“Coastal Hazards Caused by Storm Surge and Flood”

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ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

“Coastal hazards caused by storm surge and flood”

Dr.Wattana Kanbua Director, Marine Meteorological Center Thai Meteorological Department

• Tropical Cyclones • Storm surges impacts • Storm surges physics • Earth Observation applications • Storm surges and our coastal lives • Summary

A “tropical cyclone" is an intense vortex or a whirl in the atmosphere with very strong winds circulating around it in anti-clockwise direction in the northern Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the southern Hemisphere.

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Definition - A tropical cyclone is a meteorological term for a storm system characterized by a low pressure center - which develops over tropical or subtropical waters, - thunderstorms that produces strong wind and flooding rain.

- A tropical cyclone feeds on the heat released when moist air rises and the water vapor it contains condenses. - They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms.

• Lows pressure form over 26 C (82F) ocean • Condensation, release of latent heat causes surfaces temperature, often in ITCZ. increased buoyancy, thus increased ascent, • If conditions are right, the rising warm air and increased convergence over low-latitude, solar-warmed waters sets • Area of convergence enlarges, more water off a positive-feedback: vapor to draw on • Ascent causes convergence

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Classification • Tropical depression A weak tropical cyclone in which the maximum surface wind is 38 mph (62 km/h or 33 kt) or less • Tropical storm A tropical cyclone in which the maximum surface wind ranges from 39 to 73 mph (63 to 118 km/h or 34 to 64 kt) • Typhoon A tropical cyclone with highest sustained winds 74 mph (119 km/h or 65 kt) or more

• Size - 300 to 1500 km in diameter • Horizontal structure – Eye - 20 km – Eyewall - 30 to 50 km – Spiral bands

Typhoon Hurricane

Cyclone

Data Source: NOAA / NHC and JTWC

WMO’s Global Tropical Cyclone Early Warning System • 6 Regional Centres designated by WMO to provide advisories for countries in region • 6 regional tropical cyclone committees

• Throughout history, flooding has impacted more people and caused greater economic and insured losses than any other natural peril. For example, – Half of the more than USD 40 billion in insured losses that stemmed from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 was related to storm surge. – The tsunami that devastated the northern coast of Honshu in March 2011 is estimated to have caused insured losses of USD 3.5 billion. – Economic losses following the riverine flooding in Thailand 2011 later that year were estimated by the World Bank to be USD 45.7 billion (THB 1.4 trillion). On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Storm surge impacts

- Significant destruction of property, structures, vegetation, and coastal landscapes are just a few of the many impacts that result from storm surge. The following animation shows the effects of storm surge on coastal areas.

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Storm surge impact - humanitarian • Currently, around 0.6% of the world’s population live and work in risk areas • One of the most disturbing impacts of storm surges are the mass fatalities that can occur • Examples: – Cyclone Sidr (10,000) – Hurricane Katrina (USA - 1500 approx) – Cyclone Nargis (Myanmar - 140,000 approx) – Windstorm Xynthia (France - 50 approx) – Supertyphoon Haiiyan (Phillipines – 4500 approx) • The occurrences of storm surge often necessitates a significant global humanitarian response

• Damage to key infrastructure (roads, rail, port facilities) can impede short term recovery and economic activity • Short term food supply disruption (and associated price volatility) with the destruction of local fishing infrastructure and agriculture • Medium-term loss of agriculture (due to saline intrusion into coastal agricultural areas) • Loss of skilled & experienced element of the workforce • Loss in tourism revenue • Cost of rebuilding & loss of economic assets can be significant

• Breakdown in local governance (e.g. Philippines re Typhoon Haiyan 2013) • Social shock as communities and families must come to terms with personal losses, survival experiences • High potential for breakdown in law and order in the immediate aftermath • Severe disruption to social support networks (families and communities) • The widespread impact of social disruption – Loss is not restricted to the coastal area, but extends over a wide area with the weather damage • Potential for medium-term psychological trauma to persist in the community

• Habitat and protected area destruction: – Key coastal habitats (e.g. mangrove swamps, salt marshes) are overwhelmed by the surge and can be structurally damaged – Loss of remaining protected species refugees • Pollution: – Key debris from damage/destroyed human settlements spread into the environment – Damage to infrastructure containing toxic pollutants releases them into the local environment • Resource re-allocations: – Environmental concerns are often deemed secondary to humanitarian needs

• Increase in population’s short-term vulnerability to – Further weather events – Disease – Governance disorder and breakdown • Loss of key breakwater habitats and coastal defence infrastructure can inhibit coastal resilience to future events in the medium term • With the aid effort response, the population risks becoming aid dependent • Allocating resources to an area while responding to a surge event, can weaken a nation’s ability to respond to additional events outside the disaster area • With the potential for large scale losses to affect the population, the community’s ability to respond to future events may be lessened in the short to medium term

Storm surge impact – time scale of impacts

Short-term Medium-term Long-term (0-1yr) (1-5yrs) (5yrs+) Immediate fatalities Loss of agricultural Resetting of local economic productivity development Loss of essential Loss of social support Contamination of the infrastructure & services networks within families coastal environment by and communities persistent pollutants Breaking of the food supply Loss of key experience- Psychological trauma chain based skills within the persisting within the workforce population Increased risk of disease Increased risk of aid Loss of key natural coastal outbreaks amongst the dependency developing defences which may surviving population within an affected area mitigate future events

Note that only some potential impacts of destructive storm surges are suggested here. The list is by no means complete.

Storm Surges Physics

• Storm surge is the abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide. • Storm surge is caused primarily by the strong winds in a hurricane or tropical storm. The low pressure of the storm has minimal contribution! • One of the major hazards associated with landfalling hurricanes is storm surge.

A storm surge has two components. - One is barometric, due to low pressure in the eye of the tropical cyclone. - The second is a wind driven wave that is much larger than the barometric component

Differences between high and low tide are very important

What is the difference between storm surge and storm tide? -Storm surge is the abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide.

- Storm tide is the water level height during a storm due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide.

When a tropical cyclone is approaching a coastline, we would like to know how high the water level will rise, also known as the total water level rise. Total water level rise = Storm surge + Tides + Wave setup + Freshwater

The total water level rise is comprised of several components: storm surge, tides, wave setup, and freshwater. All components must be considered by communities in preparation for the hazards of an approaching tropical cyclone. Let’s consider each of those components separately, beginning with waves.

What about waves?

- Breaking waves contributed to the rise through the processes of wave runup and setup. - Over deep water, waves are unaffected by the shoreline and continue to ride on top of the water level. - However, as the waves move closer to shore and meet the shoreline, they steepen and eventually break onto shore. - This process leads to a rise in the water level. - The magnitude of both wave runup and wave setup are related to offshore wave period, wave height, and shelf slope.

Wave runup - On any beach at a given time, crashing waves will run up the slope generally about the same distance. - Periodically, however, a wave will crash and run up the beach much higher than the average waves. - This is called breaker run-up and results from the fact that waves represent a spectrum of heights and periods. - Wave runup is the maximum vertical extent of wave uprush on a beach or structure above the still water level. - Wave runup is the time varying fluctuation of water-level elevation at the shoreline due to wave breaking.

• Wave setup is the increase in mean water level due to the presence of waves. • It is the time-averaged water rise at the coast due to breaking waves on the beach. • The return flow of white water from waves that have already broken is much slower than the speed of incoming waves before breaking. • The result is a piling up of water immediately ahead of the beach as wave action continually forces water up onto the beach. • Wave set-up differs from run-up in that set-up is the continual piling up of water, while runup is the short-term encroachment of individual waves.

Freshwater input

- Freshwater is another component that can add to a rise in water level. - There are two sources of freshwater. - The first is rivers flowing into bays and sounds, the other is precipitation

There are several factors to consider in forecasting storm surge, many of which can govern how severe the hazard could become. These include the:

• central pressure - how low is the pressure? • intensity - how strong are the winds? • forward speed - how fast is the storm moving? • size - what is the radius of maximum winds? • angle of approach relevant to the coastline - from where and in which direction is the storm moving? • local geographical features - what are the width and slope of the continental shelf, the concavity of coastlines/bays/rivers/islands? • Let’s look at each one in more depth

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Effects of low pressure: The central pressure of a tropical cyclone is one of the least significant contributors to storm surge. There is an inverse relationship between the pressure of the storm and the sea level - the lower the pressure, the higher the sea level. However, the contribution is minimal; it is on the order of about 5 percent of the total water level rise.

Another influence on the storm surge forecast is the forward speed of a tropical storm or hurricane. The faster the cyclone crosses the coast, the more quickly the surge builds up and the more powerfully it strikes. • When a storm is traveling over open ocean water, the wind and waves drive the water forward. Because this is happening in the open ocean, the water can move away from the storm and does not build up. • However, as the storm moves toward land and the ocean becomes shallow, the storm surge has no place to go and builds up as the storm approaches land. • Most of the surge happens when the force of the wind (called wind stress) pushes of water toward the shore. • For hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere, this effect creates the largest storm surge in the right-forward quadrant of the storm. The winds are strongest there due to the combination of a storm’s counter-clockwise rotation and forward motion. • In the Southern Hemisphere, clockwise rotation of storms means the largest surge is in the left-forward quadrant.

Differences in Forward Speed

Maximum inundation maps for hurricanes having forward speeds of (a) 2 m/s, and (b) 12 m/s. Track shown as dashed line. What do you observe in each image?

a) surge water reaches further inland with a slow moving storm than with a fast moving one. b) storm surge is higher close to the landfall location of a fast moving storm than with a slow moving one. Research documents that slow moving tropical storms and hurricanes can produce storm surge that penetrates farther inland than fast moving storms and so puts more areas at risk to storm surge flooding. For faster moving systems the storm surge flooding does not penetrate as far inland, but the storm surge could be higher close to the landfall side in these cases.

Factors Affecting Storm Surge » Size (Radius of Maximum Winds)

The relationship between the strength of a tropical cyclone and the storm surge it produces is straight-forward.

Factors Affecting Storm Surge » Angle of Approach

The image above shows how the storm surge forecast values changed with the shift in the angle of approach from north/northwest to northwest. Although there is not a noticeable increase in storm surge as a whole, there is a shift in the distribution of storm surge due to the change in the angle of approach.

The angle of approach a tropical cyclone takes towards the coast is another critical factor in how much storm surge is generated. The first image shows the storm surge forecast from a given model run for a storm system tracking north/northwest towards the coastline, as indicated by the black line. Notice the various magnitudes of storm surge surrounding Long Bay.

Factors Affecting Storm Surge » Angle of Approach A hurricane that moves along the coast has a coast- parallel hurricane track. From such a track extensive damage would occur along the coastline closest to the storm, with bands of lesser damage extending inland. Since this track (upper diagram) has the most intense winds offshore (on the right side of the hurricane), the coast would not feel the highest wind velocities. Thunderstorm activity associated with this track would be most severe on the northern side of the storm, since the spiral rain bands would be feeding off the moist air above the ocean. A hurricane that approaches perpendicular to the coast has a coast-normal track. Such a storm would produce extreme damage all along the right-hand side of its track, with bands of decreasing damage occurring both to the left and right of the track. Furthermore, as the storm approached the coast areas to right hand side of the storm would receive the heaviest thunderstorm activity, since the rain bands would be feeding off the moist oceanic air.

When reaching the wide, gently sloping shelf, the ocean water has little trouble elevating and destroying the structure. Areas along coasts with these shelf characteristics would be greatly vulnerable to storm surge from an approaching tropical cyclone.

When reaching a sharp sloping, narrow continental shelf, the ocean water continues to push against the shore, and breaking waves develop that eventually demolish the structure. Areas along coasts with these shelf characteristics would not be as vulnerable to storm surge as the gently sloping, wide shelf, but they could be more prone to destructive breaking waves.

Ebb surge

- Because the storm surge occurs ahead of the eye of the storm, the surge will reach coastal areas long before the hurricane makes landfall. This is an important point to remember because flooding caused by the surge can destroy roads and bridges making evacuation before the storm impossible.

- Since thunderstorms accompany hurricanes, and these storms can strike inland areas long before the hurricane arrives, water draining from the land in streams and estuaries may be impeded by the storm surge that has pushed water up the streams and estuaries. It is also important to remember that water that is pushed onto the land by the approaching storm (the flood surge) will have to drain off after the storm has passed. Furthermore after passage of the storm the winds typically change direction and push the water in the opposite direction. Damage can also be caused by the retreating surge, called the ebb surge.

Factors Affecting Storm Surge » Coastally Trapped Waves - In the animation, the wave initiates near Fort Myers, Florida and continues to move parallel to the track of the tropical cyclone. - The wave builds as it cannot get diffused as it travels northward and makes landfall in Apalachee Bay, Florida. - This coastally trapped ocean wave leads to a dual maximum in water level rise.

The maximum storm surge of 8.7 feet was along the coastline in the Florida panhandle. Notice the secondary maximum of 8.2 feet in Apalachee Bay. The coastally trapped ocean wave induced by Hurricane Dennis produced this secondary maximum in storm surge well away from the landfall location. This indirect effect could be deadly without appropriate preparations.

Coastally trapped waves are a real concern for certain regions, but they do not occur in every tropical cyclone since they are extremely sensitive to the storm’s path and distance from land.

Local features

- Local features greatly complicate a forecast for storm surge. - The image above illustrates a complex geography. - Notice the concave area of coastline, bays, sounds, barrier islands, and rivers. - These features can cause a storm surge pattern to be quite chaotic.

The highest surges usually occur where water approaches the coast in a perpendicular direction, especially when funneled into inlets and bays.

Forecasting storm surge is specific to the storm and the location that will be impacted. There is no one-size-fits-all forecast product for storm surge.

9 areas to consider when modeling storm surge • Hydrographical effects • Oceanographical effects • Meteorological effects • Tide-surge interaction effects • Bottom friction • Surge-river interaction • Surge-wind-wave setup effects • Seiche generation effects

Note: the surge is shaped by complex interactions between multiple factors!

• There are many hydrographical factors to consider when modeling and researching storm surges • Water depth – Bathymetric conditions – Most significant storm surges occur in the coastal zone, where depth-limited conditions enhance wind forcing – The importance of resonance coupling – The effect of water depth on drift currents and their direction • Bottom topography and coastal complexity – Must consider the «hydrodynamic definition» of a model’s bathymetry Bathymetry of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal influence – Islands and coastal features influence water circulation and interactions

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Important factors: Angle of approach (perpendicular to coastline=more storm surge; parallel to coastline=less storm surge) Width and slope of continental shelf (wide shelf/gentle slope=more storm surge with relatively small waves; narrow shelf/sharp slope=less storm surge with relatively big waves)

Bathymetry Bay of Bengal Bathymetry South East Asia Sea

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Oceanographic effects – accounting for currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics • Currents – E.g. as ocean depth decreases, surface drift alignment with wind increases – Researchers should consider influence of • Drift currents • Gradient currents • Geostrophic currents • Waves – Waves can act in addition to the storm surge, and take part in the current forming process (e.g. with drift currents) • Coastal freshwater influences – Influence of fresh water in coastal regions, and consequences of storm-driven upwellings

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Meteorological effects (1) – Pressure, winds, and system speed • Pressure – Storm surges are directly connected to the dynamic processes that develop in the atmosphere – With every drop in pressure of about 1 hPa, the sea level rises with approximately 1 cm – As the pressure system moves across the sea surface, the sea level at that point does not exactly correspond to the static value

• Winds and wave currents – Wind also generates wind waves, which drive surface currents contributing water and energy to the surge – Surges are generally greatest when the wind is directed parallel to a coastline in the deeper part of the water or when they are directed transversally to the shore in shallow waters

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Meteorological effects (2) – Pressure, winds, and system speed • System speed – The speed of a system’s progress across the ocean surface can influence the development of a surge – Affects the point in time at which the resonance coupling between the atmospheric system and the underlying gravity waves it is generating occurs • System rotation – Wind in Northern Hemisphere systems rotate anti- clockwise, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere – Coriolis effect influences the direction of winds and currents – The rotation, together with the system track, determines where in the system the surge will build.

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Effects of tide-surge interactions – phase shift and surge modulations • Tides and surge contribute to a storm tide, but also interact with each other – Phase shifts in tide timings represents the effects of storm surge on the tide – A positive storm surge increases the speed of a tidal wave – A negative surge decreases it – High tides can make the storm surge pass faster – Low tides can increase the bottom friction, effectively slowing down the storm surge passage • Note the potential for and consequences of multiple interactions between meteorological and tidal effects on a surge

• Where fluid flow occurs along a rigid boundary such as the sea floor, the viscous influence on the flow is usually confined to a boundary layer. This frictional layer needs to be correctly represented in numerical models Two approaches are normally used: • «No-slip» condition (horizontal components of flow are set to zero – less commonly used) • «Slip» condition (the stress at the bottom boundary layer is assumed to depend on the flow speed near the bottom – more commonly used)

Effects of surge-river interactions

• River flows can have a large effect on the development of a storm surge as it propagates upstream through estuarine areas • Large horizontal and vertical temperature and salinity gradients interact with the motions caused by external forces such as storm surges, forming a complicated dynamic system • While the influence of river runoff on water level oscillations at the open coast is relatively small, the opposite can be the case further upstream • If the river bed is relatively flat, storm surges can propagate for tens, or hundreds of kilometers in extreme cases (f.ex. Cyclone Sidr and the Brahmaputra delta) • Note that flooding in estuaries will aso in part be due to extra associated rainfall and surge

Effect of surge-wind-wave setup interactions

• As a surge develops, it feeds back on the forces driving it, which can both positively or negatively amplify the magnitude of the surge e.g. stronger winds lead to bigger waves, which can enhance the momentum exchange from the atmosphere into the surge developing in the water column. • Traditionally, one has assumed momentum transfer to be only from the atmosphere to the current. In reality, waves themselves can enhance momentum transfer, contributing to surface and/or wave- induced stress. • Wave setup is the additional water level due to the wave-related momentum during the wave-breaking process. During extreme events, the wave setup contribution can add up to 1 metre in height to the sea level at the coast. Furthermore, in sloping coasts, wave run-up acts in addition to wave setup, allowing water to reach even higher up on the shoreline.

Seiche generation and storm surges

• A seiche is a sea level oscillation (or standing wave) which occurs at the resonance frequency of an enclosed body of water. They are usually observed in long, narrow bays, or harbours with narrow entrances. • Seiche generation occurs in two stages: 1. A long wave disturbance (such as a storm surge) forms in an area external to the area in question 2. The surge interacts with the interior area of water, causing seiche oscillations which occur after the original long wave has passed. • Three conditions for surge-related seiches: 1. A strong surge exterior to the basin 2. Matching resonance frequency parameters between interior basin waters and exterior 3. Basin interior has low potential to dampen the seiche

Seiche – a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water

Earth Observation for storm surge applications

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Geostationary satellites • Geostationary satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis. They are typically used for short- range warning and "now-casting" • A geostationary orbit, often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km. As it follows the Earth’s rotation, which takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds, satellites in a GEO orbit appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position. Their speed is about 3 km per second. • As satellites in geostationary orbit continuously cover a large portion of the Earth, this makes it an ideal orbit for for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions. • Because they stay above a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil for the atmospheric "triggers" for severe weather conditions such as tornadoes, flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. When these conditions develop the geostationary satellites are able to monitor storm development and track their movements.

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Visible/IR data • Visible and IR images are a key resource for weather forecasting in general. Typically they come from geostationary satellites (i.e. those who always look at the same part of the Earth), such as those operated by EUMETSAT (Meteosat), the USA (GOES), Japan (MTSAT), China (Fengyun-2), Russia (GOMS) and India (KALPANA). • IR images are often preferred as they are available 24 hours, while visible images are only available in the day.

Used for: • Storm tracking • Cyclone size estimation

Coastal hazards caused by storm surge and flood • We have to know the movement of the tropical cyclone, especially at least tropical storm or higher. • Moreover, we must understand tropical cyclone size, intensity, motion/speed, angle of approach, coastal shape, and bathymetry affect storm surge • The surveillance tropical cyclone is a necessary and very important.

• There are numerical modeling such as : - Numerical weather prediction model - Tropical cyclone model - Storm surge model - Ocean wave model

Coastal hazards caused by storm surge and flood • In order to do early warning and alert people in risky areas along the coastline.

• We must know that situation of tide level when TC is landfall in order to assess the situation in a preliminary evacuation.

• We must understand the flow of fresh water (runoff) when the TC landfall. • The fresh water flowing into the sea may be obstructed by storm surge or high tide, causing flash floods in lower area.

• A significant portion of our coastal populations and economies are at risk from storm surges • Impacts can broadly be divided into the following: – Humanitarian – Economic – Social – Environmental – Increased Vulnerability • A storm surge can have far-reaching consequences which extend into the long- term (5+ years post event) • The pervasive consequences of environmental contamination, and shock persisting within the community psychology can hinder efforts to rebuild and develop resiliency against future events

Online Training

• MetEd - Free online meterological training facility www.meted.ucar.edu • EUMETRAIN – Free online meteorological training with Earth Observation data eumetrain.org • OceanTeacher – Free online training platform on ocean data and information management www.oceanteacher.org • The International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN) • The Storm Surge Network Homepage

Online Literature:

• WMO Guide to Storm Surge Forecasting • eSurge 2014 – Course Materials

• The World Meteorological Organisation’s Guide to Storm Surge Forecasting • Training Course Applications of Satellite Wind and Wave Products for Marine Forecasting http://vimeo.com/album/1783188 (video)

– GDACS - Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System www.gdacs.org

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND ON REGIONAL OCEAN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND ITS RELATED INSTRUMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SEAS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN Where to obtain data Key agencies and projects producing free data are: • MyOcean: • EUMETSAT: • www.myocean.org www.eumetsat.int – Altimetry, SST and much – Visible/IR images and more more • OSI-SAF: www.osi-saf.org • ESA: earth.esa.int – Wind and SST – Multiple products from ERS, • RADS: rads.tudelft.nl ENVISAT, and others – Altimetry products • NASA: • GHRSST: www.ghrsst.org www.aoml.noaa.gov/data/ – Daily Sea Surface – TCHP and other products Temperature • Copernicus: • International Charter: copernicusdata.esa.int www.disasterscharter.org – EC’s new fleet of EO – East to read satellite products spacecraft during major disasters For more agencies and spacecraft visit www.eoportal.org .

Credits

• The COMET Programme & MetEd programme • The NOAA National Hurricane Centre • The European Space Agency eSurge project • Norwegian Meteorological Institute.

On March 16, 2016 , held in Phuket, THAILAND