental tasks. During formulation phase, a comprehensive evaluation of the „seven assessment areas‟ is under-taken, and guidance is provided on where environmental considerations may be particularly relevant, including: performance monitoring indicators; donor coordination on the environment; and the institutional setting and capacity analysis in relation to environment and climate change.

Environment, including climate, in Projects This final chapter gives guidance on opportunities to integrate climate change and environmental issues during the identification, formulation, implementation and evaluation of projects. Projects may differ from the other aid delivery methods in that there are typically a larger number of environmental integration entry points in (donor supported) project procedures.

The first opportunity for integration at the identification stage is in the logical framework approach, in particular to ensure that environmental problems are included in the problem tree analysis. When the critical parameters of a project have been identified, the project should be screened from an environmental perspective to identify both possible impacts and climate risks. In order to minimize impact in a climate change perspective, only no regrets or low regrets measures should be adopted. If necessary, in the formulation phase an EIA Environmental Impact Assessment of the project should be conducted.

In project implementation, if an environmental management plan had been prepared, this should be implemented, as should any other recommendations on environmental sustainability developed during formulation. Environmental indicators included in the project design should be monitored, triggering adjustments in project management in case of need. Lastly, in evaluation phase, Projects can be evaluated from an environ-mental

perspective by applying an environ-mental and climate change „lenses‟ to the five standard evaluation criteria: relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability.

Policies and Programmes on Climate Change: National Initiatives, Challenges and Opportunities- Mr Batu Krishna Uprety, Climate Change Expert

The climate change – evergreen concerns of the international community - has significantly affected the people, their livelihood and ecosystems. The climate has always changed and will continue to change naturally, but anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) having high global warming potentials has changed the climate system rapidly. People having low or no resources, knowledge and skills, have not been able to cope with the emerging threats of climate change. Nepal has formulated and is implementing policies, programmes and projects to address the adverse impacts of climate change along with the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol (KP), 1997. There are opportunities to address climate change challenges if we act now, act together and act differently. This requires enhanced political will, new and additional financial resources, technology development and transfer, and capacity building measures. The Climate Change Risk Atlas 2010 ranked Nepal as the 4th most vulnerable country worldwide (out of 170 countries). In order to adapt to climate change, Nepal has initiated several activities ranging from policy development to coordination.

As a Party to UNFCCC and KP, Nepal has initiated activities that directly or indirectly contribute to address the adverse common threat and impacts of climate change in the mountains. Nepal's participation in the UNFCCC process from early 1990s to mid-2000s enhanced understanding on climate change and its impact. During the period of 1994 -

2006, the remarkable work Nepal preformed was the preparation of the initial national communication which was shared with the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2004. In 2007, Nepal prepared the proposal for the preparation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to access funding from LDC Fund. The NAPA is a programme that addresses the most urgent and immediate adaptation needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and a programme that should be prepared by the LDCs to be eligible for support from the LDC Fund. Some of the activities that are initiated since 2007 are grouped as follows:

1. Climate Change Policy: Policy is a verbal or written or implied basic guide to actions. It provides guidance for future actions and policy is determined by demand, support and public choice, and willingness to pay and/or willingness to accept. In general, policy follows the SMART rule (S = specific, M = measurable, A = achievable, R = realistic, and T = time-frame).

The Government of Nepal has issued the Climate Change Policy, 2011 to mainstream climate change activities in the development programmes and projects. The policy focuses, inter alia, on climate adaptation, resilience and low carbon development path and climate-friendly resource management to minimise impacts of climate change in the country. The Policy also urges to spend over 80% of the total fund received for climate change in the field level programmes. It provides provision to establish Climate Change Centre, Climate Change Fund, and Climate Award. It includes policies on climate adaptation. The Policy was drafted through consultative process and was sufficiently discussed in MCCICC and CCC before approval by the Cabinet.

2. NAPA and LAPA Preparation: Nepal's NAPA was prepared through extensive consultation process within the functional time of 16 months and was funded from LDC Fund, DFID and Danish Embassy in Kathmandu. The NAPA, which contains 9 priority programmes, was approved by the Government of Nepal on 28 September 2010. In order to translate the NAPA into actions, the MoE, in collaboration with MoFALD and support from DFID drafted the National Framework on Local

Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA), and Government of Nepal has approved it on 22 November 2011. For NAPA implementation, GoN has secured funding from DFID- EU and LDC Fund. USAID has also allocated funds for climate adaptation in its Hariyo Ban Programme. As of now, integrated programmes, community-based flood management, GLOF, and ecosystem-based adaptations have been focused for implementation. In September 2009, 14 donors and development partners have entered into a MoU with MoE clearly indicating their strong willingness to support Nepal on climate change activities in Nepal. 3. PPPCR and Other Projects: The Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience has allocated funding for the implementation of the Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR). The MoE is preparing projects under this PPCR and its component 3 is now under implementation. The funding for PPCR activities is both grant and concessional resources. The MoE is also speeding up the preparation of the Second National Communication and Technology Needs Assessment Projects through GEF funding where UNEP functions as the GEF Implementing Agency. Nepal is also conducting economic assessment of loss and benefits from climate change in key sectors.

4. Coordination and Institutional Strengthening: The GoN has constituted a Climate Change Council (CCC) in 2009 under the chairmanship of the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister for policy coordination and guidance. The Council is also represented by 8 independent experts. A high-level coordination committee has also been recently constituted under the chairmanship of Hon'ble Minister for Environment to ensure better coordination on PPCR and other climate change activities. Similarly, a Multi- stakeholder Climate Change Initiatives Coordination Committee (MCCICC) was formed in 2010 under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Ministry of Environment (MoE) to promote functional level coordination amongst the stakeholders and streamline climate change activities.

The GoN in 2010 established the Climate Change Management Division in the Ministry of Environment (MoE) with three sections - Climate Change Section, Climate Change Council Secretariat Section, and CDM Section with a total of 9 permanent staff. There are additional steering committees or the technical committees established on project- type basis.

5. CDM Promotion: As the Designated National Authority (DNA) for Nepal to promote Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, MoE has issued procedures for the approval of the CDM projects to benefit from KP provisions. As of 12 May 2012, it has approved Project Design Document (PDD) of 15 CDM Projects for carbon trade. However, the CDM-Executive Board has issued CER (certified emission reduction) of 31,874 for "Biogas Support Program - Nepal (BSP-Nepal) Activity-2. The CER from second biogas project was issued on 23 September 2011. Additional 4 projects are in different stages to get CER from CDM-EB.

6. Conferences and Meetings: Nepal organised South Asian Regional Climate Change Conference (from Kathmandu to Copenhagen), a Cabinet Meeting at Kalapathar at the base camp of the Mt. Everest on the eve of COP15 (15th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC), summiteers summit to save the Himalayas in Copenhagen in 2009, and International Conference of Mountain Countries on Climate Change in April 2012. In 2010, Nepal organized 18th meeting of the LDC Expert Group (LEG) in collaboration with the UNFCCC Secretariat, and an International Expert Consultation Meeting on Climate Change in collaboration with ICIMOD in Kathmandu. In 201, it organized international and regional workshops and meetings on CDM. In order to inform mountain countries about the Mountain Initiatives, Nepal organized two side-events in Bonn, Germany and one each in Cancun, Mexico in 2010 and Durban, South Africa in 2011.

7. Negotiations: The MoE prepared status paper for COP15 for negotiation purposes, and continued it for COP16 as well. The MoE, as the focal point for UNFCCC, submitted its views and ideas on NAPA and extension of LEG mandate in 2010 and

National Adaptation Programmes (NAPs) in 2011. Nepal will function as the Chair of the LDC Coordination Group for UNFCCC for 2013 and 2014 (two years), meaning the leader of 48 LDCs on climate negotiation.

8. Securing Funding: During the last 4 years, major effort was given in securing funding for climate change activities from sources available within and outside the UNFCCC. Besides PPCR, GoN has also secured funding up to USD 40 million for scaling up renewable energy programmes (SREP) from the Climate Investment Fund, and LDC Fund for climate adaptation and CDKN for climate negotiation, and economic assessment. Climate finance is secured from LDC Fund, bilateral sources, Climate Investment Fund (CIF) and international NGOs. There are several challenges to promote climate adaptation in Nepal. Inadequate knowledge, skill, scientific data and information related to the science of climate change and its impact on different geographical and socio-economic development sectors including enabling environment are the overriding challenges. However, this could be converted to opportunities. As a Party to the UNFCCC and its KP, effective implementation of the Convention provisions and Climate Change Policy along with NAPA and LAPA would promote institutional development, enhance capacity, develop and utilise technologies, ensure fund flow, and update data and information and enhance our capacity to promote climate adaptation, mitigation and carbon sequestration.

Ice has been broken to implement climate change regime in Nepal as climate change is the national development agenda. In order to benefit from climate regime, and reduce adverse impacts of climate change, NAPA should be implemented through LAPA and new and additional financing. It seems that options and opportunities exist to have the fresh fruits before being rotten.

In Nepal, strong 'political will' exists on climate change. Several institutions involved in climate change should double or quadruple their activities to address the adverse impacts of climate change. Opportunities exist to benefit from climate change regime if we act together through common understanding on major issues.

Gender and Social Inclusion in Climate change from adaptation

Ms Meena Kunwar, Gender expert

Increases in the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are leading to increases in global average air and sea temperatures, with different consequences at regional and local levels including melting of snow and ice, sea-level rise, increases in ocean salinity, changing wind and rainfall patterns, as well as an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (IPCC 2007). Scientist have already confirmed that mitigation is critical for slowing the climate change but even the emission rate of GHG is reduced there is going to be some amount of climate change due to already existing GHG in the atmosphere. Therefore, adapting to the possible climate impacts is critical.

With an increasing understanding of climate change as a development issue not only requiring scientific but also social, political, economic and behavioral solutions, the need to ensure these solutions are gender-responsive should be self-evident. The impacts and perceptions of climate change vary at the local level, and they also vary between women and men, girls and boys.

The climate change will have differentiated impacts on men and women. Therefore, the responses to climate change are also not gender neutral. There are important gender differences in the implications of climate change for the lives of females and males of all ages (UNDP 2009), as the multiple environmental, physical, social and economic processes associated with climate change have differentiated impacts on them. There are many evidences related to research on disaster management that shows that women are more vulnerable than men.

Women and men do have different experiences with the environment and therefore have distinct knowledge and skills to contribute in the management of disasters. Similarly, in developing country like Nepal large population out-migrate for the job and women are the one who take control over management of house, family as well as the Natural resources management.

Including both men and women in decision-making on climate change adaptation and mitigation, and understanding the reasons for and implications of their different roles, responsibilities and capabilities is, therefore, gender consideration is essential for poverty reduction and climate adaptation.

What is Gender and Social Inclusion?

The term “gender” refers to socially ascribed roles, responsibilities and opportunities associated with women and men, as well as the hidden power structures that govern relationships between them. Gender is “... in essence, a term used to emphasize that sex inequality is not caused by the anatomic and physiological differences that characterize men and women, but rather by the unequal and inequitable treatment socially accorded to them. (Riquer, 1993 in IUCN, 2009).

“Gender” is the behavior that lets people know “he is a man” or “she is a woman” “Gender” is socially learned behavior and creates or challenges social expectations Gender roles may be different in different countries. Gender identities can change this is why the political project of gender equality is possible

Various terminologies related to gender and development is given in Annex – 1. In Nepal, the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) has developed the Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy Operational strategy (GESIOS) and it acknowledges that women‟s rights can be achieved only with change in discriminatory gender relations Box 1. Progression of women inclusion in periodic (GESIOS - LGCDP, GoN development - Nepal 2009). In Nepal, socially  6th periodic plan (1980-85) - conceptualization of constructed power relations women inclusion in development programs  between women and men 7th periodic plan (1985-90) - active participation of women and quota for women, ensuring at least 10 establish the roles, percent of women participation responsibilities, opportunities  The forest sector's Master plan 1988 recognized the and decision-making authority role of women in forest management of women and men, usually  8th periodic plan (1992-97) - women specific sub- positioning women as sector program such as group formation, training subordinate to men. These  9th periodic plan (1997-02) - women in decision gender relations are a cross- making, post harvesting programs cutting dimension of  10th periodic plan (2002-07) - gender mainstreaming discrimination, with varying through capacity building and entrepreneurship degrees, across all social groups  Three years interim plan (2007-011) - inclusive development and targeted programs in Nepal. All women experience discrimination but women of

excluded communities experience multiple exclusions (GESIOS-LGCDP, GoN, 2009). Social exclusion describes the experience of groups who are systematically and historically disadvantaged because they are discriminated against on the basis of their caste, gender, ethnicity, disability or religion or an overlapping combination of these. Exclusion happens in public (formal) institutions like the legal system or health system, as well as social (informal) institutions like caste or gender systems or networks of political patronage (GESI Strategy, LGCDP/MLD, 2009).

Social Inclusion is the removal of institutional barriers and the enhancement of incentives to increase the access of diverse individuals and groups to development opportunities. This means changes in policies, rules, social practices and shifts in people‟s perspectives and behavior towards the excluded groups. Both gender and social inclusion issues must be addressed simultaneously if sustained change in the lives of the excluded women and men is to be achieved.

The progress ion of gender and development is given in Annex 2. And the progression of gender and development is given in the box 1.

Why gender matters in the context of vulnerability to climate change and adaptation

“Gender inequalities intersect with climate risks and vulnerabilities. Women‟s historic disadvantages - their limited access to resources, restricted rights, and a muted voice in shaping decisions - make them highly vulnerable to climate Box 2 Weather Extremes and Women: Number Reveal Risks change.” Human Development Report 2007/08, Fighting climate  Women and children are 14 times more likely to dies change: Human solidarity in a than men during natural disasters. divided world.  The 1991 cyclone in Bangladesh killed 140,000 people – the mortality rate of women over 40 was 31%. Women and girls often experience the most severe impacts of climate  More than 70% of the dead from the 2004 Asian tsunami change and have less decision- were women. making power and less access to  Hurricane Katrina, predominantly affected African and control over resources to face American women. them. Women – particularly in poor countries will be affected  In a sample of 141 countries over the period 1981–2002, differently than men. They are the it was found those natural disasters (and their most vulnerable to the climate subsequent impact) on average kill more women than men or kill women at an earlier age than men. Source: Climate change connections: gender, population and 97 climate change, UNFPA and WEDO, 2009

change. Women work largely on the agriculture land; they do not have Box 3 Gender inequalities access to the resources, and do not  Approximately 70% of those who live on less than a have income. Similarly, they are dollar each day are women running house and responsible for  Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours feeding their families, which often yet receive only 10% of the world’s income. increase their mobility and work load  Women own only 1% of the world’s property.  Women members of parliament globally average 17% and increase the vulnerability.  Women make up 64% of the world’s illiterate.’ Draught and erratic rainfall force  75% of the world’s 876 million illiterate adults are women to walk long hours to fetch women. water and it will be also harder to  Worldwide women received 78% of the wages received secure food. Girls drop out from the by men for the same work,  In some parts of the world, the wage gap between school due to extra time they have to women and men is close to 40%. spend on the household work.  Of the 550 million low-paid workers in the world, 330 million or 60% are women. (Sources: Christian Aid Website, Gender and Climate Change, IUCN; Global employment trend for women, 2004; The World's Women 2010, UN)

How gender inequality shapes the vulnerability context

The gender equality and women‟s empowerment has been defined in the MDG 3. Social inequalities have serious implications on women‟s lives, limiting their access to land ownership, housing, education, health care and participation in decision making process at household as well as society, formal and informal institutions and policy level.

In developing countries the gender inequality persists at different level and that has been one of the challenges to attain the sustainable development. In the context of climate change the gender inequalities exacerbates and women are more exposed to vulnerable context See Box 3 and 4.

The IPCC report highlights that the climate change impacts will hit hardest the poorest regions and the poorest people who have the least resources for facing the changes brought by increasing droughts, floods or storms; seventy percent of these poor are women.

Historic disadvantages, including restricted access to resources, information, and decision-making, result in heavier burdens for women during and after natural disasters. Women in developing countries are largely responsible for securing food, water, and energy for cooking and heating. Drought, desertification, and erratic rainfall result in

women having to work even harder to secure these resources, leaving them with less time to earn income, get an education, or provide care to their families.

Climate change exacerbates the health outbreak of epidemics and disasters. Women get more stressed because of increased work load to care for sick and elderly people. Climate change challenges food security. Women are highly dependent on NRM and agriculture, they have to feed family and this will directly make them vulnerable as they have to work hard to secure food and tend to eat less. In the case of water women are more vulnerable due to their specific responsibility. In the case of disasters, women are 14 times more vulnerable than men (Neumayer and Pluemper, 2007). As far as human security is concerned women are affected more on all aspects. Climate migration has also put women more burden as it affects production patterns, work division, labor availability.

To understand and address the differential impacts of climate change and disasters, it is, Box 4 Result of socio-cultural barriers therefore, important to understand how gender In some communities in Bangladesh, women inequality shapes vulnerability. In many are deprived of the capacity to cope with societies, the gender inequality is largely due to disasters by being kept in dependent social and culture, where women often have positions in terms of accessing information limited choices and less access to land, from the world outside their home. In this information, social networks, technology and respect, purdah2 as an institution, which prevents women from engaging in other assets that would help them off-set or socioeconomic roles outside the household avoid these impacts. For example, women may directly prescribes women’s vulnerability to have lower literacy or reduced access to disaster. Source: Ikeda, 1995. information, meaning, they cannot read or do not receive early warning messages channeled through public spaces. Similarly, in some places, culturally girls do not learn skills to swim climb trees and bargain with outsiders, which deprive them of key skills for during difficult time.

Gender and climate change adaptation in Nepal

Nepal falls under within 10 highly vulnerable countries due to climate change. The most vulnerable within Nepal as outlined by NAPAs are the poor and excluded communities.

In Nepal the gender inequalities is persistent across various sector, geography, communities and institutions. Education the most important driver for bringing gender gap and low educational attainment impacts the capability thus hindering better options

for livelihoods and meaningful participation. Largely women population is illiterate and the trend of literacy rate is also significantly less compared to men (See Annex 3).

Why gender matters in Nepal

 Gender and social exclusion is widespread across various caste, class and geography.

 Floods and landslides are seasonal disasters in Nepal. Climate change is expected to further exacerbate the frequency and intensity of flooding.

 More and more women are being house head in rural Nepal due to outmigration of the men.

 The agriculture sector is becoming more and more feminism.

 Women do have knowledge, skills and solutions to the problem

 Country is largely relying on women for natural resources management, agriculture sector and health

As given in box 1 gender and development discourse is slowly getting into gender mainstreaming approach. Presently, various programme and policy documents mentions gender in its key policy documents, strategies, frameworks and also budgetary allocations. However, the existing challenges for gender mainstreaming are very difficult to address without strong commitment from all including political, beaurocratic, civil society and individual citizen. In some cases despite the policy development there are no strong initiatives to practice it.

Government of Nepal has recently developed the NAPA (National Adaptation Plan of Action) in 2010. However, until the last moment gender was not considered in design, no disaggregated information was assessed during the vulnerability mapping and it was gender blind. At the National level once the all documents were drafted effort was given to make a gender sensitivity analysis of the NAPA by doing a consultation.

The outcome of that consultation is attached in the NAPA and given below. This analysis even though not done robustly gives quite alarming messages about how women and girl will be impacted by the climate change impact in Nepal.

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Gender sensitivity analysis of climate change impacts (NAPA 2010, Nepal)

Water & Agriculture Forestry & Urban Public Climate Energy & Food Biodiversity Settlements Health Induced Security Disasters Decreased Male out- Reduced Water Due to Women women's migration availability of scarcity socially have less access to imposes income would mean constructed access to water additional generating that women multiple early resources work load on forest products have to spend roles, more warning and increases women. affects women more time women than climate work load, and marginal collecting men die or information impacting on Women communities water. get injured and reproductive consume directly because from climate generally, health (e.g. less food of their high Migration change lack the skill prolapsed during level of reliance and frequent related health to survive uterus) and shortages on such movements hazards extreme personal causing products for due to events. hygiene. under- revenue temporary Climate nourishment generation and displacement change Women face Climate and as safety nets. related to exacerbated the risk of induced weakness- flash floods gender increased resource especially Women and pose risks of differentiation sexual conflicts during marginalized insecurity and and poor violence in increases pregnancy groups have sexual health of shelters. social and limited access o violence women. violence, lactation. new against Cultural and anxiety and information and women. Women bear social depression in Women are communications the brunt of restrictions women. custodians to support Inadequate providing curtail of local adaptation. incorporation increased care mobility of Women are knowledge, of gender of vulnerable women and often the agricultural Climate induced concerns in children, sick, their ability household skills and resource use urban disabled and to avoid members practice (e.g. conflict planning and old age disasters. who look seed amplifies policies people. after water preservation) existing gender undermines Women and firewood and and other inequalities. adaptation. Climate marginalized energy livelihood Women become change people are management. related more vulnerable Under induced poorly Any risk activities. when conflict representation diseased, such represented

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involving Loss of these leads to social of women as respiratory in them should resources violence, and marginal disorders, formulating be addressed due to anxiety and communities allergy, disaster in climate climate depression in urban asthma and related adaptation change projects and other policies and strategies. would Mage infrastructure respiratory programme. women more development. diseases vulnerable. Women are to appear more In case of Adaptation be important among food strategies actors in the women, scarcity, need to development marginal women improve of urban people often eat less women's adaptation. including and also access to children. This become less these leads to careful resources. women's about their illness, health which Due to physical and also makes limited mental stress. them to access to become credit, more prone market, land to and malnutrition agricultural and diseases extension services, women are more vulnerable to adverse climate change impacts.

NAPA principally focuses on country driven approach and ensure effective representation of people whose lives are at risk due to climate change but followed process undermines this philosophy. False assumption that women will benefit if community institutions are involved in adaptation dominates and NAPA contributes

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gender inequality as none of the six projects envisioned to have a clear set of operational strategies in order to address the gender issues that it identified (Khadka, 2010).

As the NAPAs were developed as a policy guiding document at the National level, efforts were made to operationalise NAPAs through Local Adaptation Plan of Actions (LAPA) and community based adaptation planning (CAP) that directly works with communities and district level stakeholders to assess the vulnerability and identify adaptation options to mitigate those. Based on the learning GoN has already developed a LAPA framework and now National Climate Change Support Programme is going to support in preparing LAPAs.

LAPA framework also does not have clear guideline on addressing gender issues. It assumes that inclusion and community participation in general covers it. No gender analysis tools integrated in the vulnerable household identification and other tools. It also does not much refer to the widely acknowledged the GESI strategy of MoLD.

Responding to the issue of gender and climate change

Possible ways to address challenges engendering climate change

 Climate change is not gender neutral and therefore climate information and services cannot be gender neutral. Therefore, gender specific research and data is required.

 Ensure women have equal access to knowledge, resources and technology, which are necessary in influencing climate change.

 Gender analysis tools are necessary to be used to understand men‟s and women‟s different roles and responsibilities and their access to resources and decision making.

 Mainstreaming gender perspective into climate change adaptation is must at policy design process, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes.

 Building on existing knowledge, capacities and best practices such that it will be easily adapted. For example use of participatory tools and approaches to involve all in planning and implementation at community.

 Creating enabling environment for women to participate more actively in policy and decision making processes

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 Recognizing Women leadership is critical as they are the powerful agents of change

 Strong Monitoring Mechanisms are in place to understand the gender differentiated impact and solutions

Gender inequality and gender discrimination influence adaptation strategies and therefore a response to climate change, it is crucial to ensure gender sensitive responses for such issues. Gender inequalities and gender roles play a key role in determining the choice of adaptation strategies. The gender inequalities are not only due to climate change but it is in many cased affected by gender blind policy and programming. Often the priorities of men and women to adaptation options could be very different but being excluded from the decision making process will always affects women and children. Women‟s knowledge and skills on Natural resource management as well as managing stress could be ignored if they are not given enough opportunity to empower them to speak and influence the other community members specially men.

It is urgent that the climate change related gender strategy is developed at National and local level to ensure the gender equality is promoted and women‟s risk and vulnerability due to climate change reduced. A good hope is there are Ministry of Environment (MoE) is already started to facilitate such process of developing gender strategy for MoE.

Building on existing best practices such as GESI strategies of MoFSC, MoLD and also various projects that are strong in addressing gender and social inclusion is important. Based on such practices developing climate and gender sensitive processes, relevant tools and methodologies and capacity building packages that are practically acceptable, adaptable at local level is necessary.

References

1. Climate change connections: gender, population and climate change, UNFPA and WEDO, 2009

2. Climate change and gender in Bangladesh, information brief, Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People‟s Republic of Bangladesh.

3. IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4. UNDP (2009) Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Change, New York: UNDP.

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5. UNDP (2007). Gender Mainstreaming: a Key Driver of Development in Environment and Energy.

6. The state of food and agriculture, Women in Agriculture, closing the gender gap for development, FAO, 2011

7. NAPA document, Nepal, 2010

8. Climate Change Connections, UNFPA, 2009

9. Gender Differences in Human Loss and Vulnerability in Natural Disasters: A Case Study from Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Ikeda, K. (1995) Sage Publications

10. Training Manual on Gender and Climate Change, IUCN, UNDP, GGCA, 2009

11. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Operational Strategy, Local Governance and Community Development Program, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development, 2009

12. Manohara Khadka, Gender, CC and REDD workshop, 2010

Annex 1 Gender-related concepts and definitions

Gender refers to roles, responsibilities, rights, relationships and identities of men and women that are defined or ascribed to them within a given society and context – and how these roles, responsibilities and rights and identities of men and women affect and influence each other. These roles, etc., are changeable over time, between places and within places.

Gender division of labour concerns the allocation of the tasks and responsibilities of men and women at home, at work and in society according to patterns of work that are felt to be acceptable in a particular place and time.

Gender equality refers to equal rights, voice, responsibilities and opportunities for men and women in society, at work and in the home.

Gender equity refers to fairness between men and women in access to society‟s resources, including socially valued goods, rewards and opportunities.

Gender gaps refer to societal differences between men and women that are felt to be undesirable.

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Gender mainstreaming refers to the consideration of gender equality concerns in all policy, programme, administrative and financial activities, and in organizational procedures, thereby contributing to organizational transformation.

Gender roles refer to how men and women should act, think and feel according to norms and traditions in a particular place and time.

Gender valuation of work refers to the social and economic values attached to different tasks and responsibilities of men and women.

Gendered access to resources, facilities, services, funds, benefits and decision making refers to the differences between men‟s and women‟s rights and opportunities to make use of these resources and to take part in decision making, due to norms and values existing in a particular place and time.

Gendered control over resources and decision-making processes refers to differences between women‟s and men‟s rights and power to decide on the use of resources, gain benefits, and take part in decision-making processes, due to norms and values existing in society.

Gender perspective means that: • A differentiation is made between the needs and priorities of men and women; • The views and ideas of both men and women are taken seriously; • The implications of decisions on the situation of women relative to men are considered: who will gain and who will lose; and • Action is taken to address inequalities or imbalance between men and women.

Sex refers to the biological nature of being male or female. The biological characteristics of men and women are universal and obvious.

Sex roles are those that are bound to one particular sex due to biological factors, for example, giving birth.

Women’s empowerment refers to the process in which women reflect upon their reality and question the reasons for their situation in society. It includes developing alternative options and taking opportunities to address existing inequalities. It enables them to live their lives in the fullness of their capabilities and their own choices in respect of their rights as human beings. In the Beijing Declaration, it was agreed that “women‟s empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of society, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental for the achievement of equality, development and peace.”

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Source: UNDP. (2007). Gender Mainstreaming: a Key Driver of Development in Environment and Energy.

Annex 2: Progression of Gender and development International context

 1946-Formation of Commission on Status of Women Under UN  1945-UN Charter to provide equality on the basis of race, sex, language or relition  1954-UN calls to abolish discrimination against women  1960-women‟s movement/feminist movement in the west (reproductive rights)  1970-extensive research to show women as agents of development (the term Women in Development started  1975-International year of Women  1976-1985-Decade for women  1970-1980‟s- Women and Development-equity approach  1979 - CEDAW (Convention of all forms of Discrimination against Women) adapted in 1979, Nepal ratified in June 22, 1992.  1992 - The Rio-conference (or the earth summit), 1992 recognizes the importance of roles women and indigenous peoples play in the bio-diversity conservation and forest restoration  Beijing declaration 1995

Millennium DG: 3 of 8 goals are directly linked to gender equality

Gender mainstreaming into climate change regimes and policies - in particular UNFCCC and NAPAs – is not an issue of voluntary action, but a legal obligation.

 Sustainable development and environment agreements that contribute to the global policy framework on climate change and gender equality include:  Johannesburg Plan of Action (2002)  Millennium Declaration (2000)  World Summit for Social Development (1995)  International Conference on Population and Development (1994)  Convention to Combat Desertification (1994)  Convention on Biodiversity (1992)  Agenda 21 (UN Conference on Environment and Development 1992)

Human rights agreements that contribute to the global policy framework on climate change and gender equality include:  UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)

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 World Conference on Human Rights (1993)  International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)  Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Gender equality agreements and resolutions that contribute to the global policy framework on climate change and gender equality include:

 Review and Appraisal of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (Commission on the Status of Women 2005)  ECOSOC Resolution 2005/31  Beijing Platform for Action (4th World Conference on Women 1995)  Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979)  Disaster risk reduction agreements and meetings that contribute to the global policy framework on climate change and gender equality include:  Hyogo Framework for Action (World Conference on Disaster Reduction 2005)  Expert Group Meeting on “Environmental Management and the Mitigation of Natural Disasters: A Gender Perspective” (ISDR/DAW, Ankara, 2001)

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Climate Change issues in Forest and Biodiversity Sectors: global to local context; understanding the gap and issues7. - Dr Swoyambhu Man Amatya, PhD

1. What do we understand by climate change?

Climate change is an alteration in the statistical properties of the climatic system considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause. Climate change affects more than just a change in the weather; it refers to seasonal changes over a span of time. However, fluctuations that occur shorter than a few decades, such as El Nino does not correspond to climate change. Climate ascribes to patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and seasons. Sometimes, climate change specifically refers to the change caused by human activities, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Many systems are tied with climate and one of the major determinants is the deleterious rate of deforestation. It has been estimated that globally, forest covers a total of 3952 025 thousand hectares (about 30.3 % of the total land area of the earth), just under40 million km2. This corresponds to an average of 0.62 ha (6200 m2) per capita. This area is unevenly distributed (Table 1). This estimate was based on data on forest area reported by 228 countries and territories.

Table 1: Forest cover by sub region and distribution (2005)

Region/ sub-region Forest Area % of land % of global (1000 ha) area forest area

Paper presented at the third Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation Jointly organized by International School of Advanced Studies (ISAS), Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST) and Midwestern University in collaboration with the USAID funded Hariyo Ban Program

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Eastern and Southern 226 534 27.8 5.73 Africa

Northern Africa 131 048 8.6 3.32

Western and Central 277 829 44.1 7.03 Africa

Total Africa 635 412 21.4 16.08

East Asia 244 862 21.3 6.20

South and Southeast 283 127 33.4 7.16 Asia

Western and Central 43 588 4.0 1.10 Asia

Total Asia 571 577 18.5 14.46

Total Europe 1 001 394 44.3 25.34

Caribbean 5 974 26.1 0.15

Central America 22 411 43.9 0.57

North America 677 464 32.7 17.14

Total North and 705 849 32.9 17.86 Central America

Total Oceania 206 254 24.3 5.22

Total South America 831 540 47.7 21.04

WORLD 3 952 025 30.3 100.00

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Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005.

Forests have four major roles in climate change: they currently contribute about one- sixth of global carbon emissions when clear cut, overused or degraded; they react sensitively to a changing climate; when managed sustainably, they produce wood fuels as an alternative to fossil fuels; and finally, they have the potential to absorb about one-tenth of global carbon emissions into their biomass, soils and products and store them in perpetuity.

The table above shows that Europe covers more than one-quarter of total forest area, subsequently followed by South America and then North and Central America. South America covers almost half of the total land area whereas Asia has the lowest percentage of forest cover (less than 20% of land area).

Globally, deforestation – mainly the conversion of tropical forests to agricultural land is high. Deforestation has been taking place at a pace of about 130 000 km2 (13 million hectares, an area the size of Greece) per year during the period 1990–2005 with few signs of a significant decrease over time.

2. Role of forests in Climate Change issues in global context

Industrial and energy generation activities are producing various green house gases and their compositions have been increasing in the Earth‟s stratosphere. This is resulting in changes in net solar radiation received by the Earth, atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycle resulting in global warming and erratic rainfall patterns. These effects are instigating changes in the land surface, water bodies, forests and ice sheets. Temperature increase and variability in rainfall, snowfall, heat, drought, etc. are resulting changes in forests and biodiversity. These climatic deviations are related to climate change and increasing the vulnerability in the perpetuation of trees, herbs, small and big animals and insects.

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Climate change is emerging as perhaps the greatest environmental challenge of the twenty-first century. It has been reported that in Washington State, climate change is already disrupting the environment, economy and communities. A change in climate can affect many aspects such as living of plants and animals, food production, and availability and use of water among others. For example, forest fires in Australia which occurred in February 2009, has killed more than 200 lives and made a myriad of people homeless (Box 1).

Box1: In February 2009, for two weeks the temperature was more than 40OC. Maximum temperature recorded during these days was 46 OC. Wind was blowing with high speeds of up to 110 kilo meter per hour. The wind was dry. No humidity. It came from the desert but felt like it came straight from a furnace. There was a weeklong forest fire in Victoria State, Australia in early February, 2009. The fire took more than 200 lives. It made several people homeless; in fact, this fire was recorded as the most damaging forest fire in the history of Australia. Hot conditions by raising temperatures up to 46 degree Centigrade and high speed wind, which facilitated the transfer of fire, contributed in spreading fire.

Similarly, the numbers of polar bears are continuously decreasing in the Hudson Bay of Canada (Box2).

Box 2:

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are estimated to be 20,000 to 25,000 worldwide. They are heavily depended on seals for their survival. Seals in sea ice are their main food; it is easy for them to hunt in sea ice than in water due to seals being less mobile in icy waters. Continuous access to sea ice allow bears to hunt throughout the year. Due to the global warming, break-up of the sea ice on the Hudson Bay of Canada, has already occurred about 3 weeks earlier than in 1970.

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As a result, polar bears in the area are coming ashore earlier with reduced body fat (15% decline in body condition). As the result, the bear population in Hudson Bay has decreased from 1200 in 1987 to fewer than 950 in 2004. (Faschlin et al, 2007, p. 231)

Another example of climate change impact can be seen in the decline of calcification of coral reefs in Asia (Box 3)

Box 3: Impact on Coral Reefs Coral reefs are habitat for about a quarter of marine species and are the most diverse amongst marine ecosystems. Those will be affected by rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration resulting in a decline in calcification and coral Skelton weakening (Faschlin et al, 2007, Pp. 235). Recent risk analysis of coral reef in Asia suggest that between 24% - 30% of the reefs in Asia are likely to be lost during the next 10 years and 30 years, respectively (Cruz et al, 2007). Currently Corals at the triangle (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Genia, Philippines, Solomon Island and East Timor) are mostly suffering from weak calcification problems (Nagarik daily 12 July, 2012).

3. Use of forests and forest products in Nepal

Forests are an integral part of the farming system in Nepal and form a vital resource for livelihood especially in rural areas.

According to the recent data, forest and shrub cover 29.0% and 10.6% respectively of the total land area of the country. The Far Western Development Region of the country has the highest percentage of forest land area followed by the Central development Region (Table 2).

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Table 2: Forest and Shrub Area by Development Region (ha.) Region Total Forest Forest % Shrub Shrub Forest and of total % of shrub land Area land area Area, total total, % land area area

WDR 1,953,900 687,400 35.2 263,900 13.5 48.7

MWDR 4,237,800 1,192,400 28.2 442,000 10.4 38.6

WDR 2,939,800 734,300 25.0 256,900 8.7 33.7

CDR 2,741,000 918,600 33.5 233,800 8.5 42.0

EDR 2,845,600 736,100 25.9 362,600 12.7 38.6

Total 14,718,10 4,268,800 29.0 1,559,20 10.6 39.6 0 0

There are 35 major forest types and 118 ecosystems found in Nepal. Nepal, although very small in size (0.03 percent of the total landmass of the world), is very rich in species diversity. It has been reported that the country provides habitat for 2.33 percent of the World‟s flowering plants. Scientists estimate that a total of 7000 species of flowering plants are located in Nepal‟s Himalayas.

Unfortunately, the forest coverage is being depleted due to various reasons. High population growth, unmanaged settlement, unemployment, encroachment, grazing and forest fire are some of the underlying causes for the depletion. As a result, the forest area decreased at an annual rate of 1.7%, whereas forest and shrub together decreased at an annual rate of 0.5% during the period of 1978/79 to 1994. The recent studies in 20 Terai districts of the country revealed that forest cover has decreased at an annual rate of 0.06% from the period of 1990/91 to 2000/2001. Of the various causes, one is population

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growth. The trend of forest cover lost is inversely related with the increase in the nation‟s population (Table 3).

Year Forest cover (ha) Total Population

1952 63,43,500 82,56,625

1978-79 63,06,700 1,60,50,631

1994 58,28,000 20,067,307

4. Biodiversity in Nepal

The climate in Nepal varies from the sub-tropical to the Alpine within about 150 km span from south to north. The biodiversity in Nepal is supported by forest, rangeland, wetland and mountain ecosystems and is a reflection of its unique geographical position and climatic variations. There are over 6500 species of flowering plants, over 1500 fungi species, and over 350 lichen species. Out of those, about 370 species of flowering plants are considered endemic to Nepal. Faunal diversity in Nepal is also vast; the country harbors 175 mammal species, 836 bird species, 147 reptile and 77 species of amphibian species, 180 species of fish, 640 species of butterfly and more than 2000 species of moth. Of these, 26 species of mammals, nine birds and three reptiles are either endangered or vulnerable or threatened. Those species include Tiger, Rhinoceros, Elephant, Musk deer, Snow leopard, Swamp deer, Wild buffalo, Bengal florican, Lesser florican, Red panda, Clouded Leopard, Gangatic dolphin, Gharial.

The country receives winter and summer monsoon. Average rainfall is 1,500 mm, with rainfall increasing from west to east. Recently it has been experiencing that annual rainfall is not adequate and its distribution is uneven. Flooding is frequent in the monsoon season, while droughts are also increasingly becoming common phenomenon.

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Temperature observations in Nepal show a general warming trend. The temperature differences are most explicitly seen during the dry winter season. Significant glacier retreat as well as significant areal expansion of several glacial lakes has also been documented in recent decades, with an extremely high likelihood that such impacts are linked to rising temperatures.

5. Effect of Climate change in Nepal

Climate change is increasingly becoming important in the Nepalese context and is being viewed as one of the challenges in the overall development scenario. Over the last few years, it has been experiencing the occurrence of frequent and intense floods, droughts and extremes in local temperature in the country. Due to the effects of climate change, there has been an annual increase in temperature of 0.06 degree centigrade in Nepal. The major consequence of climate change can be seen in the Himalayan regions. According to the Department of Hydrology and Metrology, there has been a decrease in the winter period in Kathmandu.

The maximum temperature at Kathmandu in the year 2004 was 18.3 Degree Centigrade and the minimum was -1 Degree Centigrade, whereas in the year 2009 there has been a rise in temperature: the maximum was 24 Degree Centigrade and the minimum was 7 Degree Centigrade. The temperature did not drop from 1.2 degree centigrade in the year 2009 whereas it dropped to minus 3.5 Degree Centigrade during the year 1978. The Table 3 below compares the maximum temperature of Nepal in degree centigrade over the period of five years (2004 and 2009).

Table 4: Trend of change in Temperature in some of the major cities of Nepal

Place January 2004 January 2009 Change in temperature (Degree Centigrade)

Kathmandu 18.0 24.0 6.0

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Nepalganj 17.0 24.0 7.0

Silgadhi 15.9 24.0 8.1

Simara 12.0 22.7 10.7

Bhairahawa 17.9 21.7 3.8

Source: Department of Hydrology, Quoted in Kantipur Daily, 22 January, 2009.

Of particular concern the effect of climate change is that the loss or damage to housing, roads and other transportation means, water supply, forest products, crop yields and other natural resources. While damages affect all levels of society, the impact and time to recover are most pronounced and devastating to the poor communities, particularly those that lack solid institutional frameworks of governance and access to timely knowledge and information sources. The implications of climate change for the poor are profound. Poor communities are generally the most directly dependent for their livelihoods on a relatively stable and favorable climate.

However, Nepal‟s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is very low (1971.1 kg per capita) compared to the global average of 3.5 tones (Nepal Millennium Development Goals, 2010). Nonetheless, more than 9700 average annual per million people are suffering from natural disasters And 2.3 percent of the total population are living on degraded land (Human Development report, 2011).

6. General Vulnerability for Nepal

It has been reported that as many as six Red Panda have been killed in the peripheries of Makau-Barun National Park. In the past Pangolins have been caught at Makwanpur district and ultimately killed. The possible purpose for the animals coming to the Makwanpur district could have been due to their search of food.

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Animals, like human beings, can communicate albeit by different manners of communication and speech. Similarly, they also feel the repercussions of climate change and due to habitat loss resulting from climate change, countless animals are becoming extinct.

Likewise, the incidence of forest fire is increasingly becoming a serious problem in Nepal. Recent forest fire incidences (in the year BS 2065) has killed 43 people. A notorious forest fire was in the Ramechhap district which killed 33 firefighters.

Unforeseen flooding is an example of climate change. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs in the year 2010, 226 persons were killed from flood and landslides Recently (April 2012), the unexpected flooding of the Seti River (Central Development Region) has taken the lives of more than 50 people and washed away thousands of hectares of fertile land.

Additionally, all climate change related impact in rural Nepal is also facilitating the outmigration of indigenous peoples and rural communities making the rural ecosystem more vulnerable due to reduced availability of human resources.

Similarly, due to erratic rainfall and less surface water, wetlands, and water sources are decreasing in and around high altitude forests. This decrease in water is also affecting trees, shrubs, herbs, water plants in ponds and lakes, and fishes. All of these are an important part of food and habitat for the local and migratory birds like the Danphe pheasant (Lophophorus impijanus). As the result, communities have said that migratory birds like domicile crane (Anthropodis virgo) and other birds like pheasants are seen less. So, vulnerability to high altitude birds and migratory birds are also increasing.

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Physiographic Impact on Impact on wildlife Impact on plants zones ecosystem Terai Siltation from forest Reduced local bird Diseases and materials Reduced migratory insects in trees and Flooding bird plants Increased dryness in Reduced wild Reduction of tree forest animals species Reduction in water Change in habitat of Reduction of herbs bodies, less quantity wildlife and NTFP of water Change in food Early flowering availability and fruiting Increase in invasive species

Mid-hills Increased dryness in Reduced local bird Diseases and forest Reduced migratory insects in trees and Reduction in water bird plants bodies, less quantity Reduced wild Reduction of tree of water animals species Increased landslides Change in habitat of Reduction of herbs wildlife and NTFP Change in Early flowering food availability and fruiting Increase in invasive species High Altitude Landslides Overlapping range Biodiversity loss Less snow but more of low altitude Habitat change water in animals like Upward shifting of precipitation leopard. tree line Disease in plants

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Furthermore, the vulnerability of animals has also been observed in high altitude regions. There has also been a shifting of high altitude animals like the Pika (Ochotona spp.). Expert‟s claim that the species which has been residing mostly in 2800 meters above sea level, is now found to be shifted up to 3200 meter high. Similarly, the common leopard is now observed at a higher altitude.

Due to less availability of herbs in forests, forest dependent indigenous communities and poor women are being more vulnerable. Less availability of herbs also impact local indigenous communities, poor people and women who regularly collect herbs and non- timber forest products in high altitude areas.

6.1 Vulnerability of Water Source and Wetlands Due to less rainfall, water has been decreased in water sources in forests. Similarly, small ponds and lake are being increasingly more dry.

6.2 Vulnerability of Local Ecosystem Invasive species such as Lantana camera, Eupatorium spp., Mikania micrantha, are increasing. An extreme example is found in Chitwan National Park where Mikania macrantha are spreading extensively affecting original vegetation of shrubs and trees, which are important food for many wild animals.

7 The issues and the gaps

The issue of forest and biodiversity conservation is not because of the dearth of policies and Regulations. Nepal has adequate policies and regulations towards conserving forests and overall biodiversity. For example, although old, the following development plans were instrumental in conserving the biodiversity.

 Periodic plans (Development plans)

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 National Forestry Plan, 1976  National Conservation Strategy, 1988  Master Plan for Forestry Sector, 1989  Nepal Environment Policy and Action Plan, 1993  Agricultural Perspective Plan, 1995

Similarly, some of the major legislation on Biodiversity Conservation is as follows:

 Aquatic life Protection Act, 1961

 Plant Protection Act, 1972

 National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973

 Soil and Water Conservation Act, 1982

 Nepal Trust for Nature Conservation Act, 1982

 Forest Act, 1993

 Environment Protection Act, 1996

 Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve Development (Formation) order, 1984

 Central Zoo Development Board (Formation) Order, 1989

Even the present Constitution of Nepal (2007) has shown its commitment in protecting the biodiversity of the country. For example, article 35 (10) stresses the vital need for protecting forest and plant and biodiversity conservation in a sustainable way and sharing their benefits on an equitable manner. Similarly, various working policies in conserving biodiversity have been categorically spelled out in the Three Year Plan (2067/68- 2069/70). One of the targets is to register biodiversity (institutional framework and implementation) in all the 75 districts of the country.

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Attention has also been paid at global climate conventions such as Rio Conventions: the Framework Convention on Climate Change the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Convention on Biodiversity.

Protocols such as Kyoto aimed to combat global warming have also been signed. And the concerned Conference of the Parties (COP 17) held in Durban, South Africa, agreed to establish a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 2013 until either 2017 or 2020.

7.1 Then where is the gap?

Nepal should focus its programme to combat climate related risks, including flooding and siltation, as threats to biodiversity conservation. Nepal‟s National Assessment Report for the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) has already recognized the links between climatic circumstances and land degradation, erosion and landslides: „too much water‟ and „too little water‟ is responsible for land degradation in different land uses in Nepal.

I think as climate change is one of the by-products of forest and habitat loss due to degradation and deforestation. The degradation of forest could be reduced to some extent through good governance in the Forestry sector. Governance in forestry sector is expected to have:

 competitive administration,  participatory,  Transparent, service oriented, result oriented, accountable, inclusive and gender equity. The important performance measurer could be

 effectiveness of coordination,  inclusive of representation,

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 legitimacy of procedures,  accountability of authorities and  fairness of allocation of benefits Additionally, the climate change policy of the Government of Nepal, January 2011 should be translated in the field with new positive mindset. Similarly, financing climate change development is a challenge for implementing effective climate adaptation and mitigation therefore visioning for climate finance in Nepal could be another step in combating the future impact of climate change

8. Conclusions:

Natural habitats are vital for assuring sustainable development. They provide services that enrich and sustain human life with both tangible and intangible economic and social value and life-sustaining environmental services, such as breathable and usable water. Amartya Sen in his Idea of justice -2009 talks about three fundamental aspects: they are : 1) Conceptual clarity needed on environmental challenge.

2) Demands of sustainable development.

3) Context and relevance of what constitute environmental issue:

-State of nature a) Extent of forest cover

b) Depth of ground water level

c) Number of living Species.

We need to be very clear about the term development as Brundt Land (1987) report that Development that meets the needs of the present and without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs is the real development.

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Environmental sustainability has been defined in terms of the preservations and enhancement of the quality of human life. The environment is not only a matter of passive preservation but also one of active pursuit. Even though many human activities that accompany the process of development may have destructive consequences, it is also within human power to enhance and improve the environment in which we live. In thinking about the steps that may be taken to halt environmental destruction, we have to include constructive human intervention. Our power to intervene with effectiveness and reasoning can be substantially enhanced by the process of development itself .e.g greater women education and women employment can help to reduce fertility rates, which in the long run can reduce the pressure on global warming and the increasing destruction of natural habitats.

Similarly, the spread of school education and improvements in its quality can make us more environmental conscious; better communication and a more active and better informed media can make us more aware of the need for environment oriented thinking.

In general looking at/seeing development in terms of increasing the effective freedom of human beings brings the constructive agency of people engaged in environment friendly activities directly within the domains of developmental achievements.

Development fundamentally is an empowering process and this power can be used to preserve and enrich the environment and not only to decimate it. Purification of water, elimination of epidemics contributes both to development and to environment enhancement.

Finally, climate change issue, I reckon, has been already dealt with in Gautam Buddha‟s sutta nipata. Since we are enormously more powerful than other species, we have some responsibility towards them that links with their asymmetry of power. We can have many reasons for over conservational efforts not all of which are parasitic on our own living standard or need fulfillment some of which turn precisely on own sense of values and on our acknowledge and of our judiciary responsibility.

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Food Security Situation, Program Policies and Its interlink with Climate Change Adaptation in Nepal1 – Dr Devendra Gauchan, PhD

Food Security Situation

Food insecurity is a major problem for many Nepali people. About 60% of the households in Nepal have only six months food sufficiency from their own production. About 30 out of 75 districts of the country particularly those located in the mountains and hills regions are food deficit in 2011/12 (MoAC, 2011). More than half of the farms are small, marginal and fragmented with farm size of less than half hectare (CBS, 2011). Over two third of the cultivated lands are rainfed and risk prone, hence production depends on the mercy of monsoon.

According to the Economic Intelligence Unit (2012), Nepal ranked 79th among 105 countries in food security status using Global Food Security Index (GFSI), 2012. Nepal scored 35.2 (highest score 89.5 – USA) out of 100. The country has annual food requirement (edible) of 5.15 million tonnes based on the consumption rate of 190 kg per person. Food production in Nepal was impressive in the last 2 years (2010/11 and 2011/12) as a result of favorable weather conditions (MoAC, 2011). However, extreme weather increasingly threatens harvests, and agricultural productivity gains are waning as investment falters globally and locally. Limited investment in agriculture and agricultural research also results in development of new technologies to increase food production adapted to changing climatic context. High prices for fuel, fertilizers and other agricultural inputs are making production more expensive, less profitable and unattractive to young generation resulting severe off-farm migration of youth from rural agricultural areas.

Concepts of Food Security

A globally accepted definition of food security is the one adopted by the World Food Summit (WFS) held in Rome in November 1996, i.e. „Food security exists when all people at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life‟ (FAO, 2010). Food security has three key dimensions viz; spatial, temporal and social. In addition, there are other three key dimensions of food security viz; availability, accessibility and utilization. Food availability means a situation in which the food required to maintain a safe and healthy life is available for all people in the country and therefore, is determined by net domestic production and the balance of imports and exports. Accessibility to food implies that the people in a given location have both physical and economic access to obtain food.

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______1. A paper presented in “Summer School in Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)” 17-22, July, 2012 Yak Palace, Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal

Access to available food is also determined by the consumption pattern within the household units and by intra-household food distribution systems. Food distribution, employment and income levels and non-market entitlements reflect access to food. Utilization of food refers to the capacity to translate food efficiently into energy. It is determined by nutritional knowledge, standards of health, people‟s access to safe drinking water, access to health care facilities, food quality etc. – all of which help determine their ability to metabolize food efficiently.

Role of Agriculture in Food Security

Agriculture is the main source of income, employment and livelihood of Nepalese people. It is a key driver of food consumption patterns and food security in both rural and urban area. Agriculture has broad linkage with overall economy. Agriculture is likely to improve food security and nutrition mainly through the food production including other pathways such as through increased income and women‟s empowerment. Improved agriculture leading to better household food security has been identified as a fundamental determinant of processes that lead to food security, adequate dietary intake and nutritional status, and health. Strategies and approaches for increasing domestic food availability through agricultural production have basically emphasized: (i) the need for technological change to increase labour, land and input productivity in agriculture, (ii) improved connectivity to increase market access and thus reduce the transaction costs of getting inputs and services from market to farm, and produce from farm to the market, and (iii) price guarantees to serve as an incentive to farmers to produce for the market, incentives that have sometimes been backed up by more forceful measures, including export bans.

Food Security Policies and Programs

Maintaining food security is a major problem for Nepal especially since population growth outstrips agricultural growth. Major food policy goals of Nepal include increased food production, equity in regional distribution of food, improvement in nutritional status of the poor, and food security through reduction in the variability in food production. The government of Nepal has accorded high priority to agriculture sector and food security issues in recent plans and policies, despite there are many short comings in resource allocations and implementation of the programs. The strategic framework for agriculture and food security is provided by the longer-term Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP, 1995-2015). The objectives of the agriculture sector are addressed by the National Agriculture Policy (NAP, 2004). The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007 recognizes food sovereignty as the fundamental right of citizens. The importance of agricultural growth

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and food security has been underscored in a sequence of the recent official documents and plans: the second Three Year Plan (2010/11-12/13), the National Agriculture Sector Development Priority plan (NASDP 2011-2015), and the associated Country Investment Plan (CIP). Also, most recently (2012) a Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Plan of Action, led by the National Planning Commission, aims to integrate, inter alia, contributions from the agriculture sector (Ministry of Agriculture Development) to lay the foundation of a national “nutritional architecture”.

Since the beginning of first periodic plans in early 1950s, the country has launched agricultural production programs in different ecological regions and locations to increase food production and enhance food security of the people in Nepal. Various agricultural research stations and farms were established to develop new technologies in the country. Agricultural extension programs were established in all the 75 districts to promote new technologies for increase food production. Outreach research programs were established in the specific agro ecological domains by the NARC research programs to link technology development with dissemination with the participation of farmers and other stakeholders (Gauchan, 2008).

In addition, since early 1970s, direct and subsidized food distribution programs were initiated by National Food Corporation (NFC) and World Food Programs (WFP) in remote hills and mountainous districts. Government and some donor funded projects and programs also initiated some safety net programs to poor and food insecure groups. Similarly, infrastructure support (rural roads, irrigation, god owns, seed stores, processing plants) and institutional support (farmers‟ groups, cooperatives, collection centers) were initiated for food production, marketing and distribution by different projects/programs. Despite all of these, the country still suffers from acute food shortage in many remote mountainous and poverty stricken rainfed districts of Nepal.

Effects of Climate Change in Food Production and Food Security

In recent years, food production is increasing affected by changing climatic conditions in the country. Changes in weather pattern with increasing incidence and intensity of droughts, flooding and cold waves are frequent phenomenon. Rainfall patterns are erratic, uncertain and untimely resulting in low and uncertain food production. In the last one decade (2001-10), the country faced droughts in five out of 10 years resulting in food deficit, which caused food insecurity both at the national and household levels (Gauchan and Gumma, 2011).

There has been an increasing tendency of warming in summer with increasing temperature (e.g. higher altitudes) and declining temperature in the Terai in the winter as a result of cold waves. As a result, there are increasing incidence of disease, pests and weed infestations in agricultural crops resulting in unstable food production in the country. These adverse effects of climate changes have made vulnerable and at risks of

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food insecurity for poor farmers, indigenous and marginalized people, migrant labor including poor women and children.

Climate Change Adaptation

Farmers in various parts of Nepal have resorted to new agricultural practices and adaptation measures to cope with changing climatic situations. In recent years, similarly, agricultural research and development programs have initiated R & D measures to address and mitigate the effects of adverse effects of climate changes. Some of these measures include shift to new crops and cropping patterns that are more adapted to adverse climate change (e.g. wheat to maize) and shift to climate resilient varieties (short duration drought tolerant, drought escaping and flood tolerant, heat tolerant, disease resistant crop varieties). Agricultural research program in Nepal particularly, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) has recently developed and released some climate resilient crop varieties to address climate change effect (NARC, 2011). These include drought tolerant rice varieties Radha -32, Sukhadhan 1, 2, 3 and submergence tolerant rice varieties Swarna Sub-1, Samba Masuli sub1 and Ug99 resistant wheat variety like Vijaya (BL 3063). NARC has also developed and promoted some crop management technologies to address climate change effects, which include resource conservation technologies (minimum and zero tillage e.g. direct seeding), Aerobic rice technologies and Alternate wet and drying (AWD) technologies etc.

Strategy for Enhancing Food Security

In order to increase food security situations both at the national and household level and adapt agricultural production in the changed climatic contexts, there is a need to increase investment in new agricultural technologies, key inputs (seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, credits), infrastructure and create enabling policy environment to increase agricultural production and improving food security situation of the country. Some of these strategies and options suggested are as follows:

• Accelerate investment in Science and Technology especially in Knowledge Triangle – research, education, and extension for sustainable food production • Increase investment in the availability of key inputs (seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, credits) for increasing food production • Promote investment in physical (irrigation, rural roads) and social infrastructure for increasing production and improving marketing and distribution systems • Create enabling policy environment for the trade of food products and development and growth of agro enterprises

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References

CBS, 2011. Nepal Living Standard Survey (2010/11). Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Government of Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Economic Intelligence Unit, 2012. An Assessment of Food Affordability, Availability and Quality. Global Food Security, 2012. The Economist. A Report from the Economic Intelligence Unit. FAO . 2010. The state of food insecurity in the world: addressing food insecurity in protracted crises. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Gauchan, D. 2008. Reforming Research and Extension Systems in Nepal: Emerging Models of Technology Development and Transfer. Agricultural Development Journal. Vol. 4 (4). 34-44. Nepal. Gauchan, D. and M. Gumma, 2011. Effect of Drought Incidence on Rice Area, Production and Productivity in Nepal. Estimation of Temporal Data using Remote Sensing and Socioeconomic Methods. Paper presented in IWMI National Conference on Water, Food Security and Climate Change, Nov 23-24, 2011, Kathmandu. MoAC, 2011. Statistical Information in Nepalese Agriculture, Singhadarabar, Kathamndu NARC, 2011. Annual Reports and other various documents. Nepal Agricultural Research Council, (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal. WSFS, 2009. World Summit on Food Security (WSFS), Feeding the World, Eradicating Hunger, November 16-18, 2009, Rome (WSFS 2009/INF/2).

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Progress Report on Rhino Count Method validation in Chitwan National Park and Status and Distribution of Elephant Population in TAL

(May - September, 2012)

Submitted to Prepared by

WWF Nepal National Trust for Nature Conservation

September, 2012

Disclaimer: This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of WWF and NTNC and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC), Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) for providing permission to carry out this activity. Our sincere thanks also go to the Chitwan National Park (CNP) for their crucial contribution to the project by providing elephants and human resources. The activities were completed only due to the non-tiring efforts of elephants, elephant staff, and NTNC field staffs even during monsoon. We would also like to acknowledge Nepal Army and local communities of TAL area for their timely support and contribution to the project. We also show our deepest gratitude to WWF Nepal Program for financial and technical support and looking forward to their continuous support in our joint conservation efforts. We are indebted to USAID, Hariyo Ban Program for providing the opportunity to undertake this activity. We hope this support continues also in the future to complete the remaining activities.

Project 1: Rhino Count Method validation in Chitwan National Park

A. Background

Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation in collaboration with National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) and WWF Nepal has been conducting rhino population monitoring as suggested by the Rhino Action Plan in Nepal at the interval of every 3-5 years since 1994. The methodology adopted for rhino census in Nepal was developed by Laurie (1982) and modified by Dinerstein and Price (1991) and DNPWC (2008). However, the method adopted for rhino census, though is appropriate for studying the population structure, is not reliable for estimating population size and sex as it provides a crude number without statistically proven confidence level. This has raised a lot of questions from the scientific community. Also Rhino census in Nepal is a huge operation that demands enormous human and elephant resources making it logistically difficult in long run, questioning the sustainability of the program. Besides, cross checking with radio tracking data of GPS 7 rhinos, we found the known animals to have used 2-3 blocks during the duration of rhino count thereby indicating double counts. Therefore, we propose to validate our existing methods using best available techniques and science to correct the possible errors and biasness in the next attempt to count rhinos in Nepal. The proposed study will be crucial in developing correction factor for the adopted rhino count methodology while also recommending the best reliable method for monitoring the rhino population in Nepal. This project is expected to help provide robust data for better management implications.

NTNC has also initiated ID based rhino monitoring in Nepal with the support from WWF Nepal and ZSL (Zoological Survey of London). So far about 150 individual rhino profiles have been prepared for low density rhino areas in Chitwan NP, 24 in Bardia NP. This method has been extremely beneficial in developing individual ID profiles and having close surveillance of the animals in the area. The use of ID based technology is not just limited to developing individual profiles but provided that each identified animals have sufficient sightings and re-sightings it is possible to accurately estimate population sizes with confidence levels using (mark/recapture) statistical methods.

Similarly, recent advances in molecular genetics have led to a proliferation of studies applying genetic analysis to population estimation and conservation genetics (Fenando et al., 2000, Dinerstein 2000). Non-invasive genetic studies have been used to estimate population size in coyotes, red wolves, elephants, European badger, brown bears and Scandinavian wolverines (Miller et al. 2005) and in documenting dispersal of individuals in a population (Forbes and Boyd 1997, Janecka et al. 2008b, Onorato et al. 2009). Presently, the commercial kits and published protocols are available for DNA extraction from faeces (e.g. Boom et al, 1990; Taberlet 1996). However, the use of molecular genetics for rhino population estimation has not gained popularity mostly because unlike the carnivores, rhinos are easy to sight animals

1 and this method is considered relatively expensive. So far the only genetic analysis that has been carried out in rhinos in Indian sub-continent comes from the blood samples of wild caught or captive rhinos from various zoos in India (Ali et al., 1999; Kapur et al. 2003) and captured rhinos from Nepal (Dinerstein and McCracen, 2000). Non-invasive genomics offers several advantages over the traditional block count method. Firstly, finding dung is comparatively simple as rhinos have particular latrines where they defecate. It allows greater number of observations which increase reliability in estimates and allows for a shorter sampling period, thereby meeting population closure assumption in capture-recapture (Mondol et al. 2009). Also, in visual sighting there is high likelihood of creating errors in sex identification of rhinos which can be accurately done with the help of this method.

This project is an first attempt to make comparative analysis of all the three methods; i.e block count method, ID based capture recapture analysis and non-invasive genetic analysis of dung to develop a correction factor for future studies. This is also a pilot project in using non- invasive genetic techniques in rhino population monitoring in Nepal and is expected to serve as a benchmark for undertaking any future studies using dung as a non-invasive source for population estimation.

B. Objectives

The main objective of this work is to validate the existing rhino count methodology adopted from (Laurie (1982) and modified by Dinerstein and Price (1991).

The specific objectives are:

1. To explore individual ID based technology in estimating rhino population size and demography 2. To pilot non-invasive dung DNA-based estimation of individual numbers and sex-ratio. 3. To develop a correction factor (calculate slope) for block count method

C. Study area:

The intensive study area is one of the 21 rhino count blocks from Bhimpur in the west to DudhauraKhola in the east including Icherny Island in Easten Sector of CNP. This area is one of the biodiversity hotspot within Chitwan and supports rich assemblage of mammalian species such as Bengal tiger, gaur, rhino, elephant, sloth bear, fishing cat and all 4 species of deer and 2 species of primates. This area extends from AmriteKhola in the east, covering forested habitats and large chunk of grassland of Padampur, historic village (settlement) area evacuated ten years ago (Map 1) covering around 47 Sq. Km.

Figure 1: Intensive Study Area

D. Field Methodology

Rhino sweeping operation in block was done according to the existing protocol of rhino count (DNPWC, 2010). Standard sampling design has been followed for conducting individual ID based technology and DNA based non-invasive sample collection. The designated study area has been divided into equal grid cells of 1 Sq. Km and equal search effort has been applied in all the grids for monitoring rhinos and dung sample collection. D.1. Individual ID based technology

ID based technology depends on experts rhino trackers knowledge, who can reliably identify individual rhinos based on their unique, easy to record features and markings such as ear notches, shape and size of the horns, cuts, skin folds and deformities in the body. The rhino trackers shall be equipped with binoculars, digital cameras, GPS and standard datasheets. On every sighting of the rhino, trackers will take the picture of the animal; details on GPS position, animal features and status. Once rhinos are individually identifiable, each rhinos will be assigned unique name and number (ID) for life to enable population performance data. The names and/or ID numbers of individual rhinos are not changed and ID numbers are not re- used. All the details of each animal will be maintained in ID based central database system. Given that these animals with unique features have sufficient sightings and re-sightings it is possible to accurately estimate population sizes with confidence levels using (mark/recapture) statistical methods.

For ID based technology, 4 elephants and 4 experienced observers were assigned to monitor rhinos for 30 days in each of their designated 1 Sq. Km grids; each group will have to survey 10 grids everyday. The search effort should be 1 hour/per grid and the entire grids should be

3 intensively searched everyday. So this will make the total sampling occasion of 30 days which supports for closure assumption.

D.2. DNA based non-invasive sample collection In each of the 1 Sq. Km grids, the latrine locations will be intensively searched in the first 14 days by the same team. This will be followed by fresh dung collection from the latrines. The dung sample collection will be done every alternate days for the last 15 days of the monitoring period.

Dung collection procedure: Dung samples will be taken from fresh dung in the latrines. As mentioned earlier, samples will be collected from every grid in an alternate day basis. Once the fresh dung is detected in the latrine, the observer will collect the outer most layer of the dung (this is the layer with the animal’s cells) in a 15 ml plastic viol using a glove or a twig. As the major difficulty in collecting biological material for genetic purposes is preventing the DNA from degrading; the sample will be preserved using 70% silica gel. Besides, sample labels will be written in each viol that provide reference number, the date it was collected, the GPS location and any other information deemed necessary. And depending upon the sample sizes, the dung samples will be randomized to make it to 350-400 samples for analysis.

Rhino block sweep was done by 30 elephants starting from Sauraha covering Icherny and lined up again from Bhimpur and continued towards west and returned back from DudhauraKhola. The elephants/observers moved forward on a line parallel to each other, clapping and making noise so that rhinos even if sleeping/resting, wake up and come to record (will not be missed to be counted). Rhino sighted along a transect were recorded only after they were pushed behind the line of elephants to prevent animals being double-counted.

E. Progress E.1. the sweep count The block sweep monitoring in Sauraha block (which extends from Bhimpur in the east to DudhauraKhola in the West) was conducted on 9th May 2012 by Eastern Sector,Chitwan National Park in collaboration with NTNC-BCC. For the monitoring, 30 elephants from eastern sector and BCC were used. During monitoring total 61 individual Rhinos were recorded which is shownin the following figure 5.

Figure 2: Map showing the Sauraha block Of the 61 individuals, 21 were female and 19 were male and rest could not be sexed (Table 1).

Table 1: Sex and age of rhino in Sauraha block, CNP

Year Age category Female Male Unknown Total Adult 20 14 4 38 Sub-adult 5 4 9 2012 Calf 1 13 14 Total 21 19 21 61 Adult 10 7 2 19 Calf 3 2 3 8 2011 Sub-Adult 1 1 3 5 Total 14 10 8 32 Adult 11 4 6 21 Calf 2 5 7 2008 Subadult 1 3 5 9 Grand Total 12 9 16 37

From the same block only 37 and 32 animals were recorded from the count of 2008 and 2011respectively. Individual ID of 36 individuals has been created from the same area with some more clean animals (animals without distinguishing features).

Figure 3: Rhino recorded during sweep E.2. ID based monitoring

E.2.1. Study design The study area has been divided into 34 grids of 1 x1 sq km as per the following figure.

Figure 4: Grids of the area

E.3. Field survey for ID based rhino monitoring The survey area was systematically searched on dividing the whole study area into 34 grids pf 1x1 sq km (Figure 2). Any rhinos encountered was photographed, details of the rhino such as age, sex, body condition with any identifying features of the rhino was recorded on the data form. Total of 228 sighting was made with pictures of the rhino in most of the cases (see Fig: 6). Based on the photograph and data forms individual ID file (master ID file) of each rhino was created. Within the study area master ID files of 44 individuals has been created among which 36 individuals have distinct markings (or are known due to the accompanying individuals, especially mothers). There are 8 animals having no identification features from the pictures taken and have been labeled as clean animals in the master ID file.

Table 2: Sex and age of rhino obtained from ID based monitoring in Sauraha block, CNP, 2012

Age Male Female Unknown Total Category Adult 10 14 4 28 Sub-adult 5 1 1 7 Calf 5 2 2 9 Total 20 17 7 44

Figure 5: Rhino sighting location

The red asterisks the above map (Fig 5) represent on the rhino sighting location. The majority of the sightings have occurred in the riverine forest in of patch 2 and Icherny and the grassland from Bhawanipur to Patna Tal.

Figure 6: track logs during the month

The track logs from 30 days display the movement of the different teams in the different grid. The whole study has been systematically covered during ID based rhino monitoring. Photograph of each rhino are presented below.

ID 1: Debre Kan Katuwa ID 2: Baya Fold Katuwa

Features: cut in left ear tip, long and pointed Features: Cut in the right fold, cut on the shoulder horn

ID 3: Butte Pothi ID 4: Daya Pet DharsoBhale

Features: patterns of lumps close to right fold Features: cut mark on the right fold

ID 5: Dahine Lola Bhale ID 6: Fold KapePothi

Features: two lumps on the right side of the Features: left back fold has y shaped cut body

ID 7: PuchharSukeBhale ( Calf of Fold Kape) ID 8: GaduwalPothi

Features: distinct tail Features: left fold cut, tail wave/bent

ID 9: GardaneBhale ID 10: GleanesPothi

Features: humped shoulder, radio collared Features: short horn, radio collared

ID 11: Padampure Hero Bhale ID 12: JakhhuBhale

Features: curved and pointed horn Features: right ear tore, cut on the left ear

ID 13: Khag Bode Bhale ID 14: KhappareBhale

Features: tip of the horn broken Features: distinct skull

ID 15: LumsiPothi ID 16: PuchharBange ( Lumsi`s Calf)

Features: type of swelling (lump) at left hip Features: Bent tail

ID 17: LundreBhale ID 18: OthKatuwaPothi

Features: male reproductive organ disformed Features: inclined cut at the upper left lip

ID 19: Calf of OthKatuwa ID 20: PK Pothi

Features: short blunt horn Features: cut in the tail, cross fold cut

ID 21: Poke Pothi ID 22: Calf of Poke Pothi

Features: lumps on the lower back hips Features: accompanied by mother

ID 23: PuchharKatuwaBhale ID 24: PuchharThutePothi

Features: No tail Features: Tip of the tail missing

ID 25: Taalu ma Aalu (Calf of PuchharThutePothi) ID 26: PutaliPothi

Features: two swellings on the head Features: u-shaped cut on the left ear

ID 27: Calf of PutaliPothi ID 28: SailiPothi

Features:accompanied by mother Features: cut on the right fold

ID 29: Saili`s Calf ID 30: TrishulBhale

Features:accompanied by mother Features: trishul shape features at the back

ID 31: Y-Singe Pothi ID 32: PuchharSuke (Calf of Y-Singe)

Features:Y- shaped in the right fold, Eroded Features: small horn Horn

ID 33: Calf of Butte Pothi (ID 3) ID 34: Chanchali Female

Features: picture taken once only from the Features: radio collared back

ID 35: Clean Male ID 36: Clean Male

Features: Features:

ID 37: Clean Male ID 38: Clean Sub-adult

ID 39: Clean Sub-adult Female ID 40: Clean Female

ID 41: Clean Sub-adult Male ID 42: Ulto Y-dharseBhale

Features: inverted Y shape cut on right back fold

ID 43: Ulto Y-Dharseko Jodi Bhale ID 44: Clean Male

Features: Paired with ID 42

Detail of rhino sighting is presented on annex 1.

E.3. DNA based non-invasive sample collection The same study design (Grids) used for the ID Based monitoring was used for the dung sample collection for DNA analysis of the rhinos in the study area. Dung samples were collected on systematic survey for two weeks on the specified grids. Total of 201 (one was collected during the dung collection training) samples have been collected. Samples have collected in viles with buffer solution provided by Center for Molecular Dynamics (CMDN) using gloves, splinters and with correct label for each sample. 35 of the collected samples have been labelled fresh, i.e. less than a day. The majority of the dungs are day old and counts 114, while there are 45 two days old dung samples collected. There are 4 three days old samples and1 four days old sample while 2 of the samples have been just labelled old. The Dung sample collected for DNA extraction has been sent for DNA analysis.

Table 3: Number of dung samples collected per day has been presented below

No. of No. of Day sample Day sample 1 14 9 23 2 18 10 18 3 7 11 20 4 29 12 4 5 22 13 1 6 13 14 2 7 19 15 1 8 9 Total 200

Table 4: Number of samples collected per grid has been presented below

Grid No. of No. of No samples Grid No samples A4 1 D5 8 A5 5 D6 8 B4 6 D7 4 B5 2 D8 4 B6 33 E3 2 B7 12 E4 16 C1 3 E5 22 C2 7 E6 23 C4 5 E7 4 C5 11 E8 2 C6 9 E9 1 C7 3 F4 2 C8 8 Total 201

Figure 7: Locations of dung sample collection

The yellow dots represent the dung locations. The dungs were mostly recorded from in the less forested area. Further detail of dung samples is provided in annex 2:

Project 2: Status and Distribution of Elephant Population in TAL

A. Background

The wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is categorized as an ‘endangered’ species in the Red List of the World Conservation Union (IUCN, 2008: www.iucnredlist.org) and is classiﬁed as Appendix I species under Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES, www.cites.org). Once found throughout much of Asia, elephant populations are now restricted to small and isolated habitat fragments dispersed across 13 countries (Sukumar, 1989; Santiapillai & Jackson, 1990). Studies (Leimgruber et al., 2003) indicate a very dire situation for Asian elephants confirming only 8% of the wild lands under legal protection. Often known as pachyderms owing to their enormous size, Asian elephants are the leading flagship and keystone species for biodiversity conservation in Asia. They have the ability to modify habitat, so can rightly be called the landscape “gardeners”. However, their need for large areas to fulfill their seasonal food and water requirement often bring them with conflicts with human (Sukumar & Gadgil, 1988; Sukumar, 1991; Williams et al., 2001; Dublin et al. 1997; Hoare and DuToit1999). Nepal is not an exception to this global scenario, every year enormous crop raiding, property damage and human killings are reported from central, western and eastern Nepal (Pradhan et al., 2011). Similarly, many elephants also suffer tragic death due to retaliation.

Most of the earlier ecological and population studies on elephants are limited to small pockets of the Terai Arc Lansacape (Pradhan et al., 2007; Pradhan et al., 2008; Yonzon et al., 2003, Velde 1997). In addition, much of the data on distribution and status are fairly old and may not accurately reflect the current status of the species. This absence of current data on status and distribution seriously impairs the ability to prioritize populations and develop suitable conservation and management strategies in favor of the species. This calls for the landmark study of elephants at a landscape level in the country that can reliably measure how much of the available habitat has been occupied by the elephants. At the same time, it is also important to analyze the population dynamics of the elephants and determine elephant prone zones and at a landscape level. Several methods, both direct (Karnath and Sunquist, 1992; Varman et al., 1995) and indirect evidences (Sale et al., 1990; Dawsan and Decker 1991) have been used in studying elephant status and distribution. The proposed study shall make use of the existing methods including some advanced techniques such as camera trapping (Varma et al., 2004) to systematically evaluate the habitat occupancy, population dynamics and establish HEC baseline at a landscape level. The study is expected to provide suitable conservation and management strategies that can balance the dual needs of elephant’s conservation with the needs of rural communities which is a major conservation challenge of this 21st century.

B. Objectives The main objective of this work is to establish baseline data on elephant habitat occupancy, population dynamics and HEC at a landscape level (East Terai to Far Western Nepal) The specific objectives are: i) To understand the population dynamics(herd size, age, sex) of elephants in TAL through camera trap based capture-recapture ii) To measure the habitat occupancy of the elephants across TAL. iii) To determine HEC prone zones across TAL

C. Study Area The Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) program was conceived in 2001 as a system of corridors and protected areas to conserve the meta-population of some of large and wide ranging species that live along the Himalayan foothills and alluvial plains; the tigers, Greater one-horned rhinoceros, and Asian elephants; three of Asia’s largest and highly threatened iconic species. TAL is a trans-boundary landscape covering 12 Nepalese and Indian protected areas and supports one of world’s richest and varied biodiversity. TAL extends all the way from Bagmati River in the east to Mahakali River in the west, covering 14 districts with over 75% of the remaining lowland forests of Terai and foothills of Churia. The area inhabited by elephants is spread over 135 village development committees (VDC) in 19 districts of Terai, covering about 10,982 sq. Km of forest area (Pradhan et al., 2011).

Map 1: (Study Area)

The intensive study area can broadly be categorized into 4 different blocks based upon the distribution of elephants in Nepal i.e the Eastern, Central, Western and Far-western Block. i) Eastern Block This block covers 7 districts (Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Saptari, Siraha, Udaypur and Dhanusa) of eastern Nepal with an estimated area of 2228 sq Km. It provides home to both resident (7-10) and migratory (100+) elephants that come all the way from Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal. The movement of the trans-boundary herd is largely restricted to the Bahundangi area of Jhapa district and creates massive human elephant conﬂict (DNPWC 2008). The habitats in this block are highly fragmented and degraded. The only protected area in this block; Koshitappu Wildlife Reserve is a tiny one with an area of just 4.59 sq. Km and is the most affected zone by HEC. ii) Central Block The elephants in central block move between 6 districts namely Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa and Chitwan. This block comprises of two protected areas; Chitwan National Park and Parsa Wildlife Reserve which are contiguous and covers an area of 1431 sq. Km. Also district forests between Parsa, Chitwan, Bara and Rautahat are connected thereby facilitating the free movements of elephants through forest corridors. The estimated population in this block is 25-30 (ten Velde, 1997, DNPWC, 2008).

iii) Western Block Western block extends in three districts namely Banke, Bardia and Dang covering an area of 2944 sq. Km. The greatest concentration of elephants are found within Bardia National Park. As many as 80 elephants have been reported from the area (Pradhan et al., 2007) and interestingly this population is the re-colonized one as prior to 1994, only 2 elephants were reported from this area. The western populations widely use Khata (Nepal) - Katarniaghat (India) corridor suggesting both intact forest corridors and landscape level biodiversity management is beneficial to mega herbivores like elephants.

iv) Far Western Block This block extends across Kailali and Kanchanpur districts of far west Nepal covering an area of 2583 sq. Km. Sukhlaphanta Wildlife Reserve is believed to support 3-5 resident elephants while the rest of the population are migratory that come seasonally through Basanta corridor from Uttar Pradesh of India.

D. Sampling design and Methods v) Habitat Occupancy Surveys Habitat occupancy surveys provide the measure of true habitat occupancy of the species to detect changes in distribution and occupancy over time. The basic sampling framework for this

22 study is adopted from Mackenzie et al. (2006). Systematic sampling will be used for habitat occupancy survey by superimposing equal sized grids of 10 by 10 sq. Km on Landsat satellite imagery of TAL corresponding to the home range of male elephant. The grids will be pooled into four classes as 1) Grids with <25% habitat 2) Grids with 25-50% habitat 3) Grids with 50- 75% habitat and 4) Grids with >75% habitat. The sampling effort in each grid will be provided in proportion to the coverage of the forested area/grassland i.e possible elephant habitat in each grid. This is done to avoid possible biasness. This design is referred to as “spatially balanced design” (Stevens Jr & Olsen 2004).

Then, 2-8 (5Kms) trail/path/streambed will be randomly selected in each grid depending upon the habitat coverage and following the pre-established routes of elephants. For instance in grids with less than 25% habitat coverage, only 2 separate (5Kms) walk will be conducted. Upon every indirect sighting of elephant signs such as elephant dung, footprint, and tree browsing or breakage sign, data will be recorded every 200m on a standard format. Similarly, the site covariates such as the habitat type, terrain, presence of water holes, distance from water, elephant food items, browsed trees will also be collected.

Similarly, every direct sighting of elephants will be collected opportunistically (adlib) during occupancy survey. For each elephant group observed, the date, location, time, group size, composition, activity, habitat and direction of movement will be recorded.

vi) Camera Trapping In grids with >50% habitat inside PAs including corridors, camera trap will be placed in suitable locations such as water holes or a salt lick where elephant herd is attracted for a substantial time duration (Varman et al., 2004) for at least 5 days. This will ensure that the individual or groups are captured on a number of frames for identification purpose. Outside PAs, the suitable locations could also be cropland where elephants are a regular visitor.

Positioning of the camera is very crucial; camera-traps should be fixed in locations where animals enter or exit the waterhole. If there are more than one entry points for a given waterhole, then two or more camera-traps may need to be set up. This method provides photo sequence (The “picturisation” of a given group of elephants in the field of view of the camera-trap, from the first one entering the field to the last one exiting it) which can be used to analyze the population dynamics of the elephants in the area.

vii) Questionnaire Survey in areas outside PAs Questionnaire surveys are designed for areas outside protected areas and all forested areas outside PAs. Grids will be laid across TAL in such a way that the larger 10 by 10 sq. Km grids will be further divided into 5 by 5 Sq. Km grids for conducting the questionnaire survey to collect HEC data. The villages will be randomly selected from the centre of the grid and 3 questionnaires survey will be carried out in each of the grid. It shall continue to the adjacent grids till no more HEC cases and or elephant presence is reported from the area. The surveyor should make sure that respondent provides the information of that particular grid (1-2 km radius of his village) only and in no ways should be talking about the other grid.

Few things to consider in choosing a household or respondent are that the chosen respondent should be native to that area and come from the farming community who has substantial knowledge on HWC issues (if any) prevalent in the area. The surveyor should be able to judge between a fake or a reliable information provided and interview should be cancelled given that the obtained information is not reliable.

E. Progress Due to delay on the paper works and the onset of the monsoon, the implementation of the project was delayed. One consultant Mr. Buishnu Singh Thakuri has been hired to work on the project. The designing part of the project has completed already. occupancy survey has been started from Chitwan. Questionnaire survey has been almost completed from Central and Eastern block whereas going to start soon from Western and Far Western block. Following are the sample maps and designs prepared for the survey. i) Study design for the occupancy survey For the study design, the study area is divided into four blocks i.e. Eastern, Central, Western and Far Western. Within each blocks, grids of size 5x5 sq km and 10x10 sq km has been created. Elephant occupancy survey and camera trapping will be carried out in the grids of 10x10 sq km and questionnaire survey about the HEC will be carried out in the grids of 5x5 sq km.

Table 5: Summary of information with the grids options i.e. 5 x 5 Km and 10 x 10 Km in the Western Block

Western Block (Kanchanpur to Chitwan) No. of Grids No. of Grids Area of Area of Forest/grass (5 x 5 Km) (10 x 10 Forest/grass land Km) land (10 x 10 Km) in Sq. Km. (5 x 5 Km) in Sq. Km. Forest/grass coverage 149 116 365.498 855.220 (< 25%) Forest/grass coverage 85 61 828.216 2303.274 (25-50%) Forest/grass coverage 135 41 2156.429 2640.226 (50-75%) Forest/grass coverage 306 50 6720.764 4275.306 (75-100%) Total 675 268 10074.025 10074.025

Table 6: Summary of information with the grids options i.e. 5 x 5 Km and 10 x 10 Km in the Western Block

Eastern Block (Chitwan to Jhapa) No. of Grids No. of Grids Area of Area of Forest/grass (5 x 5 Km) (10 x 10 Km) Forest/grass land land (5 x 5 Km) in Sq. (10 x 10 Km) in Sq. Km. Km. Forest/grass 221 68 474.798 637.954 coverage (< 25%) Forest/grass 87 31 805.558 1133.846 coverage (25-50%) Forest/grass 82 30 1291.265 1848.874 coverage (50-75%) Forest/grass 163 30 3667.838 2618.786 coverage (75-100%) Total 553 159 6239.459 6239.461

Table 7: Summary of information with the grids option i.e. 5 x 5 Km and 10 x 10 Km in whole study area

Whole Study area (Terai districts of Nepal) No. of Grids No. of Grids Area of Area of (5 x 5 Km) (10 x 10 Km) Forest/grass Forest/grass land land (5 x 5 Km) in Sq. (10 x 10 Km) in Km. Sq. Km. Forest/grass coverage 370 184 840.296 1493.174 (< 25%) Forest/grass coverage 172 92 1633.774 3437.12 (25-50%) Forest/grass coverage 217 71 3447.694 4489.1 (50-75%) Forest/grass coverage 469 80 10388.6 6894.092 (75-100%) Total 1228 427 16313.48 16313.49

Table 8: Summary of Grid no. (Grids of 5x5 km and 10x10 Km) of the whole study area with forest/ grass area coverage of 25-50 % and 50 -100 %

Whole Study area (Terai districts of Nepal) No. of Grids No. of Grids Area of Area of (5 x 5 Km) (10 x 10 Km) Forest/grass land Forest/grass land (5 x 5 Km) in Sq. (10 x 10 Km) in Km. Sq. Km. Forest/grass 172 92 1633.8 3437.1 coverage (25-50%) Forest/grass 686 151 13836 11383 coverage (50- 100%) Total 858 243 15470.07 14820.31

ii) Questionnaire translation and pre-test

The standard questionnaire for the assessment of Human Elephant Conflict that has been used internationally was translated into Nepali. The questionnaire was pre-tested from the eastern sector of CNP. It was found that the questionnaire is easy to use and can obtain enough information but we need to be careful on site and respondent selection. For example, pre- testing was done in Kumrose and Ratnanagar area. Within Kumrose 2 of 3 respondents who were about 2 Km away from the forest fringe mentioned as no issue of human elephant conflict in recent years whereas one respondent living just next to forest mentioned it as severe. iii) Field survey

Due to delay on the permission to implement this activity and monsoon was active; the occupancy survey could not be completed. The survey will be started by the end of this week (September 2012) from three places viz. Shuklapnata, Bardia and Jhapa simultaneously. Hopefully the survey will be completed before the end of November.

Annex 1: Details from ID based monitoring

Abbreviations for the appendix: RF: Riverine Forest ; TG: Tall Grassland; WL: Wetland; RB: Riverbank; SG: Short Grassland; SF: Sal Forest SA: Sub-adult Unk: Unknown

Age Habi SN Date Time Grid Northing Easting class Sex tat Activity Remarks 1 7/17/2012 7:30 C3 3049881 547047 Adult Male RF Grazing 2 7/17/2012 11:37 B3 3050115 546192 Adult Male TG Grazing 3 7/17/2012 9:44 C2 3049683 545282 Adult Male RF Wallowing 4 7/17/2012 8:40 D4 3048045 547851 Adult Unk TG Wallowing 2 at the location 5 7/17/2012 8:40 D4 3048045 547851 Adult Unk TG Wallowing 2 at the location 6 7/17/2012 9:06 E4 3047673 548069 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf 7 7/17/2012 9:06 E4 3047673 548069 Calf Unk TG Grazing 8 7/17/2012 3046485 547508 Unk Unk 9 7/17/2012 9:08 3046485 547508 Adult Male TG Wallowing 10 7/18/2012 10:20 C7 3049167 550148 Adult Male RF Wallowing Collared 11 7/18/2012 10:55 C7 3049106 550560 Adult Female RF Wallowing With calf 12 7/18/2012 10:55 C7 3049106 550560 Calf Unk RF Wallowing 13 7/18/2012 13:10 D7 3048642 551013 Adult Unk TG Grazing Fled 14 7/18/2012 13:00 D7 3048716 550760 Adult Female TG Resting Fled 15 7/18/2012 13:00 D7 3048716 550760 Adult Female TG Resting with calf 16 7/18/2012 13:00 D7 3048716 550760 Calf Unk TG Resting with calf 17 7/18/2012 15:00 D6 3048277 549252 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf 18 7/18/2012 15:00 D6 3048277 549252 Calf Unk TG Grazing With calf 19 7/21/2012 15:02 3047867 547834 Adult Female TG Resting With calf 20 7/21/2012 15:02 3047867 547834 Calf Unk TG Resting 8-9 months old 21 7/21/2012 12:40 B4 3050534 547626 Adult Unk TG Grazing 22 7/21/2012 12:56 B4 3050588 547718 Adult Female RF Wallowing 23 7/21/2012 12:56 B4 3050588 547718 Adult Male RF Wallowing 24 7/22/2012 13:45 3047135 550066 Adult Male WL Wallowing Clean 25 7/22/2012 9:30 3047342 549232 SA Male WL Grazing 26 7/22/2012 8:00 3048146 550003 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf and collared 27 7/22/2012 8:00 3048146 550003 Calf Male TG Grazing 28 7/22/2012 11:50 D7 3048370 550700 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf 29 7/22/2012 11:50 D7 3048370 550700 Calf Unk TG Grazing 30 7/22/2012 8:12 C6 3049575 549235 Adult Male RF Wallowing left year cut 31 7/22/2012 9:30 3049333 551494 Adult Female RF Wallowing Collared/calf 32 7/22/2012 9:30 3049333 551494 Calf Unk RF Wallowing 33 7/22/2012 10:30 3049557 551116 Adult Female RF With calf 34 7/22/2012 10:30 3049557 551116 Calf Unk RF

35 7/23/2012 10:26 C2 3049481 545025 SA Unk TG Other Fled 36 7/23/2012 12:29 E4 3047827 547679 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf 37 7/23/2012 12:29 E4 3047827 547679 Calf Unk TG Grazing about 2 months 38 7/23/2012 9:17 B4 3050910 547470 Adult Female With calf 39 7/23/2012 9:17 B4 3050910 547470 Calf Unk With calf 40 7/24/2012 14:55 E6 3047309 549898 Adult Male TG Grazing tip of the horn broken 41 7/24/2012 11:20 3047489 551511 Adult Male TG Resting Fled 42 7/24/2012 12:20 3049102 551544 Adult Female Grazing With calf 43 7/24/2012 12:20 3049102 551544 Calf Unk Grazing 44 7/24/2012 13:20 3048452 551098 Adult Female Wallowing With calf 45 7/24/2012 13:20 3048452 551098 Calf Unk Wallowing With calf 46 7/24/2012 14:00 3048593 551143 SA Male Resting 47 7/25/2012 7:45 D1 3050124 547984 Adult Female TG Grazing 48 7/25/2012 7:45 D1 3050124 547984 SA Male TG Grazing 49 7/25/2012 12:30 3050079 547747 Adult Unk TG Grazing 2 together 50 7/25/2012 12:30 3050079 547747 Adult Unk TG Grazing 2 together 51 7/25/2012 11:53 3047575 548597 Adult Male Grazing 52 7/26/2012 11:52 3049187 550136 Adult Unk RF Wallowing 53 7/26/2012 9:50 3049547 551149 Adult Female Wallowing 54 7/26/2012 10:10 3048714 551250 SA Male Grazing 55 7/27/2012 6:30 3050568 549208 Adult Male RB Wallowing 56 7/27/2012 11:50 3050331 547859 Adult Female RF Grazing With calf 57 7/27/2012 11:50 3050331 547859 Calf Unk RF Grazing 58 7/27/2012 10:36 B2 3049876 545263 Adult Male WL Grazing With other female and 59 7/27/2012 8:24 3048176 547837 Adult Female TG Wallowing calf 60 7/27/2012 8:24 3048176 547837 Adult Female TG Wallowing 61 7/27/2012 8:24 3048176 547837 Calf Unk TG Wallowing 62 7/28/2012 11:51 E6 3047019 549331 Adult Unk TG Grazing 63 7/28/2012 11:59 E6 3047228 549723 SA Unk TG Wallowing 64 7/28/2012 9:15 C6 3049583 549268 Adult Male RF Wallowing Heard sound and call, 65 7/29/2012 8:13 C3 3049310 546468 Unk Unk TG not seen 66 7/29/2012 7:07 3050580 549171 Adult Male RF Grazing 67 7/29/2012 9:00 B5 3050806 548337 Adult Male RF Wallowing with collar 68 7/29/2012 11:45 B4 3050110 547485 Adult Male TG Grazing 69 7/30/2012 8:32 3049570 549197 SA Male RF Wallowing Heard sound and call, 70 7/30/2012 12:00 3047312 509867 Unk Unk TG not seen 71 7/30/2012 12:16 3047312 509867 Adult Male TG Wallowing 72 7/30/2012 11:45 C8 3048278 552107 Adult Male Wallowing Collar??? 73 7/30/2012 11:45 C8 3048278 552107 Adult Female Wallowing Collar???

74 7/30/2012 11:45 C8 3048278 552107 SA Male Wallowing With Mother 75 7/30/2012 11:45 C8 3048278 552107 Adult Female Wallowing With collar 76 7/30/2012 9:00 C6 3049597 549275 SA Male RF Wallowing 77 7/30/2012 10:10 C7 3049628 550589 Adult Male RF Wallowing with collar 78 7/30/2012 10:40 D7 3048600 550880 Adult Female TG Wallowing with calf 79 7/30/2012 10:40 D7 3048600 550880 Calf Female TG Wallowing 80 7/30/2012 10:50 D7 3048988 550809 Adult Unk TG Resting 81 7/30/2012 12:10 C7 3049889 550071 Adult Female RF Wallowing With calf 82 7/30/2012 12:10 C7 3049889 550071 Calf Unk RF Wallowing 83 7/30/2012 8:18 B6 3050325 549151 Adult Male TG Other defecation 84 7/30/2012 8:46 B7 3049829 549781 Adult Male RF Wallowing 85 7/30/2012 C7 3049628 550571 Adult Female Wallowing 86 7/31/2012 10:33 3049744 547383 Adult Male SF Grazing 87 7/31/2012 8:00 A 3047655 549371 SA Female TG Resting With calf 88 7/31/2012 8:00 A 3047655 549371 Calf Unk TG Resting 89 7/31/2012 9:45 C7 3049192 550112 Adult Female Wallowing Calf around 2 years 90 7/31/2012 9:45 C7 3049192 550112 Calf Unk Wallowing 91 7/31/2012 10:23 C7 3049614 550560 Adult Male SF Collar 92 7/31/2012 13:00 D6 3048465 549291 Adult Female SG Grazing with calf 93 7/31/2012 13:00 D6 3048465 549291 Calf Unk SG Grazing 94 7/31/2012 9:50 C8 3049566 551180 SA Unk RF Wallowing 95 7/31/2012 9:50 C8 3049566 551180 Adult Female RF Wallowing 96 8/4/2012 13:49 3050451 547751 Adult Female TG Grazing 97 8/4/2012 9:42 3049990 549072 Adult Male TG Grazing hole on the horn tip 98 8/4/2012 9:42 3049990 549072 SA Male TG Grazing 99 8/4/2012 10:07 3049208 547880 Adult Male TG Grazing Khagchiriyeko 100 8/4/2012 11:50 C4 3049612 547247 Adult Male RF Wallowing 101 8/5/2012 8:10 E6 3047607 549283 SA Male TG Grazing Short tail 102 8/5/2012 9:00 3050406 549325 Adult Male RF Wallowing 103 8/5/2012 10:20 3049592 551139 Adult Female RF Wallowing with collar 104 8/5/2012 11:05 3049079 551501 Adult Female RF Wallowing with calf 105 8/5/2012 11:05 3049079 551501 Calf Male RF Wallowing 106 8/6/2012 9:34 C1 3049296 544970 Adult Unk TG Grazing 107 8/6/2012 12:20 B5 3050371 548004 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf 108 8/6/2012 12:20 B5 3050371 548004 Calf Unk TG Grazing 109 8/6/2012 12:20 B5 3050371 548004 Adult Female TG Grazing With calf 110 8/6/2012 12:20 B5 3050371 548004 Calf Unk TG Grazing 111 8/6/2012 12:25 B5 3050401 548039 Adult Female TG Wallowing 112 8/6/2012 9:00 B5 3050734 548298 Adult Female TG Wallowing with calf 113 8/6/2012 9:00 B5 3050734 548298 Adult Female TG Wallowing with calf 114 8/6/2012 10:30 3049254 548063 Adult Male Wallowing

115 8/7/2012 7:17 3050350 549347 Adult Male RB Wallowing 116 8/7/2012 7:17 3050350 549347 SA Male RB Wallowing 117 8/7/2012 10:30 C7 3049410 550132 SA Male SF Wallowing 118 8/7/2012 8:30 3050395 549374 Adult Male RB Wallowing 119 8/7/2012 8:30 3050395 549374 SA Male RB Wallowing 120 8/7/2012 10:00 3049161 551794 Adult Female GL Grazing With calf 121 8/7/2012 10:00 3049161 551794 Calf Unk GL Grazing 122 8/7/2012 11:30 3049869 550733 Adult Female Wallowing with calf 123 8/7/2012 11:30 3049869 550733 Calf Male Wallowing 124 8/8/2012 7:30 B5 3050069 547115 Adult Female TG Wallowing with calf 125 8/8/2012 7:30 B5 3050069 547115 Calf Unk TG Wallowing 126 8/8/2012 8:10 C3 3049681 546734 Adult Unk TG Wallowing two at the location 127 8/8/2012 8:10 C3 3049681 546734 Adult Unk TG Wallowing two at the location 128 8/8/2012 12:00 B5 3050078 547283 Adult Female TG Wallowing 129 8/8/2012 12:00 B5 3050078 547283 Calf Unk TG Wallowing 130 8/8/2012 10:03 3047449 547366 Adult Male SF Resting 131 8/8/2012 10:03 3047449 547366 Adult Female SF Resting 132 8/8/2012 Adult Female with calf 133 8/8/2012 Calf Unk 134 8/9/2012 10:56 3047855 549379 Adult Male TG Resting with SA 135 8/9/2012 10:56 3047855 549379 SA Male TG Resting 136 8/9/2012 10:45 C7 3049622 550588 Adult Male RF Wallowing 3 together 137 8/9/2012 10:45 C7 3049622 550588 Adult Female RF Wallowing 138 8/9/2012 10:45 C7 3049622 550588 Calf Unk RF Wallowing 139 8/10/2012 7:05 3049885 547618 Adult Female RF with calf 140 8/10/2012 7:05 3049885 547618 Calf Unk RF Right fold cut, long 141 8/10/2012 11:05 3050410 548045 Adult Male TG Wallowing horn 142 8/10/2012 7:10 3049910 548851 Adult Male WL Wallowing 143 8/10/2012 8:03 3048167 547832 Unk Unk herad noise only 144 8/10/2012 8:03 3048167 547832 Unk Unk herad noise only 145 8/10/2012 8:53 D4 3048097 547176 Unk Unk ran away 146 8/10/2012 10:00 D4 3048055 546991 Unk Unk ran away 147 8/10/2012 12:45 B6 3050584 549451 Adult Unk RF Wallowing 148 8/10/2012 11:05 B4 3050220 547805 Adult Female RF Wallowing with calf 149 8/10/2012 11:05 B4 3050220 547805 Calf Male RF Wallowing 150 8/10/2012 9:35 C5 3049867 548776 Adult Male RB Wallowing 151 8/10/2012 11:25 3049711 548829 Adult Male RB Wallowing 549233 152 8/11/2012 7:32 3050568 3 Adult Male RB Wallowing 153 8/11/2012 12:07 3050386 549373 Adult Male SG Wallowing 154 8/11/2012 9:30 C7 3049191 550113 Adult Female RF Wallowing With calf

155 8/11/2012 9:30 C7 3049191 550113 Calf Unk RF Wallowing 156 8/11/2012 9:30 3049607 551111 Adult Female RF Wallowing with calf 157 8/11/2012 9:30 3049607 551111 SA Male RF Wallowing 158 8/12/2012 7:25 3050063 547274 Unk Unk ran away 159 8/12/2012 7:47 3049628 546611 Unk Unk ran away 160 8/12/2012 9:05 3049434 546654 Adult Male RF Wallowing ran away 161 8/12/2012 9:25 B4 3050356 547415 Adult Male RF Grazing 162 8/12/2012 9:25 B4 3050356 547415 Adult Female RF Grazing 163 8/12/2012 8:15 3047309 548584 Adult Male RF Wallowing 164 8/13/2012 8:09 3047430 549956 SA Unk TG Other running 165 8/13/2012 8:09 3047430 549956 SA Unk TG Other running 166 8/13/2012 9:09 3047324 549854 Adult Male TG other running 167 8/13/2012 10:52 3049975 549925 Adult Female WL Wallowing with calf 168 8/13/2012 10:52 3049975 549925 Calf Male WL Wallowing 169 8/13/2012 8:30 C7 3049619 550560 Adult Female RF Wallowing 170 8/13/2012 8:30 C7 3049619 550560 SA Unk RF Wallowing 171 8/13/2012 8:45 C7 3049924 549969 Adult Female RF Wallowing with calf 172 8/13/2012 8:45 C7 3049924 549969 SA Unk RF Wallowing 173 8/13/2012 8:45 C7 3049924 549969 Adult Male RF Wallowing 174 8/13/2012 8:45 C7 3049924 549969 Adult Female RF Wallowing 175 8/13/2012 9:00 C8 3049745 550853 Adult Female RF Wallowing With collar 176 8/14/2012 8:30 3049566 544975 Adult Male RF Wallowing 4 @location 177 8/14/2012 8:30 3049566 544975 Adult Female RF Wallowing 178 8/14/2012 8:30 3049566 544975 SA Unk RF Wallowing 179 8/14/2012 8:30 3049566 544975 Calf Unk RF Wallowing 180 8/14/2012 10:35 3050208 547337 SA Female RF Grazing left year cut, around 1 181 8/14/2012 10:35 3050208 547337 Calf Unk Grazing year old 182 8/14/2012 12:12 3049919 548868 SA Male RF Wallowing 183 8/14/2012 12:12 3049919 548868 SA Male RF Wallowing 184 8/14/2012 8:45 B4 3050065 547276 Adult Female TG Wallowing with calf 185 8/14/2012 8:45 B4 3050065 547276 Adult Female TG Wallowing 186 8/15/2012 12:03 3046468 550384 SA Unk TG Wallowing ran away 187 8/15/2012 11:22 3047018 552134 Adult Male WL Wallowing 188 8/15/2012 11:30 3047018 552134 Adult Female WL Wallowing 189 8/15/2012 9:00 C7 3049635 550563 Adult Female RF Wallowing With collar/calf 190 8/15/2012 9:00 C7 3049635 550563 SA Male RF Wallowing 191 8/15/2012 9:17 C7 3049836 549984 Adult Female RF Wallowing With calf 192 8/15/2012 9:17 C7 3049836 549984 SA Unk RF Wallowing 193 8/15/2012 8:30 3049561 551139 Adult Female RF Wallowing 194 8/15/2012 8:30 3049561 551139 SA Male RF Wallowing 195 8/15/2012 8:30 3049561 551139 Adult Female RF Wallowing with calf

196 8/15/2012 8:30 3049561 551139 SA Male RF Wallowing 197 8/16/2012 9:35 B4 3050640 547424 Adult Female RF 198 8/16/2012 9:35 B4 3050640 547424 SA Unk RF Resting 199 8/16/2012 9:35 B4 3050640 547424 Adult Male RF Grazing 200 8/16/2012 9:35 B4 3050640 547424 Adult Male RF 201 8/16/2012 6:40 3050542 549676 SA Male RF Grazing 202 8/16/2012 8:30 3047447 548609 Adult Male RF Grazing 203 8/17/2012 8:40 E6 3049516 549895 Adult Unk 204 8/17/2012 8:40 E6 3049516 549895 Adult Unk 205 8/17/2012 8:40 E6 3049516 549895 Adult Unk 206 8/17/2012 10:50 C7 3049401 550426 Adult Female RF Grazing 207 8/17/2012 10:28 3049585 551173 Adult Female SF Wallowing with calf 208 8/17/2012 10:28 3049585 551173 Calf Unk SF Wallowing 209 8/17/2012 11:06 D8 3048659 551102 Adult Female Tg Grazing 210 8/18/2012 8:42 3049966 545002 SA Unk RF Wallowing 211 8/18/2012 8:42 3049966 545002 SA Unk RF Wallowing 212 8/18/2012 10:47 3049526 548699 Adult Male RF Resting ran away 213 8/18/2012 9:05 3050603 547346 Adult Female TG Wallowing with calf 214 8/18/2012 9:05 3050603 547346 Calf Unk TG Wallowing 215 8/18/2012 9:45 3050659 549554 Adult Male RF Wallowing 216 8/19/2012 7:30 3050159 549409 Adult Male RF Wallowing 217 8/19/2012 7:30 3050159 549409 SA Male RF Wallowing 218 8/19/2012 11:18 3048053 550008 Unk Unk Wallowing looked like SA 219 8/19/2012 11:05 3049212 550080 Adult Male RF Wallowing 220 8/19/2012 8:30 C7 3049191 550115 Adult Female RF Wallowing 221 8/19/2012 8:30 C7 3049191 550115 Adult Female RF Wallowing 222 8/19/2012 8:30 C7 3049191 550115 SA Male RF Wallowing 223 8/19/2012 7:30 3050318 549367 Adult Male RF Wallowing 224 8/19/2012 7:30 3050318 549367 SA Male RF Wallowing 225 8/19/2012 8:30 3049599 551131 Adult Female RF Wallowing with collar 226 8/19/2012 8:30 3049599 551131 SA Unk RF Wallowing 227 8/19/2012 9:00 3049566 551154 Adult Female RF Wallowing With calf and collared 228 8/19/2012 9:00 3049566 551154 SA Male RF Wallowing

Annex 2: Details of dung collection

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks Rhino 1 100 B6 Fresh RF 6/2/2012 Chiran 549489 3050690 2 Rhino 63 B6 1 day GL 8/5/2012 Nageshwor 549304 3050159 3 Rhino 67 B6 1 day GL 8/5/2012 Nageshwor 549174 3050257 4 Rhino 66 C8 1 day RB 8/5/2012 Nageshwor 551773 3049338 5 Rhino 70 C8 1 day RB 8/5/2012 Nageshwor 551772 3049162 6 Rhino 76 D6 1 day RF 8/5/2012 Ishwori 549310 3049733 7 Rhino 80 D6 2 days SG 8/5/2012 Ishwori 549141 3048474 8 Rhino 72 C6 2 days RF 8/5/2012 Ishwori 549468 3049865 9 Rhino 78 C7 2 days RF 8/5/2012 Ishwori 550407 3049002 10 Rhino 73 D7 3 days TG 8/5/2012 Ishwori 550625 3048437 11 Rhino 74 C6 Fresh Rf 8/5/2012 Ishwori 549003 3049578 12 Rhino 60 D8 Fresh TG 8/5/2012 Purna L. 551143 3048587 13 Rhino 83 E6 Fresh TG 8/5/2012 Kiran Lama 549652 3047571 14 Rhino 84 E6 Old TG 8/5/2012 Kiran Lama 540258 3047640 15 Rhino 90 E6 Old TG 8/5/2012 Kiran Lama 548983 3047710 16 Rhino 29 B6 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 549393 3050207 17 Rhino 30 B6 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 549301 3050166 18 Rhino 91 B6 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 549400 3050224 19 Rhino 58 C2 1 day RF 8/6/2012 Ramesh 545269 3049858 20 Rhino 51 E4 1 day TG 8/6/2012 OmPrakash 547716 3047588 21 Rhino 52 E4 1 day TG 8/6/2012 OmPrakash 547499 3047606 22 Rhino 25 E5 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 548228 3047706 23 Rhino 24 E5 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 548838 3047443 24 Rhino 26 E5 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 548357 3047528 25 Rhino 22 E5 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 548353 3047527 26 Rhino 23 E5 1 day GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 548317 3047593 27 Rhino 06 B5 2 days MF 8/6/2012 Ishwori 548606 3050391 28 Rhino 09 C4 2 days TG 8/6/2012 Ishwori 547958 3049382 29 Rhino 05 C5 2 days Simalghari 8/6/2012 Ishwori 548695 3049546 30 Rhino 07 C5 2 days Simalghari 8/6/2012 Ishwori 548694 3049547 31 Rhino 28 D5 3 days GL 8/6/2012 Nageshwor 548461 3048912 32 Rhino 08 A5 Fresh RF 8/6/2012 Ishwori 548422 3051041 33 Rhino 02 A5 Fresh Rf 8/6/2012 Ishwori 548436 3051041 34 Rhino 12 B6 1 day GL 8/7/2012 Nageshwor 549374 3050395 35 Rhino 14 C8 1 day GL 8/7/2012 Nageshwor 551338 3049745 36 Rhino 11 C8 1 day GL 8/7/2012 Nageshwor 551837 3049312

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks 37 Rhino 21 C8 1 day RB 8/7/2012 Nageshwor 551794 3049161 3 38 Rhino 62 E6 hour Vellarghari 8/7/2012 Tirtha L. 549649 3047570 39 Rhino 19 C6 4 days SF 8/7/2012 Fuleshwor 549670 3049321 40 Rhino 88 E6 Fresh GL 8/7/2012 Tirtha L. 549281 3047635 41 Rhino 65 B6 1 day GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 549555 3050640 Harka 42 Rhino 85 C1 1 day Vellarghari 8/8/2012 Lama 544295 3049937 Harka 43 Rhino 86 C2 1 day 8/8/2012 Lama 545008 3049942 Harka 44 Rhino 81 C2 1 day RF 8/8/2012 Lama 544645 3050009 Harka 45 Rhino 79 C2 1 day RF 8/8/2012 Lama 545081 3049276 46 Rhino 16 C5 1 day Simalghari 8/8/2012 Ishwori 546684 3049541 47 Rhino 03 C5 1 day Simalghari 8/8/2012 Ishwori 548882 3049548 48 Rhino 43 C5 1 day TG 8/8/2012 Ishwori 548502 3049193 49 Rhino 18 C5 1 day TG 8/8/2012 Ishwori 548503 3049103 50 Rhino 04 C5 1 day TG 8/8/2012 Ishwori 548084 3049368 51 Rhino 49 D5 1 day GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548426 3048627 52 Rhino 27 E4 1 day TG 8/8/2012 Tika Ram 547497 3047606 53 Rhino 94 E5 1 day GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548225 304777 54 Rhino 68 E5 1 day GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548614 3047485 55 Rhino 15 E5 1 day TG 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548574 3048191 56 Rhino 99 E5 1 day GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548251 3047650 57 Rhino 20 A4 2 days RF 8/8/2012 Ishwori 547784 3051049 Harka 58 Rhino 48 C1 2 days RF 8/8/2012 Lama 544288 3049942 Harka 59 Rhino 89 C2 2 days RF 8/8/2012 Lama 545534 3049325 60 Rhino 64 E5 2 days GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548359 3047524 61 Rhino 13 E5 2 days GL 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 548318 3047591 62 Rhino 98 F4 2 days SF 8/8/2012 Nageshwor 547924 30476671 Harka 63 Rhino 75 C2 3 days RF 8/8/2012 Lama 545523 3049301 64 Rhino 10 A5 Fresh GL 8/8/2012 Ishwori 548597 3050894 65 Rhino 56 E3 Fresh SF 8/8/2012 Tika Ram 547366 3047449 66 Rhino 57 E3 Fresh SF 8/8/2012 Tika Ram 547366 3047449 67 Rhino 53 E4 Fresh TG 8/8/2012 Tika Ram 547572 3047597

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks 68 Rhino 54 E4 Fresh TG 8/8/2012 Tika Ram 547572 3047597 69 Rhino 55 E4 Fresh TG 8/8/2012 Tika Ram 547572 3047597 Rhino 70 112 B7 1 day GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 550746 3050339 Rhino 71 119 B7 1 day GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 550482 3052000 72 Rhino 17 C6 1 day RF 8/9/2012 Ishwori 73 Rhino 87 C6 1 day RF 8/9/2012 Ishwori 74 Rhino 61 D7 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ishwori 75 Rhino 42 D7 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ishwori 76 Rhino 34 E6 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549258 3047640 77 Rhino 38 E6 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549286 3047640 78 Rhino 35 E6 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549510 3047851 79 Rhino 33 E6 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549369 3047366 80 Rhino 36 E6 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549814 3047530 81 Rhino 37 E6 1 day TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549654 3047578 Rhino 82 114 B6 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 549290 3050384 Rhino 83 111 B6 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 549394 3050207 Rhino 84 117 B6 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 549302 3050212 Rhino 85 115 B6 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 549694 3050250 Rhino 86 120 B7 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 87 Rhino 93 C7 2 days RF 8/9/2012 Ishwori Rhino 88 118 C8 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 551338 3049746 Rhino 89 113 D8 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 551780 3049163 Rhino 90 116 D8 2 days GL 8/9/2012 Nageshwor 551516 30484586 5 91 Rhino 32 E6 hour TG 8/9/2012 Ram Raj 549510 3047851 Rhino 92 126 B4 1 day TG 8/10/2012 Ishwori 547405 3050526 Rhino 93 101 B6 1 day GL 8/10/2012 Nageshwor 549300 3050160

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks 94 Rhino 39 C2 1 day RF 8/10/2012 Purna L. 545002 3049938 95 Rhino 44 E4 1 day TG 8/10/2012 OmPrakash 547719 3047591 96 Rhino 94 E4 1 day TG 8/10/2012 OmPrakash 547757 3047578 Rhino 97 102 E5 1 day GL 8/10/2012 Nageshwor 548197 3047757 Rhino 98 104 F4 1 day SF 8/10/2012 Nageshwor 547969 3046732 99 Rhino 71 B4 2 days TG 8/10/2012 Ishwori 547405 3050526 Rhino 100 129 C4 2 days TG 8/10/2012 Ishwori 547789 3049144 101 Rhino 01 C4 2 days TG 8/10/2012 Ishwori 547798 3049147 Rhino 102 138 D5 2 days TG 8/10/2012 Nageshwor 548464 3048911 Rhino 103 124 B4 Fresh TG 8/10/2012 Ishwori 547406 3050526 104 Rhino 47 E4 Fresh TG 8/10/2012 OmPrakash 547572 3047597 Rhino 105 107 B6 1 day GL 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 549635 3050510 Rhino 106 123 B6 1 day GL 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 549288 3050379 Rhino 107 155 B6 1 day GL 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 549311 3050167 Rhino 108 108 B6 1 day Vellarghari 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 549699 3050252 Rhino 109 128 C8 1 day GL 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 551985 3049680 Rhino 110 040 E6 1 day TG 8/11/2012 TirthaL. 548723 3047798 4 different Rhino rhinos shit @ 111 132 E7 1 day RB 8/11/2012 TirthaL. 550127 3048354 same location Rhino 112 135 E7 1 day RB 8/11/2012 TirthaL. 550127 3048354 Rhino 113 131 E7 1 day RB 8/11/2012 TirthaL. 550127 3048354 Rhino 114 125 E7 1 day RB 8/11/2012 TirthaL. 550127 3048354 Rhino 115 103 B6 2 days GL 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 549617 3050522 116 Rhino B6 2 days GL 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 549179 3050260

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks 105 Rhino 117 121 B7 2 days Vellarghari 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 550568 3050105 Rhino 118 140 B7 2 days Vellarghari 8/11/2012 Nageshwor 550772 3049976 Rhino 119 143 C7 2 days RF 8/11/2012 Ishwori 550613 3049814 Rhino 120 130 D7 2 days TG 8/11/2012 Ishwori 550139 3048697 Rhino 121 031 E6 2 days TG 8/11/2012 TirthaL. 549258 3047644 Rhino 122 150 D6 Fresh TG 8/11/2012 Ishwori 549524 3049117 Rhino 123 148 D6 Fresh TG 8/11/2012 Ishwori 549526 3049815 Rhino 124 186 B4 1 day TG 8/12/2012 Ishwori 547276 3050119 Rhino 125 183 C4 1 day TG 8/12/2012 Ishwori 547962 3049279 Rhino 126 188 E5 1 day GL 8/12/2012 Nageshwor 548308 3047705 Rhino 127 152 C5 2 days RF 8/12/2012 Ishwori 549691 3049544 Rhino 128 189 D5 2 days TG 8/12/2012 Nageshwor 548461 3048910 129 Rhino 45 E4 2 days TG 8/12/2012 Amar 547572 3047595 Rhino 130 187 E5 2 days GL 8/12/2012 Nageshwor 548725 3047790 Rhino 131 184 B4 Fresh TG 8/12/2012 Ishwori 547407 3050525 Rhino 132 151 B4 Fresh TG 8/12/2012 Ishwori 547276 3050119 Rhino 133 182 B6 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 549311 3050171 Rhino 134 156 B6 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 549308 3050166 Rhino 135 109 B6 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 549582 3050241 Rhino 136 200 B7 1 day Vellarghari 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550567 3050098

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks Rhino 137 198 B7 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550406 3050272 Rhino 138 181 B7 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550094 3050398 Rhino 139 185 B7 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550113 3050395 Rhino 140 195 B7 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550483 3050195 Rhino 141 192 B7 1 day GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550748 3050335 Rhino 142 157 E6 1 day TG 8/13/2012 Ramesh 549291 3047635 Rhino 143 139 E6 1 day TG 8/13/2012 Ramesh 549817 3047529 Rhino 144 142 E6 1 day TG 8/13/2012 Ramesh 550025 3047259 Rhino 145 122 E6 1 day TG 8/13/2012 Ramesh 549250 3047646 Rhino 146 153 E6 1 day TG 8/13/2012 Ramesh 549250 3047646 Rhino 147 110 B6 2 days GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 549609 3050496 Rhino 148 194 B6 2 days GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 549416 3050341 Rhino 149 190 B7 2 days GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 550005 3050485 Rhino 150 196 C8 2 days GL 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 551781 3049168 Rhino 151 193 D8 2 days Vellarghari 8/13/2012 Nageshwor 551146 3048585 Rhino 152 146 C6 Fresh RF 8/13/2012 Ishwori 549550 3050000 Rhino 153 199 C6 Fresh RF 8/13/2012 Ishwori 549549 3049998 Rhino 154 106 C6 Fresh RF 8/13/2012 Ishwori 549454 3049445 Rhino 155 167 C6 Fresh RF 8/13/2012 Ishwori 549455 3049445 Rhino 156 171 A5 1 day SG 8/14/2012 Ishwori 548598 3050894

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks Rhino 157 179 A5 1 day SG 8/14/2012 Ishwori 548600 3050892 Rhino 158 175 C5 1 day Simalghari 8/14/2012 Ishwori 548695 3049547 Rhino 159 137 D5 1 day TG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548603 3048099 Rhino 160 177 D5 1 day TG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 543919 3048627 Rhino 161 191 D5 1 day TG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548777 3048856 Rhino 162 165 E5 1 day SG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548325 3047868 Rhino 163 197 E5 1 day SG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 543225 3047710 Rhino 164 179 E5 1 day SG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 543325 3047907 Rhino 165 136 E5 1 day TG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548628 3047917 Rhino 166 134 E5 1 day TG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548622 3047912 Rhino 167 174 E5 1 day SG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 5488838 3047439 Rhino 168 149 D5 2 days TG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548088 3048832 Rhino 169 176 E5 2 days SG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548551 3047139 170 Rhino163 E5 2 days SG 8/14/2012 Nageshwor 548615 3047479 Rhino 171 180 C5 Fresh Simalghari 8/14/2012 Ishwori 548697 3049548 Rhino 172 141 E4 Fresh TG 8/14/2012 OmPrakash 547754 3047577 close to 141 Rhino 173 133 E4 Fresh TG 8/14/2012 OmPrakash 547754 3047577 Rhino 174 145 B5 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549416 3050343 Rhino 175 160 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549170 3050259 Rhino 176 069 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549402 3050221 177 Rhino B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549604 3050508

xl/of] jg sfo{qmd

of] r]slni6 cd]/LsL cGt/fli6«o ljsf; lgof]u -o'P;P8_ sf] dfWodaf6 cd]/LsL gful/s4f/f k|bfg ul/Psf] pbf/ ;xof]uaf6 ;Dej ePsf] xf] . oxf+ pNn]lvt ljifoj:t' xl/of] jg sfo{qmdsf] nflu 8An'8An'Pkm / cGo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] / o;n] o'P;P8 tyf cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] wf/0ffsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .

;fd'bflos jgsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf] nfuL ;+lIfKt r]slni6

-of] r]slni6 jg P]g – @)$(, ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g – @)^%, ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg kl/of]hgfx?åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] k|ltj]bg tyf lgb]{lzsfdf cfwfl/t eO{ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . _

k|:tfjgfM  lsg / s;/L of] sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 < gfd / k|f/DeM gfdM 7]ufgfM cjlwM jgsf] cj:yfsf] cfwf/df sfo{of]hgfsf] cjlw % b]vL !) jif{sf] agfpg ;lsg]5 . nfu' x'g] ldltM ;dfKt x'g] ldltM . ;+zf]wgsf] k|fjwfgM sfo{of]hgf ;+;f]wg x'g ;Sg] cj:yfx? pNn]v ug]{ f efu ! !=! P]ltxf;Ls k[i7e"ldM -a9Ldf ! k]h_ . ;fd'bflos jgsf] z'?cft s;/L eof] < . ;f=j= agfpg' cl3 jgsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <

!=@ ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;dLIff -gljs/0f ug]{ sfo{of]hgfsf] xsdf_

. ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfM ljutdf ljwfg / sfo{of]hgfsf] sfo{fGjogsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof]<, ;d"xsf] sfo{ ;ldltdf ;a} ju{, hfthftLx?sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof]< cfd e]nfdf ;a} pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;xeflutf s:tf] /x\of]< sfo{;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cj:yf, cfDbfgL vr{, cGo clen]vx¿ / sfof{no Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] s:tf] 5<, ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/L tyf gljs/0f / cGo gLlt lgodx¿sf] tof/Ldf ;a} pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;xeflutf x'g] u/]sf] 5 sL 5}g< ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vfkl/If0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 sL 5}g< cflb s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ . -;f=j=ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% sf] kl/R5]b %=@ df n]lvPsf s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ljZn]if0f u/L pNn]v ug]{_ . cfly{s cj:yfdf kl/jt{gM pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] hLjgofkgdf cfPsf] u'0ffTds kl/at{g h:t}M klxnf pkef]Qmfx?n] bfp/f tyf sf7 lsg]/ k|of]u uy]{ eg] xfn ;fd'bflos ag x:tfGt/0f kZrft\ lsGg gk]/sf], jgdf cfwfl/t pBd ;~rfng u/]/ ljkGg ju{sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] s'/f pNn]v ug]{ . -;f=j=ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% sf] cg';"rL * sf] a'bfF gDa/ @ sf] æuæ df n]lvPsf sfo{s|dx?nfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ljZn]if0f u/L pNn]v ug]{_ . jgsf] cj:yfM pTkfbglzntf / ;+lrtLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, jgsf] k'g?Tkfbgdf ePsf] j[l4, cltqmd0f -a9]sf], 36]sf], x'g glbPsf], vf;} kl/j{tg gePsf]_, e"–Ifodf sdL, klx/f] /f]syfd, x}l;ot ljlu|Psf] If]qdf xl/ofnL 5fPsf], vfnL hUufdf ePsf] j[Iff/f]k0f . -;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% sf] kl/R5]b %=$ df n]lvPsf sfo{x?nfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ ljZn]if0f u/L pNn]v ug]{_ . h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fM jg:ktL, u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/ tyf hLjhGt'df cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ldrfxf jg:klt k|hftL tyf cGo ´f/kftdf ePsf] j[l4, cfunfuL lgoGq0f, clgolGqt rl/r/0f tyf s6fgLsf] Aoj:yfkg / lgoGq0f . -;f=j=pkef]Stf ;d"x;+u 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{_ . sf]if kl/rfngsf] cj:yfM ag P]g @)$(, ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; dfu{b{zg – @)^% cg'zf/ sf]if kl/rfng ePsf] jf gePsf] cj:yf . ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;sf] dfu{bz{g @)^% cg';f/ ;d"xdf ;DkGgtf :tl/s/0faf6 klxrfg ePsf clt ljkGg ju{x?sf] nflu lhjLsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf agfO{ To;df ;d"x sf]ifsf] sDtLdf #% k|ltzt vr{ ug}{kg]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt eP gePsf] . blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{s{f] cfly{{s ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu sfoq{md ;r+fng ePsf] jf gePsf], ljkGg ju{x?sf] nflu ;xl'not jf lgzN's ¿kdf jgk}bfjf/ lat/0f eP gePsf] cj:yf ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% kl/R5]b #=* df n]lvPsf sfo{x?nfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ljZn]if0f u/L pNn]v ug]{_. . pkef]Qmf ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] wf/0ffdf kl/jt{gM ljwfgdf tf]lsPsf sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w / jxgsf] cj:yf, ;fd'bflos jg k|lt pkef]Qmfx?sf] ckgTjdf j[l4 . cfkmgf] ;fd'bflos jg hf]ufP/ glhs}sf] csf]{ /fli6«o jgdfyLsf] rfk a9]sf] 36]sf] jf ljgfz ePsf] jf gePsf] cj:yfklg 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . blnt, dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghftL, tyf ljkGg ju{ / km/s Ifdtf -ckf+utf_ ePsf ju{sf] jg ;+/If0f

tyf ;+aå{g k|ltsf] efjgfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] af/]df pNn]v ug]{ - ;f=j=pkef]Qmf ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{_ .

!=# jgsf] ljj/0f

!=@=! jgsf] kl/ro . gfd . 7]ufgf . l;dfgf jf rf/lsNnf . If]qkmn -x]S6/df_ . kfO{g] d"Vo jg:klt k|hftLx? . cGo k|hftLx? . jgsf] ls;Ld / k|sf/ -h:t}M != ;fn jg, k|fs[lts, @= ;Nnf jg, j[Iff/f]k0f_

!=@=@ jgsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf . le/fnf]kg -k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{_ . df6f] -agfj6, k|sf/ tyf ld>0f_ . obL e"–Ifo ePsf] If]q 5 eg] pQm :yfgsf] cj:yf -7fpFsf] gfd, cGbfhL If]qkmn_ . vf]nf, glb, tfn tn}of nufPtsf l;d;f/ If]q / klt{ If]qsf] gfd tyf cf]u6]sf] If]]qkmn_

!=@=# jg:ktLsf] cj:yf . k'g?Tkfbgsf] cj:yf . jgsf] ls;Ld . jgdf kfO{g] d'Vo–d'Vo u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ tyf hl8a'6Lx? . jgsf] 3gTj . nf]k"Gd'v k|hftLx?

!=@=$ jGohGt' tyf kz'kFIfL -;fd'bflos jgdf kfO{g] jGohGt' tyf kz'kFIfLsf] gfd pNn]v ug]{_ . :tgwf/L lhjhGt' . 3;|g] lhjhGt' . r/f k|hftL -gfd nVg] h:t}M lu4, sflnh, 9's'/, ;'uf cfbL_ . hnr/ k|hftLM . cGo jGohGt' k|hftLM . nf]k"Gd'v k|hftLM

!=@=% jgsf] gSzff — ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% cg';f/

-;fdb'flos jgsf] gSzf tof/ ug{sf nfuL agsf] l;dfgf ;e]{If0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu gfkL zfvfaf6 k|fKt gS;fnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 . jgsf] l;dfgf ;e]{If0f ubf{ jf sDkf;sf] GPS k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L gSzf agfO{;s]kl5 lgDgfg';f/sf ljj/0fx?nfO{ ;fdb'flos jgsf] gSzfdf :ki6;Fu b]vfpg' kb{5 ._

. lhNnfsf] gS;fdf /]~hkf]i6, uf=lj=;= / ;fd'bflos jg b]vfOPsf] gS;f . Vf08÷pk–v08df ljefhg . cg'Tkfbs If]q tyf ;+/lIft If]q . Kflx/f], vf]nf, gbL, tfn tn}of eP gSzfdf b]vfpg] . Wfld{s If]q h:t}M d7–dlGb/, u'Daf, 3f6 . Vf08 ljefhg -Jfgsf] k|sf/sf] cfwf/df h:t}M ;fn jg v08, vo/ jg v08, ;Nnf jg v08, plQ; jg v08 jf jgsf] cj:yf cg';f/ ?v v08, kf]n v08, k'g?Tyfg v08, 3fF;]d}bfg v08 jf jg Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zosf] cfwf/df_ . cfoch{gsf] nflu ;Defljt If]q – -ljkGg pkef]Stfx?sf] cfocf{hg] a9fpgsf] nfuL 5'§ofO{Psf] If]Ì, u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ tyf hl8a'6Lx? nufOPsf] If]q, kof{–ko{6g tyf kfs{sf] nfuL 5'§ofO{Psf] If]Ì_

!=# jg k}bfj/sf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% df pNn]lvt kmf/d -cg';"rL !_ k|of]u u/L  cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'/f ug{ rflxg] jg k}bfjf/x?sf] klxrfg ug]{  jg k}bfjf/sf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cj:yf ;Fsng tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{  dfu adf]lhd cfk"lt{ gePdf s], s;/L cfk"lt{ ug]{ eGg] a}slNks pkfox?sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . h:t}M ;fd'bflos jgsf] vfnL tyf lghL hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{, ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf] tyf jfof]UofF; h8fg u/L k|of]u ug{], ;f]nf/, h}ljs u'O{7fsf] k|of]u ug]{ cfbL .  dfu eGbf cfk"lt{ a9L ePdf s;/L ;b'kof]u ug]{ eGg] af/]df pkef]Qmf e]nfaf6 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ug]{ / pQm lg0f{onfO{ :ki6?kdf sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ug]{ .  Jofkfl/s k|of]hg tyf pBd ljsf;df pknAw jg k}bfjf/ .  ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% df pNn]v eP adf]lhd pQm ;fd'bflos agaf6 k|fKt jg k}bfaf/sf] cfk"tL{ a9L ePdf ;d"x aflx/ ljqmL lat/0f ubf{ glhssf] jf hf]l8Psf] ;fd'bflos jgsf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

!=% jg ;|f]t ;e]{If0f jg ;|f]t ;e]{If0f dfu{bz{g @)^! adf]lhd jg dfkg u/L u/L ;f]  (Forest Inventory) sf] k|lqmof / v08 tyf pkv08 cg';f/ glthf pNn]v ug]{ .  jg sfa{g dfk0f dfu{bz{g @)^& cg';f/ jgsf] sfj{g df}Hbft cf+sng ug]{ jg ;|f]t ;e]{If0fsf] qmddf cfPsf sf ;Dk"0f{ kmf/dx?  Data Analysis (Format) cg';"lrdf /fVg] . 4

efu @ jg Joj:yfkg

@=! kl/efiff

@=@ jg Joj:yfkgsf kl/sNkgf / p2]Zox?

@=@=! kl/sNkgf -pQm ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ To; ;d"xsf pkef]Qmfx?n] eljiodf s:tf] ePsf] b]Vg rfxG5g\, pQm s'/f ;d"xsf pkef]Qmfx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L /fVg] . o;sf] nfuL ;fd'bflos jgsf bf]>f]1 / t]>f2] k':tfsf ;jfnx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] _.

@=@=@ lb3{sflng p2]Zox? -sDtLdf !) jif{ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf ug{ vf]lhPsf] kl/atg{nfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ u/L lb3{sflng p2]Zox? lgSof]{n ug]{_ h:t}M  jgnfO{ x/fe/f / ;'Gb/ jgfpg] .  ax'pkof]uL k|hftLx?sf] a[l4 tyf ljsf;df dxTj lbO{ dxTjk"0f{ jg:ktL tyf hLjhGt'sf] Hf}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .  u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g, Joj:yfkg / ;b'kof]u tyf plrt ?kdf ljs|L ljt/0f u/L tyf cGo cfosd"ns sfo{qmdx? Dffkm{t dlxnf tyf ljkGg pkef]Qmfx?sf]] hLjg:t/ dfyL p7fpg] .  sfj{g ;+lrlts/0fdf a[l4 ug]{ .  jgdf cfwfl/t pBd tyf Kfof{ko{6gsf] ljsf; u/L ;d"xsf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx?nfO{ ljljwLs/0f ug]{ jf a9fpg] .

@=@=# cNksflng p2]Zox? -sDtLdf @–# jif{df ug{ vf]lhPsf] lqmofsnfkx?af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] glthfx? pNN]v ug]{ ._ h:t}M  jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ .  jgnfO{ gs/fTds c;/ gkg]{ ul/ jgsf] ;b'kfof]u ug]{ .  k|fs[lts k'gp{TkfbgnfO{ a9jf lbb} vfnL 7fpFdf a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ .  ;fd'bflos jgdf ePsf ljleGg k|hftLsf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] klxrfg u/L d'Vo # gfkmfd"ns k|hftLx?sf] Joj;flos v]tL ug]{ .

1;fd'bflos jgsf bf]>f] k':tfsf ;jfnx? eGgfn] ;'zf;g, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg, hLljsf]kfh{{gdf ;'wf/ / ;fdflhs ;dfj]lzs/0f h:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;d]6\5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf t]>f] k':tfsf ;jfnx?df eGgfn] sfa{g Jofkf/, hnjfo' kl/at{g, kfl/l:ytLlso ;]jfx?sf] 2 e'QmfgL k|0ffnL / kof{–ko{6gsf] ljsf; h:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;d]6\5 .

 Hfnjfo" kl/jt{gaf6 k/]sf gsf/fTds k|efjx?sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L d'Vo # gsf/fTds k|efjx?af6 aRg cg's"ng sfo{qmdx?sf of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

@=# jg v08 tyf pkv08 ljefhg

@=#=! v08 ljefhgsf cfwf/x?

@=#=@ v08 ljefhgsf p2]Zox?

@=#=# v08sf] ljj/0f -k|To]s v08sf] lgDg adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{_ s= jg v08sf] kl/ro  l;dfgf jf rf/ lsNnf  If]qkmn v= jg v08sf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf  le/fnf]kg  df]x8f  df6f]sf] k|sf/ tyf agfj6  e"–Ifosf] l:ylt u= jg:kltsf] cj:yf  kfO{g] d'Vo–d'Vo k|hftLx?  k"g?Tkfbgsf] cj:yf  jgsf] ls;Ld  jgsf] 5q 3gTj

3= jg ;|f]t ;e]{If0f / ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt jg k}bfjf/sf] df}Hbft  sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu ul/Psf 3/w'/L ;j{]If0faf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lx¿sf] lj:t[t ljZni]f0f u/L -tflnsf g+ !_ 6f]n Pj+ ;dfg rfxgf ePsf ;d"x cg';f/ nut tof/ ug{] .  ;d"xsf] cfjZostf, jgsf] cj:yf / jg Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ v08 , pkv08 / sfo{If]q (Block) (Sub-Block) df ljefhg ug{] . (Working Unit)  jg;|f]]t ;e{]If0f dfu{bz{g cg';f/ x/]s v08 tyf pkv08df /x]sf jgk}bfjf/sf] dfH}bft / jflif{s j[l4b/ kQf nufO{ jflif{s ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0f (Growing Stock) lgwf/{0f ug{] . (Annual Allowable Cut)

 ;|f]]t ;jI{]f0f u/L jg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ubf{ jftfj/0fLo, cf{lys / ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{5 .  j[Iff/f]k0f tyf k|fs[lts jgdf df}Hbft ?v ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df kTNofpg] k4tL nfu' u/L jflif{s ¿kdf x6fpg' kg{] ?vsf] ;V+of lgwf/{0f ug{] . (Thinning Regime)  pkef]Qmfx¿sf] jgk}bfjf/sf] dfu / To;sf] cfk"lt{sf] nflu jgaf6 jflif{s ¿kdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L jg ;Daw{gsf ls|ofsnfkx¿ h:t}M PSNofpg], emf8L;kmfO{, sfF65fF6 ug{], kTNofpg] cflbsf] klxrfg ug{] . o;/L jg ;a+4g{sf sfo{ ubf{ dxTjk'0f{ u}/ sfi7 jgkb}fjf/ tyf cGo pkof]uL jg:ktLnfO{ gfS];fgL gx'g] u/L ug'{{kb5{ .  jgk}bfjf/sf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ j}slNks pkfosf] vf]hL ug{] . h:t}: lghL hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ Pj+ ;+/If0f, ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf], ;f]nf/, afof]Uof;, jg:ktL sf]O{nf cflb . jgkb}fjf/df cfwfl/t pBd :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos kg{] jgkb}fjf/sf] lj:t[t ;jI{]f0f ug]{ . h:t}M a]n, sfkmn, u/'fF;sf] ;j{t, wl;+u/]sf] t]n, cNnf]sf] wfuf], kftsf b'gf 6k/L, jg:ktL sf]O{nf, nf]Stfsf] sfuh, a]t, af+; / lgufnfs]f pTkfbg cflbsf] ;|f]t ;j]{If0f u/L k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] ljZni]f0f u/L To;sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f sfo{of]hgfdf /fVg] . o; ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx¿ 5'§} kmfOndf /fVg] . tflnsf g+ !– jg ;|f]t ;e]{If0f / ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt jg k}bfjf/sf] df}Hbftsf] ljj/0f qm k|hftL k"g?Tkfbg aNnfaNnL kf]n ?v Uf}=sf=j=k}= s}lkmot ; lj?jf :ofKnLª ;fgf] 7"nf] ;FVof cfotg ;FVof cfotg ;FVof cfotg ;FVof ;FVof

ª jftfj/0fLo ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx? ;fd'bflos jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgaf6 pknAw x'g] hnfwf/ Pj+ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, e'b[Zo– ;f}Gbo{ tyf sfj{g–;+lrtLdf a[4L h:tf jftfj/0fLo ;]jfx¿sf] ;+efjgfsf] vf]hL u/L ltgsf] pkof]u u/]/ cfocfh{gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg ;lsg] k|fawfg pNn]v ug]{ . r ;fd'bfo tyf ;fd'bflos jgdf hnjfo' kl/at{gaf6 x'g] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f – ;d'bfo 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df To; ;fd'blos jg / ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/at{gaf6 x'g] hf]lvdx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L hf]lvdo'St If]q tyf ju{x? klxrfg u/L k|fyldlss/0f ug]{ . ;fy} blnt,

cflbaf;L, hghftL, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{, km/s Ifdtf -ckf+u_ ePsf ju{df kg{] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] hf]lvdsf] 5'6\6f 5'6\5} ljZn]if0f u/L pNn]v ug{] .

5 jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nofs+g ;DaGwL k|fawfg cg';f/ jgsf] If]qnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ;f=j Joj:yfkg kZrft jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjsf] d'Nof+sg tyf ;f]sf] Go"lgs/0fsf] nfuL cfjZos sfo{x? /fVg] f

@=#=$ jg ;Daw{g sfo{ – jg Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx¿ -v08, pkv08, sfo{If]q cg';f/_ h:t}M uf]8d]n, xf+uf 56gL, kTNofpg], PSNofpg] -o:tf sfo{qmdx¿sf] nflu s'g sfd, slxn], lsg, s'g–s'g 7fp+df, s;/L ug]{ eGg]af/] k|i6 sfo{tflnsf agfO{ pNn]v ug{' kb{5 ._ ;fy} jg ;Da4g{ ubf{ h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ Wofg lbg] Joj:yf klg pNn]v ug]{ . s= lylgª jf kTNofpg] jg kTNofpg] sfo{ ubf{ kTNofpg] dfu{bz{g sf] – -Thining Guideline_ cfwf/df pkof]uL k|fawfgx?nfO{ pNn]v ug]{ . v= k|'lgª jf xfFuf s6gL tyf 56gL – xfFuf s6gL tyf 56gL] sfo{ ubf{ sxfF / slxn] ug]{ eGg] sfo{tflnsfdf 5nkmn u/L k|fawfgx? pNn]v ug]{ .

u= lSnlgª jf emf8L ;kmfO{ – jgdf /x]sf cgfjZos jfSnf sfF8f, nx/f Pj+ emf8Lx?nfO{ jgjf6 qmdzM x6fFpb} hfg] sfo{tflnsf pNn]v ug]{ . emf8L ;kmfO ubf{ lgDgs'/fx?df Wofg lbg ;lsG5 . e' Ifo x'g ;Sg] 7fpFdf emf8L ;kmfO{ ul/g] 5}g .  – emfl8 ;kmfO{ ubf{ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lx;fjn] nf]k x'Fb} uO/x]sf] s'g} klg k|hftLnfO{  x6fOg] 5}g . :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] pkof]usf] lx;fjn] sd d'Nojfg k|hftLx?nfO{ emf8L ;kmfO{jf6  x6fP/ pSt 7fpFnfO{ cGo k|hftLx?sf] a[l4 Pj+ ljsf;sf] nfuL pko'St jftfj/0f jgfOg] 5 .

3= 8fn] 3f+;sf] Joj:yfkg pkef]Qmf – ;d"xn] 8fn]3fF;sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL ;fd'bflos jg If]qleq lglZrt If]q 5'§ofO{ 8fn]3fF;sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf ;+sng tflnsf agfO{ pQm 3fF; Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0fsf] nfuL pko{'Qm k|fawfgx?df 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{ .

ª= e"O 3fF; pTkfbg If]qsf] Joj:yfkg pQm ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljleGg v08df kfO{g] e"O 3fF;sf] ;+sng tyf ;b'kof]u, ljqmL lj/t0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;fy} k/Dk/fut ?kdf pko]fu ub}{ cfPsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nfuL pko{'Qm k|fawfgx?df 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{ .

r= r/0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg jgsf] cj:yf x]l/sg r/0f If]q Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL cfjZos k2tL h:t}+ 3'DtLrl/0f r/0f tyf rl/0fr/0f lgif]w ug]{ ljifodf ;d"xdf 5nkmn rnfO{ pko{'Qm Joj:yf pNn]v ug]{ .

5= k'gp{Tkfbg If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ?v k|hftL / hl8a'6L k'gp{TkfbgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;+/If0f ug]{ u/L jg k}bfjf/sf] pkef]u tyf r/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ nfuL pko{'Qm k|fawfgx?df 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{ . h= u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/sf] Aoj:yfkg pQm ;fd'bflos jgdf ePsf d'Vo d'Vo u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfj/÷hl8a'6Lsf] klxrfg tyf n]vfhf]vf u/L Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL cToflws lgisfzg x'g glbO k'gp{Tkfbgsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] ls;Ldaf6 pkef]Stf ;ldltn] :yfg, kl/df0f, ;+sng tl/sf / ;do pNn]v ug]{ . / pkef]Stf ;d'xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ o:tf] hl8a'6L ;+sng tyf ljs|L ljt/0f ug]{ k|fjwfg /fVg] .

em= jg v08 cg';f/ ul/g] sfdx?sf] k|flalws ;'emfjx?  gd"gf Kn6 :yfkgf  j[Iff/f]k0f– ;fd'bflos jgdf ?v Pj+ hl8a'6L k|hfltsf j[If/f]k0f ubf{ :yfgLo /}yfg] k|hfltnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf pNn]v ug]{ ;fy} ;Djl[4 jI[f/fk]0f - Enrichment / k|fs[lts kg' ?Tkfbgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{ pNn]v ug]{ Plantation_  9nfk8f ?v ;+sng  jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg Aoj:yfkg  kof{ko{6g k|a{wg  cGo s]xL ePdf pNn]v ug]{

~f= jg Aoj:yfkgsf] % – !) jif]{ jflif{s sfo{ tflnsf dfyLsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L pQm ;fd'bflos jgdf sfo{of]hgfsf] cjwLe/ ul/g] of]hgfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ug]{

Tflnsf g+ @ – jg Aoj:yfkgsf] %–!) jif]{ jflif{s sfo{ tflnsfsf] ljj/0f cfly{s jif{ sfo{ ljj/0f v08 If]qkmn ;do

6= ckgfO{g] jg ;Daw{g sfo{x? / ;do tflnsf dfyLsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L pQm ;fd'bflos jgdf ckgfO{g] jg ;Daw{gsf sfo{x? nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;do tflnsfdf pNn]v ug]{

Tflnsf g+ # – jg ;Daw{g sfo{x? / ;do tflnsf qm ; jg ;Daw{g sfo{ dlxgf k|fKt x'g] jg k}bfjf/ s}lkmot

7= cGo jg ;Daw{gsf sfo{x? -h:t}–cUgL /]vf lgdf{0f tyf dd{t_

@=$ jg tyf h}ljs ljlawtf ;+/If0f

@=$=! h}ljs ljlawtf ;+/If0f

@=$=!=! h}ljs ljlawtf ;+/If0fdf cfOk/]sf vt/f tyf r'gf}tLx? sf] n]vfhf]vf (Threats)  k|ToIf vt/f  ck|ToIf vt/f jf sf/s tTjx? -Rff]/L lgsf;L, ldrfxf k|hftL, cltqmd0f======_  h}ljs ljlawtfsf] vt/f tyf r'gf}tLx?sf] n]vfhf]vfsf] k|lta]bg cg'z"lrdf /fVg] .

@=$=!=@ h}ljs ljlawtf ;+/If0fsf pkfox?  pk/f]Qm vt/f tyf sf/s tTjx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lqmofsnfkx? pNn]v ug]{ .  /fxt lgtL -jGohGt'af6 x'g] IftLsf] /fxt ;xof]u ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf – @)^^_ af/] hgr]tgf clej[4L -h:t}M h+unL jGohGt'af6 x'g] xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] /fxt_ ug]{ vfnsf sfo{qmdx? .

@=$=@ jg ;+/If0f ug{ ckgfO{g] pkfox?  jg:ktL tyf jGohGt'sf] ;+/If0f, 3fF;] d}bfg ;+/If0f, /f]u tyf ls/fx?sf] k|sf]k / ldrfxf k|hftLx¿ lgoGq0f, rl/r/0f lgoGq0f, Kflx/f] lgoGq0f, kfgL d'xfg ;+/If0f, cfuf]nfuL lgoGq0f, jgsf] hUuf clts|d0f u/L v]tLkftL tyf 3/ tyf 6x/f] agfO{ a:g] sfo{sf] lgoGq0f, jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+sng / cj}1flgs s6fgL k|0fnL tyf ?v ;'sfpg] k|lalwdf lgoGq0f, cJojl:yt?kdf jg If]qdf ul/g] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{

lgodg / Joj:yfkg ug]{ cflb ls|ofsnfkx? pNn]v ub}{ ag ;+/If0f ug{ cGo cfjZos sfo{x? pNn]v ug]{ .

@=% jg ;b'kof]u — sf7, bfp/f, 3fF; -8fn] 3fF; / e"O{ 3fF;_, u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/ jg sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]lvt jflif{s ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df jg k}bfjf/ pkof]u ug]{ k|fawfg pNn]v ug]{

@=%=! jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng ubf{ ckgfOg] k|ls|of – v08, pkv08 tyf sfo{If]q cg';f/ ;do, kl/df0f, ;+sng ug]{ tl/sf / :yfgsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{ .

@=%=@ jg k}bfjf/ las|L lat/0f ubf{ ckgfOg] k|ls|of ;d"x leqM ;d"x leq jg k}bfj/sf] ljt/0f ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ;DkGgtfsf] :tl/s/0f adf]lhd k|sf]k lk8Lt tyf ljkGg pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ lgz'Ns jf 5'6 b/ /]6df pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ;d"xsf] e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ pNn]v ug]{ . ;d"x leq ljt/0f u/]sf] sf7 Jofkf/Ls k|of]hgsf] nflu aflx/ lalqm u/]df To:tf pkef]QmfnfO{ s] s:tf] sf/afxL ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;d"xsf] e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ o; sfo{ of]hgf jf o; ;f=a sf] ljwfgsf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] dxndf pNn]v ug]{ .

;d"x aflx/M ;d"x aflx/ jg k}bfj/sf] lalqm ubf{ ;j{k|yd hf]l8Psf] pkef]Qmf, l5d]sL pkef]Qmf, To; kl5 l5d]sL uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf / To; kl5 lhNnf leq lalqm ug]{ / To; kl5 dfq lhNnf aflx/ lalqm ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;d"xsf] e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ pNn]v ug]{ . ;d"x aflx/ 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf]nflu lalqm ubf{ Go"gtd /fh:jsf] b/df pknAw u/fpg] . o;/L pknAw u/fpFbf lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df pknAw u/fpg] . tt\kZrft Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu k|rlnt ahf/efp / ;/sf/L /fh:j adf]lhdsf] Go"gtd d"No sfod u/L 6]08/ dfkm{t lalqm ug]{ s'/f ;d"xsf] cfd e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ pNn]v ug]{ . pkef]Qmf ;b:ox?n] glhssf] ;–ldndf sf7 lr/fpg n}hfg ;Sg] k|fAwfgM pkef]Qmf ;b:on] cfˆgf] ;fd'bflos jgaf6 k|fKt u/]sf jf lghL hUufdf pTkfbg ePsf] sf7 ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] l;kmfl/;df glhssf] ;–ldndf lr/fpgsf] nflu n}hfg tyf lr/fP/ Nofpg ;Sg] k|fAwfgaf/] ;d"xsf] e]nfdf 5nkmn u/]/ kfl/t u/fO{ o; sfo{ of]hgfdf :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug]{ . o;sf] nflu sfo{ ;ldltn] ;a} pkef]Qmfx?sf] lgj]bg ;Fsng u/L lh=j=sf= af6 Psd'i6 l:js[lt lnP/ Psd'i6 ?kdf ;–ldndf Nofpg] / n}hfg] ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] sf] ;Dk"0f{ lgu/fgLsf] lhDd]jf/L sfo{ ;ldltsf] x'g]5 .

@=%=# jg k}bfj/sf] d"No lgwf{/0f cfGtl/s ljt/0f, l5d]sL ;d"x, lhNnf leq tyf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu to ul/Psf] b/ /]6 lgDg adf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ug]{ . tflnsf g++ $ – jg k}bfj/sf] d"No lgwf{/0fsf] ljj/0f qm k|hftL lsl;d O{sfO b/ ?= s}lkmot ; ;d"x hf]l8Psf] l5d]sL lhNnf Aofkfl/s 11

leq pkef]Qmf ;d"x leq k|of]hgsf] nflu

@=%=$ jg k}bfj/ lnnfd lalqm ;DalGw sfo{lawLM  3/fo;L k|of]hg  Jofkfl/s k|of]hg

@=%=% u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfj/sf] Joj:yfkg k|hflt 5gf}6, If]q lgwf{/0f, ;|f]t ;j]{If0f / Joj:yfkg ljlw -;Fsng tyf lalqm ljt/0f k|lqmof_ cflb ljifodf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{

@=%=^ k|sf]k lkl8t tyf ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ pknAw u/fO{g] jg k}bfjf/ ;DalGw Joj:yf k|sf]k lkl8t tyf ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgz'Ns ?kdf cyjf Gogtd z"Nsdf sf7 pknAw u/fpg] ljifo pNn]v ug{] .

@=%=& b08 h/Ljfgf ;f=j= sfo{s|d dfu{bz{g @)^% / jg P]g @)$( tyf jg lgodfjnL @)%! cg';f/ ;f=j= df ug{ gx'g] sfo{x? ljwfgdf pNn]v ub]{ pSt sfo{ u/] jfkmt ;DaGlwt JolStnfO{ s] s:tf] ;hfP lbg] xf] ;f] sf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug]{ .

@=%=* k'/:sf/ pkef]Stf ;d"xsf] ;b:ox?dWoaf6 ;f= j= Joj:yfkg tyf hLjLsf]kf{hg ;DjGwdf k|z+;lgo sfo{ ug]{ JolStnfO{ plrt k'/:sf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;d"xdf 5nkmn rnfO{ ;f] sf] pNn]v ug]{ . efu # sf]if ;DalGw Joj:yf

#=! ;d"x sf]ifsf] pkof]u / Joj:yfkg

#=!=! sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ;d"xsf] cWoIf jf ;lrj / sf]iffWoIf ;lxt b'O{ hgfsf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/af6 ;d"xsf] sf]if÷vftf ;+rfng ug]{ . tLdWo] Ps hgf dlxnf clgjfo{ x'g'kb{5 . ;d"xsf] cfDbfgLsf] slDtdf #% k|ltzt /sd ;xeflutfd"ns ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljkGg ju{sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghfltsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmddf kl/rfng ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . ;fy} jg

ljsf;sf] nfuL ;d"x sf]ifsf] sDtLdf @% k|ltzt vr{ ug}{kg]{ s'/f ;d"xsf] e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ pNn]v ug]{ . ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljkGg ju{sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghfltsf nflu nlIft sfoq{mdx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"lrdf pNn]v ug]{ . oL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ afx]s afFsL /x]sf] $) k|ltzt /sdnfO{ ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? h:t} k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;d"xsf] dfgjLo tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;, Ifdtf clea[l4, k|fs[lts k|sf]k /fxt sfo{qmd, hnjfo' kl/at{g cg's"ng, jgdf cfwfl/t pBd ;~rfng, k|zf;lgs vr{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{x? h:tf cGo lqmofsnfkx?df kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z ug]{ .

#=!=!=! ljkGgd"lv lhjLsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -;f=j= sfo{s|d dfu{bz{0f @)^% sf] k[i7 $# df pNn]v eP adf]lhd_M o; cGtu{t blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{s{f] cf{lys ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu sfoq{md ;r+fng ug{' / ;xl'not jf lgzN's ¿kdf jgk}bfjf/ lat/0f ug{' pkefQ]mf ;ldltsf] hjfkmb]xLtf xf] eGg] s'/f b{zfpg] . hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf agfpFbf nlIft ljkGg 3/ kl/jf/x?sf] ;fy;fy} ;d"x :t/sf] lhjLsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf ;d]t agfpg' kb{5 .

 aflif{s of]hgfdf ljkGg 3/w/"LnfO{ ul/g] a:t'ut / cfly{s ;xof]u Plsg ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;dx" / ljkGg ju{aLrdf lnlvt ;+emf}tf ug{' kg{]5 . hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] nflu jgIf]q k|of]u ug{ lbg] ePdf ;f] sf] nflu ;d]t ;d"x / ljkGg au{ jLr 5'6 ;+´f}tf ;fy} s'g v08sf] slt hUuf 5'§fpg] xf] ;f] sf] lg0f{o u/fO{ pQm hUufdf Joj:yfkg jf v]tL ul/g] u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] k|hflt ;d]t pNn]v ug]{ . ;fy} 5flgPsf clt ljkGg 3/ kl/jf/x?sf] gfdfjnL ;d]t cg'z"lrdf pNn]v ug]{ .

 a:t'ut, cfly{s / cGo cg'dflgt ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df ljkGg 3/kl/jf/n] s] ug{ ;S5g\, pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf, rfxgf, ;Lk, ahf/ cflbsf] ;d]t d'NofÍg u/L hLlasf]kfh{g of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . o;sfnflu cfaZos k/]df lhNnf jg sfof{no nufot cGo ;xof]uLx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf lgDg a+'bfx¿df 5nkmn u/L hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . o ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] rfxgf, Ifdtf / k|lta4tf o :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf o l56f] k|ltkmn lbg ;Sg] / sd hf]lvd ePsf sfo{qmd o pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ug{ ;Sg] ef}lts jf cfly{s ;xof]u o cGo ;xof]uL lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf o ahf/sf] cj:yf  ljkGg kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;d"xn] j:t'ut / cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

 ;d"xn] hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmdaf6 blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{nfO{ k'¥ofOPsf] ;xof]usf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf ;xof]uL lgsfox¿nfO{ ;f]sf] k|lta]bg k7fpg'kb{5 .

 blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf tyf ljkGgd"vL sfo{qmd o:tf ju{sf] cfly{s cj:yf / ;fdflhs Å}l;ot lbuf] ¿kdf ;w'fg{] vfnsf] xg' k5{ .

#=!=!=@ ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;– dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] sfo{ tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug{sf] nfuL ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ( b]lv !% hgfsf] rf]/L l;sf/L lgoGq0f ;ldlt agfO{ lgoldt u:tLsf] ;Dawdf 5nkmn u/L ;f] sf] pNn]v ug]{ / O{sf] Snasf] ?kdf ;+/If0f lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fx?df 5nkmn ug]{ .

#=!=!=# ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? h:t} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; – ;d"xsf] cfjZostf adf]lhdsf] sfo{x? h:t}, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo, gx/, af6f] tyf cGo sfo{qmdx? k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df 5nkmn u/L /fVg]

#=!=!=$ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{x? – pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{x? h:t}M pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ hflto 5'jf5't d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff, sfof{Gjog ug{], pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ 3/]n' lxF:ff d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff, v'Nnf lbzf–lkzfj d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff h:tf ;dfhnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd ;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ af/]df pNn]v ug]{ . ;fd'bflos jg k|lt ;a} k':tf h:t} afnaflnsf, o'jf, a[4f, ckfË, Psn dlxnfx? sf] rf;f] a9fpg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf agfpg] .

#=!=!=% ;d"xsf] dfgjLo tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;, Ifdtf clea[l4 ;+:yfut ljsf;, Tfflnd, uf]i7L, cWoog e|d0f, l;k j[l4 x'g] sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug]{ s'/f ;d"xsf] e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ s], s;n] / slxn] ug]{ pNn]v ug]{ . o:tf tflnd, uf]i7L, cWoog e|d0f tyf l;k a[l4 x'g] sfo{qmdx?df dlxnf, blnt, hghftL, ljkGg ju{nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] s'/f ;d]t :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ . ;d"xsf] dfgjLo tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;, Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 M  pkefQ]mf ;d""xn] :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQm tof/ u/L ;j]f lng] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ . Pp6f ;d"xsf] ;|f]tJolQmnfO{ glhssf ;d"xn] klg k|of]u ug{] ;Sg] k|fawfg .  ;d"xn] :yfgLo ;xhstf{sf] gfd 7]ufgf / lbg ;Sg] ;]jfsf] ljj/0f lhNnf jg sfof{nodf lbg] .  jflif{s of]hgfdf cfly{s Joj:yfkg, jg ;Da4{g, ;d"x Joj:yfkg cflb sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos tflndx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{] . o:tf sfoq{mdx¿df blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt dlxnf tyf ljkGg jUfx{¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .  dfgjLo tyf ;+:yfut ljsf; ubf{ ;dtfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfpg] .  ;dx"n] ljkGgdv'L sfoqmd ;r+fng ug{ cfjZos ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{] .

 pkefQ]mf ;dx"df :jMdN"ofÍgsf] cEof; ug{] .  cWoog e|d0f, tflnd tyf uf]i7Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ aLr ljrf/ tyf cge'j cfbfg k|bfg ug{] .  lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg / pTkflbt jgk}bfjf/sf] k|zf]wg tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos tflnd tyf ufi]7Lx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug{] .

#=!=!=^ hnjfo' kl/at{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L pQm ;fd'blos jg If]q / ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/at{gaf6 x'g] hf]lvdx?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf k|fyldlss/0fsf] cfwf/df hnjfo' kl/at{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L ug'{ kg]{5 . o; of]hgfnfO{ ;d"xsf cGo ultljwL / lqmosnfkx?;Fu ;dflxt u/L sfof{Gjog ug{' kg]{ k|fjwfg /fVg] . ;fy} pQm of]hgfnfO{ jg sfo{ of]hgfsf] cg';"rLdf pNn]v ug]{ . cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf vfFsf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . tflnsf g+= % – cg's"ng of]hgfsf] 9fFrf pQm k|efljt jg sxfF - ;fdgfsf slxn] ;Dd ug]{ cg‘dflgt s;n] ug]{ s;n] ;d'bfodf tyf h}ljs :yfg_ pkfox? nfut lhDd]jf/L ;xof]u ;+efljt ljljwtf, u5{ < k|sf]kx? hLljsf]kfh{gsf] tTsf # % ;|f]t n} ! Jf Jfif{ Jf if{ if{

tTsflng ;fdgfsf] pkfo

;fdflhs ;'/Iff

cfly{s ;'/Iff k|ljlw cjnDag

Jftfj/l0fo ;'/Iff

#=!=!=& k|fs[lts k|sf]k /fxt sfo{qmd – ;d'bfo:t/df cfsl:ds ?kdf cfOkg]{ ljleGg k|sf]kx?af6 k|efljt pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpgsf] nfuL ;d"xsf] sf]ifaf6 tyf cGo lgsfox?df ;dGjo u/L ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg pNn]v ug]{ .

#=!=!=* jgdf cfwfl/t pBd ;~rfng jgdf cfwfl/t pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsG5 M  pBd ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] k|s[|of lgwf{/0f ug{] .  jgdf /x]sf] sRrf kbfy{x¿af6 ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJo pBdx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] .  s'g lsl;dsf] pBd ;+rfng u/]df kmfObf x'G5 To;sf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L 5gf}6 ug{] . pBd ;r+fngaf6 sg' jus{f slthgf nfeflGjt xg' ;S5g\ n]vfhf]vf ug{] . ;fy}  blnt, cflbjf;L, hghftL, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{, km/s Ifdtf -ckf+u_ ePsf ju{nfO{ pBd ;rf+ng ug{sf] nfuL k|f]T;fxg tyf k|fyldstf lbg] .  pBdaf6 pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'sf] ahf/sf] vf]hL u/L o;sf] vkt ;l'glZrt ug{] .  pBd ;r+fng ug{ ;xofu] ug{ ;Sg] ;/fs]f/jfnfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] / s;n] s:tf] ef}lts, cfly{s, ;Lkd"ns ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 hfgsf/L ;+sng u/L ;xof]usf] nflu kxn ug{] .  Ps ;fd'bflos jg Ps pBdsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbb} jgdf cfwfl/t pBdsf] Jofj;flos of]hgf agfpg] . -Business Plan_ ;e+fJotf x]/L kofk{o6{g ljsf; ug{] .  -Eco-tourism_  p2Z]o ldNg] ;d"x;Fu ;~hfn lgdf0{f u/L ;xsfo{ ug{ ;DefJo Ifq]x¿sf] klxrfg ug{] .

#=!=!=( k|zf;lgs vr{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf ;d"xsf] a}7s tyf 5nkmn rnfpg cfjZos :6]zg/L, lrofkfg tyf cGo cfjZos vr{x?sf] 5nkmn u/L cg'dfg u/]/ /fVg]

#=!=!=!) ljljw Dffly pNn]v eP afx]s cGo cfjZos sfo{x?sf]nfuL vr{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L] pNn]v ug]{

#=!=@ ;d"x sf]ifsf] n]vf kl/If0f

;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g adf]lhd jflif{s cfDbfgL ?= @% xhf/;Dd x'g] ;d"xsf] nflu ;d"xn] tf]s]sf] JolQm jf ;ldltaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg]5 eg] ;f] eGbf a9L cfDbfgL x'g] ;d"xsf] xsdf dfGotf k|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{ k|fjwfg pNn]v ug]{ . n]vf k/LIfssf] lgol'Qm ;d"xsf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ug'kb{5 . nv]fk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq /~]hkfi]6 jf Onfsf jg sfofn{o df{km\t jf ;f]e]m} lhNnf jg sfofn{odf k]z ug{' kg]{5 . ;dodf k|ltj]bg ga'emfpg] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L pk/ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g]5 .

#=!=@=! ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vf kl/If0f

;d"xsf cfly{s tyf cGo ultljwLx?nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg x/]s jif{ sDtLdf klg Ps k6s ;d"x sf]ifsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vf kl/If0f ug]{ k|fAwfg clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ . x/]s cf=j= ;dfKt ePkl5 ;d"xn] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vf kl/If0f u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox?df k]z ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ klg clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ . - ;f=j= sfo{s|d dfu{bz{0f @)^% sf] kl/R5]b #=* df pNn]v eP adf]lhd_

#=# ;d"x ;~hfn lgdf{0f ;dfg rfxgf ePsf ;dx"x¿sf] ;~hfn agfO{ ;xsfo{ ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn u/L Ps} lsl;dsf jgkb}fjf/ pTkfbg ug{] ;d"xx¿sf] ;~hfn dfk{mt ahf/sf] vf]hL u/]df clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f 5nkmn ug]{ . ;d"xn] :yfgLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿df klg ;dGjo u/L Ps cfk;df ;Lk, pBd, k|ljwL cflbsf] cfbfg k|bfg u/L kmfObf lng] kl/kf6Lsf]] ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpg] . efu $ ;f=j=p=;= sf] cGo lgsfo;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ / ;dGjo -;f=j= sfo{s|d dfu{bz{g @)^% sf] kl/R5]b & df pNn]v eP adf]lhd_ o; cGtu{t ;f=j=p=;= ;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] klxrfg u/L pQm lgsfox?sf] lhDd]jf/L tyf e"ldsfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ / pgLx?;Fu s] s:tf] ;DaGw / ;dGjo ug]{ eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/L :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ . h:t}–

$=! lh=j=sf=, O{=j=sf=, /]=kf]=

$=@ :yfgLo ;/sf/ -uf=lj=;= gu/kflnsf tyf lh=lj=;=_

$=# cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?

$=$ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3

$=% u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf

$=^ l5d]sL ;d'xx?;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ / l;sfO{ cfbfg k|bfg

$=& :yfgLo ;xhstf{

$=* jg;+u ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf efu % cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

%=! ;d"xsf] :jMcg'udg tyf d"Nof°g

-o; cGtu{t ;d"xx¿n] sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf sfo{qmdx¿af6 jflif{s of]hgf tof/ u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog s] s;/L u/Lof] To;sf] k|lqmof, sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt pknAwLx?, sfoq{md sfo{fGjogaf6 k|fKt ePsf l;sfO{x?nfO{ ;d"xsf ljkGg, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghflt / dlxnf pkef]Qmfx? nufot ;a} pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;xefuLtfdf ;do;dodf n]vfhf]vf / k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;d"xdf clen]v /fVg' kg]{ k|fjwfg /fVg] . :jMcg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg' kb{5 M . jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / Joj:yfkg sfo{ . . sf]if kl/rfngsf] cj:yf . . jgaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL / ;|f]taf6 ljkGg ju{n] kfPsf] nfe . . ljkGg, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghftL / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ;+rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf . . ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] n]vfhf]vf . . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0fdf p7]sf ;jfn tyf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog . . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf cfFsng u/L tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog . . sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ eP u/]sf] k|ult, jgk}bfjf/ ;+sng Pj+ ljt/0f, cfly{s ljj/0f ;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;dod} lhNnf jg sfof{no / Onfsf÷/]Ghkf]i6df k7fP, gk7fPsf] . . ljkGg, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghflt / dlxnfsf] dfu ;+af]wg eP, gePsf] . . ;d"xsf] lg0f{o / ;+:Yffut ljsf;df nf]stflGqs k|lqmofsf] cjnDag eP, gePsf] .

%=@ jflif{s of]hgf th'{df sfo{lalwM ;f=ag ljsf; sfo{s|d dfu{bz{g @)^% adf]lhdsf] Joa:yf pNn]v ug]{ .

%=# jflif{s k|utL k|ltj]bg tyf sfo{qmdM ;d"xn] cfˆgf] jflif{s sfo{qmd, jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf / ;do;dodf n]vfhf]vf / k'g/fjnf]sg u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] k|ltj]bgx? /]=kf]=, O{=j=sf= tyf lhNnf jg sfof{no, uf=lj=;= nufot ;d"xnfO{ k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ;xof]u ug]{ cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf k7fpg' kg]{ k|fawfg pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

Effu ^

^=! sfo{ of]hgf gljs/0f tyf ;+;f]wg ;DaGwL Joj:yf – ;f=ag ljsf; sfo{s|d dfu{bz{g @)^% sf] kl/R5]b ^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd sfo{of]hgf kl/dfh{gsf] nflu juL{s/0f tyf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f, ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgfsf] ;dLIff, ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgf kl/dfh{g, ;fwf/0f ;efdf kl/dflh{t ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgf cg'df]bg, lhNnf jg sfof{nodf ljwfg kl/dfh{gsf] hfgsf/L, lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 kl/dflh{t sfo{of]hgf :jLs[lt / cg'udg / clen]vLs/0f h:tf sfo{x? pNn]v ug]{

^=@ 6fFrf ;DaGwL Joj:yf–pkef]Stf ;d"xn] s'g;d"xn] ;fdbflos jgaf6 sf7 sf6]/ ;d"x leq jf ;d"x aflx/ ljqmL ljt/0f / cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L 6f+rf agfpg] / ljwfgsf] cg';"lrdf df /fVg] . o:tf] kmnfd] 6fFrf lhNnf jg sfo{nodf btf{ u/]/ dfq k|of]udf NofOg] Joj:yf sfo{of]hgfdf klg pNn]v ug]{ .

^=# cg';"rLx?

. ;fd'bflos jgdf lgz]lwt ul/Psf sfo{x? . ljkGg, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghflt / dlxnfju{x¿sf nflu nlIft s]xL sfo{qmd . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ljkGg ju{aLr x'g] ;Demf}tf–kq . ljkGg ju{sf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] hUuf cfod"ns sfo{df k|of]u ug{ lb+bf ul/g] ;+em}ftf . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] 6fFrfsf] gd'gf

xl/of] jg sfo{qmd

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ljwfg tof/Lsf] nfuL ;+lIfKt r]slni6

!= k|:tfjgfM jg P]g @)$( / jg lgodfjnL @)%! tyf ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] dfu{bz{g @)^% df pNn]v eP adf]lhd ;bf ;j{bf ;fd'lxs lxtsf]] nflu jg >f]tsf] k|efjsf/L P+j lbuf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug]{ d'Voclek|fon] ;d"xsf cfd pkef]Qmf ;b:ox?sf] ;s[o ;xeflutf / o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;j} pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;dfg lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj /xg]5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v ug]{ . ;fy} of] ;d"xn] wd{, /fhgLlts cf:yf, hfltotf / n}lËstf cflb h:tf s'/fsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg e]befj ug]{ 5}g\ eGg] s'/f klg pNn]v ug]{ .

@= k[i7e"ldM z'?cft s;/L eof] < / ;f=j= agfpg' cl3 jgsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] < eGg] s'/f pNn]v ug]{ f

#= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] gfd / 7]ufgfM pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pko'Qm gfd /fVg] f

$= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] rf/lsNnfM ;f= j= sf] l;dfgf k|i6 x'g] u/L pNn]v ug]{ f

%= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] p2]ZoM pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;do;fkIf p2]Zox? /fVg] f

^= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] 5fkM pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;d"xsf] 5'§} 5fksf] Joj:yf ug'{] kb{5 f

&= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] sfof{noM o;df ;d"xsf] sfof{no sxfF /xg] / ;f] sf] ;~rfng s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn ul/ lg0f{o adf]lhd :ki6;Fu n]Vg] .

*= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ;b:ox?sf] gfd / 7]ufgfM k|To]s 3/w'/Laf6 Ps dlxnf / Ps k'?ifsf] gfd / 7]ufgf cg'z"lrdf /fVg] .

!)= kl/efiffx?M  /fli6«o jg eGgfn] lghL jg afx]s g]kfn clw/fHo leqsf] jg l;dfgf nufPsf] jf gnufPsf] jgn] 3]l/Psf] jf jgsf] 5]p5fpdf /x]sf] kl{{t{ jf P]nfgL hUuf tyf jg leq /x]sf af6f], kf]v/L, tfn jf vf]nfgfnf / au/ ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  ;fd'bflos jg eGgfn] pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] sfo{of]hgf adf]lhd jgsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, pkef]u / Joj:yfkg ug{ tyf :jtGq ?kn] jg k}bfjf/sf] d'No lgwf{/0f u/L ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg clws[tn] pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] /fli6«o jgsf] s'g} e' efunfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  lawfg eGgfn] >L ======;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x======lhNnf ======uf=lj=;=÷ gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+======sf] ljwfg nfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  pkef]Qmf ;d"x eGgfn] >L ======;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x ======lhNnf ======uf=lj= ;= ÷gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+======nfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  ;ldlt jf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt eGgfn] pkef]Qmf ;b:ox?sf] e]nf÷;f3f/0f ;efaf6 ljwfg cg';f/ u7g ePsf] sfo{ ;ldltnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  kbflwsf/L eGgfn] sfo{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;lrj, ;x–;lrj, sf]iffWoIf, ;x– sf]iffWoIf / ;b:ox?nfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  pkef]Qmf ;b:o jf ;ef;b eGgfn] ljwfg cg'';f/ ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf k|To]s 3/kl/jf/af6 3/d'nL Ps dlxnf / Ps k'?if u/L Ps 3/kl/jf/af6 b'O{ hgf jf dlxnf jf k'?if dWo] Ps hgfnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  ;Nnfxfsf/ eGgfn] o; ;d"xsf] ;+rfngsf nflu k/fd{z lbg] JolQm jf lgsfo / k|fljlws P+j sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ ;d]tnfO{ a'emg' kg]{5 .  ;fwf/0f ;ef eGgfn] o; ljwfgsf] bkmf ==== adf]lhdsf] ;ef jf e]nfnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  ;ldltsf] a}7s eGgfn] ;d"xsf] sfo{;ldltsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf %! k|ltzt ;b:ox?sf] pkl:yltdf x'g] lgoldt jf cfs:dLs a}7snfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  jg ljefu eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno cGt{utsf] ljefunfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .

2  lhNnf jg sfo{fno eGgfn] lhNnf jg sfof{no ======nfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  sfo{ of]hgf eGgfn] jgsf] plrt ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / jg k}bfjf/ ;b'kof]u tyf ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] / lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt jg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfdsf] of]hgfnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  jg k}bfjf/ eGgfn] jgdf /x]sf], kfO{Psf] jf jgaf6 lgsflnPsf] 3fF;, bfp/f, kTs/, sf7, h8La'6L, :ofpnf tyf kmnkm"n cflbnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  jg k|flalws eGgfn] lhNnf jg sfof{nodf sfo{/t jg k|flalws, cGo cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgfdf sfo{/t jg k|flalws, jg lj1fg ljifodf cWoog k"/f u/]sf cGo k|flalws nufPt k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ åf/f dfGotf k|fKt (CTEVT) k|flalws ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 .  ;xhstf{ jf :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQm eGgfn] ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;sf] ;fd'bflos kl/rfng, ;d"x / ;F:yfug ljsf;, ;'zf;g tyf jg Joj:yfkg / dfkg ;DaGwL ljifodf tflnd lnO{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf ;xhstf{ jf ;|f]t JolQm nfO{ hgfpFb5 .  ;fwf/0f ;ef eGgfn] o; ljwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] ;ef jf e]nfnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  h}ljs ljljwtf eGgfn] s'g} lglZrt If]qdf ePsf] k|f0fL / jg:kltx?sf] ljljwtf / ;x– cl:TjnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg eGgfn] jgsf] ;'dlrt ;+/If0f, ;+j{4g tyf ;b'kof]u u/]/ jg k}bfjf/ tyf ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ jg Joj:yfkg k2tLnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .  hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng of]hgf eGgfn] hnjfo' kl/at{gaf6 k/]sf jf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjx?:Fu h'Wgsf] nfuL :yfgLo 1fg / cg'ej tyf j}1flgs tYox?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;xefuLd"ns ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf / /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo ljsf; of]hgf k|ls|ofdf cg's"ngsf sfo{x? ;dfof]hg u/L hnjfo' ;dfg's"ntfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{sf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgfnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .  jg P]g eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f tof/ kf/L g]kfn clw/fHo leq nfu' ePsf] jg P]g @)$( nfO{ ;Demg' k5{ . jg lgodfjnL eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f tof/ kf/L nfu' ul/Psf] jg P]g @)$( cGt{ut  /lx tof/ ul/Psf] jg lgodfjnL @)%! nfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .  pk ;d"x eGgfn] pkef]Qmf ;d"xleq /x]sf ljkGg ju{sf pkef]Qmfx? tyf cGo ;dfg rfxgf ePsf pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;–;fgf ;d"xx? eGg] ;Demg' k5{ .  6fFrf eGgfn] ;f=j= ;d"xs]f ljwfg / sfo{of]hgf tof/ eO{ ;f]sf] :jLs[lt kZrft tf]lsPs]f cfsf/ / 9fFrfdf agfOPsf] / lhNnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] kmnfd] 3g eGg] ;Demg' kg]{5 .  Jfftfj/0fLo ;]jf eGgfn] pkef]]Uo j:t'x? -h:t} ljleGg vfnsf jg k}bfjf/x? h:t} sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;, :ofpnf, sGbd'n, hl8j'6L cflb_, hLjgpkof]uL ;]jfx? -h:t} hnfjfo"df ;Gt'ng, :jR5 xfjf tyf kfgLsf] pknJwtf, e"–Ifo tyf jfl9 klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f, k|b'if0fsf] lgoGq0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]kjf6 ;+/If0f cflb_, wfld{s, ;f:s[lts tyf ko{6lso dxTj -h:t}

3 k'hfcfhf, k|fs[lts ;f+}bo{, kof{ko{6g cflb_ / pTkfbgdf ;xof]u -h:t} df6f]sf] lgdf{0f tyf pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ._ eGg] ;Demg' kg]{5 .  sfj{g df}Hbft eGgfn] ;fd'bflos jgsf] lglZrt If]qdf /x]sf ?v lj?jfx?n] lglZrt ;dofawLdf ;+lrt u/]sf] sfj{gsf] df}HbftnfO{ ;Demg' kg]{5 .  /]8 Kn; eGgfn] jg ljgfz tyf jg Iflos/0faf6 x'g] sfa{g pT;{hgdf Go"lgs/0f, jg ;+/If0f, sfj{g ;+lrtLdf j[l4 tyf jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t sfa{g ;+lrtLdf ePsf] j[4L jfkt k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] nfesf] e'QmfgL ;+oGq eGg] ;Demg' kb{5 .  ;d"xsf] 5fk eGgfn] ;d"xsf] cfkmgf] 5'§} 5fk /xg] 5 . 5fkdf !=$ OGr -#=%;]=dL_ Jof; ePsf] uf]nfsf/ j[Qsf] lardf ;fd'bflos jgsf] nf]uf] /fvL ;f] nf]uf]df dfly lt/ ;d"xsf] gfd / tn k§L ;d"x :yfkgf ePsf] jif{ n]lvPsf] x'g]5 . 5fksf] gd'gf cg';"rL ===== df pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 .  sfof{no eGgfn] o; ;d"xsf] sfof{no ======c~rn, ======lhNnf ======uf=lj=; ÷ gu/kflnsfdf /xg]5 .  sfo{ If]q eGgfn] o; ;d"xsf] sfo{ If]q ======c~rn, ======lhNnf, ======uf=lj=;÷gu/kflnsf j8f g+======/xg] 5 .

!!= ;DaGw tyf ;dGjoM ;d"xn] cfkm\gf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf ;DaGwLt uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=, l5d]sL ;d"xx?, ;d"xsf] ;~hfn, bft[ ;+:yf, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfo tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;+u ;d]t ;dGjo sfod ub}{ ;xsfo{ ug]{5 .

!@= ;d"xsf] ;b:otf ;DalGw Joj:yfM ;b:otfsf] nflu of]Uotf, vf/]hL jf cof]Uotf / ;b:otf k|fKt ug]{ / x6fpg] sfo{ lalw nufPt ;d"xsf] ;b:otf kl/ro kq ljt/0f ;DalGw Joj:yf ;d]t pNn]v ug]{ .

!#= ;d"xsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf

!#=!= ;xefuLtfd'ns ;DkGgtfsf] :t/Ls/0f ;fd'bflos jgsf pkef]Qmf ;b:o ;a}sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yf ;dfg gx'g], cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf pkef]Qmf ;b:ox? g} jgdf a9L cf>Lt /x'g kg]{ ePsf]n] To:tf ju{sf pkef]Qmfx?sf] lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u k'–ofpg nlIft ;d"x klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;d"x leqsf pkef]Qmfx?n] to u/]sf :yfgLo ;'rsfÍx?sf] cfwf/df ;xefuLtfd'ns ;DkGgtfsf] :t/Ls/0f ug]{ / ;f] sf] ;do ;dodf k'g–:t/Ls/0f ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]v ug]{ . pkef]Qmf ;b:ox?sf] ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] ;f/ lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . qm=;+= 3/kl/jf/ ;Vof ;DkGgtfsf] :t/ cg';f/sf] 3/kl/jf/ ;Vof ;DkGg dWod ljkGg clt ljkGg ! blnt @ hghftL

4 # cGo hDdf

;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] :yfgLo ;'rsfÍx? Tyf ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f cg';f/sf 3/kl/jf/x?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf pNn]v ug]{ .

!$= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tyf o;sf ;b:ox?sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ – ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]lvt sfo{sf] nfuL ;d"x ;b:ox?sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ pNn]v ug]{ .

!%= pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g lalwM sfo{ ;ldltdf %) k|ltzt dlxnfsf] clgafo{ Joj:yf ug]{ . h;df cWoIf jf ;lrj dWo] slDtdf Ps kbdf dlxnf x'g' kg]{5 . To;} u/L ljkGg, blnt tyf hghfltx?sf] ;d]t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|fjwfg pNn]v ug]{ .

!^= pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DalGw Joj:yfM ;fwf/0f ;ef slxn] / s:tf] cj:yfdf a:g]< cfde]nf a:g rflxg] cfjZOs sf]/d ;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f tyf ;fwf/0f ;efn] ug{'kg]{ d'Vo–d'Vo sfo{x? tyf To;sf] sfo{lalw ;DaGwL Joj:yf pNn]v ug]{ .

!&= pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M x/]s kbsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ :ki6;Fu 5'§fP/ /fVg] .

!*= pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfo{ljlwM pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ pkef]Qmf ;ldtLn] ckgfpg] k|lqmofsf] af/]df pNn]v ug]{ .

!(= ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] /flhgfdf, l:js[lt / kbk"lt{ tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt lj36g / k'gu{7g ;DalGw Joj:yfM o; a'Fbf cGtu{t ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] /flhgfdf, l:js[lt / kbk"lt{ tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt lj36g / k'gu{7g ;DalGw sfo{ljwL tyf k|lqmofaf/]df :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug]{ .

@)= cGo ;ldltM o; a'Fbf cGtu{t ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt nufPt cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo pk ;ldltx?sf] u7g k|lqmof tyf ltlgx?sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] af/]df :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug]{ .

@!= sf]if kl/rfng ;DalGw Joj:yfM a}+s vftf ;~rfngdf cWoIf jf ;lrj / sf]iffWoIf ;lxt @ hgfsf] ;+o'St x:tfIf/af6 x'g' kg]{5 . h;df sDtLdf klg Ps hgf dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{5 . sf]if kl/rfngsf] Joj:yfdf ;d"x sf]ifsf] sDtLdf @% k|ltzt jg ljsf;df, sDtLdf #% k|ltzt ljkGgd"lv lhjLsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf vr{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfsf] ;fy} ljkGg ju{sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 5fqj[QL k|bfg ug]{, ljkGg ju{sf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;b:otf z'Nsdf 5'6 lbg] jf ldgfxf ug]{, ljkGg ju{sf] ;b:onfO{ sfo{ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf tyf ;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:yt x'Fbfsf] lbgsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds k|bfg ug]{ tyf ;fd'bflos jgdf ;[hgf ePsf /f]huf/sf cj;/x? h:t}M ;fd'bflos jgsf] x]/fn', sfof{no ;xfos cflbdf ljkGg ju{nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ h:tf k|fAwfgx? :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg p=;= n] cfˆgf] 5'§} cfly{s lgb]{lzsf tof/

5 u/L nfu' ug{ ;Sg]5 jf lh=j=sf= sf] ;+of]hgdf ;fd'bflos jg p= dxf;F3 nufPtsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?4f/f tof/ ul/Psf] lgb]{lzsf nfu' ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfgx? pNn]v ug]{ .

@@= n]vf kl/If0f

@@=! cfGtl/s n]vfkl/If0fM jflif{s cfDbfgL ?= @%,)))=)) ;Dd ePdf ;d"xn] tf]s]sf] JolQm jf ;ldltaf6 n]vf kl/If0f u/fpg' kg]{ k|fAwfg /fVg] .

@@= @ dfGotf k|fKt n]vf kl/Ifsaf6 n]vfkl/If0fM jflif{s cfDbfgL ?= @%,)))=)) eGbf a9L x'g] ;d"xsf] xsdf dfGotf k|fKt n]vf kl/Ifsaf6 n]vf kl/If0f u/fpg' kg]{ k|fAwfg /fVg] .

@@=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0fM ;a} ;d"xx?n] jflif{s cfDbfgL htL ePklg ;d"xsf cfly{s tyf cGo ultljwLx?nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg -h:t}M cfd e]nf jf a}7sdf ePsf lg0f{ox? / ;d"xsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f ;a} pkef]Qmf tyf d'Vo d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon]_ sDtLdf klg jif{sf] ! k6s ;d"xsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vf kl/If0f ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg ;d"xsf] e]nfaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ .

@#= jg sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf sfo{of]hgf jg k|fljlwssf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ug]{ / o;/L jg sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgf, jgsf] cj:yf, k|fljlws kIf / sfg'gL s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ k'¥ofO{g] ljifo pNn]v ug]{ .

@$= ck/fw tyf ;hfox? ;d"xsf] ljwfg / jg sfo{ of]hgf ljkl/t u/LPsf ;a} vfnsf sfdx?, k|rlnt jg P]g, lgodfjnL / dfu{bz{g ljkl/t sfo{x? u/]df ;fy} ;d"xsf] lg0f{o ljkl/t sfo{ u/]df To;nfO{ ck/fw 7x¥ofO{ lghnfO{ cfjZos sfojfxL / b08 ;hfo s] slt ug]{ xf] ;f] Joj:yf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

@%= ;fd'bflos jgdf ug{ gx'g] sfo{x?M ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L jg P]g, lgodfjnL / dfu{bz{g ljkl/t sfo{{x? pNn]v ug{] .

@^= ck/fw lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfM v08 @$ df pNn]lvt sfo{x? lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox? ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

@&= ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf / lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] e"ldsfM ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws tYff ef}lts ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], a]nf a]nfdf ;d"x / ;fd'bflos jgsf] cg'udg ug]{ / ;/sf/L gLlt lgod, P]g lgoddf ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] af/]df ;do d} ;';'lrt ug]{ h:tf sfo{x?sf ;fy} cGo cfjZos e"ldsf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

6 @* ;d"x leq /x]sf cflbjf;L, hghfltsf ;+:yfx¿ / ;d"xdf ltgsf] e"ldsfM ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws tYff ef}lts ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], a]nf a]nfdf ;d"x / ;fd'bflos jgsf] cg'udg ug]{ / ;/sf/L gLlt lgod, P]g lgoddf ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] af/]df ;do d} ;';'lrt ug]{ h:tf sfo{x?sf ;fy} cGo cfjZos e"ldsfsf] af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

@(= pkef]Qmf 3/w'/L ;DkGgtf :tl/s/0faf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ ul/ad'lv nIfLt sfo{qmd - sf]if kl/rfng, cfod"ns sfo{qmd, l;kd"ns sfo{qmd cflb_ ul/ad'lv nIfLt sfo{qmd cGt{ut s] s:tf vfnsf sfo{x? ug]{ xf] pSt ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

#)= ;dfg rfxgf nlIft sfo{qmdx? -sf]if kl/rfng, cfod"ns sfo{qmd, l;kd"ns sfo{qmd cflb_ cj;/af6 jl~rt ljkGg, dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL, cflbaf;L, hghflt, Pj+ k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{x¿ / 6f9fsf pkef]Qmfx¿;+u ljwfgdf pNn]v x'g'kg]{ a+'bfx¿df 5'6\6f 5'6\6} 5nkmn u/L oL ju{sf ;d:ofsf ;fy;fy} ljwfgdf pNn]v x'g'kg]{ a'+bfx¿sf] l6kf]6 tof/ ug]{ . o:tf ; ;fgf ;d"xdf – 5nkmn ubf{ oL pkef]Qmfx¿sf] cfjZostf tyf pknAw ;|f]tnfO{ x]/]/ ;+efljt hLljsf]kfh{gsf of]hgf klg agfpg] k|fjwfg pNn]v ug]{ .

#!= 6f]n ;d"xsf] sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfM dflysf] bkmf @( / #) df pNn]v ul/Psf] afx]ssf sfo{qmdx? .

#@= pk–;d"x u7g / sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]lvt sfo{sf] nfuL pk–;d"x u7g k|lsof sf] ;fy} pSt ;d"x ;b:ox?sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ pNn]v ug]{

##= ;d"xsf] sfo{lawLM ;d'xdf 5nkmn u/L p=;=sf] sfo{ z}nL pNn]v ug]{

#$= ;d"xsf] ;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f ;DalGw Joj:yfM ;d"xsf] ;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos ;'rsx?sf] lgwf{/0f ul/ ltg} ;'rsx?sf] cfwf/df ;d"xsf] cfd e]nfdf 5nkmn u/L ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf cfFsng ug'{kg]{ tyf To; cfFsngsf] cfwf/df ;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ;d"xsf] ;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ug]{ . o;sf] nflu dfs'/L hfnf] lalw canDag ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu ;d"xn] glhssf ;xhstf{ jf :yflgo ;|f]t JolQm jf /]~hkf]i6sf] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] s'/f ;d]t :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug]{ .

#%= a/a'emf/y ;DalGw Joj:yf sfo{ ;ldltsf] kbfjwL ;dfKtL eP/ jf s'g} lsl;dn] lj36g eO{ k'g{u7g ePdf k'/fgf] sfo{ ;ldlt jf kbfwLsf/Ln] gofF sfo{ ;ldtL jf kbfwLsf/LnfO{ sfo{ ;ldtL kl/jt{g ePsf] a9Ldf !% lbg leqdf cf–cfk\mgf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] ;d"xsf] ;Dk'0f{ rn crn ;DkQL tyf gub b'?:t ?kdf j/ a'emf/y u/L e/kfO{ lng' lbg' kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ug]{ . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf j/ a'emf/y gu/LPdf ;d"xn] ck/fw u/] ;/x b08 ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf klg pNn]v ug]{ . o:tf] b08 ;hfPdf ljuf]

7 c;'n u/L ====aif{;Dd jgk}bfjf/ pkof]u ug{ gkfpg] u/L ;fwf/0f ;b:oaf6 ==== dlxgf ÷aif{ sf nflu lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] k|fawfg ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

#^= ;d"xsf] gfddf gfln; ph'/ k/]df jf ;d'xn] gfln; ph'/ lbg' k/]df ;d"xsf] gfddf gfln; ph'/ k/]df ;d"x Ps eP/ To:sf] lj?4df k|ltjfb ul/g] / To:sf] nflu ;d"xsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfO{ s], s;/L gfln; ph'/L k|ltjfb ug]{ elg lg0f{o ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]v ug]{ . obL gfln; ph'/L ug'{ k/]df ;f]sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ vr{sf] /sd ;d"xsf] sf]ifaf6 g} Joxf]/Lg ;lsG5 .

#&= lawfg ;F;f]wg ;DalGw Joj:yfM o; a'Fbfdf cGo s'/fx?sf] ;fy} ;d"xsf] ljwfg tyf sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ubf{ jf ;F;f]wg ubf{ ;d"xn] kfos kg]{ /]~hkf]i6 jf ;xhstf{ jf :yflgo ;|f]t JolQm jf u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf jf kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] s'/f ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v ug]{ .

#*= lawfg tyf sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]lvt s'/fx? aflemPdfM of] ljwfg / o; cGtu{t ag]sf] jg sfo{of]hgfsf] xsdf ljwfg / sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ / cGodf k|rlnt P]g lgod cg';f/ x'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v ug]{ .

#(= ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DaGwL Joj:yfM slDtdf klg %) k|ltzt ljkGg, dlxnf, blntx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] nflu x/]s 3/w'/Laf6 slDtdf Ps Ps hgf . – dlxnf / k'?if clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g k|]l/t ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ug]{ .

$)= cfd e]nfdf lg0f{o ubf{ cjnDjg ul/g] sfo{ljlwM o; cGt{ut cfde]nf jf ;fwf/0f ;efdf af]nfpFbf jf a:bf / pQm e]nfdf lg0{fox? ubf{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] k'/f ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ljwL tyf k|lqmofsf] af/]df pNn]v ug{ ;lsg] 5 . cfde]nf jf ;fwf/0f ;efsf] cfJxfg ubf{ lgDg a'Fbfx?nfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ 5 .  cfde]nfdf 5nkmn ug{ vf]hLPsf] ljifox?sf Ph]G8fnfO{ sDtLdf & lbg cufj} ;Dk"0f{ pkef]Qmf ;b:ox?nfO{ yfxf lbg'kg]{ .  lg0f{o ubf{ e]nfdf pkl:yt ;a} hgfsf] /fo ;'emfj lnP/ ug]{ .  af]Ng g;Sg] pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ af]Ng / cfˆgf] s'/fx? /fVg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .  lg0f{o ubf{ blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{, km/s Ifdtf -ckf+u_ ePsf ju{sf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug{ ljz]if cj;/sf ;fy} ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ .

$!= ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL Joj:yf ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog Pj+ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf qmddf b]vf k/]sf ;an / ;w'f/ ugk'{g{] kIf, cge'j / l;sfO{nfO{ ;d]6L ;d;fdlos ljifoa:t' tyf jg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gof+ ljifo j:t' ;d]6\g] u/L ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|fawfg ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L pNn]v ug{] .

8 $@= ljljw

$#=cg';"lr

. pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL . pkef]Qmf 3/w'/Lsf] gfdfjnL -dlxnf / k'?if b'j}_ tyf cg'dflgt hg;FVof . 6fFrfsf] gd"gf . ;xeflutfTds ;DkGgtfsf] :tl/s/0fsf] ljj/0f tyf To;sf ;"rsx?

9 g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{t ;+:yfg÷;ldlt÷sf]ifdf sfo{sf/L k|d'v lgo'lQm ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] dfkb08 tyf k|lqmof @)^( Public enterprises are defined as those productive entities/organisation which are owned and/or controlled by public authority and whose output are marketed. ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld sfn qmddf /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|foM h;f] kIfdf k|lts'n k|efj kfg{ yfn]kl5 ljZj ;d'bfosf] /fli6«o ;d'Gglt Ps k|sf/n] 7Kk /Xof] . v'nf ljZj ;d'bfodf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] z"?jft c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/Delt/ g} ePsf] kfO{G5 tfklg o;sf] b|'tt/ ljsf; ge} ;g\ !(@(—#) sf] cfly{s dGbL kZrft k"FlhafbL cy{tGqsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljZjAofkL cfly{s dGbL x'+bf k"FlhafbL cy{ Aoj:yfn] of] l:yltaf6 d'n'snfO{ ptfg{ g;sL,c;dfg ljt/0f, Aofks ul/aL ,a]/f]huf/L,zf]if0f / gfkmfvf]/L a9\b} hfg yfn]kl5 /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] lalaw kIfdf ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf clgjfo{ eO{ lgoGq0fsf pkfox? / x:tIf]k ug{'kg{] l:ylt cfof] . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L x:tIf]ksf] cfjZostf dx;''; ul/of] . cfly{s dGbL kl5 ;fwgx?sf] k"0f{ pkof]u tyf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ;/sf/L x:tIf]ksf] jsfnt x'g yfNof] . ;dfhafbL wf/0ffn] klg ;/sf/L x:tIf]knfO{ ltj|tf k|bfg u¥of] . b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf; ug{],cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu laQ h'6fpg],cy{ Aoj:yfdf If]lqo ;Gt'ng x6fpg], v]/ u} /x]sf] j:t'x?sf] ;b'kof]u ug{] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ k|of]udf NofO{of] . kmn:j?k @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ljZjJofkL ?kdf lj:tf/ eof] . jf:tjdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg Pp6f To:tf] lgsfout cl:tTj xf] h'g s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt / sfo{qmdaf6 cnu gx'g] , lghL If]qsf] h:tf] gfkmf / zf]if0fsf] k|fwfGo klg g/xg] , ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0faf6 w]/} k/ klg g/xg],;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg{] ;]jf / ;'lawfsf] bfloTj lgjf{x x'g] / lghL If]qsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf klg h'6g],;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] /fhZjsf] cfh{g / kl/rfng klg x'g] pknlAw xf] . ljZj cy{ Aoj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] jf:tljs z'?jft cfly{s dGbL kZrft ePsf] kfO{{P klg o;sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld eg] w]/} cl3 g} >[hgf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;+:yfg k|0ffnLsf] k|f/De ;g\ !&(! df km:6 o'gfO{6]8 a}+saf6 ePsf] / ;j{k|yd cfw'lgs ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf ;g\ !()*df ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf ækf]6{ ckm n08g cyf]l/6LÆ :yfkgfaf6 z'? ePsf] xf] . cd]l/sfsf /fi6«klt ?hj]N6sf] kfnfb]lv ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf sfo{ z'? e} km]8/n Nof08 a}+ssf] ;g\ !(!^ sf] :yfkgf kZrft ePsf] b]lvG5 .

1 s'g} klg ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu dGqfnox? / ljefux?sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ a9\bf] ;fdflhs cfjZostfsf] ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ k"/f ug{ dGqfno / ljefux? dfq kof{Kt x'b}gg . t;y{ laleGg d'n'ssf ;/sf/n] cfjZostf cg';f/ Aofkfl/s sfd tyf ;fdflhs nfesf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf ub{} cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;fdfGotM ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] cyjf lgoGq0f /x]sf] / cS;/ :jtGq ?kdf ;+ul7t ul/Psf x'G5g .o:tf ;+:yfgx? laz]if P]g lgodx? cGtu{t vf]lnPsf tyf logLx?sf] sfd ,st{Ao / clwsf/ ;DjlGwt P]g lgodx?af6 :ki6 ?kdf ls6fg ul/Psf x'G5g . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] ;g\ !(#) kZrft lgs} g} nf]slk|otf xfl;n ug{ yfn] . bf];|f] ljZj o'4 kl5 /fi6«sf] k'glgdf{0f / ;d'Tyfgsf] lglDt of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;zQm dfWod g} aGg k'UfL o;sf] tLa|t/ lasf; x'g yfNof] .;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !($% df nf]s lgud lgoGq0f clwlgod sfof{Gjog ePkl5 y'k|} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? :yfkgf eP . a]nfotdf klg ;g\ !($% b]lv !(%) ;Dddf a}+s ckm OËn+}08,la|l6z 6«fG;kf]6{ sldzg,jfo/n]; 8]enkd]06 skf{]/]zg,g]zgn UofF; sldzg cflb y'k|} ;+:yfgx? cl:tTjdf cfP . o;sf] k|efj o'/f]k nufot ljsf;Gdf]v ju{df kg{] PlzofnL /fi6«x?df klg k¥of] . >Ln+sf,kfls:tfg,ef/t,adf{,6sL{ cflb d'n'sdf klg ;+:yfgx? laz]ift la|l6z ;fd|fHoafbsf] k~hfaf6 d'Qm e} :jtGqtf xfl;n u/] kl5 eof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf u'0fx? M -s_ k|zf;lgs :jfoQtfM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;/sf/sf k"/s ;+u7g x'g\ . logsf] cl:tTj :jfoQtf k|fKt lgsfosf] ?kdf x'G5 . o;} x'+bf ;+:yfgx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] gLlt lgb{]zg ub{5 / ;/sf/af6 ePsf] gLlt lgb{]zg leq /xL ;+:yfgx?n] cf—cfkm\gf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f u/L :jtGq ?kdf sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . jf:tjdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? Jofkfl/s Pj+ Joj;flos x'g] ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ logLx?nfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ug{ h?/L g} x'G5 . ctoj cfkm\gf] Joj;fo :jtGq ?kdf ;+rfng ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu logLx?nfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . -v_ cfly{s :jfoQtfM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] csf]{ u'0f cfly{s :jfoQtf xf] . o; cg';f/ ;+:yfgx?sf] cfkm\gf] sf]if x'G5 / o;sf] k|of]u cfkm\gf] Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf] lglDt logLx?n] :jtGq ?kdf ug{ ;S5g . ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf ah]6 agfpg] / To;sf] kl/rfng ug{] lx;ffa /fVg] s'/fdf logLx?nfO{ :jfoQtf lbO{Psf] x'G5 .

-u_ Aoj;fohGotfM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] u7g g} s'g} pBd jf Aoj;fo ;+rfngsf] nflu xf] . Aoj;fo ljsf;sf] nflu s'g} /fhg}lts jf k|zf;sLo x:tIf]k x'g' x'b}g .cGoyf Aoj;fon] ultzLntf xfl;n ub{}g . ;+:yfg d"ntM ;]jf / gfkmf b'a}sf] k|of]hg ePsf] Aoj;flos ;+:yf ePsf]n] Aoj;fohGotf o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ u'0f xf] . -3_ Goflos cl:tTjM Goflos cl:tTj ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] csf]{ u'0f xf] . ;+:yfg Pp6f s[ltd AolQm xf] . o;n] s;} pk/ d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ /fVb5 / s;}n] klg o; pk/ d'2f ug{ ;Sb5 . ;/sf/4f/f ;+:yfg u7g ul/g'sf] p2]Zo -s_ /fhg}lts p2]ZoM k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo hgtfsf] sNof0fsf] lglDt nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo >[hgf ug'{ xf] .nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHodf hgtfx? zf]if0f,cg'lrt bjfa cflbaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . hgtfsf] ;'v,;'lawf / lxtsf] ;j{yf Vofn /flvG5 / nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHodf ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfkaf6 g} hgtfsf] cf:yf / ljZjf; lhTg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts cl:tTj sfod /fvL d'n'sdf /fhg}lts aftfj/0fsf] l:ylt >[hgf ug{ ;S5 . o;/L cWoog ubf{ ;:yfg u7gsf] p2]Zo hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg{] b}lgs ;fdu|L Pj+ ;]jf ;'lawfsf laifodf gfkmfvf]/L ,cgfjZos ;+rNo , s[ltd cefj / d'Noa[l4 h:tf. zf]if0fhGo l:yltaf6 hgtfnfO{ d'Qm /fVg' ,cgfjZos l9nf;':tL x'g glbO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ /fhg}lts ljsf; Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' xf] . -v_ cfly{s p2]ZoM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf lghL If]q h:tf] ;Dk'0f{ ?kdf gfkmfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] x'b}g tyflk Aoj;flostfsf] ljsf; sf] lglDt jfl~5t gfkmf cfh{g ug{] klg xf] .t/ klg ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgsf] u7g cfly{s ;d'Gglt xfl;n ug{sf nflu u/]sf] x'G5 .;fj{hlgs dxTj Pj+ pkof]lutfsf pBf]u / Aoj;fo ;+rfng u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug'{ g} ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg u7g ug'{sf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . ;g\ !(#) sf] cfly{s dGbL kl5 ;/sf/n] pBdL ,Aoj;foL, nufgLstf{ / ;dfh;]jL h:tf ljleGg e"ldsfx? lgjf{x ug'{ kg{] k[i7e"lddf /fli6«o dxTjsf pBf]usf] ljsf; Pj+ Aoj;fosf] ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s ;d'Gglt xfl;n ug{ ;+:yfgx? u7g ePsf] kfO{G5 . To;}u/L cgfjZos d'No a[l4sf] df/af6 hgtfnfO{ arfO{ d'No ;Gt'ng sfod ug{] ,/fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o If]qdf cfkm\gf] pTkfbg / ;]jf laqmL u/L d'n'ssf] nflu cfjZos lab]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{] ,;/sf/nfO{ /fhZj cfh{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],/f]huf/Lsf] >[hgf ug{] / pknAw >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt Aoj:yf u/L ;+/If0f k|j4{g / ljsf; ug{] h:tf cfly{s p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg u7g ul/G5 .

u_ ;fdflhs p2]ZoM d'n'ssf] ;a} efu ;dfg ?kdf lasl;t ePsf] x'b}g . To;}u/L ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] sf/0fn] klg hgtfx?n] ;]jf ;'lawf kfpgaf6 jl~rt e} /x]sf] cj:yf x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;dfhdf ;dfg lsl;dn] ;]jf ;'lawf pknAw u/fpg klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 . -3_ Aoj;fohGo p2]ZoM lghL If]qn] nufgL ubf{ gfkmfnfO{ g} Wofg lbPsf] x'G5 . o;y{ lagf gfkmf lghL If]q hfg grfxg] If]qdf klg ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ x'G5 . To;}u/L lghL If]q hfg grfxg] / hfg rfx] klg p ;+u ePsf] k"Flh ,k|lalw,pks/0f,;Lk cflbsf] sf/0faf6 klg :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf ug{' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj x'G5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;g\ !(#) sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbL kl5 >[hgf u/]sf] cefjsf] ;+s6n] ubf{ laZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx?n] ;]jf / pTkfbgsf] If]qdf ;/sf/ g} cu|;/ eO{ s]xL ug{} kg{] afWotf eof] . g]kfn ljZj ;d'bfosf] cufl8 k5fl8 /x]sf] d'n's eP klg o; lsl;dsf] afWotfsf] cg'ej g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf klg geO{ /xg ;s]g . ctPj tTsflng zf;sx?n] g]kfndf s]xL ul/g' kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L lj=;+= !(*& ;fndf s[lif kl/ifb,3/]n' pBf]u,vfgL c8\8f,g]kfnL sk8f / O{nd k|rf/ c8\8f h:tf ;+u7g :yfkgf u/] . g]kfn Pp6f lasf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] .g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] nx/ lgs} l9nf] u/L cfof] . lj=;+= !((#df sDkgL sfg"g agfO{of] / o;s} cfwf/df la/f6gu/ h'6 ldnsf] :yfkgf ePtf klg g]kfn a}+s P]g !(($ cGtu{t vf]lnPsf] g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 nfO{ g} ;j{k|yd ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf dfgL cfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf pBf]u Aoj;fosf] z'?jft lj=;+= @))& kl5 g} ePsf] dfGg' kb{5 .lj=;+= #)!# ;fndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePkl5 g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] pbo / ljsf; ePsf] xf] . @)!# ;fndf g]kfn /fi6« a+}ssf] :yfkgf,ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)!# sf] sfof{Gjog,@)!$ ;fndf /f]on Pc/nfO{G;sf] u7g / @)!^ ;fn kZrft g]kfndf ;+:yfgx?sf] ljsf;df tLa|t/ k|ult eof] . k|yd k~raifL{o of]hgf b]lv ;ftf} k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlw;Dddf gofF gofF ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? vf]lnb} uP . ;+:yfgx?sf] :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngdf sDkgL P]g @)@! / ;+:yfg P]g @)@!n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .o;/L ;ftf}+ of]hgf cjlw ;Dddf hDdf ^^ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? vf]lnP . oL ;+:yfgx?nfO{ sfo{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ^ efudf /flvPsf] 5 . s_ cf}Bf]lus ;+:yfgx?M

!= s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf -vf/]hL_ @= s[lif r'g pBf]u -vf/]hL_ #= afnfh' sk8f pBf]u -z]o/ laqmL_ $= afF;af/L 5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgf -Aoj;fo Pj+ ;DklQ laqmL-hUuf afx]s_ %= eQmk'/ O{6f 6fon sf/vfgf -;DklQ laqmL / ef8f_ ^= e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf-lghL If]qnfO{ laqmL_ &= jL/u~h lrgL sf/vfgf -vf/]hL_ *=xl/l;l4 O{6f 6fon sf/vfgf-Aoj;fo Pj+ ;DklQ laqmL_ (= b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg !)=g]kfn 9nf}6 sf/vfgf -z]o/ laqmL_ !!=hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL ln= !@=x]6f}8f l;d]06 pBf]u !#=x]6f}8f sk8f pBf]u -vf/]hL_ !$=hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf !% n'DaLgL lrgL sf/vfgf -;DklQ laqmL / ef8f_ !^=g]kfn sfuh pBf]u -vf/]hL_ !&=g]kfn /f]lhg P08 6k{]06fO{g pBf]u-;DklQ laqmL / ef8f_ !*=g]kfn lrof lasf; lgud -z]o/ laqmL_ !(= /3'klt h'6 ldN; -z]o/ laqmL_ @)=g]kfn cf}iflw lnld6]8 @!=pbok'/ l;d]06 pBf]u @@= uf]j/ Uof+; tyf s[lif oGq ln= @#=a'6jn ;'tL wfuf] pBf]u -vf/]hL_ @$=lxdfn l;d]06 sDkgL -vf/]hL_

@%=g]kfn la6'ldg tyf Aof/]n pBf]u -z]o/ laqmL_ sDkgL @^=g]kfn No"j cfon -z]o/ laqmL_ @&=;]tL r'/f]6 sf/vfgf @*=g]kfn d]6n sDkgL @(=g]kfn cf]/]06 P08 DofUg];fO{8 ln= #)=la/f6gu/ h'6 ldN; -z]o/ laqmL_ -v_ Aofkfl/s ;+:yfgx?M !=s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg @=3/]n' lzNksnf laqmL e08f/ -vf/]hL_ #=/fli6«o Aofkf/ lgud $=g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg %=g]kfn cfon lgud ^=lb l6Dj/ skf{]/]zg ckm g]kfn ln= &=;'tL{ lasf; sDkgL -vf/]hL_ *=g]kfn sf]n lnld6]8 -vf/]hL_ (=sfFrf] 5fnf ;+sng tyf laqmL s]Gb|-z]o/ laqmL_ !)=h'6 ljsf; tyf Aofkf/ s+=-vf/]hL_ !!=a'6jn kfj/ s+= ln=-z]o/ laqmL_ -u_ ;]jf ;DaGwL ;+:yfgx? !=cf}Bf]lus If]q Aoj:yfkg ln= @=g]kfn sG;6«S;g sDkgL -vf/]hL_ #=kf/axg tyf uf]bfd Aoj:yf ln= $=g]kfn oftfoft ;+:yfg -la36g_ %=g]kfn O{l~hlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L

^=g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud &=s[lif cfof]hgf ;]jf s]Gb|-vf/]hL_ *=cfly{s ;]jf s]Gb| (=g]kfn l8«lnË sDkgL-vf/]hL_ -3_ ;fdflhs ;+:yfgx? !=;f+:s[lts ;+:yfg @=uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg #=hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| ln= $=g]kfn 6]lnlehg %=/Tg /]sl8{Ë ;+:yfg-xfn g]=6]=eL= df uflePsf]_ ^=rnlrq ljsf; sDkgL -z]o/ laqmL_ &=u|fdL0f cfjf; tyf j:tL lasf; sDkgL -ª_ hg pkof]uL ;+:yfg !=vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg @=g]kfn laB't k|flws/0f #=g]kfn 6]lnsd -z]o/ laqmL_ -r_ laQLo ;+:yfgx? !=s[lif lasf; a}+s @=/fli6«o ladf ;+:yfg #=g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 -z]o/ laqmL_ $=g]kfn cf}Bf]lus lasf; lgud %=/fli6«o afl0fHo a}+s ^=shf{ ;'/If0f lgud &=g]kfn cfjf; lasf; laQ sDkgL

*=;]So'l/6L vl/b laqmL s]Gb| ;ftf} of]hgf kl5 :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yfgx? !=g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0f @=g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f #=sf7df8f} pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8 jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{sf ;+:yfg tyf ;ldltx? !=hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8 @)#* ;fn kf}if !& ut] :yfkgf ePsf] of] ;+:yfg sDkgL P]g @)%# cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jldTjdf /xg] u/L :Yfflkt klAns sDkgL lnld6]8 xf] . sDkgL :yfkgfsf p2]Zox? s_ b]zdf pknAw sf]/f hl8a'6Lx?sf] ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg ug{] . v_ sf]/f hl8a'6Lx?nfO{ Aoj;flos ?kdf v]tL ug{] / k|zf]wgsf] Aoj:yf ldnfO{ :yfgLo /f]huf/Lsf] clea[l4 ug{] . u_ hl8a'6L v]tL / k|zf]wgsf] If]qdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;xeflu u/fO{ Aoj;flos/0fdf ;xof]u ug{] . 3_ hl8a'6Ldf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?nfO{ sRrf kbfy{ / ;xfos sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk'lt{ ug{] . ª_ hl8a'6Lx?sf] v]tL / k|zf]wg u/L ;f] af6 pTkfbg x'g] cf}iflwhGo tyf ;'ulGwt j:t'x?sf] laqmL u/L b]zsf] cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] . sDkgLsf] kF"lhut ;+/rgf / z]o/xf]N8/x?af6 nufgL k"FhL /sd z]o/xf]N8/ k|ltzt s}lkmot clws[t kF"hL % s/f]8 g]kfn ;/sf/ *)=&# hf/L k"FHfL # s/f]8 *^ jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; #=#& nfv ;ldlt r'Qmf k"FhL @s/f]8 &% g]kfn cf}iflw ln= #=#& nfv !& xhf/ s[lif lasf; a}+s @=*( hg ;fwf/0f (=^$ laqmL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g

8 sDkgLsf sfof{nx? / ljBfdfg k"jf{wf/ tyf ;DklQ qm=;+= sfof{no k"jf{wf/ tyf ;DklQ ! s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sf]6]Zj/ cfkm\g} @(—@—@ hUuf,k|zf;lgs ejg, sf/vfgf / :6f]/ @ zfvf sfof{no tfdfu9L,af/f z]o/ nufgLsf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt %)) ljufxf If]qkmnsf] kmfd{,k|zf]wg sf/vfgf,sfof{no tyf cGo ejgx? # zfvf sfof{no a]naf/L &) x]S6/ If]qkmnsf] sa'lnotL jg cGt/ut hl8a'6L kmf/fd / k|zf]wg sf/vfgf $ zfvf sfof{no t/x/f,;'g;/L z]o/ nufgLsf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt @%x]S6/ If]qkmnsf] kmfd{,k|zf]wg sf/vfgf,sfof{no tyf cGo ejgx? % hl8a'6L v]tL lj:tf/ cfkm\g} # laufxf hUufd hl8a'6L kmfd{ / k|zf]wg sfo{qmd,l6sfk'/,s}nfnL sf/vfgf ^ hl8a'6L v]tL lj:tf/ z]o/ nufgLsf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ! sfo{qmd,g]kfnu~h,afFs] ljufxf If]qkmnsf] kmfd{,k|zf]wg sf/vfgf,sfof{no tyf cGo ejgx? & hl8a'6L v]tL lj:tf/ z]o/ nufgLsf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ! sfo{qmd,dx]Gb|gu/,s~rgk'/ ljufxf !) s7\7f If]qkmnsf] kmfd{,,sfof{no tyf cGo ejgx? * vf]6f] ;+sng s]Gb| wgs'6f & j6f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x ;+u ;Demf}tf u/L jflif{s !))) 6g ;Nnfsf] vf]6f] ;+sng ul//x]sf] If]q sd{rf/L :yfoL !)* c:yfoL÷s/f/ #( dfl;s Hofnfbf/L ^) b}lgs Hofnfbf/L !^) hDdf #^& ck|ToIf /f]huf/L #))) kl/jf/ ;+rfns cWoIf x/]s k6ssf] /fhg}lts lgo'lQm ;ldlt k|ltlglw—;b:o cy{ dGqfno laz]if1—;b:o jg dGqfno jf cGtu{t ljefuaf6 k|ltlglw—;b:o z]o/ xf]N8/ ;+:yfx?af6 dxfk|jGws ,;b:o—;lrj x/]s k6ssf] /fhg}lts lgo'lQm

qm=;+= sDkgLsf] ;jn kIf sDkgLsf] b'j{n kIf÷;d:of pTkfbg÷If]q kl/df0f ! @) k|sf/sf] @% 6g Aoj:yfkg cWoIf / dxfk|aGwsf] hl8a'6Laf6 /fhg}lts lgo'lQm cf}iflw @ ;~rf] — d]lzg/L cf}hf/ pTkfbg / u'0f:t/df k'/fgf] x«f; # lxdfnog d;fh — sRrf kbfy{ / d'No ;dfof]hg ug{ cfon OGwgdf d'No a[l4 g;lsPsf] $ P06Llnr cfon — k|lt:kwf{ lghL If]qsf] pTkfbg ;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' % lznfhLt k]i6 — ;+rfng vr{df a[l4 sd{rf/L / >lds Hofnfsf] bfloTjdf cTolws a[l4 ^ /f]lhg / !)) 6g vf]6f]af6 pTkfbg nfutdf pTkfbg vr{ eGbf 6k{]06fO{n a[l4 laqmLaf6 sd cfo & ;xof]u k|lalw,ljp+ v'b gf]S;fg ?=!#s/f]8%*nfv ljhg,dn / ahf/ Aoj:yfkg s_ s[ifs u'0f:t/ WHO 4f/f ;d'bfox?nfO{ lgwf{l/t GMP sfof{Gjog r'gf}tL v_ n3' pBdLx?nfO{ pTkfbgnfO{ k|b'if0fsf] ;d:of u_ Aoj;foLx?nfO{ sf/vfgf / uf]bfdnfO{ k|b'if0f d'Qm :yfgdf n}hfg' kg{] sd{rf/L / sfdbf/ hgzlQm k'g;{/rgf gePsf],sd{rf/L s6f}tL eGbf yKg] sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf cTolws bfloTj sDkgLsf] hUuf a]rL bfloTjaf6 pDsg] ;f]+r ;f]+r b'/b[li6sf] cefj Aoj:yfkg ;'wf/sf] cefj bfloTj ;dfwfgsf] cefj

pTkfbg nfut sdL ug{] ;f]rsf] cefj ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{] Ifdtf / OR5fsf] sdL

@= b l6Dj/ skf{]/]zg ckm g]kfn ln= lj=;+=@)!! ;fndf cfPsf] eLif0f af9Laf6 lj:yflt kl/jf/nfO{ a;f]af;sf] Aoj:yf ug{ x]6f}8fdf :yflkt ;MdLn kl/of]hgfnfO{ @)!& ;fn sflt{s @% ut] tTsflng sDkgL P]g cGt/ut jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno,jg ljefu,cy{ dGqfno,jfl0fHo dGqfno,g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud ;d]tsf] z]o/ /x]sf] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf b l6Dj/ skf{]/]zg ckm g]kfn ln -l6=l;=Pg=_ :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .skf]{/]zgn] :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn ;Dd n8f k8f sf7,bfp/f / ;/sf/sf] ;do ;dosf] lg0f{ofg';f/ jg If]qaf6 sf7 bfp/f s6fg tyf lr/fg u/L zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf jfl;GbfnfO{ lat/0f ug{] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o jg hËnaf6 sf7,bfp/f ;+sng u/L laqmL lat/0f ug{] lgsfosf] ?kdf Pp6} ;+:yf /fVg] p2]Zon] ldlt @)$%÷!@÷! ut] sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug{] OGwg ;+:yfg / jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] laqmL ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{nfO{ l6=l;=Pg= n] ug{] u/L o;nfO{ æsÆ ju{sf] ;+:yfgdf :yflkt ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . @)!& ;fn b]lv @)$$ ;fn ;Dd o; ;+:yfg jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf]d kl5 cfk"lt{ dGqfno cGtu{t /flvof] @)%^ cflZjg @^ ut]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 k'gM jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno cGt/ut /xL sfo{ ub{} cfO{/x]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] nIoM lbuf] jg Aoj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L jg Aoj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g] sf7,bfp/f / sf7hGo jg k}bfjf/sf] Aojl:yt ;+sng,;b'kof]u / laqmL lat/0f4f/f ;/n / e/kbf{] cfk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg] . sDkgL :yfkgfsf p2]Zox? -s_ jg Aoj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g] sf7,bfp/f s6fg÷ ;+sng u/L uf]lnof aNnf jNnL / lr/fg sf7 kf/bzL{ Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Td tl/sfn] ;j{;fw/0f,;+3 ;+:yf,pBf]u, Aoj;fo,;/sf/L cfof]hgf,kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;xh / ;/n cfk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg] . -v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;j{;fw/0f,ljsf; lgdf{0f,wfld{s Pj+ ;fdflhs If]qnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg{] sf7 bfp/fsf] ;xh / ;/n cfk"lt{ ug{] . -u_ sf7, bfp/fsf] k|of]u Pj+ vktfnfO{ Go"g ug{ sf7sf] a9L l6sfp x'g] u/L ;b'kof]u ug{ / sf7hGo kbfy{af6 j}slNks phf{-uf]n,la|s]6_ sf] pTkfbg / k|a4{g ug{] .

-3_ sf7hGo jg k}bfjf/sf] pkof]udf lalalws/0f u/L d"No clea[l4 ;d]t ub{} cfTdlge{/tf a9fpg] . -ª_ sf7,bfp/fsf] at{dfg tyf bL3{sflng dfu / cfk"lt{ ;DjGwdf cg';Gwfg ug{] / sf7 ,bfp/fsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL ug{] . -r_ sf7,bfp/fdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux? ;+rfng ug{] . -5_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 sa'lnotL jg lnO{ a[Iff/f]k0f ug{] . -h_ lghL jg,;+/lIft jg,;fd'bflos jgaf6 klg cfjZostfg'';f/ sf7,bfp/f vl/b ug{] . sDkgLsf] kF"lhut ;+/rgf / z]o/xf]N8/x?af6 nufgL k"FhL /sd z]o/xf]N8/ z]o/ ;+Vof s}lkmot ?=xhf/df clws[t kF"hL !))))) jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno #)))* g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hf/L tyf !^)*!=^ jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno !%))$ Æ r'Qmf k"FhL cy{ dGqfno &%)@ Æ jg ljefu &%)@ Æ g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ln= ^))) hDdf ^^)!^ skf{]/]zgsf sfof{nx? / ljBfdfg k"jf{wf/ tyf ;DklQ qm=;+= sfof{no ejg hUuf ;jf/L s}lkmot ;fwg÷pks/0f÷Nk f06-;a} 7fp+df ePsf] hDdf_ ! s]Gb|Lo sfof{no @ — 6«s—% lau|]sf] —@ aa/dxn,sf7df8f}+ @ zfvf sfof{no @ $—!@—#—) nf]8/—@ lau|]sf] —! afns'df/L,nlntk'/ # zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/ — %—$—@—) hLk—^ lau|]sf] —! $ laqmL l8kf] kz'klt @ df]6/;fO{sn—#& lau|]sf] —% sf7df8f} % zfvf sfof{no @ )—*—) jO{Ë d]lzg—^ lau|]sf] —^- la/f6gu/ ;a}_ ^ zfvf sfof{no,kyn}of @ jO{Ë a[h —@ lau|]sf] —@- ;a}_ & zfvf sfof{no ,x]6f}8f !^ ^—%—) ;Mldn—^ lau|]sf] —! * zfvf sfof{no,e/tk'/ $ !—%—^ l6«6d]06 Nkf06—! — ( zfvf sfof{no,ab{3f6, !! )—!&—!)

gjnk/f;L !) zfvf sfof{no,a'6jn & )—!&—!% !! laqmL l8kf],kf]v/f @ !^—(—) !@ zfvf @ — sfof{no,g]kfnu~h !# zfvf sfof{no,wgu9L ( )—$—( hDdf ^@ ejg dWo] sRrL $^ j6f /x]sf] !$ hgsk'/ )—^—) !% la/u~h )—(—! !^ eLdbQgu/ )—&—!% !& lbkfon,8f]6L @—!%—)—# hDdf /f]kgL @( / laufxf @^ sfo{If]q t/fO{,leqL dw]z / kxf8L ;d]t #$ lhNnf sd{rf/ :jLs[t b/aGbL $$# L sfo{/t @(% :yfoL÷c:yfoL gv'n] sf] s/f/÷dfl;s÷ b}lgs gv'n] Hofnfbf/L sf] ck|ToIf /f]huf/L @%) ) ;+rfn cWoIf x/]s k6ssf] s'g} s'g} ;dodf dGqfnosf] s /fhg}lts lgo'lQm ;x—;lrj :t/nfO{ tf]lsg] eP ;ldlt klg kl5Nnf] r/0fdf /fhg}lts lgo'lQm g} x'g] u/]sf] . k|ltlglw—;b:o cy{ dGqfno k|ltlglw—;b:o afl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno k|ltlglw—;b:o jg ljefu dxfk|jGws ,;b:o— x/]s k6ssf] ;lrj /fhg}lts lgo'lQm

13 qm= skf{]/];gsf] ;jn kIf skf{]/];gsf] b'j{n kIf÷;d:of ;+= pTkfbg÷If]q kl/df0f ! t/fO{sf ;ft #@(@ x]S6/- Aoj:yfkg cWoIf / dxfk|aGwsf] lhNnfdf cfkm\g} cf=j=)^^÷^& /fhg}lts lgo'lQm- a[Iff/f]k0f ;Dd_ /fhg}lts x:tIf]k_ @ uf]lnof sf7 %)$$$* d]lzg/L cf}hf/ pTkfbg / u'0f:t/df So"=lkm=- k'/fgf] / sfd gnfUg] x«f; cf=j=)^^÷^& df_ # bfp/f &** r6\6f- d'No a[l4 d'No ;dfof]hg ug{ cf=j=)^^÷^& df_ g;lsPsf] $ lr/fg sf7 @)%@% So"=lkm=- k|lt:kwf{ k|lt:klw{ geP klg cf=j=)^^÷^& df_ lghL If]qsf] pTkfbg ;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' % ;x—pTkfbg @)#& lSjG6n- ;+rfng vr{df a[l4 sd{rf/L / >lds cf=j=)^^÷^& df_ Hofnfsf] bfloTjdf cTolws a[l4 ^ l6«6]8 kf]n *%% j6f- pTkfbg nfutdf pTkfbg vr{ eGbf cf=j=)^^÷^& df_ a[l4 laqmLaf6 sd cfo & ;'v8,9nfk8f cfjZos cfk"lt{ / v'b gf]S;fg - ?=@!s/f]8%)nfv sf7,bfp/f ;+sng g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cf=j=)^^÷^& ;Dd_ / laqmL /fh:j k|fKt ePsf] s_ :yfgLonfO{ sd{rf/L egf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds ge} /f]huf/L cj;/ tf]s cfb]zaf6 x'g' v_ 9'jfgL ;fwg ;+rfng vr{ / x]6f}8fdf /x]sf] !% Aoj;foL / cjsfz of]hgf laufxf hUuf a]r] dhb'/n] sfd ;/x #$ s/f]8 k|fKt kfpg] e} vr{ x'g af+sL u_ ;x—pTkfbg – egf{,dfgj >f]t s'g} of]hgf g} 5}g h:t} afsn,e';_ ljsf; of]hgf ;'ky d"Nodf pknAw 3_ cfo{3f6df bfp/f sd{rf/L / sfdbf/ -s_ hgzlQm / wfld{s :yfg / k'g;{/rgf sfo{df gePsf],sd{rf/L sf7,bfp/fsf] s6f}tL ug{] cj:yfdf cfk"lt{ yKg] sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf-v_;+:yfgsf] eljio k|lt ljZj:t ge} @^) hgf sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s

/flhgfdf lbO{ ;s]sf / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog x'g af+sL ª_ laB't kf]nsf] cTolws bfloTj ;+:yfgsf] hUuf a]rL l6«6d]06 / cfk"lt{ bfloTjaf6 pDsg] ;f]+r r_ la|s]6 phf{sf] nflu ;f]+r b'/b[li6sf] cefj jgdf kg{] rfksf] sdL e} aftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ h_u'0f:t/ /fd|f] Aoj:yfkg ;'wf/sf] cefj lg/Gt/ 3f6fsf] sf/0fsf] vf]hL / ;dfwfg tkm{ Wofg 5}g bfloTj ;dfwfgsf] cefj pTkfbg nfut sdL ug{] ;f]rsf] cefj ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{] Ifdtf / OR5fsf] sdL,ahf/ pknAw x'bfx'b} klg pBdzLntfsf] sdL x/]s aif{ nIo cg';f/sf] k|ult xfl;n ug{ g;Sg' ;+:yfgdf ptf/ r9fjsf] cj:yf /xg'

#=jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt ljsf; ;ldlt P]g ,@)!# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] plrt jfcfjZos 7x¥ofodf s'g} ljsf; cfof]hgf jf ljsf; sfo{nfO{ sfof{lGjt ug{ ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] Aoj:yf 5 . ag ljsf; ;DalGw sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L jg If]qaf6 jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4,jg k}bfjf/sf] ;b'kof]u ;DaGwdf cfjZos zf]w sfo{,lgoldt / Aojl:yt cfk"lt{af6 jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]ux?sf] lj:tf/ ug{] p2]Zox? lnP/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)!#sf] clwgdf /xL @)## ;fndf jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{t /xg] u/L jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf=j=@)##÷#$ df la/f6gu/ / s}nfnLdf pk—;ldlt sfof{no :yfkgf u/L o;sf] sfo{ z'?jft ePsf]df cf=j=)$$÷$% ;Dddf t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zsf @@ lhNnfx?df pk— ;ldlt sof{nox? :yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 . @)#% ;fndf o; ;ldltn] ;+rfng ug{] u/L PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f / cf]k]s km08sf] cg'bfgdf ;fu/gfy jg ljsf; kl/of]hgf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .cf=j= @)#%÷#^ df ;ldltn] cfkm\g} cfly{s >f]taf6 ;+rfng ug{] u/L emfkf lhNnfdf /t'jfdfO{ a[Iff/f]k0f cfof]hgfsf] k|f/De u¥of] . ;fu/gfy jg ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf] ;kmntfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ cf=j=@)$#÷$$ df PlzofnL lasf; a}+ssf] yk C0f ;xfotfaf6 jg ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;fy} g]kfnu~h jg ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf] z'?jft eof] . tTsflng ;f]leot ;+3 ;/sf/sf] C0f -j:t'ut_ ;xof]udf @)#^ ;fndf vf]6f] Aoj:yfkgsf] cfof]hgf :yfkgf u/L ;'b'/ klZrdsf] s}nfnL lhNnf l:yt cQl/ofdf /f]lhg P08 6k{]G6fO{g km}S6«Lsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ul/Psf]df kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd @)$# ;fndf pQm pBf]unfO{ ;ldltaf6 5'6\ofO{ pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t /xg] u/L sDkgL lnld6]8df kl/0ft ul/of] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$%÷!@÷!%sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd ;a} lhNnf jg k}bfjf/ pk— ;ldltx? vf/]h e} ;ldltn] a[Iff/f]k0f u/L Aoj:yfkg ub{} cfO{/x]sf] # j6f cfof]hgfx?,;fu/gfy / g]kfnu~h jg ljsf; kl/of]hgf / /t'jfdfO{ a[Iff/f]k0f cfof]hgfx? dfq ;ldlt cGtu{t ;+rfngdf /x]sf]df cf=j=@)^!÷^@df g]kfnu~h jg ljsf; kl/of]hgf lhNnf jg sfof{no afFs]df x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljsf; ;ldltsf p2]Zox?M s_ l56f] a9\g] / w]/} pTkfbg lbg] ?v k|hftLsf la?jfx? nufO{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] lbuf] Aoj:yfkgaf6 sf7,bfp/f / cGo jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg ug{] . v_ kl/of]hgf / cfof]hgfaf6 pTkflbt jg k}bfjf/sf] Aoj;flos/0f ub{} clwstd ;b'kof]u x'g] u/L laqmL / cfk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .

16 u_ kl/of]hgf / cfof]hgf If]q jl/kl/ j;f]jf; ug{] bIf tyf cbIf hgzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/L lhljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] . ;ldltsf sfof{nx? / ljBfdfg k"jf{wf/ tyf ;DklQ qm=;+= sfof{no ejg hUuf ;jf/L s}lkmot ;fwg÷pks/0 f÷Nkf06-;a} 7fp+df ePsf] hDdf_ ! s]Gb|Lo sfof{no gv'n]sf] aa/dxn,sf7df8f}+ @ ;fu/gfy jg ljsf; !#%)) x]S6/ kl/of]hgf,;nf{xL / dxf]Q/L # /t'jfdfO{ a[Iff/f]k0f — @&!# x]S6/ cfof]hgf emfkf $ % sd{rf/L :jLs[t b/aGbL !(# sfo{/t !&* :yfoL÷c:yfoL gv'n] sf] Hofnfbf/L !(* b/aGbL afx]s aif{e/L g} sfd kfpg] cltl/Qm /f]huf/L #))) >d lbg ck|ToIf /f]huf/L — ;+rfns sfo{sf/L cWoIf x/]s k6ssf] ;ldlt /fhg}lts lgo'lQm k|ltlglw—;b:o cy{ dGqfno k|ltlglw—;b:o jg ljefu ;lrj-af]8{df sfd ;ldltsf] jl/i7td ug{_ clws[t

17 qm= ;ldltsf] ;jn kIf ;ldltsf] b'j{n kIf÷;d:of ;+= pTkfbg÷If]q kl/df0f ! ;fu/gfydf !)&!( x]S6/ Aoj:yfkg sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] /fhg}lts cfkm\g} a[Iff/f]k0f lgo'lQm-/fhg}lts x:tIf]k_ uf]lnof sf7- @ nfv So"=lkm= d]lzg/L cf}hf/ ePsf] ,rflxg] / cj:yf af/]df aflif{s_ s'g} laj/0f g} gcfpg' bfp/f-aflif{s_ $))) r6\6f pknAw Pl/of cltqmd0fsf] rk]6fdf k/] klg hf]ufpg g;Sg' laB't kf]n @)))) yfg k|lt:kwf{ ;/sf/af6 k|fKt hdLgsf] pTkfbgdf k|lt:klw{ gx'+bf Psflwsf/sf] sf/0f lghL If]q h:t} pBdzLn gx'g' . g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ @=%s/f]8 ;+rfng vr{df sd{rf/L / >lds Hofnfsf] /fh:j / -cf};tdf_ a[l4 bfloTjdf a[l4 d'=c=s=afkt d'gfkmf ! s/f]8- sd{rf/L egf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds ge} tf]s cf};tdf_ cfb]zaf6 x'g' la?jf pTkfbg / !)—!%nfv ;+rfng vr{ / 5}g . ljt/0f cjsfz of]hgf @ /t'jfdfO{ @&!# x]S6/ egf{,dfgj >f]t s'g} of]hgf g} 5}g,olt ;fgf] a[Iff/f]k0f ljsf; of]hgf PsfO{nfO{ w]/} sd{rf/L /x]sf] b]lvg' c? s'/f gv'n]sf]] sfo{ If]q olt ;fgf] sfo{If]qsf] nflu ;ldlt /flv /fVg'sf] cf}lrTo g} gePsf] . oBlk /fhg}lts tj/df etL{ ug{ / sfo{sf/L cWoIf lgo'lQmsf nflu /flv/x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . # sRrf kbfy{ af]8{;,e]lgP/,kf ;ldltsf] o;sf] sfo{If]q s6f}tL,ydf}tL s{]l6Ë / kmlg{r/ l:y/tf h:tf sfo{af6 cl:y/ /x]sf] pBf]unfO{ pknAw $ :yfgLo hgtfsf] &)) s[ifs sd{rf/L / hgzlQm k'g;{/rgf nflu kl/jf/n] sfdbf/ gePsf],sd{rf/L s6f}tL eGbf a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf yKg] sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf s[lif jfnL / hl8a'6L nufpg ;Sg] s6fgsf] ;dodf ;+rf/ dfWoddf vf;u/L ;fu/gfy !%) kl/jf/n] 5fpg' kl/of]hgfdf x'g] clgoldtf / lgMz'Ns h+un cfunfuL ,hUuf xf+uflauf kfpg] cltqmd0f cflb laifodf ;+rf/

dfWodf 5fO{/xg' / To;sf] v08gsf nflu st}af6 kxn gx'g' :yfgLonfO{ ;f]+r b'/b[li6sf] cefj /f]huf/L / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u kl/of]hgf ;+u Aoj:yfkg ;'wf/sf] cefj hf]l8Psf uflj;nfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u

$=/fli6«o k|sl[t ;+/If0f sf]if dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if P]g @)#( cGtu{t k|s[lt tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / Aoj:yfkg ug{sf nflu @)#( ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] sf]if @)^# ;fn c;f]h @* ut]af6 /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] ?kdf :yfkgf e} sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . sf]ifsf p2]Zox?M s_ aGo hGt' tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ,;+a4{g / Aoj:yfkg ug{] v_ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf cf/Ifx?sf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfjZos Aoj:yf ug{] . u_ aGo hGt' tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] a}1flgs cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{] . d'Vo sfo{-Major Focus_

x k|fs[lts >f]t ;+/If0f x jGohGt' ;+/If0f x ;+/If0f lzIff x a}slNkd phf{ x ;fd'bflos ljsf; x kof{—ko{6g x dlxnf ljsf; x s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; x ;f+:s[lt ;Dkbf ;+/If0f x cg';Gwfg / cg'udg

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If]q / ;]jf If]qdf nufgL cfslif{t x'b} uPsf] 5 . v'nf cfsfz gLltsf] cjwf/0ff ;+u} lghL If]qsf jfo';]jf sDkgLx? k|z:t v'n]sf 5g\,h;n] Jofkf/ tyf ko{6g k|j4{gdf pNn]vgLO 6]jf ldn]sf] 5 .;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ lgHfLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;]jfsf ;fy;fy} gfkmfd'vL agfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . ljZj Aofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kZrft ljZj ahf/sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] 5 . @)$* ;fndf lgjf{lrt ;/s/ u7g kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)$*÷$( df # j6f ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx? -xl/l;l4 O{6f 6fon sf/vfgf,afF;af/L 5fnf h'Qf sf/vfg tyf e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf_lghLs/0f ug{] lg0f{o u¥of] . ;fy} cy{ dGqfno cGtu{t ;+:yfg ;dGjo dxfzfvfdf lghLs/0f OsfO{sf] u7gsf] ;fy} lghLs/0f ;DalGw gLlt klg hg;dIf Nofof] . cf7f} of]hgfn] cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm lghLs/0f gul/g] jf kl5 ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] bIftf clea[l4 ;Dalgw gLlt tyf sfo{qmd kfl/t u¥of] . o;sf] a"bf g+= * df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ cfjZos k/]df lgDgcg'?k k"gu{7g ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 M h_ 5flgPsf ;+:yfgx?nfO{ bIftf clea[l4sf] lgldQ Aoj:yfkg s/f/ cyjf ;fem]bf/L ;+emf}tf-MoUs_ k|bfg u/]/ . `_ dxfk|jGwssf cnfjf cGo pRr Aoj:yfkgdf klg cfjZos ?kdf bIftf tyf ;Ifd Aoj:yfksx? ;dfj]z u/L ;+:yfgsf] bIftf clea[l4 u/fpg] k|of; u/]/ .

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To:tf k|lti7fgsf sd{rf/L sfdbf/ jf O{R5's ;a} ;d"xsf] cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ;xeflutf ug{],u/fpg] sfo{ ;+emg' k5{ . u_ æ;/sf/L If]qÆ eGgfn] s'g} k|lti7fgdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf :jfldTj /x]sf] jf Aoj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf /x]sf] If]q ;Demg' kb{5 . *= lghLs/0f k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug{ ] M ª_ k|lti7fgsf] Aoj:yfkgdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;xeflutf u/fP/, r_ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] pko'Qm b]v]sf] s'g} dfWod ckgfP/ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# wf/f #$= /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ M -!_ hgtfsf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g]5 . -$_ b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]Gb| x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpFb} :jb]zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpg' /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 . #%= /fHos/fHos/fHosf gLltx¿f gLltx¿f gLltx¿ M -@_ ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/s ;+lawfg @)^#sf] wf/f #$df /fHosf lgb{]zs l;4fGt cGtu{t lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],a}b]lzs k"FHfL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug{] / cfly{s pknlAwx?sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cGo gLluut Joj:yfdf pbf/ cy{gLlt nfu" ug{'sf ;fy} cfjlws of]hgf,jflif{s ah]6 / ;do—;dodf cfpg] If]qut gLltx?df hgfO{Psf k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog nufot 5g\ .

tLg aifL{o cGtl/d of]hfgf -@)^$÷^%—@)^^÷^&_ df ;+:yfg %=!# ;/sf/L nufgL ljlgj]z

!= k[i7e"ld ablnFbf] cGt/fli6«o cfly{s kl/j]z ;+u} /fli6«o cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gx?sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ljutsf] :j?k sltko cj:Yffdf xfn ck|lt:kwL{ ;d]t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L Aofks ul/aL Pj+ ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns lje]b laBdfg /x]sf] at{dfg cj:yfdf ;dfa]zL ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nIox? xfl;n ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos >f]t h'6fpg] p2]Zoaf6 ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xL /xg' gkg{] jf ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf ck|lt:kwL{ aGg hfg] ;+:yfgx?df nufgL ljlgj]z gLlt-Disinvestment Policy_ c+lusf/ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . @=b;f}+ of]hgfsf] k|ult ;dLIff b;f} of]hgfdf aflif{s ?kdf tLg ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f ug{] nIo /x]sf]df ljleGg ;d:ofx?sf] sf/0f Ps dfq} ;+:yfg lghLs[t x'g k'Uof] . #=;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? x ;+:yfg ;~rfngdf cjfl~5t jfXo x:tIf]k,Joj;flos ;+:sf/sf] cefj,Aoj:yfksLo Ifdtf / bIftdf sdL,b08xLgtfsf] jftfj/0f / pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]xL axg gug{] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; h:tf ;d:ofx?sf sf/0f lghLs/0f k|lqmofdf ult/f]w . x ljutdf ;fj{hlgs —lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cGtu{t :yflkt Pj+ ljleGg sf/0fn] ;/sf/ nufgLstf{sf ?kdf ;xeflu ePsf k|lti7fgx? ?U0f x'g uPsf sf/0f ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj ;/sf/df cfO{k/]sf] / k|sf/fGt/n] ;Lldt lghL If]q nfeflGjt x'g uPsf] cj:yf . $=p2]Zo ;/sf/L :jfldTj tyf Aoj:yfksLo lgoGq0fdf /fVg cfjZos gkg{] ''';+:yfx?nfO{ ljlgj]z jf la36g ub{} :j:Yo k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L ljlgj]zsf] dfWod4f/f :j:y / ;'b[9 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{ / /fHosf] e"ldsfnfO{ hgpQ/bfoL ,Gofok"0f{ / ljj]szLn lgofdssf ?kdf :yflkt ug{' g} ;/sf/L nfufgL ljlgj]z gLltsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . %=kl/df0ffTds nIox? ;+:yfgx? tkm{sf] /sd eofjx ?kdf r'ln+b} uPsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ dgg u/L k|To]s aif{ ;+:yfgtkm{sf] s"n qmdfut a]?h' /sdsf] %) k|ltzt km5f}{6 ub{} nlug]5 . lghL

If]qsf k|lti7fgx?df /x]sf] ;/sf/L nufgL ljlgj]z u/L o:tf k|lti7fgx?nfO{ lgtfGt Joj;flos 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO{g]5 . ^=gLlt x ljBdfg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] p2]Zo / sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L /fHosf] cfly{s,;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts dxTj cg'?k ;+:yfgx?sf] cfjZostf olsg ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L If]qd} sfod /fVg' kg{] ;+:yfgx?nfO{ cfjZos k'g;+{/rgf / Aoj:yfksLo ;'wf/ u/L Joj;flos l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtf ;lxt ;~rfng ug{ hf]8 lbO{g]5 . x 3f6fdf uPsf ;+:yfgx?sf] af/]df cfjZos cWoog u/L ltgnfO{ ;+rfng ug{],aGb ug{] jf ljlgj]z ug{] laifodf lg0f{o lnO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . x ;/sf/L If]qdf ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos gb]lvPsf tyf lghL If]q cfjZos x'g] k|lt:kwf{Tds If]qsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ljlgj]z÷la36g ul/g]5 . x ljlgj]z ubf{ ljlgj]z kl5sf] Aoj;flos of]hgf-Business Plan_ cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;+rfng ePsf 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] af/]df cg'udg Pj+ d'NofÍg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f-Feedback_ sf cfwf/df ljlgj]z sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{g]5 .

t/ tLg aifL{o cGtl/d of]hfgf -@)^$÷^%—@)^^÷^&_df slt j6f jf s'g s'g ;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f ug{] ,z]o/ laqmL ug{] jf Aoj:yfkg s/f/df n}hfg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{b}g . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] cf=j=@)^^.)^& sf] jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff÷cj:yf k[i7e"ldM– ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;/n / ;xh 9+uaf6 a:t' tyf ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf]p2]Zo /fHosf] cfly{s a[l4 psf:g], ;fj{hlgs jrt kl/rfng ug]{, /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{, lghL If]qsf] Psflwsf/ lgoGq0f ug]{, ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ljt/0fsf] lje]b x6fpg], /fli6«o ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u / ;+/If0f ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . ;du|tfdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? /fHosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts p2]Zox? kl/k"lt{sf nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? k|lt:kwL{ / Jofj;foL eO{ k|efjsf/L9+un] ;+rfng x'g' kb{5 . oxf+ xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTjdf ;+rflnt s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? / cf+lzs :jfldTj /x]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ sf] ef}lts Pj+ ljQLo k|ultx?sf] cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] ;fdfGo j:t'l:ylt ljj/0f ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

!= sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z cfly{s jif{ @)^$.)^% df #^ j6f ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] v"b l:y/ ;DklQ ?= !@$ cj{ *( s/f]8 /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^%.)^^ sf] cGTodf tL ;+:yfgx?sf] ;DklQ ?= * cj{ *% s/f]8n] a[l4 e} s"n l:y/ ;DklQ ?= !## cj{ &$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . cf=j= @)^%.)^^ df g]kfn cf}ifwL lnld6]8, g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6, hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| lnld6]8, x]6f}+8f l;d]06 pBf]u, pbok'/ l;d]06 pBf]u lnld6]8sf] l:y/ ;DklQ 36]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f tyf g]kfn b"/ ;+rf/ sDkgLn] qmdzM ?= ^ cj{ ($ s/f]8, ?= ! cj{ *^ s/f]8 l:y/ ;DklQ a9fPsf] sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] l:y/ ;DklQ ;du|df a9\g uPsf] 5 . o;}u/L ut jif{ cf=j= )^$.)^% df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f nufgL ?= *# cj{ %@ s/f]8 /x]sf]df ;f] df ?= $ cj{ $* s/f]8 sdL cfO{ cf=j= )^%.)^^ sf] cGTodf ?= &( cj{ $ s/f]8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; C0f /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 lnP/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|jfx u/]sf] C0f / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 lnPsf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg C0f ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^$.)^% df #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? dWo] !& j6fn] v"b d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf / !( j6f ;+:yfg 3f6fdf ;+rflnt lyP eg] cf=j= @)^%.)^^ df #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg dWo] !* j6f gfkmfdf / !* j6f ;+:yfgx? 3f6fdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . To;}u/L ;a} #^ j6f ;+:yfgx?sf] ;du| gfkmf÷gf]S;fg ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf=j= @)^$.)^% df s"n d'gfkmf ?= $ cj{ ($ s/f]8 /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^%.)^^ df s"n d'gfkmfdf a[l4 e} ?= !) cj{ %% s/f]8 k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . @= If]qut ljZn]if0f @=@ Jofkfl/s If]q Jofkfl/s If]q cGtu{t /x]sf ^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ sf] s"n laj|mL sf/f]jf/ ?= %) cj{ ^% s/f]8 @( nfv /Xof], h'g cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% sf] ?= $! cj{ ^ s/f]8 ^$ nfv sf] t'ngfdf @#=#$ k|ltztn] a9L 5 . s_ gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] l:ylt cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% df Jofkfl/s If]qsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] Psd'i6 v"b gf]S;fgL ?= %cj{ ^( s/f]8 !# nfv /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ df eg] Jofkfl/s If]qsf ;+:yfgx?sf] Psd'i6 v"b gfkmf ?= # cj{ @@ s/f]8 %^ nfv k'u]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ df g]kfn cfon lgudsf] gfkmf ?= # cj{ #! s/f]8 $! nfv k'u]sf] 5, o; lgudn] ut cf=j= df ?= %cj{ %& s/f]8 $% nfv gf]S;fgL Joxf]{g' k/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn cfon lgudsf] gfkmfdf ePsf] a[lån] ubf{ o; cf=j df Jofkfl/s If]qsf] v"b gfkmfdf a[lå x'g cfPsf] xf] . o; If]qsf

;+:yfgx?dWo] /fli6«o aLp aLhg sDkgL ln=?= * nfv, lb l6Dj/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn ln= ?= % s/f]8 #! nfv / g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgn] cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ df / ?= %! nfv v"b gfkmf u/]sf 5g\ . v_ C0f, ;DklQ tyf z]o/wgL sf]if

@)^^ c;f/ d;fGtdf Jofkfl/s If]qsf ;+:yfgx?sf] s'n C0f ?= !@ cj{ @& s/f]8 @& nfv /x]sf] 5 . cf=j= )^$÷^% df pQm C0f ?= !$ cj{ !# s/f]8 # nfv /x]sf] lyof] . lb=l6Da/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn ln=sf] z]o/wgL sf]if wgfTds 5 . #= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cj:yf M ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] k|To]s jif{ n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePtfklg ;f] sf] k"0f{ kfngf gug{] kl/kf6L cem} ljBdfg 5 . #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? dWo] cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ ;Ddsf] !$ j6fn], cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% sf] !% j6fn], cfly{s jif{ @)^#.^$ ;Dd sf @ j6fn] / cfly{s jif{ @)^@.^# ;Dd dfqsf] @ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fPsf 5g\ . k|To]s jif{ clgjfo{ ?kdf n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/fpg' kg{] bfloTj af]s]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] s]xLdf b]lvPsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yf 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf sfg"gn] k|i6 ?kdf ;dofjlw ;d]t tf]sL n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] ePtf klg s]xL ;+:yfgx?n] ;dod} n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ kl/kfng u/]sf] kfOPg .-!_ o;n] ;DalGwt ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgsf] c;Ifdtf / nfk/jfxLsf] gd"gf-@_ b]vfpFb5 . $ ;+:yfgsf] ;+rfns ;ldltdf ;'wf/ M ;+:yfgx?sf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf bIf, Jofj;flos Pj+ k]zf ljbx?nfO{ dfq k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] / ;+rfns ;b:o ;+Vof % df ;Lldt ug]{ gLlt cg'?k clwsf+z ;+:yfgdf of] Joj:yf canDag ul/;lsPsf] 5 . s]xL ;+:yfgx?sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;+Vof P]g÷lgodåf/f g} tf]lsPsf]n] P]g÷lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L ;b:o ;+Vof % df ;Lldt ug]{ sfo{n] k"0f{tf kfpg afFsL /x]sf] 5 . %= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] z]o/ tyf C0f nufgL M #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgL ?= *^ cj{ !# s/f]8 $* nfv /x]sf] 5 . pQm nufgLaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ df ;/sf/n] ?= # cj{ $& s/f]8 !& nfv nfef+z k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . z]o/ nufgLsf] cg'kftdf nfef+zsf] k|ltzt $=)# cToGt gu0o /x]sf] 5 .-#_ To:t}, C0f nufgLtkm{ cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ sf] cGTo ;Dddf ?= &$ cj{ ^) s/f]8 @^ nfv jSof}tf /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo]

31 cfGtl/s C0ftkm{ ?= !@ cj{ @( s/f]8 #% nfv / jfx\o C0ftkm{ ?= ^@ cj{ #)s/f]8 (! nfv /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;DaGwL sfo{ k|ult tyf nIo ljj/0fdf ljleGg ;+:yfgx?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] z]o/ / C0f nufgL /sd ;DalGwt ;+:yfgx? / dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] lx;fjdf km/s k/]sf] tYo cf}+NofOPtfklg cfly{s jif{ @)^%.)^^ sf] ljj/0fdf klg ;+:yfgx?sf] lx;fj ldnfg k|ult ePsf] kfO{Pg-$_ o;jf6 cem} w]/} ;+:yfgx?sf] z]o/ / C0f nufgL lx;fj le8fg u/L lx;fj ldnfg ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f nufgLdf b]lvPsf] km/s -?= nfvdf_ j|m= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] gfd ;+:yfgn] d=n]=lg=sf=n] km/s ;+= b]vfPsf] /sd b]vfPsf] /sd ± — % lb l6Dj/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn %=$& %=&* )=#!

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgLdf b]lvPsf] km/s -?= nfvdf_ j|m= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] gfd ;+:yfgn] d=n]=lg=sf=n] km/s ;+= b]vfPsf] /sd b]vfPsf] /sd ± — ! hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf @=&% #=(& !=@@ k|zf]wg s+=ln=

o;/L nfdf] ;do;Dd lx;fj ldnfg gx'Fbf eljiodf lx;fj ldnfg ug{ hl6ntf pTkGg x'Fb} hfg] tyf ;+:yfgx?sf] jf:tljs ljQLo cj:yf ;d]t oyfy{ lrq0f gx'g]-%_ ePsf]n] ;dod} lx;fj ldnfg ug{]tkm{ cu|;/ x'g cTofjZos b]lvG5 .

^= sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/sf] cj:yf M ;/sf/sf] k"0f{÷clwsf+z :jfldTj /x]sf #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] cGTo ;Dddf ## xhf/ ^ ;o # hgf sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/x? sfo{/t /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^^.^& df #$ xhf/ ! ;o &( hgf 5g\ / cf=j= @)^&.^* df ;f] ;ª\Vof #^ xhf/ * ;o ()k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfgx?df cgfjZos hgzlQmsf] rfk cem} 5 .-^_ p:t} k|s[ltsf

lghL If]qsf pBf]u sDkgLx?sf sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof tyf pTkfbsTjsf] t'ngfdf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;ª\Vof a9L eP cg'?k j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg jf ljj|mL ljt/0f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ ;+:yfgx?sf] lz/f]ef/ vr{df a[l4 eO{ ljQLo ef/ al9 /x]sf] 5 / sfo{/t sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/x?sf] sd pTkfbsTjsf sf/0f ;du| If]qsf] pTkfbsTj 36]/ u}/x]sf] 5 .-&_

;du|df #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;+Vof cf=a= @)^$.^% df #$,!&) /x]sf]df cf=a= @)^%.^^ df ;f] af6 36\g u} s"n sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;+Vof ##,^)# df cfPsf] 5 eg] oL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;/b/ k|lt sd{rf/L dfl;s vr{ cf=a= @)^$.^% / cf=a= @)^%.^^ df qmdzM ?= @!,^&@.– / ?= @&,!!).– /x]sf] b]lvG5 . -3_ sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/ ;'ljwfsf] k|j[lQ / c;/ M ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? gfkmfdf hfFbf sd{rf/Lx?df ;'ljwf cTolws j[l4 ug]{ k|j[lQn] eljiodf ;+:yfgx? ljQLo ;+s6df hfg ;Sg] ;+efjgf-*_ /x]sfn] o; tkm{ ;r]t /xg cfjZos b]lvG5 . Psftkm{ ;/sf/L ;+/If0fsf sf/0fn] ;+:yfgsf sfdbf/÷sd{rf/Lx?df k|lt:kwL{ efjgfsf] cefj-(_ eO{ cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf{]tkm{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx? a9L ;'ljwfef]uL e}/x]sf 5g\ . Joj;flos :jtGqtfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ gcfPsf]n] lg0f{o ug{ afwf k'Ug] cj:yf-!)_af6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? u'h|L /x]sf5g\ . clxn] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf ;]jf/t sd{rf/L ;'ljwf eGbf ;]jf lgj[Q kZrftsf] pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f h:tf ;'ljwf j[l4df a9L dfu x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; tkm{ ljz]if Wofg hfg' kg]{ 5 . oL ljleGg sdL sdhf]/Lx?sf] jfjh'b klg s]xL ;+:yfgx?n] cTofjZos j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf laj|mL ljt/0f k|efjsf/L ?kdf ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . & sf]ifdf Joj:yf gul/Psf] bfloTj M w]/}h;f] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg'kg]{ pkbfg, ljbfsf] /sd h:tf bfloTj k"0f{ ?kdf sf]ifdf Joj:yf gu/]sf tyf ;+efljt bfloTj ;d]t 7"nf] /sddf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cf=j= @)^%.^^ ;Dddf ;+:yfgn] sf]if Joj:yf gu/]sf] tyf ljBdfg /x]sf] ;+efljt bfloTj lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M– -?= nfvdf_ j|m= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] gfd sf]ifsf] Aoj:yf ;+efljt hDdf ;+= gePsf] bfloTj

@ hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| !%=%# =% !%=* ln= !# lb l6Dj/ skf]{/]zg ckm g]kfn &=#$ ) &=#$

;fn ;fn} qmdzM a[l4 e} /x]sf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] bfloTj tyf ;Defljt bfloTj ;DalGwt ;+:yfgsf] ljQLo cj:yfn] wfGg g;Sg] e} cGttf]uTjf o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ Jooef/ g]kfn ;/sf/df kg{ hfg] ;Defjgf a9b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

* ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] ljlgj]z, vf/]hL / lj36g M ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] bIftf a[l4 u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg, ;/sf/nfO{ k/]sf] k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo ef/ sd ug{ / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a[l4 ug{'sf ;fy} k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;d]t p2]Zo /fvL ljqmd ;Djt\ @)%) b]lv ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f, vf/]hL / lj36g k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . To; ;do b]lv cf=a= @)^^.^& ;Dddf #) j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] Joj;fo tyf ;DklQ ljqmL, cf+lzs z]o/ ljqmL, rfn' ;DklQ ljqmL tyf ejg / hUuf ef8f, Joj:yfkg s/f/, vf/]hL tyf lj36g h:tf k|s[ofx? ckgfO{ ljlgj]z ul/Psf] 5 . lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f kl5sf] cj:yf ;DjGwdf cg'udg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f kl5 aGb ePsf / ;+rfngdf /x]sfx?df klg nufgL, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a[l4 x'g g;s]sf] / 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/Ldf s6f}tL ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;} qmddf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf tyf lghLs/0f ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] jf:tljs l:ylt cWoog u/L ;d;fdlos ?kdf ;'wf/ ug{ sfo{bn u7g ul/Psf]df ;f] sfo{bnn] lghLs/0fdf /x]sf ;d:of tyf ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . cfly{s aif{ @)^^.^& df s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0f k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] 5}g . lghLs/0f eO{;s]sf ;+:yfgx?dWo] s[lif r'g pBf]u ln=sf] lnlSj8]zg sfo{ ;dfKt e} sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 btf{ vf/]h ;d]t e} ;s]sf] 5 . s/Lj 8]9 bzs cl3 z'? ePsf] lghLs/0fsf] cg'ejjf6 lghLs/0f sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg jdf]lhdsf r'gf}ltx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . lghLs/0f k|s[of / lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgx?sf] l:ylt Plsg ug{ k|efj d"Nof+sg ug'{ h?/L 5 . lghLs/0f sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx?M ;dfof]hg lx;fj ldnfg M lghLs/0f ul/Psf s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f ug{] l;nl;nfdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ljj/0f (Information Memorandum) df pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQsf] kl/df0f, u'0f:t/ / cj:yfsf] af/]df ;Demf}tf kZrft\ ef}lts k/LIf0f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lgo'Qm d"Nof+sgstf{ / ;DalGwt v/Lbstf{sf] d"Nof+sgstf{n] u/]sf] d"Nof+sgdf 7"nf] cGt/ eO{ v/Lbstf{ / ;/sf/aLr ljjfb l;h{gf eO{ lghLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg Jojwfg kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . afnfh' sk8f pBf]u, /3'klt h'6 ldn, eQmk'/ O{6f sf/vfgf, g]kfn /f]lhg P08 6k]{g6fOg cflbdf cem}klg of] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

34 hUuf cltj|md0f M lghLs/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ef8f (Lease) df lbO{Psf hUufx? cltj|md0f ePsf] sf/0faf6 v/Lbstf{n] pkof]udf Nofpg g;s]sf] cj:yfn] klg lghLs/0f 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . /3'klt h'6 ldn, g]kfn lrof ljsf; lguddf o; ;DaGwL 7"nf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . Goflos lgsfodf uPsf ljifox? M lghLs/0f ul/Psf s]xL ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgsf v/Lbstf{x?n] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg{'kg{] /sd;Fu c;xdlt hgfO{ d'2fdf uPsf 5g\ . o;af6 ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug{'kg{] /sd c;'n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf] / lghLs/0f k|lqmof km/kmf/s ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . xl/l;l4 O{6f 6fon sf/vfgf, e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf, s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf / eQmk'/ O{6f sf/vfgfdf o:tf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . ;DklQ Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7gfO{ M lj3l6t tyf vf/]h ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;DklQ ljj|mL ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . x]6f}+8f sk8f pBf]u vf/]h u/]sf] ^ jif{ e};Sbf klg o:tf] ;DklQ laj|mL x'g ;s]g . d]lzg/Lx? w]/} k'/fgf (Obsolete) ePsf] sf/0faf6 klg o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . g]kfn l8«lnË s+kgL, jL/u~h lrgL sf/vfgf, s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgfdf klg o:tf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . x]6f}+8f sk8f pBf]u lnlSj8]zgdf n}hfg] lg0f{o eO{ lnlSj8]6/ lgo'\Qm eO{ sfd z'? ePsf] 5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg M h'g p2]Zosf ;fy ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lghLs/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] p2]Zo k|fKt x'g ;s] g;s]sf], cg'udg ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0f jf:tljs cj:yf af/] pNn]v ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{, lglhs[t ;+:yfx?sf] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf] ;fy} k|efj d"Nof+sg ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . lghLs/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;/sf/n] 7"nf] cfly{s bfloTj a]xf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ljlgj]z Pj+ vf/]h ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgx?sf] bfloTj km/kmf/s ug{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgDg adf]lhd bfloTj a]xf]/]sf] 5 . vf/]h, lj36g jf ljlgj]z sfo{ ;DkGg e} g;s]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] nflu cem} 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ ;/sf/n] axg ug{'kg{] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . (= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?;Fu ;DalGwt r'gf}tLx? s_ s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? 3f6fdf /x]sf / sltko ;+:yfgx?sf] v'b ;DklQ (Networth) C0ffTds ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . oL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] 7"nf] dfqfdf pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f,sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if cflb ;'ljwfx?sf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] bfloTj (Unfunded Liability) ;[hgf ul//x]sf 5g\ / log} ;'ljwfdf yk ug{ p2t 5g\ . h;af6 cGttf]uTjf ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ kg{] b]lvG5 . v_ 3f6fdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] ;/sf/dfly lge{/tf a9fpb} nu]sf] / gfkmfdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx?df cfjZostfeGbf al9 ;'ljwf lng] k|j[lQ al9/x]sf] 5 .

u_ ;+:yfg 3f6fdf ;+rfng ePklg sd{rf/L b/jGbLsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs gug{] / sd{rf/L ;ª\VofnfO{ pko'Qm cfsf/df (Rightsizing) df Nofpg] ;DaGwL ;/sf/L gLltsf] pk]Iff x'g] u/L yk sd{rf/L egf{ ug{] k|j[lQn] ;+:yfgsf] lz/f]ef/ vr{ a9b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;df ;DalGwt ;+:yfg / dGqfnoaf6 ;d]t ;dofg's"n k|ltj4tf / sfof{Gjogsf] pQ/bfloTj lng] kl/kf6L a;fNg' kg{] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL / cbIf hgzlQm cfjZostfeGbf al9 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . 3_ sltko ;+:yfgx?n] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfkm\gf] jflif{s lx;fj tof/ gug]{ / s}of} jif{;Dd n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fPsf] sf/0faf6 ;+:yfg k|ltsf] hgljZjf;df x«f; cfpg / ;+:yfg ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ ;d]t k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . ª_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df pko'Qm / gljgtd k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] cefj 5 . ;fy}, rfn' k"FhLsf] cefj klg 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . r_ s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ ahf/ efp cg';f/ d"No lgwf{/0f ug{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0faf6 cl:tTjdfly g} r'gf}lt cfPsf] b]lvG5 . 5_ ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;+u} ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox? tyf k|d'v Joj:yfkssf] kl/jt{g ;d]tn] ubf{ ;+:yfgx?sf] Joj:yfkg / ;+rfngn] ;dofg's'n ult lng ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf / logLx?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 (Coherent) gLltsf] cefj klg r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . h_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fsf] nflu :ki6 gLlt / ;+oGqsf] cefj b]lvG5 . ;DalGwt dGqfnox?n] cfkm" cGtu{tsf ;+:yfgx?sf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f ug{] sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg{] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/L ;+:yfgn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{df ;f] cg'?k x'g g;s]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;+:yfgsf] nIo k|flKtdf b]lvPsf] ;dli6ut k|ult l:yltdfly ;Gtf]if lng ;lsg] cj:yf b]lv+b}g . @)^&÷^* sf] cfly{s ;j{]If0fdf b]vfO{Psf] ;+:yfgsf] cj:yf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] ljlgj]z, vf/]hL / lj36g M ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] bIftf a[l4 u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg, ;/sf/nfO{ k/]sf] k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo ef/ sd ug{ / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a[l4 ug{'sf ;fy} k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;d]t p2]Zo /fvL ljqmd ;Djt\ @)%) b]lv ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f, vf/]hL / lj36g k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . To; ;dob]lv cfly{s aif{ @)^^.^& ;Dddf #) j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] Joj;fo tyf ;DklQ ljqmL, cf+lzs z]o/ ljqmL, rfn' ;DklQ ljqmL tyf ejg / hUuf ef8f, Joj:yfkg s/f/, vf/]hL tyf lj36g h:tf k|ls|ofx? ckgfO{ ljlgj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

36 lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f kl5sf] cj:yf ;DjGwdf cg'udg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f kl5 aGb ePsf / ;+rfngdf /x]sfx?df klg nufgL, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a[l4 x'g g;s]sf] / /f]huf/Ldf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf s6f}tL ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;} qmddf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf tyf lghLs/0f ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] jf:tljs l:ylt cWoog u/L ;d;fdlos ?kdf ;'wf/ ug{ sfo{bn u7g ul/Psf]df ;f] sfo{bnn] lghLs/0fdf /x]sf ;d:of tyf ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . cfly{s aif{ @)^&.@)^* df ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}+sdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] z]o/ ;fgf ls;fg ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ laqmL u/L k|fKt /sd /fh:j vftfdf hDdf eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln=sf] k"FhL k"g;+{+/rgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf u|fdL0f ljQ If]qdf s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] ;ZfQm pkl:ylt /xg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] %)=&* k|ltzt z]o/ dWo]af6 #) k|ltzt laGb';Ddsf] z]o/ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/nfO{ lalgj]z u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf a9Ldf @! k|ltzt z]o/ sfod /fvL pQm a}ssf] k"FhL ;+/rgf of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ s[lif ljsf; a}ssf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo / sfo{If]q;+u cg"s'n x'g] u/L ;}4flGts :jLs[lt lbOPsf] 5 . cfly{s aif{ @)^^.^& df s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0f k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] 5}g . t/ lghLs/0f eO{;s]sf ;+:yfgx?dWo] of] aif{ s[lif r'g pBf]u ln= sf] lnlSj8]zg sfo{ ;dfKt eO{+ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 btf{ vf/]h ;d]t eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . sl/j 8]9 bzs cl3 z'? ePsf] lghLs/0fsf] cg'ejjf6 lghLs/0f sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg jdf]lhdsf r'gf}tLx? b]lvPsf 5g\ M ;dfof]hg lx;fj ldnfg M ljqmL ePsf] ;DklQsf] lng' lbg' kg]{ d"No lghLs/0f ul/Psf s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f ug{] l;nl;nfdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ljj/0f (Information Memorandum) df pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQsf] kl/df0f, u'0f:t/ / cj:yfsf] af/]df ;Demf}tf kZrft\ ef}lts k/LIf0f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lgo'Qm d"Nof+sgstf{ / ;DalGwt v/Lbstf{sf] d"Nof+sgstf{n] u/]sf] d"Nof+sgdf 7"nf] cGt/ kgf{n] v/Lbstf{ / ;/sf/aLr ljjfb l;h{gf eO{ lghLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg Jojwfg kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . afnfh' sk8f pBf]u, /3'klt h'6 ldn, eQmk'/ O{6f sf/vfgf, g]kfn /f]lhg P08 6k]{g6fOg cflbdf cem}klg of] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

hUuf cltj|md0f M lghLs/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ef8f (Lease) df lbO{Psf hUufx? cltj|md0f ePsf] sf/0faf6 v/Lbstf{n] pkof]udf Nofpg g;s]sf] cj:yfn] klg lghLs/0f 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . /3'klt h'6 ldn, g]kfn lrof ljsf; lguddf o; ;DaGwL 7"nf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

GofoLs lgsfodf uPsf ljifox? M lghLs/0f ul/Psf s]xL ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgsf v/Lbstf{x?n] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg{'kg{] /sd;Fu c;xdlt hgfO{ d'2fdf uPsf 5g\ . o;af6 ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug{'kg{] /sd c;'n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf] / lghLs/0f k|lqmof km/kmf/s ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;DklQ Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7gfO{ M lj3l6t tyf vf/]h ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;DklQ ljj|mL ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg M h'g p2]Zosf ;fy ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lghLs/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] p2]Zo k|fKt x'g ;s] g;s]sf], cg'udg ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0f jf:tljs cj:yf af/] pNn]v ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{, lghLs[t ;+:yfx?sf] lgoldt?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . lghLs/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;/sf/n] 7"nf] cfly{s bfloTj a]xf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ljlgj]z Pj+ vf/]h ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgx?sf] bfloTj km/kmf/s ug{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] bfloTj a]xf]/]sf] 5 . vf/]h, lj36g jf ljlgj]z sfo{ ;DkGg e} g;s]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] nflu cem} 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ ;/sf/n] axg ug{'kg{] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] bfloTj ;+:yfsf] ;DklQaf6 Joxf]g'{ kg]{ / lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ?kdf :yflkt ;+:yfgsf] bfloTj nufgL ul/Psf] z]o/df dfq l;ldt x'g' kg]{df Minority Share /x]sf lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldN; h:tf ;+:yfgx?df ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/ 7"nf] nufgL u/L /xg' k/]sf] 5 . lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ df ;+:yfg $=!@ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg != k[i7e"ld lghL If]qsf] Jofj;flos bIftf ePsf] If]qdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL sd ub}{ ;/sf/L ;|f]tx? /f]huf/ / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] If]qdf s]lGb|t ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf ;Lldt ?kdf 5flgPsf ;+:yfgx?df dfq /xg' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng ubf{ Jofj;flos of]hgfsf cfwf/df pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd / sfo{s'zn Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5 . @= cBfjlws l:ylt cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% df ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ tyf clwsf+z :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf @)^%.^^ sf] cGTodf v'b l:y/ ;DklQ ?= !## ca{ &$ s/f]8 / s"n z]o/wgL sf]if ?= ^! ca{ !) s/f]8 k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt tYof+s cg';f/ cf= j=@)^%.^^ sf] cGTodf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df ;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgL ?= *^ ca{ !# s/f]8 / C0f nufgL -cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;d]t_ ?= &( ca{ $ s/f]8 u/L

38 hdf ?= ! va{ ^% ca{ !& s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . s"n z]o/ tyf C0f nufgL qmdzM %@=!% k|ltzt / $&=*% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% df #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] !& j6fn] v'b d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf / !( j6f ;+:yfg 3f6fdf ;~rflnt lyP eg] cf= j= @)^%.^^ df !* j6f ;+:yfgx? gfkmfdf / !* j6f ;+:yfgx? 3f6fdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . oL #^ j6f ;+:yfgx?sf] ;du| gfkmf÷gf]S;fg ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf= j= @)^$.^% df !& j6f ;+:yfgsf] s"n gfkmf ?= !) ca{ *# s/f]8 / !( j6f ;+:yfgsf] s"n 3f6f ?= % ca{ *( s/f]8 eO s"n d'gfkmf ?= $ ca{ ($ s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . cf= j= @)^%.^^ df !* j6f ;+:yfgx?n] hDdf ?= !& ca{ ($ s/f]8 gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf lyP eg] !* j6f ;+:yfgx?n] ?= & ca{ #( s/f]8 3f6f Joxf]/]sf lyP . kmn:j?k cf= j= @)^$.^% sf] t'ngfdf cf= j= @)^%.^^ df s"n d'gfkmfdf j[l4 e} ?= !) ca{ %% s/f]8 k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . cf=j=@)^%.^^ df pNn]vgLo gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ ;+:yfgx?df g]kfn b"/ ;+rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 -?= !) ca{ !* s/f]8_, g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8 -?= # ca{ #! s/f]8_, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s ln= -?= @ ca{ ^ s/f]8_, s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 -?= ! ca{ % s/f]8_ /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8, g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8, g]kfn :6s PS:r]Gh lnld6]8 / /fli6«o jLdf ;+:yfg u/L hDdf $ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?af6 ?= # ca{ $& s/f]8 nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5 h'g s"n z]o/ nufgLsf] $=)# k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . cl3Nnf] cf= j= @)^$.^% df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ $ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?af6 ?= ! ca{ %! s/f]8 nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . #= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL cGt/ dGqfnout ;dGjosf] sdLn] ;+:yfgx?sf] lardf Ps} dfkb08 nfu" gx'g', hgzlQm Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ /xg', ;+:yfgx?sf] gfkmfeGbf bfloTj a9]/ hfg', ;+:yfgx?df Jofj;flostf clej[l4 gx'g' h:tf ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfgx?df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm ug]{, bL3{sfnLg Jofj;flos sfo{ of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;+:yfgsf] p2]Zo / ;~rfng z}nLaLr tfnd]n ldnfpg], ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;~rfngsf nflu / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu :ki6 /fli6«o gLlt / ;xdlt ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . $= p2]Zo != /fHon] ;]jf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfjZos If]qdf dfq ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt lnO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt / ;+:yfut?kdf ljsf; u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ . @= lghL tyf cGo If]q gcfpg] tyf /fHo cfkm}n] k"0f{?kdf Joxf]g{ kg]{ bfloTj jxg ug{dfq ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ .

%= /0fgLlt != ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf pQ/bfoL agfO{ To:tf ;+:yfgsf] sfo{bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ . @= cToGt dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn ;fdflhs If]qdf :yflkt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ dfq ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /fvL Jofj;flos 9+un] ;~rfng ug]{ .

#= /fHon] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos gePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ ljlgj]z (Divest) ug]{ ^= sfo{gLlt

!=! ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;+u7g / Joj:yfkg (O & M) ;j]{If0f u/L cfjZos kb ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . !=@ sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf dxfk|aGws÷sfo{sf/L clws[t lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . !=# Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ul/g]5 . !=$ gfkmf / sfo{;Dkfbg;+u cfa4u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng / ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g] u/L dfq af]g; tyf cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 . @=! ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ bIftfk"j{s ;~rfng ug{ Joj:yfkg ;'kl/j]If0f tyf n]vf k/LIf0f Joj:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;d]t ug]{ u/L gLltut / ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . @=@ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg :yfkgf ubf{sf] p2]Zo, ;~rfng k|lqmof / xfn;Ddsf] glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfngdf ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf cfjZos / pko'Qm eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g]5 . #=! pko'Qm Joj:yfkg k4lt ckgfP/ ;/sf/L If]qdf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm ;+:yfgx? tyf ;/sf/, lghL If]q ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm ;+:yfgx? 5'§ofP/ ;+:yfgx?sf] juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . #=@ ljlgj]zsf] sfo{ljlw agfO{ ;DefJotf, cfjZostf / kg{ ;Sg] c;/ ;d]tdf larf/ u/L /fHon] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos g7fg]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ljlgj]z ub}{ nlug]5 . &= ck]lIft pknlAw != ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] pTkfbsTj a9]sf] x'g]5 . @= ;+:yfgx?sf] ljQLo bfloTj sd ePsf] x'g]5 . #= lghL If]q / ;j{;fwf/0fx?sf] ;+:yfg ;~rfngdf ;xeflutf a9]sf] x'g]5 .

$= a]?h' km5\of}{6df ;'wf/ cfPsf] x'g]5 . %= ;/sf/L bfloTj Go"g ePsf] x'g]5 . ^= ;/sf/L If]q ;nUg x'g gkg]{ sfo{df ;+nUg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ljlgj]z k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] x'g]5 .

;+:yfg÷;ldlt÷sf]ifdf ;'wf/ ug' kg{] s'/fx? != b}lgs Aoj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]k / lgoGq0fnfO{ x6fpg] . @= /fhgLlts lgo'lQm k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ug{] . #= ;+rfns ;ldltdf k]zfljb\x?sf] dfq lgo'lQm ug{] . $= cgfjZos sd{rf/L egf{ gug{],vr{ s6f}tL ug{] / :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf nfu" ug{] . %= cfjZos sfg"gsf] tof/L / ;+zf]wg ug{] . ^= ;+rfns / Aojf:yfkssf] sfd,st{Ao / clwsf/sf] ;Ldf tf]Sg' kg{] . &= sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQfsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] dfkb08 tof/ u/L Ps?ktf sfod ug{] . *= n]vf k/LIf0f clgjfo{ ug{],cg'bfg÷nufgL 36fpFb} n}hfg] . (= b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Aoj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . !)= sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf cfwf/df dxfk|aGws÷sfo{sf/L k|d'v÷;b:o—;lrj lgo'lQm ug{]

41 sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf cfwf/df dxfk|aGws÷sfo{sf/L k|d'v÷;b:o—;lrj lgo'lQmsf nflu dfkb08 / k|lqmof dfly ljZn]if0f ul/Psf cj:yfx? tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] æe|i6frf/ la?4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf cGtu{tsf] lgsfout sfo{of]hg @)^&Æ sf] a"+bf g+= ( ,!-@=3=#_ df jg tyf e"— ;+/If0f dGqfnon] ug{' kg{] lqmofsnfk tyf sfo{x?df dGqfno cGt/ut x'g] ;+:yfg,;ldlt,sDkgL / sf]ifdf x'g] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm ,laz]if1tf,k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ pQm /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08 / cfwf/ tof/ ul/ k]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfgsf] gfdM hl8a'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| ln= sfo{sf/L k|d'vM dxfk|jGws != Go"gtd of]Uotf,z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej s_ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|fs[lts >f]t ;Dkbf,jg:klt la1fg,cfo'j{]b,cf}iflw la1fg jf Joj:yfkg laifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] clws[t :t/sf] kbdf sDtLdf !) aif{sf] -laBfafl/lwsf] xsdf & aif{_ sfd u/]sf] . v_ pd]/M #% aif{ gf3]sf] ^) aif{ ggf3]sf] u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;+hfo gkfPsf] . 3_ cfj]bg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] . ª_ s'g} ;/sf/L af+sL g/x]sf] -a]?h' ;d]t_ r_ axfnfjfnf sd{rf/L eP lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] . @=jf~5lgo of]UotfM s_ 4G4 Aoj:yfkgsf] cg'ej ePsf] v_ ;d'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg] u_ jftf{ tyf ;+emf}tf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk / cg'ej ePsf] #=lga]bg ;fy k]z ug'{ kg{] sfuhftx?M s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf,sfo{ cg'ej,cg';Gwfg,k|sflzt s[lt cfkm'n] jf cfkm\gf] g]t[Tjdf u/]sf] s'g} k|ljlw ljsf; / tflnd tyf ;Dks{ 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t a}olQms laj/0f, v_ g]kfnL gful/stf / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk,

u_ xfn s'g} cGt/fli6{«o ÷u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t eP ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt kq / 5gf}6 ePdf pQm ;+:yfdf sfd gug{] k|lta4tf kq . 3_ dGqfnoaf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] sfo{—lgb{]z-ToR_ adf]lhdsf] sDkgLsf] efjL sfo{ of]hgf ;+:yfgsf] gfdM lb l6Dj/ skf{]/]zg ckm g]kfn ln= sfo{sf/L k|d'vM dxfk|jGws != Go"gtd of]Uotf,z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej s_ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|fs[lts >f]t ;Dkbf,jg,aftfj/0fg jf Joj:yfkg laifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] clws[t :t/sf] kbdf sDtLdf !) aif{sf]-laBfafl/lwsf] xsdf & aif{_ sfd u/]sf] . v_ pd]/M #% aif{ gf3]sf] ^) aif{ ggf3]sf] u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;+hfo gkfPsf] . 3_ cfj]bg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] . ª_ s'g} ;/sf/L af+sL g/x]sf] -a]?h' ;d]t_ r_ axfnfjfnf sd{rf/L eP lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] . @=jf~5lgo of]UotfM s_ 4G4 Aoj:yfkgsf] cg'ej ePsf] v_ ;d'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg] u_ jftf{ tyf ;+emf}tf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk / cg'ej ePsf] #=lga]bg ;fy k]z ug'{ kg{] sfuhftx?M s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf,sfo{ cg'ej,cg';Gwfg,k|sflzt s[lt, cfkm'n] jf cfkm\gf] g]t[Tjdf u/]sf] s'g} k|ljlw ljsf; / tflnd tyf ;Dks{ 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t a}olQms laj/0f, v_ g]kfnL gful/stf / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk, u_ xfn s'g} cGt/fli6{«o ÷u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t eP ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt kq / 5gf}6 ePdf pQm ;+:yfdf sfd gug{] k|lta4tf kq .

3_ dGqfnoaf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] sfo{—lgb{]z-ToR_ adf]lhdsf] ;+:yfgsf] efjL sfo{ of]hgf ;+:yfgsf] gfdM ag k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt sfo{sf/L k|d'vM sfo{sf/L cWoIf != Go"gtd of]Uotf,z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej s_ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|fs[lts >f]t ;Dkbf,jg,aftfj/0fg jf Joj:yfkg laifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] clws[t :t/sf] kbdf sDtLdf !) aif{sf]-laBfafl/lwsf] xsdf & aif{_ sfd u/]sf] . v_ pd]/M #% aif{ gf3]sf] ^) aif{ ggf3]sf] u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;+hfo gkfPsf] . 3_ cfj]bg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] . ª_ s'g} ;/sf/L af+sL g/x]sf] -a]?h' ;d]t_ r_ axfnfjfnf sd{rf/L eP lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] . @=jf~5lgo of]UotfM s_ 4G4 Aoj:yfkgsf] cg'ej ePsf] v_ ;d'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg] u_ jftf{ tyf ;+emf}tf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk / cg'ej ePsf] #=lga]bg ;fy k]z ug'{ kg{] sfuhftx?M s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf,sfo{ cg'ej,cg';Gwfg,k|sflzt s[lt, cfkm'n] jf cfkm\gf] g]t[Tjdf u/]sf] s'g} k|ljlw ljsf; / tflnd tyf ;Dks{ 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t a}olQms laj/0f, v_ g]kfnL gful/stf / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk, u_ xfn s'g} cGt/fli6{«o ÷u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t eP ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt kq / 5gf}6 ePdf pQm ;+:yfdf sfd gug{] k|lta4tf kq . 3_ dGqfnoaf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] sfo{—lgb{]z-ToR_ adf]lhdsf] sDkgLsf] efjL sfo{ of]hgf

$=;+:yfsf] gfdM /fli6«o k|sl[t ;+/If0f sf]if sfo{sf/L k|d'vM ;b:o—;lrj != Go"gtd of]Uotf,z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej s_ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|fs[lts >f]t Joj:yfkg,jg,aftfj/0f laifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/L :jb]z tyf lab]zdf k|fs[lts >f]t÷h}ljs lalawtf ÷hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DalGw sDtLdf !) aif{sf] cg';Gwfg -laBfafl/lwsf] xsdf & aif{_ u/]sf] . v_ pd]/M #% aif{ gf3]sf] ^) aif{ ggf3]sf] u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;+hfo gkfPsf] . 3_ cfj]bg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] . ª_ s'g} ;/sf/L af+sL g/x]sf] -a]?h' ;d]t_ r_ axfnfjfnf sd{rf/L eP lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] . @=jf~5lgo of]UotfM s_ 4G4 Aoj:yfkgsf] cg'ej ePsf] v_ ;d'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg] u_ jftf{ tyf ;+emf}tf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk / cg'ej ePsf] #=lga]bg ;fy k]z ug'{ kg{] sfuhftx?M s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf,sfo{ cg'ej,cg';Gwfg,k|sflzt s[lt,cfkm'n] jf cfkm\gf] g]t[Tjdf u/]sf] s'g} k|ljlw ljsf; / tflnd tyf ;Dks{ 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t a}olQms laj/0f, v_ g]kfnL gful/stf / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk, u_ xfn s'g} cGt/fli6{«o ÷u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t eP ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt kq / 5gf}6 ePdf pQm ;+:yfdf sfd gug{] k|lta4tf kq . 3_ dGqfnoaf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] sfo{—lgb{]z-ToR_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] efjL sfo{ of]hgf ª_ ck]Iff u/]sf] kfl/>lds,k|f]T;fxg eQf tyf cGo ;'lawf

45 d"NofÍg tyf kbk"lt{ l;kmfl/z ;ldlt dfly rf/ j6f ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/z ug{sf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhd d"NofÍg tyf kbk"lt{ l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ug'{ kg{]5 . !=k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'v, jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno—;+of]hs @=k|ltlglw-pk ;lrj :t/_ cy{ dGqfno—;b:o #= k|ltlglw-pk ;lrj :t/_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u dGqfno—;b:o $= jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] laifo laz]if1 Ps hgf —;b:o %= pk—;lrj,k|zf;g zfvf,jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno—;b:o ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q s_ d"NofÍgsf] lj:t[t cfwf/ tof/ u/L d"NofÍg Pj+ l;kmfl/z ug{], v_ cfkm\gf] sfo{lalw cfkm} Aojl:yt ug{], u_ cfjZostfg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf sd{rf/L tyf aflx/L laz]if1 ;]jf lng ;Sg] . 3_ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf pDd]bjf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb_df lg0f{ofy{ k]z u/L lg0f{o e} cfPkl5 lgo'lQmsf] 6'+uf] nufpg] .

d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x? M pDd]bjf/x?sf] lgj]bg k|fKt eP kl5 lgDg cfwf/df d"NofÍg u/Lg]5 . s_ pDd]bfjf/sf] of]Uotf / cg'ej M z}lIfs of]Uotf clwstd !) x ;DalGwt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ ePdf—* x yk s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ ePdf—( x ;DalGwt ljifodf laBfjfl/lw ePdf—!)

v_ cg'ej clwstd !) x 36Ldf !) aif{ / !@ aif{ ;Ddsf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf]df—* x g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf !) aif{ / !@ aif{ ;Ddsf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf]df—( x g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf !) aif{ / !@ aif{ ;Ddsf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf]df—!) u_ k|:tfj d"NofÍg clwstd %) x k|:tfjsf] ;du| k|:t'lt—!) x ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / laZn]if0f—!) x ;d:of ;dfwfsf pkfox?—!% x ;d:of ;dfwfgsf sfo{tflnsf—!% 3_ k|:t'lts/0f !% d"NofÍg tyf l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] to u/]sf] cfwf/df 5f]6f] ;"rL-Short Listing_ df k/]sf cfj]bsx?sf] k|:t'lt tyf k|Zgf]Q/sf] cfwf/df ª_ cGtjf{tf{ !% d"NofÍg tyf l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] to u/]sf] cfwf/df bf];|f] 5f]6f] ;"rL-Short Listing_ df k/]sf cfj]bsx?sf] cGtjf{tf{sf] cfwf/df

;"rgfsf] gd"gf g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno ======sf] dxfk|jGws÷ sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o— ;lrjsf] cfjZostf ;DaGwL ;"rgf -k|yd k6s k||sflzt ldlt @)^(. . _ g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfnosf] lg0f{o adf]lhd ======sf]======kbdf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltof]lutfåf/f a9Ldf ======jif{sf nflu kbk"lt{ ul/g] ePs]fn] Go"gtd of]Uotf k'/f ug{] OR5's g]kfnL gful/sx?af6 of] ;"rgf k|ydk6s k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !%÷@!÷#) lbgleq tkl;ndf plNnlvt ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] %))) zAbdf ga9\g] u/L cfkm"n] ======sf] ;'wf/sf nflu sfo{of]hgf ;lxtsf] lnlvt k|:tfj (Reform Proposal) o; dGqfnodf k]z ug{' x'g ;DalGwt ;a}s]f hfgsf/Lsf nflu of];"rgf k|sflzt ul/Ps]f 5 . != Go""gtd of]Uotf, z}lIfs of]Uotf / cg'ej M -s_ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 ;DalGwt laifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ ;DjlGwt If]qdf Go"gtd !) jif{ -laBfjfl/lwsf] xsdf & aif{_sfd u/L cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf], -u_ pd]/M #% jif{ k"/f ePsf] / ^) jif{ ggf3]sf], -3_ sfo{—lgb{]zdf pNn]lvt cGo zt{gx? k"/f u/]sf]] . @ k]z ug'{kg]]{ sfuhft tyf ljj/0fx?M -s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf, sfo{ cg'ej, tflnd tyf ;Dks{ 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t a}olQms ljj/0f (Bio-Data) . -v_ g]kfnL gful/stf / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlkx? . -u_ xfn cGo s'g} ;+:yfdf sfo{/t /x]sf] eP ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt . #= lnlvt k|:tfjdf ;dfj]]z ug'{kg]{]{ ljifout ;""rL M -s_ ======efjL sfo{ lbzfsf nflu of]hgfut ;f]r, -v_======ljBdfg r'gf}tL, ;d:of / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo,

-u_ ======sf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, ;]jf k|jfx, lgoGq0f tyf cfly{s P+j ljlQo Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL /0fgLltut ;'wf/, -3_ ======sf] ;|f]t kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{gLlt, -ª_ ;do ;Ldf ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgfsf] k|:t'tLs/0f, -r_ pDd]bjf/n] ck]Iff u/]sf] kfl/>lds, k|f]T;fxg eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf, -5_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg÷;+rfngsf] nflu ======-sfo{sf/L k|d'v_df lglxt x'gkg]{ clwsf/ . -h_ lnlvt k|:tfj g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL efiffdf tof/ ePsf] x'g'kg{]5 . $= 5gf}}6 k|lqmof ;DaGwL cGo ljj/0fM

-s_ ======sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;lxtsf] sfo{—lgb{]z (Terms of Reference) jg ty e"—;+/If0f dGqfnosf] k|zf;g dxfzfvfaf6 sfof{no ;do leq k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . -v_ k|fKt k|:tfjx?sf] d'Nof+sg kZrft k|:tfjsx? dWo]af6 a9Ldf ======-%_ hgfnfO{ 5gf}6 ;"rL-Short Listing_df ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . 5gf}6 ;"rLdf k/]sf k|:tfjsx?n] cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf] k|:tfj jg ty e"—;+/If0f dGqfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;do / :yfgdf k|:t'tLs/0f ug{'kg{]5 . k|:tfjsn] cfˆgf] k|:t'tLs/0f g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL s'g} Ps efiffdf ug{ ;Sg] 5 . -u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd 5gf}6 ;"rLdf k/]sf pDd]bjf/n] k]z u/]sf] k|:tfj / k|:t'tLs/0fsf cfwf/df pTs[i6 7xl/Psf ======-tLg_ hgf k|:tfjsx?nfO{ cGt/jftf{sf nflu cfdGq0f ul/g]5 . pQm tLg hgf dWo] ;jf{]Ts[i6 7x/ ul/Psf] Pshgfsf] gfd lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] jg ty e"—;+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] 5 . bf]>f] ;jf]{s[i6 k|:tfjssf] gfd j}slNks pDd]bjf/sf] ?kdf l;kmfl/; ul/g] 5 . -3_ k|:t'tLs/0f tyf cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf k|:tfjsx?nfO{ k|:t'tLs/0f tyf cGt/jftf{ ;DaGwL cfjZos ;"rgf jg ty e"—;+/If0f dGqfnon] k|bfg ug{]5 . -ª_ of] ;"rgf adf]lhd k|fKt ePsf ;a} jf s'g} k|:tfj s'g} klg sf/0f pNn]v gu/L /2 ug{] clwsf/ jg ty e"—;+/If0f dGqfnodf lglxt /xg]5 . %= sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL ;Demf}}tf M lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] pDd]bjf/;+u lghn] k]z u/]sf] sfo{of]hgfdf ;xdltsf] cfwf/df cfjZos kfl/dfh{g ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg s/f/ ;Demf}tf (Performance Contract Agreement) ul/g]5 . s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd q}dfl;s cjlwsf]

49 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 . d"Nof+sg ul/Ps]f cfwf/df cfjZostf cg';f/ lgb{]zg ;d]t k|bfg ul/g]5 . k|To]s 5 dlxgfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df csf{] 5 dlxgfsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg eQfsf] /sd lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .======sfo{sf/L lgb{]zssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] 5 dlxgfdf k"0f{ d"Nof+sg x'g]5 / olb sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs gkfOPdf csf{] Ps 5 dlxgf cjlwdf ;'wf/ ug{] cj;/ lbOg]5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/df k'gM ;'wf/ x'g g;s]df lghnfO{ tTsfn cjsf; lbOg]5 . t/ lghnfO{ ;kmfO{ k]z ug{] df}sfaf6 eg] al~rt ul/g] 5}g .

======sf] sfo{ d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g sfo{sf/L k|d'v lgo'Qm e} ;s]kl5 lgDg adf]hd sfo{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt u7g ug'{ kb{5 . != ag tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] ;x—;lrj ======;+of]hs @= ;DalGwt ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o-cy{ dGqfno_======;b:o #= ag tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] laifo laz]if1======;b:o $=pk ;lrj,k|zf;g x]g{], ag tyf e"—;+/If0f dGqfno======;b:o—;lrj

g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno ======sf] dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrjsf] nflu sfo{–lgb{]z

-TERMS OF REFERENCE_ ======@)^( laifo–;"rL k[i7 laifo !=k[i7e"le @=dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L @=! ;du| lhDd]jf/L @=@ lhDd]jf/L / st{Ao @=@=! k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj @=@=@ laQLo g]t[Tj @=@=# vl/b Aoj:yfkg @=@=$ hg;Dks{ Aoj:yfkg @=@=% cg'udg / lgoGq0f k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj @=@=^ ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo sfo{ #= k|lta]bg $ sfo{ aftfa/0fsf] lgdf{0f % lgo'lQm calw ^=kfl/>lds / ;'lawf &=k|:tfj tof/L / bflvnf *=5gf}6 klqmof

!=k[i7e"ld hl8a'6L ,=====l6l;Pg=,======,jg k}bfjf/==,==sf]if======P]g=====adf]lhd=====df :yfkgf ePsf] xf]= o;sf p2]Zox? lgDg adf]lhd 5g\M !======@======#======pk/f]Qm p2]Zox? kl/k"lt{sf nflu tyf ======sf] Aoj:yfksLo,laQLo,dfgj >f]t ljsf; nufot ;+k"0f{ ;'wf/ / ;+rfngsf nflu dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o — ;lrjsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .o;sf] nflu pRr txsf] Aoj:yfksLo ;Lk / lhDd]jf/L axg u/L ;+u7gsf] sfof{Gjog txdf Nofpg ;Sg] AolQm 5gf}6 ul/g' kg{] cfjZostf 5 . @======sf] lhDd]jf/L @=! ;du| lhDd]jf/L dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrj n] ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf of]hgf / sfo{qmdx?sf] g]t[Tj, Aoj:yfkg, tyf sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L lng' kg{]5 .======sf] of]hgf th'df{, sfo{gLlt tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ug'{ kb{5 . ;+rfns ;ldltn] klg Aoj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ======sf] Aoj:yfkgsfnflu of]hgf nIo / sfo{gLltnfO{ :jLs[t ug{]5 . ======n] ;+rfns ;ldltnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu nIo,of]hgf / ;+:yfsf] nIo pb]Zo ,sfo{gLlt x? k|fKt ug{sf nflu k/]sf cK7\of/fx? af/]df /fVg' kg{]5 . ======n] ;DalGwt sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ P]g,lgod, ljlgod tyf ;+rfns ;ldltaf6 cg'df]lbt lgb{]zgx? sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg{]5 . @=@ lhDd]jf/L / st{Ao dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrj ;+rfns ;ldlt k|lt k"0f{ lhDd]fjf/-pQ/bflo_ e} lgDg If]qdf g]t[Tj k|bfg lng' kb{5 @=@=! k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj -s_ dxfk|jGws skf{]/]zgsf] dfgj >f]t Aoj:yfkgsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng], -v_ ;+rfns ;ldltdf lgoldt k|lta]bg / ;"rgf lbO{ kl/ cfpg] afwf c8rg x6fpg], -u_ dxfk|jGws ;+rfns ;ldltdf 5nkmnsf nflu Ph]08f tof/ ug{], -3_ sd{rf/L ;DalGw gLlt lgod agfpg'sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] egf{,ljsf;,pTk]|/0ff / cg'ejL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+:yfdf g} sfddf nufO{/xgsf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] Aoj:yf u/L ;+rfns

;ldltdf k]z ug{] .pgLx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;'/Iff nufotsf ljifodf ;+rfns ;ldltdf k]z ug{] ;fy} l6d js{df sfd ug{] aftfj/0f >[hgfug{] . -ª_ sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cfjZos tflndsf] Aoj:yf/ sfof{nosf] cfjZostfg';f/ a}1flgs k4ltsf] ;?jf ug{] . @=@=@ laQLo g]t[Tj -s_ dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrjn] ;Dk"0f{ laQLo / g]t[Tj / lhDd]jf/L lng],- v_ dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrjn] ;+:yfsf] laQLo cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ sfo{gLlt of]hgf,laQLo k|If]k0f nufot cGo of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? tof/ kfg{], -u_ dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrjn] aflif{s ah]6sf] lgdf{0f / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrttf ug{], -3_ nufgL laZn]if0f / kF"lhut nufgL lg0f{sf] cfwf/df eljiosf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] ;Gt'ng Pj+ ;'lglZrttf ub{} ;+:yfsf] :j:Yo laQLo cj:yfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] , -ª_ aflif{s vr{ cg'dfg u/L >f]t h'6fpg] Aoj:yf ug{], -r_ cGt/fli6«{o dkb08 cg'?ksf] / cfw'lgs n]vf Aoj:yf agfpg], -5_ sd{rf/Lsf]lhDd]jf/L / sfdsf] sl7gfO{ / af]emsf] cfwf/df pgLx?nfO{ lbO{b} cfPsf] ;'lawf a[l4sf nflu plrt sf/0f ;lxt ;+rfns ;ldltdf k]z ug{] , -h_ ;dod} n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg laQLo laj/0f tof/ ug{] . @=@=# vl/b Aoj:yfkg -s_ dxfk|jGws÷sfo{sf/L cWoIf÷;b:o —;lrjn] vl/b tyf s/f/ Aoj:yfkgsf] ;+k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng] . -v_ dxfk|jGws ;+k"0f{ sfof{nosf] vl/b u'? of]hgf tyf aflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug{] -u_ vl/b k|lqmofsf] cg'udg / e08f/ Aoj:yfkg k|efjsf/L ?kdf ug{] . @=@=$ hg;Dks{ Aoj:yfkg -s_ ======sf] hg;Dks{ Aoj:yfkgsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng] -v_ ======sf] hg;fw/0fdf skf{]/]zgsf] 5lj pRr ug{{ vfnsf] 9fFrf / sfo{qmdx? agfpg] -u_ ;/sf/L lgsfo, bft[ ;+:yf,;+rf/ dfWod tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+u k|efjsf/L ;+rf/ tyf pko'Qm ;DaGw sfod /fVg]

@=@=% cg'udg / lgo0q0f -s_ ======n] cg'udg / lgoGq0f Aoj:yfkgsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng] .sfo{qmdx? tyf lqmofsnfkx? nIo cg'?k ;'rf? tl/sfn] ;+rfng tyf ;DkGg ug{,nfut k|efjsf/Ltf sfod ug{,sfdsf] u'0f:t/ /fVg,cg'udg ug]{ . @=@=^ ;fdflhs tyf aftfj/0fLo sfo{ -s_ ===sf] ;fdflhs tyf aftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkgsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng] . #=k|lta]bg sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] ;+:yfsf lqmofsnkfx?,pknlAwx? / laQLo cj:yf af/]df ;+rfns ;ldltdf k|:t't ug{]5 . sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] lgDg k|sf/sf k|lta]bgx? k]z ug'{ kb{5 M dfl;s k|ult k|lta]bg—dlxgf ;lsPsf] !) lbg leq q}dfl;s k|ult k|lta]bg—dlxgf ;lsPsf] !) lbg leq aflif{s k|ult k|lta]bg—Ps dlxgf leq k|lta]bg laifox? / sf] 9f+rf dGqfnon] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . $=sfo{ aftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] cfkm\gf] sfof{no leq / cGtu{t sfof{nox?df ;'dw'/ sfo{ aftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kg{]5 . o;sf ;fy} ;+rfns ;ldlt, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,tfn's dGqfno,cy{ dGqfno,bft[ ;+:yf nfufot sfd ;+u ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfo ;+u klg ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ug'{ kb{5 . %=lgo'lQm cjlw sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm a9Ldf $ aif{sf nflu ul/g]5 . t/ p;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg k|To]s # dlxgfdf ul/g]5 / To;/L cg'udg ubf{ kfO{Psf] ljifodf lghnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbO{g]5 . cg'udg ubf{ kfO{Psf] sdL sdhf]/L ;'wf/ ug{ / nlIft k|ultsf] d"NofÍg ug{ c? yk ^ dlxgfsf] ;do lbO{g]5 . of] ^ dlxgfdf klg lghsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Gtf]ifhs gkfO{Pdf s'g} klg ;do s/f/ ;]jf af6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . t/ lghnfO{ x6fpg' k"j{ ;kmfO{sf] df}sf k]z ug{af6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g .

^=kfl/>lds tyf ;'lawf ======sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'lawf s/f/ ;+emf}tf adf]lh x'g]5 .pDd]bjf/n] cfj]bg ubf{ 5'§} vfddf laQLo k|:tfj k]z ug{' kb{5 . s/f/ ;+emf}tfdf pNn]v eP eGbf a9L s'g} k|sf/sf] ;'lawf klg ylkg] 5}g / lghnfO{ cGoq sfd ug{] :jLs[lt klg lbO{g] 5}g . &=k|:tfj tof/L / bflvnf k|:tfj k]z ug{] pDd]bjf/ ;DAflGwt ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]Q/ e} ;DalGwt If]qdf sDtLdf !) aif{-laBfjl/lw u/]sf] eP & aif{ eP k'Ug]_ x'g' kg{]5 . &=! cGo cfjZos s'/fx?÷ of]Uotf x s'g}/fhgLlt bnsf] ;b:o gePsf] . x cfkm\gf] If]qdf /fd|f] 1fg ePsf] x pd]/M #% aif{ gf3]sf] ^) aif{ ggf3]sf] x g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;+hfo gkfPsf] . x cfj]bg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] . x s'g} ;/sf/L af+sL g/x]sf] -a]?h' ;d]t_ x axfnfjfnf sd{rf/L eP lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] . @=jf~5lgo of]UotfM x 4G4 Aoj:yfkgsf] cg'ej ePsf] x ;d'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg] x jftf{ tyf ;+emf}tf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk / cg'ej eP'sf] x cfkm' lgo'Qm x'g] ;+:yf ;+u s'g} AolQmut :jfy{ jf n]g b]g gePsf] . *=5gf}6 k|lqmof =====sf] 5gf}6 cg'';"rL ! adf]lhd x'g]5 .

cg';"rL—! d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x? M pDd]bjf/x?sf] lgj]bg k|fKt eP kl5 lgDg cfwf/df d"NofÍg u/Lg]5 . s_ pDd]bfjf/sf] of]Uotf / cg'ej M z}lIfs of]Uotf clwstd !) x ;DalGwt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ ePdf—* x yk s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ ePdf—( x ;DalGwt ljifodf laBfjfl/lw ePdf—!)

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? != w|'j clwsf/L,k|zf;g / ljsf;, k}/jL k|sfzg,sf7df8f}+,@)%@ . @= /fhg vgfn,;fj{hlgs gLlt,k|zf; / Aoj:yfkgM ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL,;f]kfg dfl;s,@)^# . #= æ/fh:j Æ klqsfsf] ljleGg c+sx?,/fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb| . $= æsf/f]af/Æ b}lgs klqsfsf c+sx? . %= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg,@)^#,sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . ^= sDkgL P]g @)%#, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . &= ;+:yfg P]g,@)@!, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . *= ljsf; ;ldlt P]g,@)!#, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . (= jg P]g,@)$(, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . !)= /fli6«o -dx]Gb|_ k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if P]g,#)#(, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . !!= cf7f}+ of]hgf -@)$(—@)%$_,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,l;+xb/jf/,sf7df8f}+ . !@= lghLs/0f P]g,@)%), sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df8f}+ . !#= tLg aifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf, -@)^$—@)^&_,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,l;+xb/jf/,sf7df8f}+ . !$=tLg aifL{o of]hgf, -@)^*—@)&)_,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,l;+xb/jf/,sf7df8f}+ . !%=cfly{s ;j{]If0f -cf=j=@)^&÷^*_,g]kfn ;/sf/,cy{ dGqfno,@)^* . !^= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg k|ult k|lta]bg, cf=j=@)^^÷^& / @)^&÷^*, g]kfn ;/sf/,cy{ dGqfno,l;+xb/jf/,sf7df8f}= .

Age Sample Grid of Vegetation SN Code ID dung Type Date Collector Easting Northing Remarks 147 Rhino 178 097 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549619 3050522 179 Rhino 46 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549374 3050396 180 Rhino 95 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549289 3050376 Rhino 181 159 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549298 3050213 182 Rhino 92 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549164 3050297 183 Rhino 50 B6 1 day GL 8/15/2012 Nageshwor 549161 3050297 184 Rhino 59 D6 1 day TG 8/15/2012 Ishwori 549525 3048834 185 Rhino 82 D6 1 day TG 8/15/2012 Ishwori 549825 3048815 Rhino 186 127 D6 1 day TG 8/15/2012 Ishwori 549906 3048643 Rhino 187 169 D6 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Ishwori 549527 3048815 Rhino 188 178 E6 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Purna 549813 3047233 Rhino 189 172 E6 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Purna 549293 3047638 Rhino 190 154 E6 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Purna 549287 3047711 191 Rhino170 E6 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Purna 549287 3047711 Rhino 192 161 E8 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Ganesh 551391 3047195 Same as 162 Rhino 193 162 E8 Fresh TG 8/15/2012 Ganesh 551391 3047195 194 Rhino 41 C4 1 day TG 8/16/2012 Ishwori 547961 3049380 195 Rhino 77 C5 1 day TG 8/16/2012 Ishwori 548292 3049279 Rhino 196 158 E4 1 day TG 8/16/2012 Ram Raj 547570 3047594 Rhino 5 197 166 C1 hour Vellarghari 8/16/2012 Tirtha 544840 3049991 Rhino 198 144 E4 1 day TG 8/18/2012 Tika Ram 547718 3047621 Rhino 199 164 E4 1 day TG 8/19/2012 Tika Ram 547714 3047589 Rhino 200 301 E9 1 day TG 8/19/2012 Ramesh 552209 3047243 201 Rhino168 E4 1 day TG 8/20/2012 Tika Ram 547714 3047589

FRAMEWORK STRUCTURE

National REDD-plus Strategy of Nepal

Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation REDD-Forestry and Climate Change Cell Babarmahal, Kathmandu

July, 2012

Acknowledgement

Development of this framework was undertaken by Mr. Sagendra Tiwari, consultant. Officials from Regional and District based Government Line Agencies, Representatives from the Federation of Community Forestry Users Nepal, other civil society organizations, representatives from different international and national NGOs, and donors and independent REDD+ experts provided inputs to the draft strategy during Regional Level Consultation Workshops held in Pokhara, Biratnagar and Nepalgunj and a central level stakeholder consultation workshop in Kathmandu. This Framework has been developed with collaboration and technical support from World Wildlife Fund/Hariyo Ban Program, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).

Acronyms and Abbreviations

BAU baseline: Business As Usual Baseline CBFM: Community Based Forest Management CBS: The Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal CCBA: The Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance CGE: Computable General Equilibrium COPs: Conference of Parties CSOs: Civil Society Organization D and FD: Deforestation and Forest Degradation DFO: District Forest Office DSFCC: District Forestry Sector Coordination Committee EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment ESMF: Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP: Environmental and Social Management Plan ETS: European Union Emissions Trading Scheme FCPF: World Bank managed Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FCTF: Forest Carbon Trust Fund FRA: Forest Resource Assessment (a project of the government of Nepal) GDP: Gross Domestic Product GIS: Geographic Information System ICIMOD: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development LAPA: Local Adaptation Plan of Action LCDS: Low Carbon Development Strategy LRMP: Land Resources Mapping Project MFSC: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation of Nepal MPFS: Master Plan for the Forestry Sector, Nepal NORAD: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation PPCR: Pilot Program for Climate Resilience REDD: Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation R-PIN: Readiness Project Idea Note R-PP: Readiness Preparation Proposal RWG: REDD Working Group SMF: Sustainable Management of Forests UNFCCC: United Nation‟s Framework Convention on Climate Change VFCC: Village Level Forest Coordination Committee

Table of Content

1. Background and Basis of Framework Development

2. Consolidated Framework Structure: Nepal‟s National REDD+ Strategy

3. Elaborated Framework Structure: Nepal‟s National REDD+ Strategy

4. References

Annex1: Notes and Elaboration

Annex 2: Regional and National Consultations

1. Background and Basis of Framework Development

The focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and enhancing forest carbon stocks (REDD+), has rapidly moved from a global approach to a more national and local framework. More than 40 countries are presently engaged in REDD+ readiness preparation through studies, institutional reforms, capacity development, dialogues and consultations. A key milestone in the readiness preparation process is the formulation of a national REDD+ strategy.

The national REDD+ strategy defines how participant countries plan to reduce emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation (D and FD) increase forest carbon stocks, and leverage carbon credits paid through global financial markets. The strategy provides the opportunity to develop policies and modalities for institutions, governance mechanisms, and implementation to achieve both REDD+ and domestic development objectives. This helps to outline how countries can address domestic issues underpinning development, such as allocation of resources, poverty, slow economic growth, and poor governance. The strategy also provides a set of actions to reduce emissions from D and/or FD and enhance forest carbon stocks from other REDD+ activities.

While there is no standard guideline for the development of a national REDD+ strategy, a review of the literature reveals the importance of evaluating and analyzing the following elements: i) drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and the underlying causes; ii) available range of strategy options to address these drivers; and iii) policies, institutions, and governance mechanisms that can be reformed, coordinated and synergized to effectively address the drivers while linking these efforts to meeting national development objectives. The national REDD+ strategy also needs to support the policy and institutional frameworks for the establishment and operationalization of systems and modalities deemed crucial for REDD+ strategy implementation. The key elements integral to the national REDD+ strategy include: forest reference level/reference emissions level (RL/REL); monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system; financing mechanism; assessing and addressing social and environmental safeguards; clarification of forest tenure and carbon rights; and ensuring equity in benefit sharing mechanisms.

Nepal submitted a Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) to the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) in 2010, and is fully engaged in the REDD+ readiness process. FCPF published a readiness progress factsheet of March 2012 for Nepal. Key areas in which work is progressing in Nepal include: strategic analysis, carbon ownership, development of a reference emissions level (REL), and development of an MRV system. Each of these on-going efforts aims to contribute to the development of Nepal‟s national REDD+ strategy. The development of this framework structure also represents a critical element of the readiness preparation process. The framework structure is being pursued under the five-year project funded by USAID titled “HARIYO BAN PROGRAM”, which is being implemented by WWF Nepal and a consortium of partners.

A four-pronged approach has been used to develop a framework structure for Nepal‟s national REDD+ strategy. Firstly, the REDD+ strategies, R-PPs, and other relevant literature of selected countries were reviewed. Among the selected countries for this assignment, Indonesia and the Philippines have developed their draft national REDD+ strategies but they have yet to be finalized. Vietnam‟s REDD+ strategy was prepared by a group of international consultants led by UNDP, and presently remains under in-house discussion. Guyana has a low carbon development strategy (LCDS), which partly meets the needs of a REDD+ strategy. In essence, the majority of REDD+ participant countries have yet to finalize their national REDD+ strategies. The literature review provided a broad understanding of the depth of the information necessary for a country specific national REDD+ strategy. Secondly, the available literature on topics relevant to national REDD+ strategy development were reviewed to evaluate the issues and challenges of this process. Thirdly, the decisions of the Conference of Parties (COPs) relevant to different aspects of the REDD+ strategy development were taken into consideration. Lastly, the existing issues and challenges on the ground in Nepal were evaluated and included in the national REDD+ strategy. A recently developed draft concept note on Readiness Package Content and Assessment Approach prepared by FCPF in December 2011 informed this process, and provided useful information for what is required under each section of the strategy.

In this report, the consolidated framework structure of Nepal‟s national REDD+ strategy is provided in the second section, and the elaborated framework structure is provided in the third section. The elaborated framework structure attempts to clarify the intent of the national REDD+ strategy, explain the basic requirements derived from a literature review, and further build upon the elements planned or documented in the R-PP. This report also elaborates on the content of the sections and sub-sections, and an annex titled “Notes and Elaborations” is included to provide details on points in need of further elaboration. The draft framework structure was presented in regional consultation meetings in Pokhara, Biratnagar and Nepalgunj. After each consultation meeting, improvements in the document were made based on the outcomes of the regional consultations. In addition, a refined framework structure was presented in the national level consultation in Kathmandu, which also provided valuable input. The outcomes of the regional and national level consultation are documented in Annex 2.

2. Consolidated Framework Structure: Nepal’s National REDD+ Strategy

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 REDD+: Concept and Evolution

1.2 REDD+ in Nepal: Context

1.3 Nepal’s Journey Towards REDD+

1.4 National REDD+ Strategy Formulation Process

Chapter II: GUIDING FEATURES OF NEPAL’S REDD+ STRATEGY

2.1 Strategic Road Map/Directions 2.1.1 Vision; 2.1.2 Mission; 2.1.3 Objective(s); 2.1.4 Guiding principles; 2.1.5 Scope; 2.1.6 Scale; 2.1.7 Implementation Approach; 2.1.8 Forest Reference Emission Level (REL)/Reference Level (RL); 2.1.9 Forest Carbon Trust Fund; 2.1.10 Financing Mechanism

2.2 Existing Policy and Institutional Context for REDD+

2.2.1 Forest, Biodiversity, Environment and Climate Change

2.2.2 Social and Environmental Safeguards

Chapter III: REDD+ STRATEGY PREPARATION

3a Assessment of Land Use, Land Use Change Drivers, Forest Law, Policy, and Governance

3a.1 Assessment of Land Use

3a.1.1 Land use trends

3a.1.2 Efforts to-date to address deforestation and forest degradation, and maintain and improve forest land use

3a.1.3 Assessment of land tenure and associated governance issues

3a 1.4 Assessment of natural resource rights and the associated governance issues

3a.2 Assessment of Land Use Change Drivers 6

3a.2.1 Identification and prioritization of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation

3a.2.2 Analysis of the underlying causes of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation

3a.3 Assessment of Forest Law and Policy in the context of REDD+

3a.3.1 Strengths and Shortcomings of the Forest Law and relevant policies in the context of REDD+

3a.3.2 Policy and/or programmatic measures taken to overcome the existing shortcomings and their outcomes

3a.3.3 Way forward to address the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation through refinement in policy, law and implementation approaches

3a.4 Assessment of the governance situation in the context of REDD+

3a.4.1 Existing governance structures and mechanisms and the extent to which they are conducive to REDD+

3a.4.2 Measures taken in the past to overcome the identified shortcomings and the outcomes of these actions

3a.4.3 Way forward to address deforestation and forest degradation through improvement in governance

3b. REDD+ Strategy Options Assessment

3b.1 Identification and selection of strategy options

3b.2 Feasibility assessment of selected strategy options and risk mitigation measures

3b.3 Action Plan for the implementation of strategy options

3c. REDD+ Implementation Framework

3c.1 Institutional, Economic and Governance Arrangements

3c.1.1 Institutional Structure (for the implementation of REDD+ strategy/program)

3c.1.2 Governance Arrangement (for the Implementation of REDD+ strategy/program)

3c.2 Legal/Institutional Arrangements (for the implementation of REDD+ strategy)

1) Defining the role of government, resource managers/rights holders, carbon rights holders and other participants in REDD+ transactions to share and deliver benefits 2) Setting a detailed procedure for participation in programs 3) Clarifying land tenure and carbon rights 4) Clarifying how the carbon transactions will be managed in a transparent manner 5) Clarifying financing modalities and procedures for official approval 6) Putting in place a mechanism for mediating and resolving conflict 7) Ensuring that the system overall is transparent and equitable

3c.3 Road Map for Gaps remaining in the Implementation Framework

3d Social and Environmental Impacts

3d.1 Institutional Arrangements for SES coordination and implementation of ESMP

Chapter IV: SETTING UP THE REFERENCE LEVEL (RL)

4.1 Nepal’s Existing Circumstances with respect to setting RL

4.2 Methodology and Approach for setting the RL

4.3 Functioning of the Preliminary RL at National and Sub-National Level

4.4 Proposal for Further Adjustment in RL

4.5 Work Plan for Proposed Adjustment in the RL

Chapter V: MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION (MRV) SYSTEM

5.1 Design and Operational Mechanism of Nepal’s MRV System

5.2 Rationale for the Selection of Methods Used (/Proposed) for MRV System

5.3 Action Plan to Institutionalize a Fully Operational MRV system

5.4 Stakeholder Participation in Course of MRV System Development

Chapter VI: FOREST INOFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MULTIPLE BENEFITS, OTHER IMPACTS, GOVERNANCE AND SAFEGUARDS

6.1 The National Forest Information Management System (NAFIMS)

3. Elaborated Framework Structure: Nepal’s National REDD+ Strategy

I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 REDD+: Concept and Evolution . Provide basic concept of REDD+; how it has been evolving from COP 11 up to COP 17 and which direction it is likely to take in the days to come (1-1.5 pages)

1.2 REDD+ in Nepal’s Context . Impact of climate change in Nepal‟s mountain and other ecosystems – disasters, vulnerability, threat to life support system, livelihood security and overall development (2-3 paragraphs)

. Inter-relationship between forests and climate change scenario in Nepal (2 paragraphs)

. Potential opportunities in Nepal‟s forestry sector for climate change mitigation through REDD+ (2-3 paragraphs)

1.3 Nepal’s Journey towards REDD+ . Work initiated by the government and other multi and bi-lateral international development agencies – studies, NAPA, National Communication Reports, PPCR (2-4 paragraphs)

. Work being conducted by different INGOs/NGOs – studies, research, and piloting (2 paragraphs)

. Climate change policy formulation (2 paragraphs)

. Consultations, discussions, participation in Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), preparation/submission of R-PIN and R-PP, ongoing work for readiness preparation, pilot projects by development partners (2-3 paragraphs)

1.4 National REDD+ Strategy Formulation Process Provide the process to be adopted for the formulation of a national REDD+ strategy, including the following: . Draft a framework structure for the national REDD+ strategy that provides chapters, sections, sub-sections, and topics to be covered, with rationale and justification; . Develop a flow diagram showing the stages involved in the development of the national REDD+ strategy; . Commission a team of experts of RWG members that represents all stakeholders; . Draft of national REDD+ strategy prepared by the team of experts; and

. Perform rigorous consultations on the draft strategy with all stakeholders from the local, regional and national level to ensure those who will implement or be influenced by the strategy are well informed and actively participate in the strategy formulation process.

II: GUIDING FEATURES OF NEPAL’S REDD+ STRATEGY

2.1 Strategic Road Map/Directions In this section, key aspects fundamental to Nepal‟s national REDD+ strategy, and the basis for its development and implementation, are conceptualized and defined. These could be as follows:

2.1.1 Vision

. A vision statement projecting a 10-15 year period with a national REDD+ strategy in Nepal.

. The vision should relate to improvements in forest ecosystems and successful efforts in climate change mitigation, improved socio-economic status of forest dependent people, and demonstrated enhanced capacities of local forest managers.

. It should also relate to enhanced human and technological capacities, including effective and efficient institutional and governance structures and mechanisms.

2.1.2 Mission

. A mission statement that explains what Nepal would strive to achieve through the implementation of REDD+ strategies.

2.1.3 Objective(s)

. The objective(s) should be relevant to the vision and mission statements.

. It should provide a clear indication of major outcomes/results to be pursued and achieved within a stipulated timeframe. The outcomes/results should form the basis for specific outputs, indicators and activities to be formulated and organized in to a logical framework and/or action plan.

2.1.4 Guiding Principles

The national REDD+ strategy will need to capture Nepal‟s specific geo-political, ecological, environmental and socio-economic realities. This will need to align with the overall sustainable development priorities of the country. The Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) currently being implemented has adopted basic underlying principles, that are reflected in the points below. These and other relevant points agreed to throughout the course of the formulation of the REDD+ strategy are proposed to be included as guiding principles. 11

1) National REDD+ strategy remains fully in line with the overall development strategy of Nepal to meet the dual objective of sustainable management of forests (SMF) and poverty alleviation. 2) Follows effective participatory and consultative process. 3) Fully values and captures the benefits of Nepal‟s diverse forest ecosystems in the context of REDD+. 4) Recognizes that forest ecosystems play a vital role in adaptation to climate change and the possible climate change mitigation through REDD+. 5) Ensures multi-stakeholder involvement in all aspects of REDD+, utilizes relevant stakeholder capacity and contributes to further capacity enhancement in the context of REDD+. 6) Ensures social, environmental and economic safeguards in the process of implementing REDD+. 7) Ensures equity in benefit sharing by clarifying the issues related to land tenure, forest use rights and carbon ownership rights. 8) Establishes mechanisms for effective coordination at local, sub-national and national levels among the relevant beneficiaries and sectors, and at the international level with development partners and financing agencies/institutions. 9) Ensures that double counting of carbon credits is avoided. 10) Develops appropriate national forest information and monitoring system.

2.1.5 Scope

. The scope should respond to the following components: i) Do we confine our REDD+ efforts to forest land use or include other land uses?; ii) Do we focus exclusively on reducing deforestation or include forest degradation as well?; iii) Do we include forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks within forest areas?; iv) Which specific activities included in the three points above would we like to account for?

. The scope requires clarity on whether we undertake the above four points in full from the beginning of implementation of the national REDD+ strategy, or if we include each component in different phases as we build and strengthen our capacity and improve our technology for carbon stock monitoring.

2.1.6 Scale

. Scale, or crediting scale, is intended to provide the level at which the accounting of carbon and availability of incentives/funds will take place.

. Three approaches for scale are included in global discussions: 1) sub-national, with direct support to projects; 2) national, with direct support to countries; and 3) nested, or hybrid, that combines both direct support to projects and to the country.

. Each of the three approaches above has their relative advantages and disadvantages. Nepal would need to analyze which among the three approaches promises a net higher advantage to the country under the prevailing socio-political environment.

. The R-PP advocates for a nested, hybrid approach, which is the most flexible among the three. It allows the national and sub-national approaches to co-exist and complement each other. Its strength lies in learning by doing while benefiting accordingly, and further improving the performance through improved capacity.

. A careful analysis of the suitable scale for Nepal should be done based on the learning accumulated within Nepal and in other developing countries.

2.1.7 Implementation Approach

. The implementation of a national REDD+ strategy aims to eliminate the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, boost forest restoration and conservation measures, and promote sustainable management of forests to enhance forest carbon stock.

. This will require improving existing policies and implementing innovative measures within the forestry sector and related sectors.

. Because Nepal has successfully implemented different community based and collaborative forest management modalities, a multi-level multi-stakeholder approach for REDD+ actions and a multi-sectoral approach for innovating and implementing policy measures will be instrumental.

2.1.8 Forest Reference Emission Level (REL)/Reference Level (RL)

. Papua New Guinea (PNG) defines REL as “the amount of gross emissions from a geographical area estimated within a reference time period (REDD)” and the RL as “the amount of gross/net emissions and removals from a geographical area estimated within a reference time period1. The RL captures the removals that the REL does not capture.

. REL/RL is based on historical data of land uses, GHG emissions/removals, and socio- economic variables. Once set they cannot be changed during an implementation period.

. Nepal should go for both emissions reductions and removals, and define its REL/RL accordingly.

1http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/png_conrad_png_views_on_reference_emission_levels_and_r eference_levels.pdf 13

. This framework structure provides a detailed chapter on the RL as the crediting baseline. It is important in this section to briefly mention Nepal‟s specific country circumstances that guide how it will set up the REL/RL.

2.1.9 Forest Carbon Trust Fund

 The main options for a national REDD+ funding architecture include: i) Managing a REDD+ fund within the state budget; ii) Maintaining a separate REDD+ fund within state administration; and iii) Setting up a separate institution for REDD+ fund management. There could also be a project-based REDD+ financing mechanism.

 Each of these has their relative strengths and weaknesses when evaluated for political legitimacy, governance, coordination capacity, efficiency, effectiveness, equity, and co- benefits2.

 Nepal‟s RPP has emphasized setting up a separate institution, the Forest Carbon Trust Fund (FCTF), for REDD+ fund management in anticipation of associated issues and challenges of having a state managed and maintained REDD+ fund. This also capitalizes on the comparative success of the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), and similar trust fund mechanisms in Nepal and elsewhere.

 All of the above options should be critically assessed based on selected key performance criteria as mentioned in bullet 2 above. Accordingly, the chosen funding architecture should be justified and should include the corrective measures based on past experiences.

2.1.10 Financing Mechanism

. The ongoing debate about a REDD+ financing mechanism indicates a variety of financing sources, such as voluntary contributions (WB/FCPF, UN-REDD program, bilateral initiatives), market-based (voluntary carbon market) and fund-based finance (compliance market), particularly for the early phases.

. For advanced stages of readiness preparation and the early stages of REDD+ strategy implementation, the appropriate funding sources could be the COP mandated global forest facility (Carbon Investment Fund) and/or multilateral/bilateral sources.

. Other financing mechanisms could include the generation of revenue through auctions of emissions allowances in Annex 1 countries. The main funding sources are likely to be the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, which does not currently include avoided deforestation, and the U.S. carbon market which plans to include REDD+ as an offset option.

2 Pls. refer to Vatn and Angelsen (2009) 14

. Other national/regional carbon markets and voluntary markets are like to emerge or further develop.

. At the interim performance level, performance based REDD+ finance could be triggered by agreeing to proxy indicators for carbon stock changes due to implementation of REDD+ policies.

. Appropriate financing mechanisms should be described based on an assessment of various possible options available to Nepal for financing the implementation of its REDD+ strategy.

2.2 Existing Policy and Institutional Context for REDD+

2.2.1 Forest, Biodiversity, Environment and Climate Change Related Brief overview (1 paragraph for each one)

- Forest Policy, Acts and Regulations - Climate Change Policy - National Land Use Policy - National Rangelands Policy (Rashtriya Kharka Ain) - National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Acts and Regulations - National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan - National Wetlands Policy - National Water Policy/Strategy - National Irrigation Policy - National Hydro-power Policy - Environment Act and Regulations (EIA guidelines for sectors) - National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) and Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) - Other Relevant Policies/Strategies

2.2.2 Social and Environmental Safeguards Related - Interim Constitution of Nepal - Environmental Policy, Act and Regulations, EIA Guidelines - Local Governance Act and Regulations - Act on National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities, 2000 - Community Forestry Rules and Regulations, Guidelines and Manuals - Buffer Zone Management Rules and Regulations/Guidelines - Conservation Area Management Rules and Regulations - Participatory Watershed Management Guidelines - Collaborative Forest Management Guidelines and others??????

III: REDD+ STRATEGY PREPARATION

3a Assessment of Land Use, Land Use Change Drivers, Forest Law, Policy, Governance 3a has five closely related elements including: land use, land use change drivers, forest law, policy, and governance. These should be assessed for the salient features that highlight the interrelationships between each element.

Land Use Assessment

What is documented in the R-PP? . R-PP 2a.2, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 (including map) elaborate Nepal‟s land use including definition of forest and shrub lands

What is required?  A complete analysis of recent historical land use trends  An account of the efforts made through policy and programs to maintain/improve the forest land use  Assessment of relevant land tenure and associated governance issues  Assessment of natural resource rights and associated governance issues

Proposed section/sub-section

3a.1 Assessment of land use

3a.1.1 Land use trends Building on the studies undertaken in the course of R-PP implementation:  Provide a brief account of existing land use (including data in physiographic regions), and discuss divergence in land use data if necessary.  Provide a brief account of historical land use trends in physiographic regions as presented in the R-PP.  Discuss land use change trends in physiographic regions as indicated by different data sources, including the LRMP and subsequent forest inventories, and build on findings of the studies conducted in recent years.

3a.1.2 Efforts to date to address deforestation and forest degradation, and maintain and improve forest land use As presented in the R-PP, this sub-section should build on the findings of the study conducted over the course of R-PP implementation and should provide the following:  A brief account of the evolution of forest policy and programs.

 A succinct analysis of achievements and short falls of policy and programs, particularly for participatory forestry initiatives, protected areas and remaining national forests management under government control.  An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of on-going forest management efforts, such as lack of research of multiple production forestry practices, scientific measures for sustainable productivity enhancement, and boosting of emissions reduction potential.

3a.1.3 Assessment of land tenure and associated governance issues Building on the findings of the studies undertaken over the course of R-PP implementation, this assessment will cover the following:  Provide an analysis of forest land tenure arrangements for state, common property, open access and private property regimes. This will address the underlying interests of individuals, communities and the forestry administration, and/or between the forestry sector and other sectors competing for the same forest land use. This analysis should clarify who has access to and control over forest resources and products, and who uses them in what ways. This could be for different timelines, such as before or after forest nationalization, and after embracing the participatory forestry policies.  Give a brief account of legal versus customary and/or de jure versus de facto status of tenure arrangements as appropriate.  Analyze governance mechanisms in different tenure arrangements presented in the previous bullet, and include an analysis of associated issues as appropriate.

3a 1.4 Assessment of natural resource rights3 and the associated governance issues  Provide an assessment of natural resource rights under different forest management regimes. This could include government managed forestry (protected forests, national parks and wild life reserves), participatory forestry modalities (collaborative, community, buffer zone, leasehold and religious forestry) and participatory watershed management regimes.  Provide an assessment of natural resource rights in the context of conflicting legal claims over forests between the forestry sector and local development, mining, agriculture, energy, public works, water resources, and tourism.  Discuss governance mechanisms within each of the associated issues.

Land Use Change Drivers

What is documented in the R-PP? . Preliminary analysis identifying nine direct drivers, including their underlying causes and areas affected by each one (Annex 2b1) . Identification of indirect drivers in the case of the Terai and Churia areas . Drivers in play in the mid-hills despite successful community forestry

3 For elaborations please refer to Annex point 1 17

. Unclear status of deforestation and degradation in the high mountains, with the exception of evidence of increased degradation and deforestation due to timber smuggling and excessive use of timber for fuel wood . A summary of drivers and their underlying causes (Annex 2a.1) . An analysis of underlying causes . Proposed study on the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation

What is required?  Identification of direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation based on the assessment presented in sections 3a.1.2 and 3a.1.3, and supported by further studies and consultations in line with the information provided in the R-PP.  Prioritization of the direct and indirect drivers along the physiographic regions (focus on further refinement of Annex 2b.1).  An analysis of underlying causes of direct and indirect drivers (including a refined Annex 2a.1) both inside and outside of the forestry sector.

Proposed section/sub-section

3a.2 Assessment of Land Use Change Drivers Build on the findings of the study of drivers performed over the course of R-PP implementation.

3a.2.1 Identification and prioritization of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation  Identify drivers, both direct and indirect, at the macro-economic level, embedded in policies, governance mechanisms and structures, and micro-economic, rooted within forestry and other associated sector policies, governance and implementation modalities.  Prioritize the direct and indirect drivers along the physiographic regions.  Undertake consultations with relevant stakeholders, validate the direct and indirect drivers, and further refine the list of these drivers.  Explore and analyze the interrelationships between the prioritized drivers, undertake causal analysis and develop a matrix.  Develop a final list of prioritized direct and indirect drivers.

3a.2.2 Analysis of the underlying causes of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation  Building on the findings of 3a.2.1, and further refine annex 2a.1 provided in the R-PP  Undertake an analysis of the underlying causes of the prioritized drivers

Forest Law and Policy

What is documented in the R-PP? . Law and policy broadly discussed under the section „Efforts to address deforestation and forest degradation’ . An analytical study proposed on policy, execution of laws, and governance improvement in the forestry sector

What is required?  A critical assessment of forest policy and forest laws/regulations in the context of REDD+4

Proposed section/sub-section

3a.3 Assessment of Forest Law and Policy in the context of REDD+ Build on the findings of the study of forest law, policy and governance over the course of R-PP implementation,

3a.3.1 Strengths and shortcomings of Forest Law and policy in the context of REDD+  Provide a brief overview of the Forest Law and policy, taking stock of shortcomings and clarifying whether or not they contribute to the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.

3a.3.2 Policy and/or programmatic measures taken to overcome the existing shortcomings and their outcomes  Discuss measures taken in the recent past to address the identified shortcomings, including the issues that led to the under performance of the measures taken.  Discuss what measures were taken (if taken at all) during the R-PP phase to understand and quantify the patterns of land use change, deforestation and forest degradation, and the causal relationship between these changes in the context of the existing economic, legal, and policy settings of the country.  Discuss the key reasons for why the measures did or did not produce the desired outcomes.

3a.3.3 Way forward to address the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation through refinement in policy, law and implementation approaches  Identify and elaborate on ways to address the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. This should be rooted in the shortcomings in law, policy, and institutional and operational mechanisms.

Governance

What is documented in the R-PP? . Underlying causes (pages 33, 34) provide key words underpinning governance: absence of the multi-stakeholder approach, coordination among relevant sectors, park and people conflict, forest products market failure, inadequate financial allocation to forestry sector, undervalued sector contribution to GDP, conflicting authority and jurisdiction over forest lands, development of sector specific policy and programs in isolation, wide spread poverty,

4 Please refer to Annex point 2.

lack of economic/employment opportunities, and rent seeking attitude among the service providers.

What is required? An assessment of the governance situation in the context of REDD+.

Proposed section/sub-section

3a.4 Assessment of the governance situation in the context of REDD+ Build on the findings of the study of forest law, policy and governance improvement over the course of R-PP implementation.

3a.4.1 Existing governance structures and mechanisms – the extent to which they are conducive to REDD+  Provide brief overview of the governance structure in general and the forestry sector‟s existing governance structure (organizational/functional) and mechanisms (service delivery modalities) in particular.  Take stock of shortcomings in governance structures and mechanisms both within and outside the forestry sector, and clarify how they contribute to the drivers of F and FD.

3a.4.2 Measures taken in the past to overcome the identified shortcomings and their outcome  What measures have been taken in the past to address the identified shortcomings? What are the issues that led to the under performance of the measures taken to improve governance, if any?  What has been done during the R-PP phase for understanding and addressing the causal relationship between deforestation and forest degradation and the overall governance situation (with emphasis on the forestry sector)?

3a.4.3 Way forward to address the deforestation and forest degradation through improvement in governance situation  Identify and elaborate on ways to address the governance related key drivers of D and FD in a prioritized fashion.

3b Strategy Options  The strategy options are country specific. They largely depend on the land use and the associated drivers that reflect the prevailing social, economic, institutional and legal environment.  They create incentives or disincentives to encourage or discourage specific land use practices.

What is documented in the R-PP? . Strategy options identified in the R-PP comprise a combination of improved policies, regulations, management practices, and technical skills at the national and sub-national levels for different stakeholders. . For the drivers inherent in the interfacing sectors, R-PP proposes strategic options such as development of synergies at the policy and program level. . A matrix in Annex 2b.1 provides strategy options by drivers and their underlying causes.

The R-PP also proposes: . Forest Valuation Study . Evaluation of political economy of land use . Assessment of carbon emissions from the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation . Consultations for the prioritization of strategy options . First screening of strategy options (criteria for screening/assessment developed) . Economic and financial feasibility assessment of shortlisted/selected strategic options

What is required? The strategy must be able to address5: 1) direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation on a priority basis 2) the drivers rooted within the forestry sector, and in other relevant sectors, competing for the same land resources in the context of national priorities for sustainable development, including infrastructure, roads, energy, tourism, agriculture and others identified under drivers

Proposed section/sub-sections

3b. REDD+ Strategy Options Assessment

3b.1 Identification and selection of strategy options  Explore and identify as many strategy options as possible for each of the direct and indirect prioritized drivers, and list the options against each prioritized driver6.  Undertake consultations with relevant stakeholders to identify and validate the strategy options against each prioritized driver.  Prioritize the strategy options against each driver based on the extent to which they are robust and vetted, and develop appropriate criteria to check that they are vetted.  Select the most robust and vetted strategy options for each prioritized driver.

5 Please refer to the Annex point 3 for the proposed steps 6 One strategy option could address more than one driver and one driver may also need more than one strategy option. They should be noted at this stage 21

3b.2 Feasibility assessment of selected strategy options and the risk mitigation measures  Undertake a comprehensive feasibility assessment of each strategy option from the socio- economic, political, institutional and cost/benefit perspective.  Assess whether the strategy options are likely to secure and uplift people‟s livelihoods and enhance biodiversity benefits.  Assess whether each selected strategy option is nested within the broader development policy and programs of the country7.  Assess the feasibility of all prioritized strategy options from the perspective of major risks associated with them, such as leakage and environmental and social risks identified through SESA.  Provide a clear cut proposal on how such associated risks will be mitigated or managed.  Prepare a final list of prioritized strategy options to be addressed under the REDD+ program.

3b.3 Action Plan for the implementation of strategy options  Develop activities8 for the implementation of each of the prioritized strategy options.  Develop a periodic9 and budgeted action plan to implement the actions/activities (including the required policy/institutional reform works) planned under each prioritized strategy option.  Incorporate the possible social and environmental risk management or mitigation measures into the action plan.  Develop a monitoring framework to periodically track the implementation and progress of each strategy option.  Discuss major inconsistencies between the objectives of the national REDD+ strategy and the policies/programs of other interfacing sectors.  Provide ways to address and resolve such inconsistencies with identified incentives and/or mechanisms in consultation with and agreement of relevant sectors and stakeholders, and include them in the action plan accordingly. These must also be time-bound and measurable.

3c REDD+ Implementation Framework10

. This relates to the institutional, economic, legal and governance arrangements required to implement the REDD+ strategy options . It builds on the lessons learned from the implementation of relevant programs in the past . The implementation framework requires appropriate arrangement of Institutions, Information and Incentives (3 I’s) in a manner that the interaction among the 3 Is becomes meaningful for the effective implementation of the REDD+ strategy.

7 Selected strategy options must be integrated with the overall development policy of the country (PRSP/Periodic development plan and be compatible with other interfacing sectors’ policies and programs) 8 Activities should aim at and be able to reduce emissions, increase removals and stabilize the forest carbon stocks (UNFCCC Decision 4/15 Methodological guidance for activities……) 9 Each activity planned to implement the strategy must be time bound and with quantifiable/measurable targets 10 Pls. refer to Annex point 4 for the key elements of an Implementation Framework 22

Proposed section/sub-sections

3c. REDD+ Implementation Framework

3c.1 Institutional, Economic and Governance Arrangements

3c.1.1 Institutional Structure for the implementation of REDD+ strategy/program What is required?11 . Appropriate institutional structures should be in place with four key tasks to be performed, especially at the national level: 1) overall responsibility and coordination, 2) channeling funding, 3) monitoring, reporting, and verifying, and 4) safeguards. Some operational elements of these tasks might need to be performed by institutions at the sub-national and local community level.

. Institutional structures at all levels will require representation of all relevant stakeholders and sectors. This is presently underway through the existing multi-stakeholder platforms, including the stakeholder forum and RWG in the REDD Cell, DFSCC at the district level, and VFCC at the local government level in pilot projects.

. An agreed institutional structure should be legally formalized.

Points to consider

 The establishment of a constitutional body named „Commission on Natural Resources„ under the new constitution as articulated in the R-PP is not likely for the next few years. Alternatively, there exists a high level „Climate Change Council‟ which could have a functional relationship with the existing „Apex Body‟ for REDD+. In order to enable the REDD+ program and address the macro-economic drivers rooted in many sectoral policies and programs outside the forestry sector, a much more powerful policy steering and enforcement entity is required to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of policies and measures.

 At the national level, the lead institution, the REDD Cell, is housed in MFSC though its mandate often goes beyond the forestry sector12. This aspect is partly covered by having a multi-stakeholder forum and RWG to provide policy guidance. This may or may not work in the long term due to the sector specific focus of the organizational and bureaucratic culture. Other available options must also be considered, such as housing the REDD secretariat in

11 Vatn, A. and A. Angelsen (2009); Options for a REDD+ Architecture, in Angelsen et al. (ed.) Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR 12 MoE being the DNA for UNFCC might see its vital role in REDD+ strategy implementation. Sectors e.g., rural development, infrastructure, energy, tourism, mining and others interfacing with forestry sector on REDD related matters might not sustain their interest and support in REDD working in a team led by forestry sector. 23

NPC, or establishing an independent and powerful REDD secretariat of a super ministry status which comprises experts from the forestry sectors as well as other stakeholders from the private sector, civil society, and academia.

 A basic principle emphasized in the R-PP advocates for using the existing structure rather than creating a new one, but this probably needs reconsideration in light of the preceding bullet point. Additionally, a REDD+ secretariat at the sub-national level might be indispensable for managing the flow of information on changes in forest carbon stocks between levels, and managing the flow of incentives to carbon rights holders. An effective performance of these two functions requires the sub-national institution to have a REDD+ payment authority and a measuring and reporting system13. Performing these functions would involve the management of technical, administrative, financial, administrative and supervisory tasks14.

 The REDD institution at all three levels should have a fair and proportionate representation of all relevant stakeholders, including CSOs, research, academia, private sector and relevant NGOs.

Institutional structures required will be the following:

. National level: 1) REDD secretariat mandated with four key tasks, mentioned in the required section above under bullet 1; 2) a geo-referenced carbon registry, or central clearinghouse, mandated for M&R functions; 3) an independent entity mandated for verification; and 4) a funding management mechanism such as a Forest Carbon Trust Fund to secure funds from various international sources and channel it to sectors, sub-national level and carbon rights holders.

. Sub-national level: 1) a REDD secretariat comprising REDD+ payment authority and a measuring and reporting system; and 2) the DFSCC charged with strategic guidance to the secretariat.

. Local level: a VFCC stakeholder network, in forest management units at the watershed or landscape level, and a pool of skilled community members for participatory carbon monitoring and reporting.

Possible options for institutional structures at all three levels should be identified, taking into consideration the findings of the studies undertaken over the course of R-PP implementation.

13 Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff and Arild Angelsen (2009); Global and National REDD+ Architecture: Linking Institutions and Actions in Angelsen et al. edited Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR, Bogor Indonesia 14 DFO or regional directorate of forest (in case it survives after federal restructuring of Nepal) could in fact house a sub-national REDD+ secretariat with resources and capacity 24

The options should be widely discussed among stakeholders, and the most suitable institutional structure should be put in place.

3c.1.2 Governance Arrangement for the Implementation of a REDD+ strategy/program What is documented in the R-PP? The governance mechanism is embedded in the structure and functioning of the following:

. A high level REDD monitoring body led by MFSC, represented by 11 relevant ministries and NPC (CSOs yet to be included)

. A multi-sector, multi-stakeholder, transparent RWG with the REDD Cell as its secretariat

. A multi-stakeholder setup, with DFSCC in many districts and VFCC at the village level in NORAD-funded REDD pilot project areas

What is required?

Appropriate governance arrangements should be in place that define the capacities, roles and responsibilities of different actors (and institutions) involved in REDD+, and clarify the rules for their interactions.

Review and refine the existing governance arrangement and/or institutionalize new governance arrangements that ensure transparency, accountability, responsibility and reciprocity in the institutions. These arrangements should specifically

. Provide clarity on mandates and terms of reference of different entities in the institutional structure and reporting lines, as well as roles and responsibilities at each tier;

. Detail the inter-relationships between the institutions both horizontally and vertically;

. Define the rules for interaction among the institutions both horizontally and vertically; and

. Set rules for mediation and mitigation of any disputes between/among institutions in the course of their interactions.

The final institutional structure and the governance arrangement should be legally approved using the pertinent clause of the Forest Act, 1993. Alternatively a new act for the implementation of REDD+ within the purview of the existing forest act could be enacted.

3c.2 Legal/Institutional Arrangements (for the implementation of REDD+ strategy)

What is required?

A separate institutional arrangement or act for REDD+, or regulations within the framework of the existing Forest Act or other relevant act, which:

1) Defines the role of government, resource managers/rights holders, carbon rights holders and other participants in REDD+ transactions to ensure benefit sharing

2) Provides a detailed procedure for participation in programs

3) Clarifies forest land tenure and carbon rights

4) Clarifies how the carbon transactions will be managed in a transparent manner

5) Clarifies financing modalities and procedures for official approval

6) Puts in place a mechanism for mediating and resolving conflict

7) Ensures that the system overall is transparent and equitable

Once the act/law or regulation has been drafted, its salient features concerning the above points will have to be dealt with under each of the above points in the national REDD+ strategy.

Each of the points that require legal or institutional arrangements are addressed below based on what has been stipulated in the R-PP.

1) Defining the role of government, resource managers/rights holders, carbon rights holders and other participants in REDD+ transactions to share and deliver benefits15

. In the context of REDD+, a legal definition should be provided for the terms of government, resource managers, rights holders, carbon rights holders, and other participants.

. Presently, households of a village community are organized into „user groups‟ and manage a part of the national forest either formally or informally, and are termed „forest resource managers‟ at the local level. They exist under different modalities of participatory forestry and protected areas and watershed management modalities. They comprise women, poor, disadvantaged groups (dalits) and indigenous people.

. The existence of forest resource rights holders, such as indigenous people and distant users of forests in inaccessible areas in the Churia and high mountains, would need to be considered.

. Carbon rights and carbon rights holders are yet to be defined and a study proposed under the R-PP is expected to provide the basis to define carbon rights and rights holders.

15 Please refer to Annex 1: Notes on Elaboration point 5 for some thoughts on developing benefits sharing mechanism for REDD+ in Nepal. 26

. Private forestry is a formally recognized land use in Nepal, and the private forest owners also become the carbon rights holders within the set definition and criteria if they are located in a defined REDD+ forest management unit.

. „Other participants‟ would need to be categorically defined at all levels.

The roles and responsibilities of each of these actors need to be elaborated for REDD+ transactions.

2) A detailed procedure for participation in programs

Meaningful participation of all stakeholders at all levels is integral to inclusive and democratic governance. Women and socially and economically marginalized people are often illiterate and hesitant to express their concerns and perspectives even when given the opportunity to participate. Participation will be promoted in the following ways:

1. Implementing REDD+ interventions and actions, and monitoring the progress 2. Executing and monitoring the revenue disbursement 3. Monitoring emissions and removals 4. Execution and monitoring of financial transactions

. In order to ensure women, socially and economically marginalized people, indigenous people, and forest dependent groups actively participate, and for the economically elite to make room for these groups to participate, it is crucial that minimum basic norms and procedures are available and strictly observed by all parties.

. Such an arrangement has to have an element of positive discrimination to ensure inclusiveness in participation is guaranteed. The proposed legal arrangement (act or regulation) needs to have a section on participation that clarifies the meaning in the context of REDD+ and which sets detailed procedures to ensure proportionate and equitable participation.

3) Clarifying land tenure and carbon rights

. With the nationalization of forests in 1957, the government holds the land ownership of all forest lands in Nepal, except for those that are legally registered as private forest lands.

. Forest land tenure in Nepal is de-facto in nature rather than de-jure in national forests. Parts of national forests being managed by organized „user groups‟ under various community- based forest management modalities recognize the collective rights of such user groups as local/community forest managers to manage forests and use, utilize and benefit from the

forest products16 of their forests with some exceptions. The land ownership of the community managed forests legally remains with the government.

. Forest carbon contained in biomass above ground is clearly being managed by the local communities under CBFM modalities. However, it remains unclear who owns the forest carbon below ground in the soil. Given that land ownership is retained by the government, there is a need to establish a link between land tenure and forest carbon rights.

. The R-PP has proposed studies on these issues. The findings of the study proposed in the R- PP should provide a basis for clarifying land tenure, establishing a link between land tenure and carbon rights, and defining/clarifying carbon rights.

. Various alternative approaches to clarifying land tenure and carbon rights have been studied elsewhere17, so these studies should provide suitable approaches to clarifying land tenure and carbon rights.

4) Clarifying how the carbon transactions will be managed in a transparent manner

. Carbon transaction remains at the core of REDD+. It is the source of incentive and motivation for all stakes and rights holders involved in implementing the REDD+ program.

. Monitoring and reporting of carbon stock will have to be managed on a periodic basis. The carbon monitoring and reporting procedure from the bottom up to the carbon registry level, and the flow of information on change in carbon stock from the national carbon registry down to local resource managers and then up to the global funding sources and/or international carbon market, will have to be formally agreed to and standardized. This will need to be transparent, simple to understand and accessible to all relevant stakeholders.

5) Clarifying financing modalities and procedures for official approval

. In Chapter 2, sub-section 2.19, four main options for the national REDD+ funding architecture have been identified, out of which one financing modality has to be selected based on a SWOT analysis of the context in Nepal. The R-PP has envisaged an independently functioning National Forest Carbon Trust Fund (NFCT) as the preferred option for financial transactions in Nepal.

16 The legal definition of forest products includes stones, sand, soil, minerals, and water also. However, the local forest managers are not entitled to sale such products and benefit from them although local use of such products without disturbing the forest ecosystems goes unnoticed. 17 Pls. refer to 1) Sunderlin et al. 2009, Forest tenure rights and REDD+: From inertia to solution; C. Sreck 2009, Rights and REDD+: Legal and Regulatory Considerations – both in Angelsen et al. edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR, Bogor Indonesia 28

. NFCT will have to be mandated to secure funds from the global/international funding sources and/or international carbon markets, and channel those funds based on the information provided by the National Carbon Registry. The carbon registry will need to provide the data and information regarding the periodic change in carbon stocks at various geo-referenced locations. REDD secretariats at the national and sub-national levels will require the status of the implementation of REDD+ strategies/programs within and outside the forestry sector. Accordingly, the NFCT will have to allocate and channel funds to all REDD+ program implementing bodies at the national, sub-national and local levels.

. The financial modalities (i.e. which activities will be financed) and procedures (i.e. what will be the logically sequential steps to be initiated by whom and at which level) will need to be formulated.

. Financial modalities and procedures concern various stakeholders and rights holders. It would need to be discussed and agreed to through consultations, and included in the act/regulation.

6) Putting in place a mechanism for mediating and resolving conflict

. Given the involvement of various stakeholders with varied interests at different levels in REDD+, conflicts are likely at different stages of REDD+ activity implementation.

. Such conflicts will need to be mediated, mitigated and resolved at an early stage. For this purpose, there needs to be an appropriate institutional mechanism embedded in the institutions and systems at all levels. It will also require standard procedure to tackle the conflict. Such a procedure will need to be framed, consulted and finalized to be included in the act/law or regulations.

7) Ensuring that the system overall is transparent and equitable

. REDD+ is a framework involving various players at different levels that interact and collaborate toward a collective goal.

. The effectiveness and sustainability of such a system largely depends on the extent to which it maintains transparency and equity.

. Hence, all possible components of the system must include the proper measures/mechanisms that ensure transparency and equity, and which are endorsed in the act/regulation.

3c.3 Gaps remaining in the Implementation Framework . Identify if specific gaps remain in the implementation framework that might have implications for the effective implementation of the REDD+ strategy

. Provide an estimate of the resources needed to address such gaps

. Develop a road map to undertake time bound and budgeted actions to address the gaps remaining in the Implementation Framework. This could be policy formulation that sets up and fully operationalizes institutions.

3d Social and Environmental Impacts

What is planned in the R-PP?

SESA to be carried out during R-PP implementation, which includes:

. Stakeholder analysis

. Description of the social and environmental situation of Nepal‟s forestry sector

. Analysis of the possible impacts of a “NO REDD PROCESS” scenario

. Analysis of possible impacts of different REDD+ strategy options

. Analysis of impacts of different REDD+ alternatives

. Verification of compliance with World Bank policies

. Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

What is required?

. Put in place all necessary institutional arrangements for coordinating the integration of environmental and social considerations into the REDD+ Readiness process through the SESA.

. Address applicable safeguard issues through relevant studies or diagnostics.

. Prioritize key actions to address social and environmental impacts (both positive and negative) in relation to the most feasible response to the drivers, and fully integrate them into the REDD+ strategy. Ideally this would be integrated into the REDD+ Strategy Action Plan section 3b.3.

. Develop an ESMF to manage environmental and social risks, and potential impacts of REDD+ strategy implementation.

Proposed sections/sub-sections

3d.1 Institutional Arrangements for SES coordination and implementation of ESMP

 Given the SESA will be accomplished and an ESMP will be finalized during the R-PP implementation, this section would need to provide a set of institutional arrangements, such as rules or guidelines included in the regulations for the national REDD+ strategy implementation that could enable:

. Coordinating the integration of social and environmental considerations into the national REDD+ strategy implementation process . Provide mechanisms to address applicable safeguard issues as they arise during the REDD+ strategy implementation . Guide and steer the implementation and monitoring of the ESMP

Within the institutions mandated for implementing the REDD+ strategy at different levels, multi- stakeholder committees should be constituted and mandated for this purpose. This should be stipulated in the institutional arrangements.

IV SETTING UP THE REFERENCE LEVEL (RL)

 The reference level (RL) represents a crediting baseline (as opposed to the BAU baseline), and is a benchmark for rewarding the country if emissions are below this level.

 RL is seen as a modified BAU baseline reflecting “common but differentiated responsibilities” to ensure global additionality and larger overall GHG emissions reduction in line with the UNFCC objectives18.

. Despite the global understanding that RL should be based on historical emissions and should take into account the national circumstances, the content of RL and/or the criteria or procedure for setting the RL is not yet developed or standardized19.

. A higher RL runs the risk of paying for non-additional “reductions” as the REDD rent is higher; a lower RL may discourage country participation as the emissions reduction will be too high to be credited, and will result in a relatively low REDD rent.

18 Refer to Angelsen et al. (2009) 19 Refer to Wertz-Kanounnikoff and Angelsen, 2009; Refer to UNFCC COP 17 (2011) guidance on Forest RL 31

. Establishing an RL is a tricky issue and needs sound science to ensure it is neither inflated nor relatively low to avoid discouraging country participation.

What is proposed in the R-PP?  The R-PP recognized the LRMP (1975/79) forest inventory data as the best available data set in the context of establishing the reference scenario. This data set, however, needs readjustment and re-interpretation to create a biomass surface to be compared with the FRA created for the most recent biomass surface20;  It envisaged the development of a multi-year historic scenario using some of the available historic data sets21.  It also rightly recognized that the extrapolation of historical trends might not provide justifiable estimation of future emissions and removals across Nepal given the difference in impacts of different drivers in different physiographic regions owing to varied intensity of demographic, social and economic changes, as well as other natural constraints.  The R-PP proposed the development of a spatial regression model embedded in CGE (Computable General Equilibrium). This could enable linking GIS based information from LRMP and FRA projects to economic variables and parameters, and use this to make projections of carbon stock changes under diverse scenarios.  The findings and outcomes of the four different studies proposed in the R-PP (as per the above four bullets) are expected to provide a good basis for establishing Nepal‟s preliminary reference scenario. This preliminary RL will need to be gradually improved with enhanced technological capacity using a step wise approach.

What is required? 1) Develop/provide a preliminary sub-national or national forest reference level (RL) that uses a clearly documented methodology based on a step wise approach 2) Demonstrate a relationship between the sub-national and evolving national (or vis-a vis in Nepal‟s case) using geo-referencing 3) The developed RL should be able to reflect the identified priority drivers, key policies and programs of the REDD+ strategy and the monitoring system 4) The RL should demonstrate a significant step towards an evolving operational system 5) Provide evidence that the developed RL has been peer reviewed and undergone public consultations, and has been refined accordingly 6) In case an adjustment in the RL is proposed, the proposal should be based on credible and defendable relevant national circumstances 7) Provide a plan for additional steps and data needs

Proposed section/sub-sections

20 It however, is learned that creating a biomass surface by using the interpreted LRMP data for 1980’s will neither be possible nor of much use even if created. 21 It is suggested that prepare historic scenario for year 1990, 2000 and 2010 using the available data sets of the past using appropriate software/technologies to establish historic emissions trend. 32

4.1 Nepal’s Existing Circumstances with respect to setting RL . Provide information on historical trends, previous forest assessment data sets, and their compatibility/incompatibility. . Explain the on-going and predictable future demographic, macro-economic and other changes and trends that have and are likely to have a bearing on the deforestation, forest degradation and drivers at the policy and field levels. . Include which carbon pools will be included with adequate justification of their inclusion in the RL. State if there will be a phased approach to including all five carbon pools in the future, with enhancement of capacity and availability of data. . Include other circumstances as put forward by the experts and arising through consultations.

4.2 Methodology and Approach for setting up the RL . Provide the options available for Nepal with respect to the selection of a standard methodology for setting up the RL. . Select a methodology and explain the criteria/parameters on which the selected methodology could be rated within the purview of the country circumstances detailed in the previous sub-section. . Provide the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology, and explain how the weaknesses have been eliminated. . Provide the step wise details involved in the methodology.

4.3 Functioning of the Preliminary RL at National and Sub-National Level Based on the articulation in the R-PP and the findings of the four different studies undertaken, perform the following: . Describe and demonstrate the RL, capturing points 1 to 4 mentioned under the “What is required?” section above. . Provide evidence of the peer review and the outcomes of the consultations. Describe to what extent the outcomes of the peer review and consultations were accommodated to strengthen the RL.

4.4 Proposal for Further Adjustment in RL . Explain the adjustments (by type and nature) deemed necessary in the RL based on the relevant national circumstances supported by data and arguments.

4.5 Work Plan for Proposed Adjustment in the RL . The work plan should provide activities, data to be generated, time and funds required, and sources of funding

V: MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION (MRV) SYSTEM . REDD participant countries need to develop a robust and transparent national forest monitoring system to fulfill the MRV function of REDD+ activities. More specifically, the MRV system should:

1) Estimate emissions and removals from the forestry sector (measurement) 2) Report this mitigation performance of REDD+ activities to the UNFCCC (reporting) 3) Allow the verification of the activities to the UNFCCC secretariat (verification)

. UNFCCC has so far not issued a definitive guideline on establishing a forest monitoring system for emissions reduction and removal. However, the Copenhagen Accord (2009) decision 4/CP.15 provides guidance on methodological aspects, and the Cancun Agreement (2010) decision 1/CP.16 guides a robust and transparent national forest monitoring system.

. Decisions 4/CP.15 and 1/CP.16 indicate the dual function of monitoring and MRV: 1) The monitoring function will allow a country to monitor whether REDD+ activities are result-based 2) The MRV function will assess whether REDD+ activities are contributing to measurable carbon mitigation.

National MRV System should: . Generate information that enables comparison of changes in i) forest area (activity data) and ii) carbon content (emission factor) to the baseline estimates used for the RL . Entails a combination of remote sensing and field based data collection preferably in permanent sample plots established under a national forest inventory . MRV relates to actions on the ground in the readiness phase, and REDD+ transactions (compensation and transfers in the implementation phase) . It is vital that the connection between MRV requirements and particular activities under REDD+ is well understood so that MRV and REDD+ activities develop in parallel . The gap between the international requirement for REDD+ MRV and the existing forest monitoring system must be clarified to develop the MRV system in line with the international MRV requirements

Where does Nepal stand in its efforts to developing an MRV system? The review of Nepal‟s R-PP reveals that: 1) Nepal‟s MRV system builds on the past and present work completed for the development of a National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) under a Nepal Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) project, which is expected to provide: . Geo-referenced information on Nepal‟s forest cover with extent and quality . An operational and geographically bound forest information system

2) It also builds on different locally governed CBFM regimes being practiced in Nepal for over two decades. These CBFM regimes cover almost one third of Nepal‟s forests and are 34

regarded as highly successful in combating deforestation and forest degradation. These CBFMs form an integral part of REDD+ strategy options.

3) In the initial stage, the design of Nepal‟s NFMS will depend on monitoring carbon stock changes at the IPCC Tier 2 level, due to lack of activity data and biomass increment data for Nepal‟s forests.

4) The methodology will be built on general assumptions of the parameters, such as biomass expansion factors and root-to-shoot ratios. At a later stage, with the availability of more desired data, species specific factors will be developed together with allometric equations.

5) The source of data will be remote sensing data combined with periodic inventories in a certain percentage of approximately 2,500 permanent sample plots established under the FRA project. These sample plots represent all forest types and all management regimes of Nepal.

6) Data collection responsibilities will be shouldered by the local forest managers in existing CBFM regimes. This will build upon the successful experiences of community monitoring of forests, participatory inventories, and carbon monitoring demonstrated in REDD+ pilot projects presently being implemented.

7) A partnership approach to data collection will be implied for other forest areas. Field level forestry technicians and members of village development committees and buffer zone councils will be involved in data collection under the guidance of the DFCCs.

8) This program of work will establish a GIS based National Forest Information Management System (NAFIMS) for REDD based on the FRA generated database. The purpose is to enable an expanded use of the system for the management of all relevant non-carbon attributes, maps and imagery information covering all forests under various land tenures, land-use patterns and management regimes.

On the institutional framework front, the R-PP envisaged that:  An apex body chaired by the Forest Minister and represented by all relevant government ministries and National Planning Commission will be the national political and decision making body for linking forest carbon MRV and the national policy for REDD+;

 The Department of Forest Survey and Research will design, manage and maintain the MRV system and the NAFMIS, manage the permanent sample plots established by the FRA project, execute periodic forest assessment of deforestation and forest degradation, coordinate with the sub-national level to collect information, and disseminate NAFMIS deliverables through web-portals;

 At the sub-national level, the DFO will house the REDD Cell and monitoring setup, and will work in the strategic guidance of the DFCC for the management of the forest monitoring system.

What is required to include under the MRV system for REDD+ strategy implementation?

1) Provide the design of the MRV system that clarifies the step wise operationalization, including demonstration and/or clarity on:  How the system will be operational in measuring and reporting changes in D and FD, forest carbon conservation and enhancement activities;  How the system will monitor specific REDD+ activities prioritized in the national REDD+ strategy;  Whether or not the system includes the capacity to assess leakage;  If there exists (or at least remains at an early operational stage) the transparent means to publicly share forest and emissions data;  Provide clarity on how the country plans to i) move from early participation and interim performance monitoring to matured participation and full performance monitoring, ii) ensure national MRV and sub-national implementation are gradually becoming compatible with each other, and iii) assess the performance of REDD+ activities in the absence of a fully operational monitoring system.

2) Provide a clear technical/analytical justification for the selection of methods used or proposed, including the system‟s resolution, coverage, accuracy, and the carbon pools included;

3) Provide an action plan to develop a fully operational MRV system over time. The plan should include institutional arrangements, required capacities, training, hardware/software, and budget;

4) Describe whether relevant government bodies, institutes, local communities, CSOs, or the private sector have been participating or have been consulted in the development and implementation of the MRV system. Has there been any verification of the results of the MRV system implementation?

Proposed section/sub-sections

5.1 Design and Operational Mechanism of Nepal’s MRV System22

 Building on the progress of the FRA project on the features mentioned in the R-PP, provide the design of the MRV system. The design should be holistic, showing what is already in place and what will be put in place by the end of 2012 (or by the phasing out of the FRA project in 2014);

22 Emission and removal estimates are affected by how forests and REDD+ activities are defined. Hence a section before this section or in a section somewhere else in the REDD+ Strategy document, definition of terms and eligible activities should be provided following the Marrakech Accords e.g. definition of forests, deforestation, degradation of forests etc. The two most common definition of forest suitable for MRV purpose as per IPCC GPG are by FAO and by Marrakech Accords, the later one being more flexible yet the former fits into the later one’s range. Refer to Angelsen et al. 2009, www.REDD-OAR.org 36

 Provide a clear road map for the development of a comprehensive MRV system that includes monitoring needs in the readiness as well as implementation phase following a stepwise approach over a specified time period;  Describe which carbon pools will be included at which stage of operationalization of the system over time;  Describe when the MRV system is expected to: i) become fully operational and likely to move from the Tier 2 to Tier 3 level of data generation on emission factors, ii) start linking MRV actions and MRV transactions, and iii) start international reporting and verification;  Describe at what stage the monitoring system will start supporting national policies and REDD+ actions;  Describe at what stage the system will provide documented evidence/samples of each of the four bullets mentioned in point 1 (What is required…..section);  Alternatively suggest what and when technical capacity and systems improvements will be done to enable the system to demonstrate any or all of the aforementioned bullets.

5.2 Rationale for the Selection of Methods Used (/Proposed) for MRV System  The MRV system fully hinges on the FRA project results. The FRA has most likely performed an analysis of the sets of methods best suited for Nepal, taking into account a range of limitations with respect to technology, human resources/capacity and funding sources;  This section will need to build on the rationale and analytical justification used by the FRA for the selection of methods that will be used to build the NFMS for REDD+ MRV;  In case the analytical justifications used by FRA are found inadequate to justify the development of the MRV system, additional analytical justifications and suitable methods must be used.  While doing this, it will also be relevant to evaluate the extent to which the FRA supported NFMS offers to meet the required capacity for national and international REDD+ MRV requirements. The identified capacity gaps could then be included in a time bound and budgeted action plan to be proposed in the next section.

5.3 Action Plan to Institutionalize a Fully Operational MRV system It is ideal to have an MRV system that is institutionalized and capable of monitoring change in carbon stock and deforestation at the Tier 2 level during the readiness preparation process. The MRV system should build monitoring capacity for other carbon pools and assess the impact of REDD+ activities.

 In this section, describe the level to which the MRV system can be developed by the phasing out of the FRA in 2014, and what additional activities/resources would be required to achieve that level.  Assess the gaps likely to remain in the MRV system, after FRA support, to make it fully operational with respect to the national and international REDD+ MRV requirements.

 Develop a time bound and budgeted action plan to put in place a technologically sound, institutionally robust and fully operational MRV system that meets the national and international REDD+ MRV requirements.

5.4 Stakeholder Participation over the course of MRV system development  Describe whether relevant government bodies, institutes, local communities, CSOs, or the private sector have been participating or have been consulted in the development and implementation of NFMS. Also state if there has been any verification of the results of the NFMS implementation.

VI. FOREST INOFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MULTIPLE BENEFITS, OTHER IMPACTS, GOVERNANCE AND SAFEGUARDS . The national forest management information system needs to monitor and provide information on the non-carbon aspects prioritized for monitoring over the course of REDD+ implementation. These aspects are key quantitative or qualitative variables related to livelihood enhancement, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services provision, key governance factors pertinent to REDD+ implementation, and impacts of the REDD+ strategy on the forestry sector. . The system should also effectively be reporting on how the safeguards are being addressed and respected in the course of implementation of REDD+ activities, with due attention to the specific monitoring provisions included in country’s ESMF.

What is included in the R-PP? . R-PP (section 3.2 pp. 62-64) documents the experiences of use of different models to understand the impacts of D and FD on different aspects of economic and human well-being undertaken by MPFS, ICIMOD, and Winrock International. It also cites the COPATH 2002 software used by MoE for calculating emissions reduction and carbon sequestration potential;

. The R-PP also refers to the experience using models for macro-economic analysis, developing a social accounting matrix, input-output tables, and the construction of a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Accordingly, it would be possible to develop a country wide spatial regression model that enables linking GIS based information to economic variables and parameters;

. The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Central Bank‟s household survey data, Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data, and other data sources could help meet the data needs;

. A GIS based National Forest Information Management System (NAFIMS) for REDD is already planned to be established to enable an expanded use of the system for the management of all relevant non-carbon attributes, maps and imagery information covering all forests under various land tenures, land-use patterns and management regimes;

. Nepal is working on REDD+ social and environmental safeguards development together with CCBA and CARE International. The eight principles on which the draft standards are built include: i) recognition of rights, ii) equitable sharing of benefits, iii) livelihoods security and well-being of indigenous people and vulnerable communities, iv) good governance, v) biodiversity and ecosystem services maintenance and enhancement, vi) ensured equitable participation, vii) ensured access to information, and viii) involvement in decision making;

. Activities planned in the R-PP include: 1) Development of the appropriate methodology based on identified indicators from REDD+ social and environmental standards to apply in the field to assess the impact of REDD+ 2) Capacity development of local community members and local government bodies to monitor the parameters 3) Development of a social and environmental baseline, if required

. An ESMF is also planned to be prepared as an output of the implementation of the R-PP.

What is required under this section? . Identify priority non-carbon aspects directly pertinent to REDD+ implementation in Nepal. . Develop and operationalize a transparent National Forest Information Management System (NAFIMS) for monitoring and reporting consistent and periodic information on each of the identified priority non-carbon aspects. . Ensure/demonstrate that the information for agreed national priorities is readily available and reveals the impacts on identified priority non-carbon aspects directly pertinent to the implementation of REDD+ and safeguards, accounting for the specific provisions included in Nepal‟s ESMF. . If the system is not likely to be established by the readiness preparation period, identify gaps in the system and develop a time bound and budgeted work plan to address these gaps.

Proposed section/sub-sections

6.1 The National Forest Information Management System (NAFIMS) Building on the relevant work on-going or planned under R-PP implementation, . Establish the NAFIMS and describe the timeline in which it should be operational, and provide consistent and periodic information on priority carbon aspects;

. Demonstrate if the system is operational, or describe how the information for agreed national priorities will be readily available to reveal the impacts on identified priority non-carbon

aspects directly pertinent to the implementation of REDD+ and safeguards, considering the specific provisions included in Nepal‟s ESMF.

Points to consider in drafting section 6.1 . The system established for monitoring and reporting on safeguards should follow the guidance provided by COP 17 for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected. . COP 17 guidance on safeguards stipulates the following: a) Be consistent with the guidance identified in decision 1/CP.16 b) Provide transparent, consistent and regularly updated information accessible to all relevant stakeholders; c) Be transparent and flexible to allow for improvement over time d) Provide information on how all of the safeguards referred to in Appendix I to decision 1/CP.16 are being addressed and respected e) Be country driven and implemented at the national level f) Build on existing systems, as appropriate

REFERENCES

A. Angelsen et al. (2009); Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD): An Options Assessment Report, Prepared for the Government of Norway, www.REDD-OAR.org A. Angelsen et. al. (2008); What is the right scale for REDD? The implications of national, sub- national and nested approaches, InfoBrief, CIFOR, Nov. 2008

Expert Meeting Bonn, Germany (2009); PNG Views on Reference Emissions Levels and Reference Levels for REDD, Germany, 2012.

FCPF Readiness Fund (2011); Readiness Content and Assessment Approach, Concept Note – Draft for Feedback, Fund Management Team (FMT, 2011-14).

Government of Nepal/MFSC (2010); Nepal‟s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), REDD 2010 – 2013, Kathmandu, Nepal

Government of Indonesia, (???); Indonesia REDD+ Strategy

Herold, M. and M. M. Skutsch (2009), Measurement, Reporting and Verification for REDD+: Objectives, Capacities and Institutions in A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

IPCC, COP 17 Durban Decisions on Safeguards and FRL/REL

IPCC, COP 17 Durban Decisions on REDD+

Peskett, L and M. Brockhaus (2009), When REDD+ goes National: A Review of Realities, Opportunities and Challenges in A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

RECOFTC and FAO (2012); Forest and Climate Change After Durban: An Asia-Pacific Perspective, RECOFTC, FAO and CoDe REDD, April 2012, Bangkok, Thailand.

Rights and Resources Initiative (2012); What Rights? A Comparative Analysis of Developing Countries‟ National Legislation on Community and Indigenous Peoples‟ Forest Tenure Rights, RRI 2012

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2011); Readiness Preparation Proposal, revised version, 2009.

S. Swan, M. Bertzky and Lucy Goodman (2012); REDD+ Biodiversity Safeguards: Options for Developing National Approaches in Biodiversity and REDD+ Updates, June 2012, BioREDD Brief No. 2

Streck, C. (2009); Rights and REDD+: Legal and Regulatory Considerations in A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

Sunderlin, W. D. and S. Atmadja (2009); Is REDD+ an Idea Whose Time has come or gone? In A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

Sunderlin, W. D. et al. (2009); Forest Tenure Rights and REDD+: From Inertia to Policy Solutions in A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

The Philippines REDD+ Strategy (??); Prepared by The Philippines REDD-plus Strategy Team Spearheaded by Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Forest Management Bureau and CoDe REDD-plus Philippines

Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S and A. Angelsen (2009), Global and national REDD+ architecture: Linking institutions and actions, in A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

Vatn, A and A. Angelsen (2009), Options for a national REDD+ architecture in A. Angelsen edited Realizing REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options, CIFOR

ANNEX 1: NOTES ON ELLABORATIONS

1. Notes on natural resource rights 1) Rights can be categorized as use rights, control rights and transfer rights. In Nepal, forest use rights of citizens have historically been recognized both legally and customarily. However, before forest nationalization, only mukiyas and jimuwals exercised forest control rights as state functionaries. Currently, the executive committees of different participatory forestry regimes also exercise control rights to a certain extent. Transfer rights have often remained exclusively with the government. The governments has indiscriminately, and against the prevailing forest policy, been transferring the forest lands for other uses including settlements, infrastructure development, educational enterprises, high tension lines, irrigation canals, and hydropower plants.

2) Often the de-jure forest control rights holder (the forest department) fails to exercise their control rights to arrest deforestation and forest degradation due to a variety of reasons, including lack of resources and capacity. In the name of priority local development needs, government funds are invested in rural roads and other infrastructural developments against the prevailing policies and legal arrangements. These development activities contribute massively to deforestation and forest degradation.

3) There are many instances of conflicting sectoral policies in Nepal that create conflicting claims over forest products and land use and control rights, eventually resulting in failure of governance.

4) The definition of natural resource rights to forest products and the associated services such as water have also evolved over time, based on the accessibility and proximity to the location of the natural resources in question. There are distant users of forest lands/products, water bodies and irrigation facilities. Those living near the natural resource base enjoy more resource rights compared to those located away from the resource base. Accordingly, the nearby rights holders often tend to control the resource use and exclude the distant living legitimate rights holders. (For example: the recent case of yarchagomba collectors from distant districts getting killed in the Mustang area)

2. Notes on the forest law and policy assessment Nepal‟s forest policy and related laws have evolved over time. They have steadily embraced a people-centered and democratic approach. Yet there exist many disconnects between the policy and laws, and the intent of the policy gets lost during its implementation. Moreover, it is not clear as to what extent the forest policy and the relevant laws are conducive to REDD+ requirements, especially for tenure, rights and governance. So an assessment of forest policy and associated laws should build on the underlying causes of the drivers discussed in the previous section. It should discuss the extent to which the existing forest policy and laws clarify tenure

and rights issues, eliminate conflicting claims over the forests and/or forest resources, and facilitate good governance in the forestry sector.

3. Proposed steps for developing the strategic options section are: Building on the prioritized drivers and on the findings of the studies over the course of R-PP implementation, 1. Formulate robust and vetted REDD+ strategic options to address the drivers 2. Undertake a comprehensive feasibility assessment of each strategic option for the following components:  Socio-economic, political and institutional,  Cost and benefit in relation to peoples‟ livelihoods and biodiversity  Major risks associated with specific REDD+ strategic options, e.g. leakage, SESA identified environmental and social risks  Propose ways to manage and mitigate all such risks 3. Review each strategic option to ensure they are fully integrated with the country‟s overall development policies and strategies 4. Develop an action plan, including the funds required to implement the actions planned 5. Account for major inconsistencies between the objectives of the REDD+ strategy and policies/programs of other sectors (e.g. agriculture and irrigation, water and energy, tourism, roads and other infrastructure) 6. Provide ways to address and work to resolve such inconsistencies with the identified incentives

4. Key elements of Implementation Framework Implementation Framework: . Requires an institutional set up comprising all relevant stakeholders at the national, sub- national and local levels which is democratically governed with agreed roles and responsibilities, and manages the implementation of the REDD+ strategy in a transparent manner. . Requires a law/act and/or regulations for implementing REDD+ programs/projects which define: i. Role of government, resource managers/rights holders, carbon rights holders and other participants in REDD+ transactions, to share and deliver benefits ii. Provides a detailed procedure for participation in programs iii. Clarifies the land tenure and carbon rights iv. Clarifies how the carbon transactions will be managed in a transparent manner v. Clarifies financing modalities and procedures for official approval vi. Puts in place a mechanism for mediating and resolving conflict vii. Ensures that the system overall is transparent and equitable

. Requires that a national geo-referenced tracking system or registry is operational to manage information on the location, ownership, carbon accounting and financial flows for national and sub-national REDD+ programs and projects

. Finally, it also needs to clearly identify gaps remaining in the framework including required legal/regulatory reforms/changes and an estimate of the associated resource needs

5. Some Thoughts for consideration for Working on Benefit Sharing Mechanism for REDD+ in Nepal’s case

1. Who should benefit from REDD+?

1) Those directly responsible for undertaking actions to reduce D and FD must be rewarded and compensated 2) Costs incurred by the government and/or other agencies in establishing, administering and overseeing a system for REDD+ mechanism must also be recovered 3) Some revenue retention by the government must be defined and be sufficient enough to cover the costs of management and a small premium to encourage and reward compliance

2. Key Points to consider

. Benefits must be high enough to offset any opportunity costs that the forest users incur to undertake REDD+ actions. . Benefits should provide clear incentive for active participation in REDD+ . Benefits could be both monetary and non-monetary . Benefits could vary along the physiographic regions with the variation in the opportunity costs of forest use . Opportunity costs for different categories of users are likely to vary depending on the nature of use . This imposes practical limitations on making estimates for each category of REDD+ participants . Payment structure should also address the social goals in addition to rewarding for emissions reductions . Benefit sharing mechanism must ensure that all types of user households get a fair share of the benefit, especially women, IPs, forest dependent, marginalized and poor . Given REDD+ payments are performance based, a link must be established between revenue received and payments made to local forest managers/beneficiaries. It crucial to have:  A transparent structure and inclusive governance mechanism  It is advisable not to mix this with the government‟s regular financial system

3. What could Nepal do?

. Agree to the identification, definition and specification of Carbon Rights Holders . Design and agree on a payment structure for different types of rights holders based on their foregone opportunity costs of forest use due to implementing REDD+ actions . Make best use of the learning accumulated so far from REDD+ pilot projects (e.g., NORAD funded) and other sectors in Nepal and from other countries

. Work out an appropriate formula for benefit sharing among various stakeholders at the local level;

ANNEX 2: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL CONSULTATIONS

Regional Consultations were held in Pokhara (June 20/2012), Biratnagar (June 25/2012) and Nepalganj (June 28/2012) in coordination with the respective Regional Directors of Forests. Nepalganj consultations also had representatives and participants from the Far-Western Development Region. In each of the regional consultations, the presentation was followed by 4-5 group activities on selected topics. After every regional consultation, relevant outcomes were included in the document and the presentation was refined for subsequent consultation.

In the national consultation, a presentation refined after regional consultation was done followed by group work on four key elements of the national REDD+ strategy. The outcomes of the group work are presented below.

1. Group Work 1 on Forest Land Tenure

 Discuss your thoughts on land tenure, land tenure trends and the associated governance issues

 Document your findings in clearly understandable bullet points or statements

Group Work Outcome

Existing Status of Forest Land Tenure: Public Forest land  Government, VDC . Forest in government ownership – government managed forests, protected forests, protected areas (national parks, forests in conservation areas, buffer zones), encroached forest areas . VDC owned forest lands are in and around villages and in river banks

. Community based forest lands  All forests formally handed over to communities for management and use and being managed by them, e.g. CF, Leasehold forests, religious forests

. Private forest lands: Those lands that hold forest formally registered as private forest or not registered.

Forest land use trend . Rapid change from forest land use to other land uses due to encroachment or ownership change by the government (roads, schools, high tension lines, irrigation and many more) . Dual ownership exists over the community and collaborative management forests

Governance issues . Governance issues are clearly visible in the dual role of government as a prosecutor and a facilitator for the same forest area

. Forests in the Terai are more government controlled as opposed to the forests in the Hills where communities control and regulate the forest for protection, management and use.

2. Group work 2 on Forest and Carbon Rights 1) Discuss and document type of rights over forests – both de-jure and de-facto 2) Discuss and document key rights related issues in the context of REDD+ 3) Discuss and agree on which stakeholder and/or beneficiary groups should have carbon rights and why. Present the group findings on 1, 2, 3 in bulleted points or statements

Group work outcomes De-jure Forest Rights . State holds the property rights while communities hold the management rights over forests managed under community and collaborative management modalities. . So the question remains who owns the carbon benefit and in what proportion. . In addition, the customary rights over the forests also exist based on customary practices as is relevant in the case of the Chepang and Raute communities

Issues . There is insecurity of benefits due to inconsistent benefit sharing policies, strategies and mechanisms of the government. . Yet another issue is the sharing of benefits with distant users/contributors who are not part of forest management system.

Suggestions . Secure carbon rights of communities by policy frameworks . Include/recognize customary forest rights in the legal framework

3. Group Work 3 on Institutional Structures 1) Consider the proposed 5 national, 2 sub-national and 3 local level institutional structures for REDD+ 2) In case you agree as a group, provide your justification for agreeing 3) In case you don‟t agree, then a) provide reasons for disagreement and b) discuss and propose institutional structures with your group‟s justification Present group findings on 1, 2 and 3 in bulleted points or statements.

Group Work Outcomes

Group proposed following institutions at different levels At National Level 1) Apex Body 2) REDD Working Group 3) Forest Carbon Trust Fund 4) MRV institution in which monitoring is government led, reporting is multi-stakeholder led and verification is third party

5) A multi-stakeholder forum to work as a watch dog At Sub-National Level 1) DFCC for information management system 2) Community groups for local database management 3) REDD secretariat at DFO or Regional Directorate, or direct link with MRV institution and Trust Fund at the national level

At local level 1) CBO‟s forum 2) Technical Forum/Group (comprising DFO/DFCC other district line agencies 3) Fund distribution/awareness/conservation

4. Group Work 4 on Benefit Sharing Mechanism 1) Which of the stakeholders at which level, the group considers should get benefit from REDD+? 2) Which stakeholders should get monetary or non-monetary or both benefits? 3) What % of carbon payment should go as benefit to which stakeholder group? Why? 4) What could be minimum procedural norms to ensure good governance in BS?

Present the findings of group work in bulleted points or specific statements.

Group Work Outcomes 1) Stakeholders for benefit sharing at different levels should be:  At central/federal government level: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation  At regional/provincial level: Regional/provincial level government  At local and user level: DFO, DDC, VDC and the users/managers of forests

2) Benefit sharing mechanism  Those directly involved, e.g., indigenous peoples and CFUGs, should get direct monetary or non-monetary benefits  Rights holders and stakeholders should be properly defined. Rights holders should get 70% of the benefit whereas the stakeholders should get 30%.

3) The minimum procedural norm should follow a multi-stakeholder approach that is government led.

Annexes 6-11 are in separate documents due to size

Annex- 12: Contribution of the Hariyo Ban Program to the implementation, review and formulation of GON Strategies, Policies and Plans in Year 1

Contribution to implementation of Contribution to review of Contribution to formulation of Year 1 Activity existing plans and policies existing plans and policies new plans and policies Biodiversity Conservation Component: Species Action Plans: Snow leopard, Studies on focal species (snow Rhinoceros and Elephant Conservation leopard, rhino and elephant) (all PA Management Plans Action Plans/management plans of studies are ongoing) protected areas TAL strategy; Threat assessments of critical Protection Forest (PF) Management corridors Plans Species action plans, PA and PF Community based antipoaching Management Plans; GoN's commitment initiatives and capacity building to double tiger numbers in 2022 Human wildlife conflict study and PA management plans related activities Black buck reintroduction Suklaphanta WR Management Plan

ACA Management Plan: discourse on CHAL study handover of ACA to local communities PA and PF Management Plans and Invasive species control community forest operation plans Governance (PGA, PHPA, PWBR) Community Forestry Development

and Livelihood improvement Guidelines 2009

Inclusion MoFSC; National plan of action for Implementation of gender and social Member in Gender Task Force mainstreaming gender and climate inclusion provisions mentioned in created by Ministry of Forest and Soil change efforts in Nepal in Community Forestry Development Conservation leadership of Ministry of Guideline, 2009 Environment

CLAC and other social mobilization Community Forestry Development and advocacy initiatives at the CFUGs Guidelines 2009 Sustainable Landscapes Component REDD+ Strategy Framework development Contribute for the implementation of

Support strengthening of institutional RPP of Nepal framework REDD Cell

National Land Use Policy development support (participation in New National Land Use Policy of the steering committee - cost share Nepal activity)

Guideline for hiring chief Support provided to MoFSC for executive officers of parastatal policy development organizations under MoFSC

Contribution to implementation of Contribution to review of Contribution to formulation of Year 1 Activity existing plans and policies existing plans and policies new plans and policies Support to issue based advocacy for developing REDD+ strategy and REDD+ policies, strategies and REDD benefit sharing guidelines mechanism development REDD+ social and environmental Consultation with interest groups on safeguards as envisaged in the draft country level SES indicators RPP Contribute to develop equitable Review of existing benefit sharing benefit sharing mechanism of mechanism REDD+ Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation analyzed and addressed Biogas and ICS support to local Contribute to GoN's policy to maintain at communities least 40% forest cover in Nepal Forest fire and hazard management training and equipment support

Contribute to implement CF Policy and CFOP renewal support CFDG 2009

Climate Change Adaptation Component: Supporting government and civil society representatives on climate NAPA, LAPA and Climate Change change issues and gender-equitable Policy and socially inclusive adaptation practices

Contribution to implementation of Contribution to review of Contribution to formulation of Year 1 Activity existing plans and policies existing plans and policies new plans and policies Support development and implementation of gender equitable NAPA, LAPA and Climate Change and socially inclusive community Policy adaptation plans (CAPs) Support implementation of the PM&E for vulnerability monitoring by building capacity of the local NAPA, LAPA and Climate Change authorities and CBOs and Policy institutionalization of monitoring system Support CFUGs, FECOFUN and other CBO federations to conduct evidence-based advocacy campaigns, NAPA, LAPA and Climate Change participate in critical policy dialogues, Policy and disseminate climate and adaptation information to their constituencies

Annex13: Progress on Performance Monitoring Plan Year 1

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target

Goal: To reduce adverse impacts of climate change and threats to biodiversity in Nepal

G 1: Amount of GHG emissions (MT of CO equivalent) will be MT of GHG Source 2 1645 million 3.3 million 0.063 million reduced or sequestered as a result of USG assistance (CO2e) indicator: 2.3

G 2: By August, 2016, a total of 15,000 people will receive USG Source supported training in global climate change including UNFCCC, # of people - 15,000 274 indicator: 3.1.2 greenhouse gas inventories, and adaptation analysis

G 3: By August, 2016, a total of 50,000 people will directly benefit Source # of people - 50,000 1,897 from IGAs and alternative energy in priority sites in TAL and CHAL. indicator: 2.3.2

Source G 4: By August 2016, a total of 120,000 people will participate in # of people - 120,000 5,388 indicators: 2.2.2 USG supported REDD+ and climate adaptation activities. and 3.13

G 5: By August 2016, hectares of biological significance (forest, Source wetlands, and grasslands) under improved management will increase 1,788,614 500,000 ha Ha. 711.25 ha indicators: 1.1 from the current 1,788,614 hectares l by 500,000 hectares with ha and 2.1 cumulative figure 2,288,614 hectares

G 6: By August, 2016, % of men and women consider the ecosystem CHAL: CHAL: Will be measured status improved in the last five years and their livelihood improved % of men 81.1% 91.1% NA through special through benefits from ecosystem services will increase by 10% from and women survey baseline TAL:83.3% TAL: 93.3%

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target IR 1: Biodiversity conserved

Reduce threats to biodiversity in target landscape(s)

1.1: By August 2016, hectares of biological significance (forest, wetlands, and grasslands) under improved management will increase 1,788,614 500,000 ha Source ha 610 ha from the current 1,788,614 hectares l by 500,000 hectares with ha indicator: 1.2.1 cumulative figure 2,288,614 hectares

Tiger: 43 Rhino: 116 Population Tiger: 155 1.2: Increase in populations of focal species Gharial size of focal Rhino: 534 population

species Gharial will be maintained at 2011 population. Sub-IR 1.1: Threat to targeted species reduced

1.1.1: By August, 2016, the annual rate of rhino poaching will be 15 rhinos CBAPUs reduced by 80% from the baseline poached 2010) mobilization

4 CBAPUs formed in CHAL: TAL: 20 173 CBAPU # of TAL: 378 new 1.1.2: # of CBAPUs formed, strengthened and mobilized members oriented CBAPU CHAL: 33 CHAL: 10 and trained on new anti-poaching activities in TAL

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target Sub-IR 1.2: Threat to targeted landscapes reduced 1.2.1 Ha of biodiverse area (forest, wetlands, grasslands) under 610 ha. improved management 1.2.2: By August 2016, 7000 people in TAL and CHAL area will # of people - 7,000 1,500 receive training in NRM and/or biodiversity conservation. 45 sub- watershed mgmt. plans 4 critical sub- developed watersheds have been # of and 32 are 1.2.3: By August 2016, a total of 8 sub-watershed management plans implemented identified to watershed 8 0 will be developed and implemented in TAL and CHAL areas (Gorkha, prepare sub plans Lamjung, watershed Parbat, management Baglung, plan Myagdi and Mustang)

Sub-IR 1.3: Internal governance of community groups responsible for ecosystem management strengthened

SAGUN area: PGA PGA conducted Conducted by Increase by 136 CFUGs; 1.3.1: By August 2016, number of NRM groups with strengthened # of NRM 1,381 FUGs; 20% from PHPA by 118 and governance practices will increase by 20% from the baseline. groups PHPA by 2,114 FUGs baseline PWBR by 99 and PWBR by CFUGs 1,381 FUGs

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target

Sub-IR 1.4: Income from sustainable sources of livelihood for forest dependent communities increased

224 (LIPs 1.4.1: By August 2016, number of forest dependent people with prepared for 45 increased economic benefits from sustainable natural resource # of People 46,440 25,000 HHs); management and conservation will increase from the current 46,440 4 ecotourism sites by 25000 with a total of 71,440 identified

1.4.2: By August 2016, 10000 people will benefit from green # of People - 10000 enterprises (revenue generated from green enterprises

Sub-IR 1.5: creation, amendment and enforcement of biodiversity policies and strategies supported

HB will contribute to update National Biodiversity Strategy 2002 and 1.5.1: By August 2016, GoN will be supported to review and analyze # of 2 new and 2 its implementation 2 policies / strategies and to formulate 2 new policies/strategies policies/ - existing plan; Supporting related to bio-diversity conservation. strategies the process of ACA management handover to CAMC

# of 1.5.2: By August 2016, 50 issue based campaigns will be supported. - 50 85 campaigns

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target

IR 2: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission, reduced and sequestration enhanced Build the structures, capacity and operations necessary for effective sustainable landscape management, especially reducing emissions from deforestation & forest degradation (REDD+) readiness

2.1: By August 2016, hectares of deforested and degraded forest area under improved biophysical condition will increase from the current 101.25 ha Area (ha) 605,217 ha 25,000 ha 605,217 hectares by 25,000 hectares a total of 6,30,217with plantation cumulative figure at Z level

TAL : TAL: 0.19% 2.2: Annual rate of deforestation and forest degradation in the target 0.15% CHAL: landscape will be reduced CHAL: 0.97% 0.75% Forest Carbon 2.3: By August 2016, 3.3 million MT of GHG emissions (MT of CO 3.3 million Will be 2 Stock (CO2 0.063 million equivalent) will be reduced or sequestered as a result of USG MT of CO MT measured in 2 equivalent)- metric ton assistance Year 3 Total: 1,645 million MT

Sub-IR 2.1: Analysis, formulation and execution of REDD+ policies and strategies supported

Developed a frame- 2.1.1: By August 2016, three national REDD+ related policies and # of work structure for 3 policies / strategies will be proposed, approved or implemented with support policies/strat guiding the strategies from Hariyo Ban Program. egies national REDD+ strategy.

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target Sub-IR 2.2: Capacity for forest inventory and GHG monitoring and equitable benefit sharing developed 2.2.1: By August 2016, a total of 6,500 persons from government and Participants civil society will receive capacity building training in forest inventory from training # of people 6,500 35 and GHG monitoring, equitable benefit sharing, and REDD+ issues under Sub IR (baseline: 298 persons in 2010) 2.2 Includes all 2.2.2: By August 2016, a total of 41,000 persons will participate in participants GHG monitoring, equitable benefit sharing and REDD related # of people 41,000 2,124 from all active- activities. ties under IR 2 Sub-IR 2.3: Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation analysis and address 89 FOPs have been selected for revision. 19 LRPs have been trained 2.3.1: By August 2016, 1,000 community forest operation plans will be # of FOPs 201 1,000 in constitution and revised/prepared in line with REDD+ guidelines from the current FOP preparation including forest survey and forest resource inventory 2.3.2: By August 2016, a total of 45,000 people will directly benefit 278 biogas units 1,897 from alternative energy (biogas, ICS, metal stoves) reducing threats to # of people 45,000 installed in 278

deforestation and degradation. HHs 2.3.3: By August 2016, a total of 750 PVSE and marginal farmers # of PVSE (traditionally including marginalized ethnic minority/religious and marginal 750 0 minority groups) will receive skill based training farmers

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target Forest fire Medium (TAL & CHAL): High Grazing Threat 2.3.4: By August 2016, level of key threats will be reduced in priority (TAL and Medium assessment sites (e.g.: forest fires, grazing and illegal timber felling) from the NA CHAL): conducted in current X level to Y level. High Illegal priority sites timber felling (TAL): Very Medium High

Sub-IR 2.4: Payment schemes for carbon credits and other ecosystem services tested and expanded

Site selection, development of the ToR, and 2.4.1: By August 2016, revenue generated from successfully piloted Revenue discussions with PES schemes e.g. biogas, forest carbon, ecotourism, hydropower etc 1,156,942 generated 529,265 the AEPC & BSP in CHAL and TAL will increase from the current USD 1156942 by US$ (US$) were undertaken USD 529,262 with a total of USD 1,686,207 for a second Gold Standard Biogas program.

IR 3. Capacity to adapt to adverse impacts of climate change improved

Increase the ability of target human & ecological communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change 3.1: By August 2016, a total of 12,000 persons will have improved # of people 12,000 adaptive capacity to cope with adverse impacts of climate change.

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target This indicator is 3.2: By August 2016, rate of deforestation and degradation in forests, similar to 2.2. and degradation in wetlands (e.g. invasive species, sedimentation and So will be conversion to agriculture) from non-climate stresses will be reduced. measured accordingly. 3.3: By August 2016, a total of 150 organizations (government and # of civil society) will mainstream climate change adaptation into their organization 150 NA policies and plans and implement them. s Sub-IR 3.1: Government and civil society understanding on vulnerabilities of climate change and adaptation options

increased

Government and civil society organizations 3.1.1: By August 2016, 1,500 organizations (government, civil # of capacitated on society and academia) will undertake capacity building activities organization 1,500 NA ICVCA who will related to climate change vulnerability and adaptation. s undertake capacity building activities in Year 2 and onwards

3.1.2: By August 2016, 9,000 persons (government and civil society) # of people 9,000 274 will receive training in climate change adaptation.

3.1.3: By August 2016, 100,000 persons will participate in climate # of people 100,000 3,264 change adaptation related activities and events

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target Sub-IR 3.2: Participatory and simplified system for vulnerability monitoring established CAP preparation # of 3.2.1: By August 2016, 12000 vulnerable people will benefit from the is in process and vulnerable 12,000 NA implementation of Community Adaptation Plans (CAPs) will be implem- people ented in Year 2 14 vulnerable sites identified. # of 3.2.2: By August 2016, 80 vulnerable sites will be showing improved Plan will be vulnerable 80 NA biophysical condition after implementing CAPs. prepared and sites implemented in Year 2 Sub-IR 3.3: Pilot demonstration actions for vulnerability reduction conducted and expanded Capacity of govt. and civil society 3.3.1: By August 2016, 120 organizations (government and civil # of organizations society) will be using standard participatory vulnerability monitoring organization 120 NA enhanced through system and tools. s PMERL ToT; PMERL included in CAP Sub-IR 3.4: Creation, amendment and execution of adaptation policies and strategies supported Inputs provided to MOEST on gender 3.4.1: By August 2016, three policies and strategies on climate # of and climate change; change adaptation will be proposed, adopted or implemented (new policies/strat 3 3 LAPA framework and/or amended). egies and climate change policy shard with communities

Overall Indicators Unit Baseline Year I Progress Remarks Target 3.4.2: By August 2016, 55 advocacy campaigns of civil society # of advocacy 55 85 organizations will be supported. campaigns 3.4.3: By August 2016, 700 local level plans (watershed management # of local plans, LAPAs, Forest Operational Plans, VDC Annual Plans etc.) will 700 Not applicable level plans integrate climate change adaptation. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

Strengthened role of women and marginalized communities in NRM and biodiversity conservation at least 50% % of women, Women: women marginalized 33% representation % of women, marginalized and socially excluded people represented and socially Janajatis: in 40% of all in NRM groups excluded 49% CFUGs which communities Dalits: 18% Hariyo Ban will work with These indicators were developed only in September 2012 due to % of men and women reporting reduction in gender based violence at % of men realization of the household and community level in relation to NRM and biodiversity TBD TBD need for separate and women conservation indicators for GESI. Hence, the baselines and targets will be set later on a rolling basis by June 2013. Gender equality and social inclusion mainstreamed in national government policies related to biodiversity conservation, REDD+ and TBD TBD climate change adaptation (Baseline-TBD)

Annex 14: International travel undertaken during September 2011 to September 2012

Who From To Number Purpose Trips Taken

WWF US program staff US Nepal 4 Climate adaptation training

WWF Finance & Admin staff US Nepal 4 Finance and administration support

COP & family member US Nepal 2 COP, Spouse travel to Nepal COP family member visit to Nepal - expatriate COP family member US Nepal 1 allowance Attend 1st Meeting of the South Asia Wildlife WWF staff Nepal Sri Lanka 1 Enforcement Network WWF/Hariyo Ban staff Nepal India 2 Attend Tiger Recovery Stocktaking meeting WWF climate staff Nepal Germany 1 Attend UNFCCC Meeting/SBSTA Attend International Conference on Inter- WWF staff Nepal Sri Lanka 1 Religious Dialogue on climate change and biodiversity Rio+20 United Nations Conference on FECOFUN staff Nepal Brazil 1 Sustainable Development

Attend training in US on control of water NARC staff Nepal USA 2 hyacinth using insects

COP & family member Nepal USA 2 COP home leave - expatriate allowance