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Lessons Learnt from the Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

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Lessons Learnt from the Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Decentralization has become an important reform process of forest management in many parts of the world. It is unfortunate that in Indonesia, decentralization has been rather abruptly implemented due to the fact that the process of decentralization was parallel with the government reform from highly centralized New Order Government into more democratic decentralized government. The project “Managing Forest Resources in a Decentralized Environment: Lessons Learnt from the TECHNICAL REPORT OF ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F) PD 39/00 Rev. OF ITTO REPORT TECHNICAL Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia” is the technical report of ITTO Project PD 39/00 Rev.3(F) so called Sustainable Collaborative Forest Management: Meeting the Challenges of Decentralization in the Bulungan Model Forest. This book documents the situation just prior to the reform era, the tumultuous reform era, and post reform era. This period is where the processes of forest governance have been somewhat chaotic, but at the same time provide an interesting opportunity for research on the implementation of SFM at the district level of government. The reports reveals some emerging issues namely: Implementing decentralization policies, securing forest livelihoods, alternative uses for forest resources, intensification of forest use, prompting conservation of forest and resources, forest and health and the role of research in managing forests for livelihoods. Petrus Gunarso was the project coordinator of ITTO Project PD 39/00 Rev.3(F), a scientist seconded from the Ministry of Forestry to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in Bogor, Indonesia. Titiek Setyawati is a Scientist of Forestry Research and Development (FORDA) of the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. Terry Sunderland is a Scientist at CIFOR, specializing in issues surrounding conservation and development and Charlie Shackleton is a Professor of Environmental Science at Rhodes University in South Africa. MANAGING FOREST RESOURCES IN A DECENTRALIZED ENVIRONMENT Lessons Learnt from the Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia PATEN MAL KABU INAU Editors Petrus Gunarso, Titiek Setyawati, Terry Sunderland and Charlie Shackleton I N T I M U N G TECHNICAL REPORT OF ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F) Sustainable Collaborative Forest Management: Meeting the Challenges of Decentralization in the Bulungan Model Forest MANAGING FOREST RESOURCES IN A DECENTRALIZED ENVIRONMENT Lessons Learnt from the Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Editors Petrus Gunarso, Titiek Setyawati, Terry Sunderland and Charlie Shackleton TECHNICAL REPORT OF ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F) Sustainable Collaborative Forest Management: Meeting the Challenges of Decentralization in the Bulungan Model Forest This document has been produced with the financial assistance of ITTO, Ministry of Forestry Republic of Indonesia, CIFOR, District Government of Malinau-East Kalimantan, PT Inhutani II, DfID, BMZ, the John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation and IRD. Part of this document has been produced with the additional financial assisstance of EU and IFAD. Disclaimer The views expressed in this document can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of ITTO, Ministry of Forestry Republic of Indonesia, District Government of Malinau-East Kalimantan, PT Inhutani II, DfID, BMZ, the John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation, IRD, EU and IFAD. © Copyright 2007 CIFOR & ITTO All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior permission of the publishers. Cover photos by Hari Priyadi, Eko Prianto and Ryan Woo Graphic design and layout by Eko Prianto Gunarso, P. et al. (eds.) Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia/edited by Petrus Gunarso, Titiek Setyawati, Terry Sunderland and Charlie Shackleton. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2007. ISBN: 978-979-24-4688-3 190p. (Technical Report of ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F)) CABI thesaurus: 1. natural resources 2. forest management 3. decentralization 4. local government 5. urbanization 6. forests 7. utilization 8. nature conservation 9. land use planning 10. reduced-impact logging 11. wildlife conservation 12. health 13. social change 14. East Kalimantan 15. Indonesia 16. research projects Published by: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Mailing address: CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research) P.O. Box 0113 BOCBD, Bogor 16000 Indonesia TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V FOREWORD VI ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 TRADE-OFFS AND ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS OF FOREST-DEPENDENT PEOPLE IN THE MALINAU RESEARCH FOREST 9 CHAPTER 3 EXAMINING THE CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCAL PEOPLES’ PERCEPTIONS AND USES OF DIFFERENT FORESTED LANDSCAPES 27 CHAPTER 4 WILL FORESTS REMAIN IN THE FACE OF OIL PALM EXPANSION? A SIMULATION MODEL FOR MALINAU, INDONESIA 47 CHAPTER 5 FACILITATING COOPERATION DURING TIMES OF CHAOS: SPONTANEOUS ORDERS AND MUDDLING THROUGH IN MALINAU DISTRICT, INDONESIA 65 CHAPTER 6 INTERACTIVE LAND-USE PLANNING IN INDONESIA RAINFOREST LANDSCAPES: RECONNECTING PLANS TO PRACTICE 75 iv TECHNICAL REPORT OF ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F) CHAPTER 7 REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING: BENEFITS AND CONSTRAINTS 87 CHAPTER 8 COMMUNITY-BASED FORESTRY AND MANAGEMENT PLANNING 107 CHAPTER 9 THE QUANTIFICATION AND USE OF WOOD WASTE FOR COMMUNITY-LEVEL INCOME-GENERATION INITIATIVES 129 CHAPTER 10 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN BORNEAN TIMBER CONCESSIONS 143 CHAPTER 11 BACK TO THE TREES? DIET AND HEALTH AS INDICATORS OF ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE PUNAN TUBU IN THE MALINAU RESEARCH FOREST 157 CHAPTER 12 TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS IN TROPICAL FORESTS: LESSONS AND CONCLUSIONS 181 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CIFOR and FORDA, as the Project Executing Agencies and Project Implementing Agencies respectively, wish to thank ITTO, the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, IRD, PT. Inhutani II, the District Government of Malinau, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation, WWF-Indonesia, Tropenbos International Indonesia Programme, LIPI, BIOMA, UNMUL, NC-IUCN, all Steering Committee members, and all partners and collaborators for their support in the execution of the project. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the people of Malinau who contributed significantly to the successful implementation of the project. The editors wish to thank the following people who commented on this book in whole or in part: Carol Colfer, Edmond Dounias, Patrice Levang, Douglas Sheil and Eva Wollenberg. Two anonymous referees provide comprehensive and detailed comments and suggestions of the entire manuscript. FOREWORD The devolution of forest management from central to provincial and district governments has been a dominant feature in national forestry sectors around the world in recent years. In Indonesia, decentralization was implemented abruptly as part of many government reforms that marked the country’s transition from the highly centralized control of the New Order regime to the democratic and decentralized government of today. Indonesia’s experience with decentralization is evident in the name of the forest where the research was undertaken. The Bulungan Model Forest of the first phase had transformed into the Malinau Research Forest by the time the second phase of the ITTO project began in 2002, given there was a newly-created district. The Bulungan Model Forest Project documented the decentralization process from just prior to the reform era, through the tumultuous reform years themselves, and on to the current post reform period. Forest governance was relatively chaotic, while also offering challenging opportunities to implement sustainable forest management at the district level of government. During the second phase, the Malinau Research Forest Project implemented an approach based on integrated natural resource management (INRM), and included research on reduced-impact logging (RIL), community based forest management (CBFM), community health, and conflict resolution. The four years of research during this phase delivered a broad array of outcomes, especially in the area of balancing the national and local development role of forests with their important conservation and environmental service roles. The invitation to link the Malinau forests with the international network of Model Forests along with the local government’s decision to declare Malinau as a Conservation District, are all indicators of the positive ancillary impact of the project has had on the district. It is all the more significant when considered in terms of what has happened in other districts where local governments often seek income through the short term extraction of natural resources, rather than looking towards the longer term sustainable provision of environmental services. TECHNICAL REPORT OF ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F) vii A range of indicators, including stakeholder and communication surveys, suggest the project has been successful in communicating and restituting results to local stakeholders.
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