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IAEA TECDOC SERIES Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Uranium and Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization Thorium Deposits

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IAEA TECDOC SERIES Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Uranium and Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization Thorium Deposits IAEA-TECDOC-1929 IAEA-TECDOC-1929 IAEA TECDOC SERIES Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Uranium and Thorium Deposits Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Uranium and IAEA-TECDOC-1929 Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Uranium and Thorium Deposits Final Report of a Coordinated Research Project International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna @ GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF URANIUM AND THORIUM DEPOSITS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GEORGIA OMAN ALBANIA GERMANY PAKISTAN ALGERIA GHANA PALAU ANGOLA GREECE PANAMA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARMENIA GUYANA PERU AUSTRALIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA HOLY SEE POLAND AZERBAIJAN HONDURAS PORTUGAL BAHAMAS HUNGARY QATAR BAHRAIN ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH INDIA ROMANIA BARBADOS INDONESIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RWANDA BELGIUM IRAQ SAINT LUCIA BELIZE IRELAND BENIN ISRAEL SAINT VINCENT AND BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL ITALY THE GRENADINES STATE OF JAMAICA SAN MARINO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KENYA SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMEROON REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LATVIA SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LESOTHO SUDAN CHAD LIBERIA SWEDEN CHILE LIBYA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LITHUANIA TAJIKISTAN COMOROS LUXEMBOURG THAILAND CONGO MADAGASCAR TOGO COSTA RICA MALAWI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TUNISIA CROATIA MALI TURKEY CUBA MALTA TURKMENISTAN CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DENMARK MONACO DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EGYPT MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA URUGUAY ERITREA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN ESTONIA NETHERLANDS VANUATU ESWATINI NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN ETHIOPIA NICARAGUA REPUBLIC OF FIJI NIGER VIET NAM FINLAND NIGERIA YEMEN FRANCE NORTH MACEDONIA ZAMBIA GABON NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1929 GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF URANIUM AND THORIUM DEPOSITS FINAL REPORT OF A COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2020 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 26007 22529 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] www.iaea.org/publications For further information on this publication, please contact: Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2020 Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 2020 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: International Atomic Energy Agency. Title: Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of uranium and thorium deposits / International Atomic Energy Agency. Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2020. | Series: IAEA TECDOC series, ISSN 1011–4289 ; no. 1929 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: IAEAL 20-01355 | ISBN 978–92–0–118920–2 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 978–92–0–119020–8 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Uranium ores — Geology. | Thorium ores. | Mineralogical chemistry. | Analytical geochemistry. FOREWORD A long term, sustainable supply of uranium (and potentially thorium in the future) is an essential part of the nuclear fuel cycle. It is also important to ensure that the mining, extraction and processing of uranium (and thorium) are efficient and environmentally friendly. Over the past few decades there have been significant advancements in geochemical techniques and geological assessment methodologies. These advancements can be used to elucidate the genesis of uranium and thorium deposits in various geographical and geological environments for enhanced resource evaluation and to characterize deposits for improvements in mining, extraction and processing. In 2015, the IAEA launched a coordinated research project entitled Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Uranium and Thorium Deposits. The goal of the project was to improve the understanding of the genesis of uranium and thorium deposits using new methodologies and geochemical techniques. The project, which involved 12 research contract holders (from Argentina, China (2), Egypt, Ghana, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Mongolia, the Philippines, Ukraine and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela), one technical contract holder (Canada) and one agreement holder (France), was concluded in October 2018. This publication presents a summary of the research and selected papers from the project’s partners. The results are expected to enhance exploration programmes, resource evaluation and sustainable supply of uranium and thorium for peaceful purposes. The IAEA would like to acknowledge the support provided by the following partners: School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana; Department of Earth Science, University of Ghana; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission; University of Lorraine-GeoRessources Laboratory-CREGU; National University of Córdoba, Argentina; United States Geological Survey, Colorado office; and National Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Techniques, Madagascar. The IAEA would also like to thank all the participants for their contributions, in particular the late K. Kyser for facilitating and hosting the second research coordination meeting. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was A. Hanly of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the contributors and has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the IAEA or its Member States. Neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of this publication. This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 1 BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE STUDIES CARRIED OUT UNDER THIS CRP………………5 GRANITE-RELATED URANIUM DEPOSITS IN ARGENTINA. GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND NEW METALLOGENETIC STUDIES ..................................................... 11 L. López, J. Álvarez, F. Parra, P. Anzil, C. Bello, E. Ceballos, M. Salvatore, L. Scarlatta, S. Miyno, E. Felkai, P. Ferreyra, A. Zelaya, M. Cuney, J. Mercadier, A. Hanly, R. Lira MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SANDSTONE URANIUM DEPOSITS IN CHINA ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Wensheng Liao, Po Li, Zhengbang Liu, Limin Wang, Guoping Jiang, Ke He GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF URANIUM, THORIUM AND RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN EGYPTIAN PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS .................................................................................................................................................
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