DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Variation and DNA Barcoding of the Endangered

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Variation and DNA Barcoding of the Endangered DOI: 10.5152/forestist.2020.20009 2020, 70(2): 85-94 Original Article Genetic variation and DNA barcoding of the endangered agarwood-producing Aquilaria beccariana (Thymelaeaceae) populations from the Malesia Region Malezya Bölgesinde nesli tükenmekte olan Aquilaria beccariana (Thymelaeaceae) popülasyonlarının genetik varyasyonu ve DNA barkodu Yu Cong Pern , Shiou Yih Lee , Norizah Kamarudin , Rozi Mohamed Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT The endangered agarwood-producing Aquilaria beccariana is reportedly secluded in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula (MPen) and more dispersed in the northern and central regions of the Borneo Island (Bor). The two are geographically separated by the South China Sea. Fresh leaf samples from 47 individuals were collected from six natural populations, including Mersing (MERS) of MPen; Upper Baram (BARA1), Marudi (BARA2), and Lawas (LAWA) of Sarawak; Tongod (TONG) of Sabah, and Kalimantan (KALI) of Indonesia, to study their phylogenetic relationship. Seven non-coding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were amplified and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Several closely related Aquilaria species were included to demonstrate the molecular position of A. beccariana. Phy- logenetic analysis, median-joining (MJ) network, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) assembled the six populations into two major clusters, MPen and Bor, when using the combined cpDNA dataset, whereas the Bor populations were further clustered into northern and central populations. DNA barcoding analysis using the combined trnL–trnF+ITS2 loci of 12 Aquilaria species revealed that species discrimination is possible for A. beccariana at both species and population levels. In conclusion, this work provides useful genetic information that may help in the management and conservation of agarwood resources. Keywords: Chloroplast DNA, conservation genetics, gene fragment region Cite this paper as: ÖZ Pern, Y.C., Lee, S.Y., Kamarudin, N., Mohamed, Nesli tükenmekte olan Aquilaria beccariana'nın Malay Yarımadası'nda (MPen) güney bölgesinde az rast- R., 2020. Genetic variation landığı ve Borneo Adası'nın (Bor) kuzey ve merkezi bölgelerinde de daha dağınık olarak bulunduğu bildiril- and DNA barcoding mektedir. Güney Çin Denizi, coğrafi olarak ikiye ayrılmış bulunmaktadır. Filogenetik ilişkilerin incelenmesi için, altı doğal popülasyonda 47 bireyden yaprak örnekleri alınmıştır, bu gruplar Saravak'ın Yukarı Baram of the endangered (BARA1), Marudi (BARA2) ve Lawas (LAWA); Sabah'dan Tongod (TONG) ve Endonezya'dan Kalimantan agarwood-producing (KALI)’dır. Yedi kodlayıcı olmayan kloroplast DNA (cpDNA) bölgesi ve nükleer dahili kopyalanmış aralayıcı Aquilaria beccariana (ITS) bölgesi, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) kullanılarak güçlendirilmiş ve sıralanmıştır. A. beccariana'nın (Thymelaeaceae) moleküler pozisyonunu göstermek için yakından ilişkili birkaç Aquilaria türü çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. populations from the Filogenetik analiz, medyan birleştirme (MJ) ağı ve ana koordinat analizi (PCoA) altı popülasyonu iki ana Malesia Region. Forestist kümede (MPen ve Bor) birleştirilmiştir, kombine cpDNA veri setini kullanılarak Bor popülasyonları ayrıca 70(2): 85-94. kuzey ve merkezi popülasyonlara kümelenmiştir. 12 Aquilaria türünün birleşik trnL – trnF + ITS2 lokusları kullanılarak yapılan DNA barkod analizi, hem tür hem de popülasyon düzeyinde A. beccariana için türleri Corresponding author: ayırt etmenin mümkün olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma Aquilaria beccariana kaynak- Rozi Mohamed larının yönetimi ve korunmasında yardımcı olabilecek yararlı genetik bilgiler sağlamaktadır. e-mail: [email protected] Anahtar Kelimeler: Kloroplast DNA, koruma genetiği, gen parçalanma bölgesi Received Date: 12.03.2020 INTRODUCTION Accepted Date: 23.04.2020 Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae), a tropical tree genus comprising 21 species, is widely distributed in the Available Online Date: 14.05.2020 Indo-Malesian region (Lee and Mohamed, 2016a). Aquilaria species are generally known for their abil- Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ity to produce the highly valued fragrant resin, agarwood, which is extensively used as a raw ingre- NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence. dient in perfumes, incense, and traditional medicine. Agarwood is traded in several assortments and 85 Pern et al. Genetic variation in A. beccariana 2020, 70(2): 85-94 derivatives, such as wood pieces, wood chips, powder, and most using sequence-characterized amplified region markers (Roslan importantly, essential oil (TRAFFIC East Asia-Taipei and TRAFFIC et al., 2017) and the barcode DNA-high resolution melting (Bar- Southeast Asia, 2005; Mohamed and Lee, 2016). The market value HRM) technique (Lee et al., 2019), but not the sequence-based of agarwood products is determined by the agarwood grading DNA barcoding technique. The latter is useful for species dis- system, which is collectively dependent upon fragrance strength crimination because agarwood is commonly traded in wood or and longevity, resin content, geographic origin, and purity (Mo- product forms, whereas Aquilaria species identification is nor- hamed and Lee, 2016). However, scarcity of agarwood natural mally facilitated by its flower and fruit (Tawan, 2004; Lee et al., resources became intensified due to critical standard evaluation 2016a). CITES has suggested improvements in the identification and increasingly demanding market, yielding a reduced supply in method for effective control of international agarwood trade agarwood (Azren et al., 2019; Jensen and Meilby, 2008). The genus (Barden, et al. 2000). Conventional identification methods, such Aquilaria is presently listed under Appendix II of the Convention as through wood anatomy, unfortunately have not identified on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) over scruti- agarwood at the species level (Gasson, 2011), whereas the pres- nized international trades (UNEP-WCMC, 2019). ence of counterfeits with similar wood anatomy features and texture to the Aquilaria spp. has made agarwood identification a Studies on A. beccariana are relatively more limited compared challenging task (Yin et al., 2016). Therefore, using effective mo- with researches on its close relative Aquilaria malaccensis. The lecular markers, such as from DNA barcoding techniques, could species is generally found in the Malesia region. Its natural pop- provide a rapid, accurate, and automatable agarwood species ulations in Malaysia are isolated in the southern region of the identification method at the species level (Hebert and Grego- Malay Peninsula, although it is more widely spread in Borneo ry, 2005). On another note, further investigation on their intra- Island (Faridah-Hanum et al., 2009). Aquilaria beccariana was specific genetic diversity can provide supporting information first discovered in Sarawak in 1893 by Odoardo Beccari, an Ital- toward promoting its genetic conservation. ian botanist, resulting in the epithet name “beccariana” (Tawan, 2004). Official herbarium records of the species were last report- Natural populations of A. beccariana are confined to limited ar- ed in 1971 in Mersing, Johor; 1992 in Sabah; and 2005 in Sarawak eas in the Malesia region, and information on their population (Faridah-Hanum et al. 2009). It is known to produce agarwood genetics is scant. In this study, we used sequence data for seven that is a livelihood source for the aboriginal people of Sarawak non-coding cpDNA regions (psbB-psbH, psbC-trnS, rps16-trnK, (Kanazawa, 2017). Several names are attributed to this species, trnL-trnF, rps16-trnQ, trnF-ndhJ, and trnL intron) and the internal such as gaharu tanduk (horned agarwood) or engkaras in Sar- transcribed spacer (ITS) region to estimate the level of intraspe- awak, whereas the Penan tribe identifies agarwood asgaharu cific variations of natural A. beccariana within and among the ba (mountain agarwood) (Dawend et al., 2005; Kanazawa, 2017). populations from the Malay Peninsula (MPen) and several parts Agarwood poachers were reported to be conducting destruc- of Borneo Island (Bor). In addition, we barcoded A. beccariana. tive harvesting, such as indiscriminate tree felling, in search of The addition of A. beccariana in the DNA barcoding database agarwood, although agarwood from natural A. beccariana pop- serves as a useful agarwood identification reference, specifically ulations are sustainably being harvested by aboriginal people as a tool in monitoring illegal agarwood trade and adulteration. (Kanazawa, 2008; Newton and Soehartono, 2001). Not all Aqui- laria trees in the wild produce agarwood (Barden et al., 2000). MATERIALS AND METHODS Agarwood formation involves a specific defense mechanism from the tree, protecting itself against pathogen infestation in Fresh leaf samples were collected from 47 individuals out of the its exposed tree stem wounds (Rasool and Mohamed, 2016). six differentA. beccariana natural populations. Among them, The regeneration rate of wild Aquilaria trees is low and inconsis- 12 individuals were from Mersing (MERS), Johor in the MPen; tent (Devi et al., 2019; Soehartono and Newton, 2001) due to the 12 individuals each were from both Upper Baram (BARA1) and over-exploitation of this species, and A. beccarriana population Marudi (BARA2), and six individuals were from Lawas (LAWA), is drastically declining over the years (Soehartono
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thymelaeaceae)
    Origin and diversification of the Australasian genera Pimelea and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae) by MOLEBOHENG CYNTHIA MOTS! Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Dr Michelle van der Bank Co-supervisors: Dr Barbara L. Rye Dr Vincent Savolainen JUNE 2009 AFFIDAVIT: MASTER'S AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This serves to confirm that I Moleboheng_Cynthia Motsi Full Name(s) and Surname ID Number 7808020422084 Student number 920108362 enrolled for the Qualification PhD Faculty _Science Herewith declare that my academic work is in line with the Plagiarism Policy of the University of Johannesburg which I am familiar. I further declare that the work presented in the thesis (minor dissertation/dissertation/thesis) is authentic and original unless clearly indicated otherwise and in such instances full reference to the source is acknowledged and I do not pretend to receive any credit for such acknowledged quotations, and that there is no copyright infringement in my work. I declare that no unethical research practices were used or material gained through dishonesty. I understand that plagiarism is a serious offence and that should I contravene the Plagiarism Policy notwithstanding signing this affidavit, I may be found guilty of a serious criminal offence (perjury) that would amongst other consequences compel the UJ to inform all other tertiary institutions of the offence and to issue a corresponding certificate of reprehensible academic conduct to whomever request such a certificate from the institution. Signed at _Johannesburg on this 31 of _July 2009 Signature Print name Moleboheng_Cynthia Motsi STAMP COMMISSIONER OF OATHS Affidavit certified by a Commissioner of Oaths This affidavit cordons with the requirements of the JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND COMMISSIONERS OF OATHS ACT 16 OF 1963 and the applicable Regulations published in the GG GNR 1258 of 21 July 1972; GN 903 of 10 July 1998; GN 109 of 2 February 2001 as amended.
    [Show full text]
  • CITES Appendix II
    PC20 Inf. 7 Annex 9 INTRODUCTION TO CITES AND AGARWOOD OVERVIEW Asian Regional Workshop on Agarwood; 22-24 November 2011 By Milena Sosa Schmidt, CITES Secretariat: [email protected] A bit of history Several genera from the family Thymeleaceae are agarwood producing taxa. These are: Aquilaria, Enkleia, Aetoxylon, Gonystylus, Wikstroemia, Gyrinops. They produce different qualities of agarwood from which Aquilaria seems to be the best (see Indonesia report of 2003). From these six genera we have currently three listed on CITES Appendix II. The history of these listings is as follows: THYMELAEACEAE (AQUILARIACEAE) (E) Agarwood, ramin; (S) Madera de Agar, ramin; (F) Bois d'Agar, ramin Aquilaria spp. II 12/01/05 #1CoP13 II/r AE 12/01/05 Excludes Aquilaria malaccensis. Excluye Aquilaria malaccensis. Exclus Aquilaria malaccensis. II/r KW 12/01/05 Excludes Aquilaria malaccensis. Excluye Aquilaria malaccensis. Exclus Aquilaria malaccensis. II/r QA 12/01/05 Excludes Aquilaria malaccensis. Excluye Aquilaria malaccensis. Exclus Aquilaria malaccensis. II/r SY 12/01/05 Excludes Aquilaria malaccensis. Excluye Aquilaria malaccensis. Exclus Aquilaria malaccensis. II 13/09/07 #1CoP14 II 23/06/10 #4CoP15 Aquilaria malaccensis II 16/02/95 #1CoP9 II 12/01/05 Included in Aquilaria spp. Incluida en Aquilaria spp. Inclus dans Aquilaria spp. Gonystylus spp. III ID 06/08/01 #1CoP11 III/r MY 17/08/01 II 12/01/05 #1CoP13 II/r MY 12/01/05 II/w MY 07/06/05 II 13/09/07 #1CoP14 II 23/06/10 #4CoP15 Gyrinops spp. II 12/01/05 #1CoP13 II/r AE 12/01/05 II/r KW 12/01/05 II/r QA 12/01/05 II/r SY 12/01/05 II 13/09/07 #1CoP14 II 23/06/10 #4CoP15 The current annotation for these taxa is #4 and reads: All parts and derivatives, except: 1 PC20 Inf.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of on the Basis of of 2014 CITES Quotas of Species Selected
    UNEP-WCMC technical report Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas Part II (Version edited for public release) Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas. Part II. Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment , Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements , Brussels, Belgium Published November 2014 Copyright European Commission 2014 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2014. Review of species selected on the basis of the Analysis of 2014 CITES export quotas. Part II. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision -makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensive assessments, making the results available in ap propriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors.
    [Show full text]
  • Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
    Faculty of Resource Science and Technology SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF AQUILARIA SPP. IN SARAWAK Nur Ismah Syamimi binti Jamaludin Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) 2015 SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF AQUILARIA SPP. IN SARAWAK NUR ISMAH SYAMIMI BINTI JAMALUDIN 37978 This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours in Plant Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2015 APPROVAL SHEET Name of candidate : Nur Ismah Syamimi binti Jamaludin Title of Thesis : Systematic Study of Aquilaria spp. in Sarawak _________________________________ (Prof. Dr. Cheksum @ Supiah bt. Tawan) Supervisor Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Date: ________________________ (Dr. Rebicca Edward @ May) Coordinator Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Date: DECLARATION I declare that no portion of this research work has been submitted to support the application of other degree or qualification at any other universities or institutions of higher learning. ________________________________ (Nur Ismah Syamimi binti Jamaludin) Plant Resources Science and Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks to Allah S.W.T. for the blessing and will power to finish up my final year project as scheduled. Besides, a million thanks to my supervisor Professor Dr. Cheksum @ Supiah binti Tawan who has assisted me and give guidance on conducting this project especially in solving technical problems while doing this project. I would like to make special thanks to the Herbarium of The Forest Department Sandakan and Sarawak Forest Department for lending me the herbarium sample in the making of my project.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learnt from the Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
    Decentralization has become an important reform process of forest management in many parts of the world. It is unfortunate that in Indonesia, decentralization has been rather abruptly implemented due to the fact that the process of decentralization was parallel with the government reform from highly centralized New Order Government into more democratic decentralized government. The project “Managing Forest Resources in a Decentralized Environment: Lessons Learnt from the TECHNICAL REPORT OF ITTO PD 39/00 Rev. 3(F) PD 39/00 Rev. OF ITTO REPORT TECHNICAL Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia” is the technical report of ITTO Project PD 39/00 Rev.3(F) so called Sustainable Collaborative Forest Management: Meeting the Challenges of Decentralization in the Bulungan Model Forest. This book documents the situation just prior to the reform era, the tumultuous reform era, and post reform era. This period is where the processes of forest governance have been somewhat chaotic, but at the same time provide an interesting opportunity for research on the implementation of SFM at the district level of government. The reports reveals some emerging issues namely: Implementing decentralization policies, securing forest livelihoods, alternative uses for forest resources, intensification of forest use, prompting conservation of forest and resources, forest and health and the role of research in managing forests for livelihoods. Petrus Gunarso was the project coordinator of ITTO Project PD 39/00 Rev.3(F), a scientist seconded from the Ministry of Forestry to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in Bogor, Indonesia. Titiek Setyawati is a Scientist of Forestry Research and Development (FORDA) of the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquilaria Crassna Pierre Ex Lecomte En Guyane : Approches Métagénomique, Biochimique Et Histologique
    Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 20 avril 2016 par : Auteur du mémoire Titre du mémoire, v.1.10 Thèse En vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’université de Guyane Discipline : Sciences agronomiques et écologiques Spécialité : Biologie des organismes, biologies animales, végétales et microbiennes. Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 4 février 2020 par : CLARA ZAREMSKI Pour une production contrôlée d’agarwood d’Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte en Guyane : Approches métagénomique, biochimique et histologique. JURY Nadine Amusant Chercheure Co-encadrante de Thèse Amadou Bâ PU, HDR Président du Jury, Rapporteur Jacques Beauchêne Chercheur Examinateur Marc Ducousso DR, HDR Directeur de Thèse Marie Fleury MCF Examinatrice Christine Gérardin PU, HDR Rapporteur Franck Roubaud MCF Membre invité Ecole Doctorale n°587 : Diversités, Santé et développement en Amazonie « Tout ce qui arrive est le résultat d’une confluence. » Dr. Norin Chai « Les idées provocatrices sont légitimes, au moins pour s’assurer que ce n’est pas par habitude mentale qu’on exclut certaines possibilités. » Pr. Thibault Damour « Alba embarqua pour Tahiti le 13 Novembre 1851. » D’après Elizabeth Gilbert, The Signature of All Things. i ii RAPPEL DU TITRE Pour une production contrôlée d’agarwood d’Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte en Guyane : Approches métagénomique, biochimique et histologique. iii iv RESUME Aquilaria Lam. est un genre d’arbre tropical de la famille des Thymelaeaceae, origi- naire de l’Asie du Sud-Est. Ce genre compte actuellement vingt et une espèces dont le bois sain est de couleur blanche. Lorsque l’arbre est blessé, en interaction avec des micro-organismes environnementaux, l’arbre produit un bois transformé par sa forte teneur en composés secondaires.
    [Show full text]
  • CONVENTION on INTERNATIONAL TRADE in ENDANGERED SPECIES of WILD FAUNA and FLORA Amendments to Appendices I and II of CITES Thirt
    CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Amendments to Appendices I and II of CITES Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties 3-14 October 2004 Bangkok, Thailand A. Proposal Inclusion in Appendix II of agarwood producing species Aquilaria spp. currently not included in the Appendices and Gyrinops spp. The species meet the criterion listed in Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP12), annex 2a paragraph A and paragraph B.i, and additionally, the criterion listed in annex 2b paragraph A and B). B. Proponent The Republic of Indonesia C. Supporting statement 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: MAGNOLIOPSIDA 1.2 Order: MYRTALES 1.3 Family: THYMELAEACEAE 1.4 Genus: 1.4.1: Aquilaria 1.4.2: Gyrinops 1.5 Species: See Annex 1. 1.6 Scientific synonyms: See Annex 1. 1.7 Common names: See Annex 1. 1.8 Code numbers: NA 2. Biological parameters 2.1 Distribution Aquilaria species have adapted to live in various habitats, including those that are rocky, sandy or calcareous, well-drained slopes and ridges and land near swamps. They typically grow between altitudes of 0-850 m, and up to 1000 m in locations with average daily temperatures of 20-22° C. A. beccariana van Tiegh. The natural distribution extends from peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, and common in Borneo. This species found in primary forest from the low land up to 825 m, rarely in swampy forest. 1 A. hirta Ridl. Distributes in Malay Peninsula (Trengganu, Pahang, Johore), Singapore and east Sumatra (Senamaninik), Riau and Lingga islands. This species grows on hill slopes, from the lowland up to 300 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood for the Trees: a Review of the Agarwood (Gaharu) Trade in Malaysia
    WOOD FOR THE TREES : A REVIEW OF THE AGARWOOD (GAHARU) TRADE IN MALAYSIA LIM TECK WYN NOORAINIE AWANG ANAK A REPORT COMMISSIONED BY THE CITES SECRETARIAT Published by TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia © 2010 The CITES Secretariat. All rights reserved. All material appearing in this publication is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must credit the CITES Secretariat as the copyright owner. This report was commissioned by the CITES Secretariat. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not however necessarily reflect those of the CITES Secretariat. The geographical designations employed in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or its authorities, or concerning the definition of its frontiers or boundaries. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership is held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint programme of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Lim Teck Wyn and Noorainie Awang Anak (2010). Wood for trees: A review of the agarwood (gaharu) trade in Malaysia TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia ISBN 9789833393268 Cover: Specialised agarwood retail shops have proliferated in downtown Kuala Lumpur for the Middle East tourist market Photograph credit: James Compton/TRAFFIC Wood for the trees :A review of the agarwood (gaharu)
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Malaysian Aquilaria Species in Karas Plantation and Agarwood Production
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2017, Vol. 7, No. 4 ISSN: 2222-6990 A Review on the Malaysian Aquilaria species in Karas Plantation and Agarwood Production Mohd Fauzi Elias1, Husni Ibrahim1 and Wan Rusmawati Wan Mahamod2 Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Malaysia Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2911 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2911 Abstract Malaysia is one of the countries which is rich in its flora and fauna bio-diversity. Malaysian forest products have been exploited since ancient times for its high economic values. One of these high economic value products is agarwood. Thymelaeacea is one medium-size family tree where it is estimated to consist of 50 genera and 900 species of which many can be found in Africa, Australia and Asia. Most species of Aquilaria in Thymelaeaceae family produced agarwood or ‘gaharu’. Aquilaria malaccensis is a species of the highest recorded number of planting by karas tree farmers and known as the primary producer of agarwood in Malaysia. Agarwood is non timber forest product it is one of the precious wood on earth and prized for its rich and wonderful fragrance. Agarwood is formed due to the phathological process as respond to fungal infection or chemically stimulated. This paper seek to understand in general the type of karas trees species most favoured by karas farmers and to know what other similar species that are capable of producing resin for gaharu products.
    [Show full text]
  • Lee Shiou Yih
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED Aquilaria SPECIES THROUGH DNA BARCODES AND IDENTIFICATION OF WOUND-RESPONSE PROTEINS OF Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. UPM LEE SHIOU YIH COPYRIGHT © FH 2016 8 CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED Aquilaria SPECIES THROUGH DNA BARCODES AND IDENTIFICATION OF WOUND-RESPONSE PROTEINS OF Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. UPM By LEE SHIOU YIH COPYRIGHT Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy © July 2016 COPYRIGHT All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of the material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © DEDICATION Praise be to the name of God forever and ever; wisdom and power are his. (Daniel 2:20) Special dedication to: Supervisory Committee ASSOC. PROF. DR. ROZI MOHAMED UPM ASSOC. PROF. DR. MOHD NAZRE SALEH DR. DHILIA UDIE LAMASUDIN Parents LEE MENG WAI & TING CHEK CHUI and Sisters LEE WAN SHUAN & LEE WAN TIEN COPYRIGHT © Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of the Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED Aquilaria SPECIES THROUGH DNA BARCODES AND IDENTIFICATION OF WOUND-RESPONSE PROTEINS OF Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. By LEE SHIOU YIH UPM July 2016 Chairman: Associate Professor Rozi Mohamed, PhD Faculty: Forestry Over-exploitation in search of its valuable non-wood fragrance product, the agarwood, has put pressure on the survival of the endangered Aquilaria trees in the wild.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA MOLECULAR CLONING and CHARACTERIZATION of TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING TERPENE SYNTHASE GENES from Aquilaria M
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING TERPENE SYNTHASE GENES FROM Aquilaria malaccensis Lam UPM WONG MUN THENG COPYRIGHT © FH 2018 7 MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING TERPENE SYNTHASE GENES FROM Aquilaria malaccensis Lam UPM By WONG MUN THENG COPYRIGHT Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in © Fulfillments of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2017 COPYRIGHT All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs, and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © DEDICATION TO MY LATE GRANDMOTHER, Ng Yoon Hup MY LATE GRANDAUNTY, Ng Phaik Choo BELOVED PARENTS, Wong Yeen Seong & Lor Chow Thye BROTHER, Wong Leong Kit AND FRIENDS. UPM COPYRIGHT © Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING TERPENE SYNTHASE GENES FROM Aquilaria malaccensis Lam By WONG MUN THENG August 2017 UPM Chairman : Associate Professor Rozi Mohamed, PhD Faculty : Forestry Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. is an endangered tropical tree that produces agarwood, a natural product well-known for its fragrance and medicinal properties, in response to external stimuli. Agarwood contains a wide variety of terpenes and phenylethyl chromone derivatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Suspension Culture of Aquilaria Beccariana Van Teigh
    Faculty of Resources Science and Technology SUSPENSION CULTURE OF AQUILARIA BECCARIANA VAN TEIGH. Khairunisa Binti Ab Aziz Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) 2013 SUSPENSION CULTURE OF AQUILARIA BECCARIANA VAN TEIGH KHAIRUNISA BINTI AB AZIZ 26604 This project is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Science Resource and Management) Faculty of Resource Science & Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2013 i APPROVAL SHEET Name of candidate : Khairunisa Binti Ab Aziz Title of dissertation : Suspension Culture of Aquilaria beccariana Van Teigh _________________________________ (Prof. Dr. Hamsawi Sani) Supervisor _________________________________ (Dr Rebicca Edward) Coordinator of Plant Resource Science and Management Programme Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science amd Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Final Year Project 2013 is based on my original work except for quotations and citations, which have been duly declared that it has not been or concurrently submitted for any degrees at UNIMAS or other institutions of high education. _____________________________________ Khairunisa Binti Ab Aziz Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Hamsawi Sani, for his guidance, support, advice, and help in complete my Final Year Project (FYP) on suspension culture. I also would like to thank Mr Zul Helmey Mohamad Shabdin and Ms.Cherrie Lim Han Rou, the postgraduate students in our laboratory for the guidance, suggestion of essential references and giving me plenty useful information and technique about tissue culture.
    [Show full text]