Review of Selected Species Subject to Long-Standing No Opinions

UNEP-WCMC technical report Review of selected species subject to long-standing no opinions Part I: Plants (Version edited for public release) Review of selected species subject to long-standing no opinions: Part I Plants Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate F - Global Sustainable Development, Unit F3 - Multilateral Environmental Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium. Published January 2017 Copyright European Commission 2017 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2017. Review of selected species subject to long-standing no opinions: Part I Plants. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The United Nations Environment’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the UN Environment, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice. 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Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Cactaceae from Peru – Overview of status, management and trade ............................................................... 3 Corryocactus brevistylus II/B .............................................................................................................................. 7 Echinopsis pachanoi II/B ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Echinopsis peruviana II/B ................................................................................................................................... 14 Pachypodium horombense II/B ........................................................................................................................... 18 Swietenia macrophylla II/B ................................................................................................................................. 21 Aquilaria malaccensis II/B ................................................................................................................................. 29 i Introduction Introduction This document provides reviews of six species/country combinations of plant species currently subject to long-standing no opinions. The document is provided to inform discussions by the Scientific Review Group (SRG) as to whether these opinions may still be warranted. The EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (Council Regulation EC No. 338/97) refer to the concept of ‘opinions’ of the Scientific Review Group (SRG) (e.g. in Articles 4.1a, 4.2a and 17.2b); however such opinions are not defined by the Regulation. Historically, ‘no opinions’ were formed in a variety of circumstances, including in the absence of trade, or when there was a lack of specific information on which to form a confident positive or negative opinion for a particular taxon/country combination. In order to standardise the use of No opinions, three different types of No opinion were defined by the SRG in June 2011. From then onwards, the type of No opinion and its definition were included in the SRG Summary of Conclusions and reflected in the UNEP-WCMC Database (www.speciesplus.net). No opinion i) - no significant trade anticipated. The species is not currently (or is only rarely) in trade, and no significant trade in relation to the conservation status of the species is anticipated No opinion ii) – decision deferred. There are insufficient data on the species. No opinion iii) – referral to the SRG. The species is not currently (or is only rarely) in trade, but significant trade in relation to the conservation status of the species could be anticipated. 2 Cactaceae overview Cactaceae from Peru – Overview of status, management and trade A no opinion iii) for all Cactaceae species from Peru was formed on 30/11/2009. Trade patterns The family Cactaceae were listed in CITES Appendix II on 01/07/1975 and in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997. Peru has submitted annual reports for years 2007-2015, but has not yet submitted an annual report for 2006. Direct exports of Cactaceae to the EU-28 primarily comprised moderate levels of artificially propagated live plants and stems and wild-sourced stems exported for commercial purposes (Table 1). According to trade data reported by the EU-28, no artificially propagated live plants were imported 2010-2014, and reported imports in 2015 were much lower than in the years 2006-2009 (20 live plants in 2015 compared to 1682 in 2009). No direct trade in wild-sourced stems to the EU-28 have been reported by importers since 2012 or by Peru since 2013. Direct trade from Peru to countries other than the EU-28 was mainly wild-sourced stems and artificially propagated live plants. There was no indirect trade in Cactaceae originating in Peru to the EU-28 over the period 2006-2015. Direct exports of Cactaceae from Peru to the EU-28 and the rest of the world comprised products from 107 species within 32 genera. Products were also reported in trade at the genera (10) and family level. The majority of these taxa had low levels of trade over the period 2006-2015; only eight taxa had more than 1000 units of any term exported over the 10 year period. Of these, four had trade of over 1000 units of wild-sourced products: Corryocactus brevistylus, Echinopsis spp. E. pachanoi, and E. peruviana (endemic to Peru). There are no provisions in Resolution Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP17) for trade in cacti species to be accepted at the genus level and no trade at the genus level has been reported by EU importers since 2007. Therefore, Corryocactus brevistylus, E. pachanoi and E. peruviana are reviewed in the following sections. Trade in cacti reported at the family level (Cactaceae spp.) for commercial purposes comprised five artificially propagated live plants imported by the EU-28 in 2007 and moderate levels of live plants and stems imported by countries other than the EU-28, mainly the United States. This trade is not discussed further. Conservation status Peru is part of the second most diverse region for cacti globally (Oldfield, 1997), and, for its size, a large number of cacti species occur in the country. There are currently 146 cacti species recorded in Peru (Hunt, 2016), the majority of which are endemic. Many of Peru’s cacti species are found in the Andean region (Oldfield, 1997). Peru has been noted as a priority country for Cactaceae conservation (Ortega-Baes and Godínez- Alvarez, 2006). Fifteen endemic taxa have been found in National Parks (Arakaki et al., 2006). Of the Peruvian cacti species that have been assessed for the IUCN Red List (139 species), the majority (59%) have been categorised as Least Concern. Approximately a fifth have been categorised as globally threatened (Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered) and 19 species are Data Deficient (IUCN, 2016). The majority of species occurring in Peru (62%) are considered to have a globally stable population (IUCN, 2016). Of the 93 endemic cacti, 31% are considered threatened (IUCN, 2016). 3 Cactaceae overview Globally, cacti are threatened by collection for trade and loss of habitat (Boyle and Anderson, 2002). Cacti in Peru face the same threats; collection for use as ornamental plants or as cacti products (Goettsch et al., 2015) and by loss of habitat through land conversion (Ostolaza, 2014; IUCN, 2016). Peru has been noted to have a high proportion of threatened cacti species (Goettsch et al., 2015). Thirty-four species are categorised as threatened on Peru’s National Red List (Salazar, 20111). Cacti are utilised in Peru, inter alia, for ornamental plants, food, medicine, and to make “rain sticks” (dried stems of columnar cacti sealed and filled with sand, pebbles, or similar) (Ostolaza, 2014). Stricter domestic measures on exports of fauna and flora have been applied by Peru since 28/08/1989. According to Notification 2006/013 issued on 14/02/2006, the export of all specimens of wild cacti was

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