The Forlorn 1970S Generation of German Writers from Socialist Roman

CEU eTD Collection

The Forlorn 1970s Generation Germanof Writers from Romania Socialist in partial of fulfillment therequir Submitted tothe CentralSubmitted EuropeanDepartment ofHistory University Children ofthe Cultural Revolution "Gone Astray":

Second Marsha Reader: Professor Siefert Supervisor: Professor

By Adela Budapest, Hungary ements forArts. thedegreeofMaster of - Gabriela Hîncu 20

Balázs TrencsényiBalázs

CEU eTD Collection be permission made ofthe thewritten Author. without w accordance in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must page This librarian. the from obtained be mayin Details Library. European Central the lodged and Author the by given instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, o full in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright

ith such instructions may not not may instructions such ith r CEU eTD Collection chronologies Romania. and of1980sSocialist the1970s self individual anti patriotic Analyzing be to 1980s the throughout exit breakthrough 197 the of interaction of patterns appropriated convictions socialist their the negotiated generation 1970s the of members the how analyze the of aftermath co of process a center. argumentation of mode generational a so the of end the towards Romania. Socialist 1980s German of generation 1970s the of understandings I thesis this In Abstract

I argue that the crystallization of Aktionsg of crystallization the that argue I

how the how

it communist communist in the German the in

- narratives s semi a as - “ rain epnig o h revolutionary the to responding creation analyze the discursive legitimation strategies, literary practice and political political and practice literary strategies, legitimation discursive the analyze mini c ollective mode of mode ollective

- cultural revolution cultural - , r ioiy representativeness, minority or called - regrouped around the the around regrouped fiil nttto o the of institution official after eosrcig h cnet f h Gra cultural German the of context the Reconstructing

Federal Republic, as well as the prolonged negotiations of voice and and voiceof prolonged negotiationsthe as well as FederalRepublic,

formative for formative “ emigration liberalization

s eeain ih the with generation 0s

through argumentation ”

and with the with and ,

and and their

period ii cultural policies driven policies cultural “

Adam ruppe Banat at the beginning of the 1970s was was 1970s the of beginning the at Banat ruppe

propose self writers from the Banat the from writers

German cultural cultural German ”

- of the 1960s, I 1960s, the of did not translate not did

identification identification

M disbandment of Aktionsgruppe Banat, Aktionsgruppe of disbandment

pel f the of appeal ller explore the the explore ht these that - Guttenbrunn Romanian experience of violence of experience

strategies examine the emergenceof the examine

establishment. put forward alternative alternative forward put regionally and from the from and regionally authors successfully “

during uy Theses July ” literary

literary circle literary ’ aft

formulation of of formulation the 1970s and 1970s the er emigration. er establishment

elites into either either into I take take I . ”

against n the In , , and ,

the the I

CEU eTD Collection and tomywould mother, hoping thatshe years the throughout support unconditional and love his for father, my to thesis this dedicate I parts showing, ofthesis this aswere, patience. it infinite frien and colleagues the to grateful am I a of less be to how literary and ofa scholar more historian. about advice invaluable offered and with worked I that sources primary h could I wish I whichoral of history, Marsha field Siefert, of My introducedmetothe Professor reader, second full bear I which for choices, interpretative own my responsibility. making of liberty the owe I trust his paths different the of sense a times all at had having of privilege the owe I insight great and engagement intellectual his To beginning. very the from thesis this M years.two past the over support and guidance me offered who those to gratitude myexpress to like would I A cknowledgments y supervisor, Professor Balázs Trencsényi, has generously showed interested in the topic of of topic the in interested showed generously has Trencsényi, Balázs Professor supervisor, y

ave done more for this thesis. She helped me make sense of the most intimidating most the of sense make me helped She thesis. this for more done ave

ds who read, listened to and shared their thoughts about thoughts their shared and to listened read, who ds have it. liked iii

this thesis could have taken. To taken. have could thesis this CEU eTD Collection Bi Conclusions Chapter 4 Banat Chapter 3 ...... Chapter 2 Projects andPoliticalMisunderstandings Chapter 1 The Post Introduction:They Are What Us? to Contents Table of 4.3. 4.2. 4.1. 3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 2.5. 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. bliography

...... Repression and Dissolution Publishing and Performinga Group as Readjusting “Mini for the The of Aktionsgruppe Crystallization Banat Patterns of Early Socialization EpistemicsandPolitical Police Aesthetics Integration:Conflict and Intellectuals Romania Socialist in Empathy, and Studies Soviet Ventriloquism, Self Anti Grounds?: Common Voice and Exit Establishing Contact Continuity and Change RegroupingafterAktionsgruppe - - - -

Obituary for the 1970sGenerationGe forObituary of Again, Again,TryB Fail Fail UnmakingMakingan and “Avant T

...... - he Theory behind a Considerate History of Interpretative aConsideratehe Theorybehind Failures, History Arrested of ...... NarrativesAlternative Chronologies and ......

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Breakthroughsand Germany inWest Romania in

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Communism and MinorityCommunism Literature Cultural Revolution”

......

...... etter: Arguingthe after Generation for Aktionsgruppe

...... - ......

- Garde”:Beginningsthe 1970sGeneration The of Socialist Afterlife ofMiscommunication iv ......

...... rman Writers from Socialist Romania Socialist rman Writers from

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...... 107 104 ...

96 86 79 78 67 59 52 51 46 42 38 33 27 26 19 14

9 8 1

CEU eTD Collection of medium a as writing of understanding same the share together” oneself “pulling Müller’s and prostituting “not Liiceanu’s language. with relationship privileged their by of means regime political the of independently themselves articulate to position the in were actors commu during Romania.and Socialist apolitical resistance in dissent political between travelers”, “fellow many the and regime the confronted directly who betw stayed”, who “those and left” who “those between lines the redrew forcefully anti outspoken an himself Liiceanu, Gabriel with during passivity political intellectuals’ the communis of denunciation indirect anti and vocal “collaborators” Her exile. of that and “landscape the of depiction her for Literature in Prize Nobel 2009 the received Müller 1987, in Germany West to emigrated had who Banat the from writer German A sensation. cultural a of something was 2010 uh f h dbt oe te nelcul’ eainhp ih h pltcl establishment political the with relationship intellectuals’ the over debate the of Much Gab with discussion Müller’s Herta GabrielLiiceanu, October Bucharest, 2010) with dialogue in Müller (Herta great.” be would it come, will moment that hope I writing. to happen things those me all have not and life, in else something do to profession, different a have to liked have would I word. a written never have rather would I myself tell I second d I this. chose who me not was it I choiceI and write.reason no have just the thisisn’t writer, a “Iwant be to don’t . That is it. And if one day I no longer need to pull myself together, then I will stop will I then together, myself pull to need longer no I day one if And it. is That . m had occasionally stirred the waters of post of waters the stirred occasionally had m nism has been pursued on a similar note, based on the assumption that cultural that assumption the on based note, similar a on pursued been has nism of the dispossessed” the of The Post

I ntroduction: What Are They toUs? They Are What ntroduction: id not choose the life I had in Romania, nor did I wish for it. Every it. for wish I did nor Romania, in had I life the choose not id - Socialist Afterlife ofMiscommunication Afterlife Socialist

- omns sac, e drc idcmn o former of indictment direct her stance, communist –

riel Liiceanu at the Romanian Athenaeum in October in Athenaeum Romanian the at Liiceanu riel that of the German minority in Communist Romania, Communist in minority German the of that

- omns floig h rgm change, regime the following communist

- socialist Romania. The public discussion public The Romania. socialist

one’s words” words” one’s een the few the een CEU eTD Collection authors German of group Banat the of texts the in configured as Germany of images changing i comparative of (1969 Autorengruppe field broader the for Banat the from literature German the recover to attempts 1998, Banater in published den Texten the in Deutschlandbilder Nichts…”: studies. literary cultural of and criticism tools the with perspectives, topical various from works literary their studies approached documented well of number a years recent in although inquiry, historical systematic knowledge, my To network. cultural extended their and groupBanat Aktionsgruppe German literary the ontheof Banat, focus members withaparticular whatwithin they increasingly perceived a “ tobe as appropriated be position their to negotiating in engaged intellectuals German came of number a by practice of these categories how asks it analysis, of categories improper are society distinctio the agency, individual of loss the society, of atomization the that arguing than Ratherculture”. “resistancethrough the to contradistinction in than other profession in 1980s, the cultural one inthat existen put which conditions very the under writer professional a be to able being not goes, argument the Ultimately, reality. surrounding one’s with engaging of option honest only the been have not regime, repressive a under choice existential self - creation. However, Herta Müller has consistently framed her career as a writer as the default the as writer a as career her framed consistently has Müller Herta However, creation. ral, t olw te mrec o te 90 gnrto o Gra wies rm the from writers German of generation 1970s the of emergence the follows it Broadly, config complex the into enquire to is thesis this of purpose The establishment

order to trace the emergence of this paradoxical understanding of the writer writer the of understanding paradoxical this of emergence the trace to order aooy f h German the of magology tial position thefirst in place emigration left as theonlychoice.

in Socialist Romania from the end of the 1960s up to the second half of half second the to up 1960s the of end the from Romania Socialist in

hms rues study Krause’s Thomas

- agae ieaue T ti ed Kas tae the traces Krause end, this To literature. language

totalitarian regime”.totalitarian

a personal decision in as much as it appeared to appeared it as much as in decision personal a

De rme at ucs ein das Gehirn, durchs rast Fremde “Die

they have not yet been the subject of of subject the been yet not have they

rto o te German the of uration n between state and state between n

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1991) , CEU eTD Collection Romanian in Generation 1970s The Cosmopolitan: about the 1970sgeneration. meta various the in expounded uncertainties and inconsistencies, contradictions the addresses directly thesis this therefore and situation existential personal essential was argue, self of tactics authors’ the between dynamics the of interpretation explicit over base source exhaustive) presenta the in clarity prioritizes structure of choice “self between divided being material the case each in Germanactivityauthors’ toandinGermany literary following inRomaniaprior emigration, their evenl study The topic. the to pertaining base source the of overview comprehensive Deutschland und Rumänien in Rezeption und Selbstdarstellung the on so the of Romania cultural sceneofSocialist of case self literary contained relatively a as reads therefore and themselves, authors the by testimonies exclusi almost relies study Krause’s contextualized, attentively trans broader the of members or minority a of members self of refashioning necessary their and Romania Socialist in situation authors’ between interplay the on emphasis particular with 1980s, and 1970s the throughout roughly aua Cernahoschi Raluca self the of analysis systematic a that identified Having - dniiainadterrcpini oils oai n bod hsvr eso, I tension, very This abroad. and Romania Socialist in reception their and identification emn ieaue n aa, n e suy rm 2004 from study her in Banat, in literature German - called “Banater Autorengruppe” is missing from the relatively large corpus of research of corpus large relatively the from missing is Autorengruppe” “Banater called - thematization. To what degree this was itself a tactic of negotiation on the broader the on negotiation of tactic a itself was this degree what To thematization.

in shaping the authors’ understanding of their professional status and their and status professional their of understanding authors’ the shaping in

- odrtaus h dissertation PhD Condurateanu’s

is oneof thekey thesis. this tackled in issues tobe

- German Poetry German tion of the impressively broad (possibly (possibly broad impressively the of tion

- national German community. Although Although community. German national - representation” and “reception”. The The “reception”. and representation” - representation and critical reception critical and representation h Pltcl te ra, n the and Urban, the Political, The

Diana Schuster set out to offer a offer to out set Schuster Diana vely on German sources, many many sources, German on vely - -

artvs constru narratives i Bntr Autorengruppe: Banater Die , defended in 2010, is one of one is 2010, in defended , - images as either either as images td y and by cted y covers the the covers y

the CEU eTD Collection t discuss I integration, their for possibilities the Framing perspectives. complementary as subjectivity and socialization for case a make also but Romania, Socialist in intellectuals of topic the to approaches structuralist on rely I integration, conf both of account an give to attempting In violence. of experience subsequent the mid the to o analysis my frame subjectivity Soviet on studies the of propositions theoretical the Moreover, perspective. below” the top a either assuming without interactions discuss to me of allows society and state insights theoretical the on post of tradition particularly historiographical draw I misunderstandings, political and projects arrested failures, interpretative of history a writing In analysis. subsequent my inform which they attempt toinscribe themselves. in practices discursive the and literature writers’ the between relationship the differently theorize dissoluti and recreation creation, German the of analysis the minded of fate the in socio my of interest support in critic literary a as renewed insights author’s the on rely I a community. and policies country’s the of criticism to Germa the of rejection and socialism Romanian with identification from development - m German themes three of evolution the follows dissertation The thesis. this of scope the exceeded have would which of analysis systematic the generation, 1970s contextua thoroughly of examples rare the

up to authors’ emigration from Romania. The study aims to illuminate the generation’s generation’s the illuminate to aims study The Romania. from emigration authors’ to up n h frt hpe, caiy h tertcl n mtoooia consi methodological and theoretical the clarify I chapter, first the In - inority, and the urban environment in the poetry of the German writers from the Banat Banat the from writers German the ofpoetry the in environment urban the and inority, 1970s as one of ideological co ideological of one as 1970s f how the German writers of the 1970s generation experienced the period up up period the experienced generation 1970s the of writers German the how f

- revisionism in the in revisionism

- lized literary studies of a broad corpus of works by the by works of corpus broad a of literarystudies lized

creation, as well as how they integrated ideologically ideologically integrated they how as well as creation,

4 he feasibility and soundness of the ethnographic the of soundness and feasibility he

Soviet studies. An integrative approach to to approach integrative An studies. Soviet

– on of the 1970s generation, although I although generation, 1970s the of on

social and political engagement, the the engagement, political and social derations which which derations - down or “from or down - historically historically n minority minority n lict and and lict CEU eTD Collection introduction invokes,as well as howtheir lit this to title the afterlife whose miscommunication West the of conditions in the reconstruct breakthrough I Germany, their and scene cultural Romanian the on reception writers’ German arg of mode generational the in investment ideological continued their of circumstances the explore time same the at but understandings, political writers’ the gr overzealous surveillance fromand Police. that ofthe repression Secret and writers the of part l the the from but criticism field, bolder both cultural stimulated the metadiscourse in privilege of logic new a the impose had and to encouraged potential being was ideology of production the when period the of tensions “avant and aspirations commitment ideological their performed subsequently writers so the during regime Socialist the of policies cultural lenient o coagulation the whereas that Iargue center. herefrom bothlocallyand the the1970s,driven the end1960s/beginning of of at Banat the in students university and school high and of generations young the among production promotion discovery, the for initiatives several make cultural and social the towards socialization of patterns early groundmiddle two. between the methodological a strike to attempting files, its and Police Secret the to approaches textual and oup’s disbandment by the Secret Police is the focus of the third chapter. I trace the changes in changes the trace I chapter. third the of focus the is Police Secret the by disbandment oup’s o te ebr o Atosrpe aa ngtae ielgcly n eitnily the existentially and ideologically negotiated Banat Aktionsgruppe of members the How thesecondchapter, whic research are this in introduced oftheMost of actors in the spirit of the “mini the of spirit the in

that Atosrpe aa ws ae osbe y h seemingly the by possible made was Banat Aktionsgruppe f

- norgd aig n ltrr cre ad ciia stance critical a and career literary a on taking encouraged cultural revolution”. By this, the chapter reveals the built the reveals chapter the this, By revolution”. cultural - p f h Gra cmuiy n h Bnt I examine I Banat. the in community German the of up eraturefirst West. wasconstrued inthe

encouragement of German literary literary German of encouragement - called “liberalization period,” the period,” “liberalization called mnain Aayig the Analyzing umentation. - garde” cultural cultural garde” ack of a clear clear a of ack h discusses the h discusses the

- in CEU eTD Collection such, As modifier. dangling a remain should astray” “gone that believe I revolution”, cultural the of children “the been had generation the ofmembers the how for argument an is thesis this while way more in was Banat the from writers German of generation 1970s the convincedthat Iam astray]. goneWhile way, have their who lost havewho “Rătăciţii”[those named collectively were Banat Aktionsgruppe of writers German the 1979, secr of officers aspiring police and current for textbook a In names. conspirative choosing for flair peculiar underpolitics socialism. the in twist interesting very a for makes Banat the from writers German the of case the that argue I communism, Romanian the about narratives reconstructing chronologies alternative call I what proposed self of paths individual post of context the in rhetoric generational previous writers’ cu the With writers. German the and intellectuals Romanian between distrust mutual of persistence socialist unviabl an proved anti patriotic the two, the of One dissent. constructing of modes reductive equally two between contradiction The year the discourse. in exit collective and voice of of dynamics possibilities the of negotiation subsequent their for formative Finally, a note about the title of this thesis: the Romanian Secret Police showed at times a times at showed Police Secret Romanian the thesis: this of title the about note a Finally, ways many in was Germany West to emigration writers’ German the to prior period The ltural politics of “rumäniende ofpolitics ltural - communist discourse mobilized by the Romanian Unit of Radio Free Europe Europe Free Radio of Unit Romanian the by mobilized discourse communist

n cmaig Wil comparing and oto fr olcie icus, o raos ht lo luiae h post the illuminate also that reasons for discourse, collective for option e

elzto.Dvsn esnlnraie o hi hrdps te also they past shared their of narratives personal Devising realization.

im Totok liam s following the authors’ decision to emigrate reveal the the reveal emigrate to decision authors’ the following s u tsche Literatur” equally failing to tran to failing equallyLiteratur” tsche

6 , f h 17s n 18s oils Rmna I Romania. Socialist 1980s and 1970s the of

ihr Wagner Richard td o te nelcul’ eainhp with relationship intellectuals’ the of study

- emigration, the authors took up up took authors the emigration, ad et M Herta and , s than one forlorn, and and forlorn, one than s slate the German German the slate ü l ler ’ s

meta et et n - - CEU eTD Collection self un writers’ the both accommodates it - understanding of the Secret the understanding Policeas of

derstanding of the cultural re cultural the of derstanding essential essential

in keeping manonthe right thesocialist path.

volution as “betrayed” and the the and “betrayed” as volution

CEU eTD Collection Method”, Method”, 2 110. 2012), Publishing, CambridgeScholars (eds.), Rahikainen Marjatta 1 sources of issue the on emphasis special subjectivity “Soviet on studies the to revisionism of discussion Fitzpatrick’s Sheila questions research theorizing) particular in socialism of study the in and socialism to sensitive propositions theoretical and debates th of history the Approaching group. misconstrued ideologically an and arrested, project a misinterpretation, of subject the was misunderstandings political the and projects interp the as perceived it what addressed Banat the from writers choice. of topic research my illness “professional to related concerns general more to both

Andreas Glaeser, “An Ontology for the Ethnographic Analysis of Social Processes: Extending the Extended the Extending Processes: Social of Analysis Ethnographic the for Ontology “An Glaeser, Andreas Carlo Ginzburg, “Our Words, and Theirs. A Reflection on the Historian’s Craft, Today”, in Susanna Fellman, Fellman, Susanna in Today”, Craft, Historian’s the on Reflection A Theirs. and Words, “Our Ginzburg, Carlo of Interpretative Failures, Failures, of Interpretative “ theoretization In the first part of the of part first the In palliative. are considerations methodological and theoretical following The Social Analysis Social

s a project and processs aprojectand one’s relationship to historical actors historical to relationship one’s Chapter 1 Chapter 1 .

becomesathe nausea productivecreated to by response o hs n, trace I end, this To

49.3 (2005): 32. (2005): 49.3 itrcl Knowledge Historical “ventriloquism isaprofessional many illness succumb historians to”

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the young generation of German of generation young the 1980s, and 1970s the Throughout -

chapter, I chapter,

fron17s eeain Itr seily o historiographical to especially turn I generation, 1970s forlorn e The Theory behind a Considerate History History behindaConsiderate Theory The . Arrested Arrested

discuss the sore point of language in his in language of point sore the discuss in conceptualizing “the identity” of socialist subjects socialist of identity” “the conceptualizing in the , reflecting on the ways in which problematizing which in ways the on reflecting , :

of the Romanian Communist regime. In its turn, it it turn, its In regime. Communist Romanian the of Projects Projects n us o Ter, ehd an Method Theory, of Quest In itrorpia dbts n oit studies Soviet in debates historiographical

the contradictions inherent in the negotiation of negotiation the in inherent contradictions the and sources and and Political Political

has a bearing on the formulation the on bearing a has es ” and to “symptoms” to and ” retative failures, the abandoned abandoned the failures, retative Misunderstandi d Evidence Evidence d the the infinity process”

torical research, research, torical

They resp They

peculiar to to peculiar (Cambridge: , ” ngs

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CEU eTD Collection 4 xii. 1991), Press, California of University (Berkeley: 3 answers of kind the and evidence, the approaching theirs” and words, “our on essay reflexive unproblematic, p a section p secret St of files: identification for account o sociability to of instances institutionalized equipped poorly are approaches sociological analysis” of “categories and practice” of “categories fields literary addresses them” to recognizable wholly be longer no may […] science A with contact its “by that something to topic” “their being from it” concerning Communism th Taking

Rogers Brubaker, Frederick Cooper, “Beyond ‘identity’”, Cooper, Frederick RogersBrubaker, o Katherine Verdery, Verdery, Katherine lice files and for their integration as historical sources historical as integration their for and files lice s ofcr ad isdns f h GDR the of dissidents and officers asi Andreas Glaeser’sAndreas How hist How 1.1. lc files olice rgues for for rgues e queue from Katherine Verdery’s reference Verdery’s Katherine from queue e h sae and stakes the

Empathy, . to

The final section final The s ple i te ae f S of case the in applied as

but by of maintaining a the sense tensions the “transmutation” of the Romanian researchers’ “national identity and ideas ideas and identity “national researchers’ Romanian the of “transmutation” the orians conceive of the actors the of conceive orians National Ideolog National ltrtr ad film and literature , a middle ground between an ethnographical and a textual ap textual a and ethnographical an between ground middle a

Ventriloquism

theory of the the of theory

limitations

y Under Communism Under y discusses

“contingencies and dynamics of understanding” in the case case the in understanding” of dynamics and “contingencies f h scooy f utr ad h macro the and culture of sociology the of , and Soviet Studies , and

from two two , influences both the kind of questions they ask when when ask they questions of kind the both influences , cait Romani ocialist hrie rca fr h atr’ trajectories actors’ the for crucial therwise

of their research, Carlo Ginzburg Carlo research, their of pioneering and muit oai ad h Sve Union Soviet the and Romania ommunist 9

Theory and Society and Theory . Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceaușescu’s Romania Ceaușescu’s in Politics Cultural and Identity rsia Vatulescu’s Cristina they arrive at. The at. arrive they in the preface preface the in

owtsadn, t rus ht macro that argues it notwithstanding,

not by not inherent all “evidence”. in approaches to the Secret Police and its its and Police Secret the to approaches a

The necessary distinction between between distinction necessary The 3 ,

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Sheila Fitzpatrick, “Revisionism in Retrospect: A Personal View,” APersonal Retrospect: “Revisionismin SheilaFitzpatrick, Shei 109. Theirs”, and Words, “Our Ginzburg, Carlo la Fitzpatrick, “Revisionism in Soviet History,” History,” Soviet “Revisionismin Fitzpatrick, la . On the one hand, e hand, one the On . tood by the Soviet citizens as subjects of research was was research of subjects as citizens Soviet the by tood Reflecting on her historiographical practice as a revisionist in the field of Soviet studies Soviet of field the in revisionist a as practice historiographical her on Reflecting 7 – . On the other hand, the hand, other the On .

emic”

distinction distinction

Whereas the revisionists thought the the thought revisionists the Whereas exactly

e eerhrs usin (omltd n em wih r “inevitably are which terms in (formulated questions researcher’s he arly inquiries into the issue of “social support” and “upward mobility” mobility” “upward and support” “social of issue the into inquiries arly oh pitfalls Both which around research questions research around

–

mirror attempt to understand the terms in which the world was world the which in terms the understand to attempt mirror mah ad ventriloquism, and empathy

Ginzburg zed etic zed

c n e vie, n izugs iw b carefully by view, Ginzburg’s in avoided, be an History and Theory and History

translates 10 –

emic divide: “my use of terms that came from, from, came that terms of use “my divide: emic e udrtnig f h mi pit of points main the of understanding Her

and around the words used to articulate to used words the around and

from Slavic Review Review Slavic totalitarian theorists theorists totalitarian

46 (2007): 77(2007): 46 Kenneth Lee Pike’s Lee Kenneth

5 rs nt necessarily not arise considered .

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CEU eTD Collection 9 8 many in and power, Soviet of agenda constructivist the with conversation in created are “they produ archives that fact the acknowledging t thought were which documents for concern of lack theory’s totalitarian the to response a as historically “unabashed subje Fitzpatrick’s “Soviet the of that Hellbeck Jochen of acknowledging words the in positivism”, meant followed, it history, into historians inquiry” of means, the merely than rather objects, structures), necessary the (larger as sources history reaffirm into historians “write to twofold: was him for stake The down. written been had everything not and preserved been had everything not that moreover, revisionist, Soviet the of opening archival of primacy res of generation new a of advent the with and however, 1980s, the with Beginning historians. of school totalitarian the of practice R at co of approachingoftheGermanview in 1970sgeneration isparticularlyattempts writers the useful no construction, social collective a him followed who those solved, subsequently been had ventriloquism,

StephenK 88. History”, Soviet “Revisionismin SheilaFitzpatrick, evisionism - producing a genuinelyaproducing culture. socialist h sit rm oil o utrl itr as enta also history cultural to social from shift The b ielgcly compromised. ideologically be o otkin, “The State “The otkin,

argued that there are still countless untapped sources on the local level, and and level, local the on sources untapped countless still are there that argued

relied in their turn they turn their in

heavily on archival sources for arguments against the ideologically driven driven ideologically the against arguments for sources archival on heavily sources began to be questioned be to began sources

, – secret

[who] saw the Stalinist ideology and values (‘Stalinist civilization’) as civilization’) (‘Stalinist values and ideology Stalinist the saw [who] Is It Us? Memoirs, Archives, and Kremlinologists”, Kremlinologists”, and Archives, Memoirs, Us? It Is

without rhvs Sehn okn agal te ot nleta post influential most the arguably Kotkin, Stephen archives, stood accusations of empathy. of accusations stood

earchers informed by cultural cultural by informed earchers smtig moe b te regime” the by imposed something t

using the terminology of social support, by “Kotkin and “Kotkin by support, social of terminology the using ce knowledge cons knowledge ce

Reaffirming sources as objects of inquiry meant meant inquiry of objects as sources Reaffirming

Amidst the enthusiasm building around the around building enthusiasm the Amidst

il tituting objects of experience, of objects tituting ed a new approach to sources. sources. to approach new a ed In Fi In theory ctivity” school, made sense sense made school, ctivity” Russian Review Russian tzpatrick’s view tzpatrick’s , the insistence on the the on insistence the , 8 .

okns integrative Kotkin’s

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CEU eTD Collection Histor Eurasian and Russian in Explorations 12 1. 1997), Press, CambridgeUniversity 11 722. (2008): 10 archive from move to need “scholars anthropology: cultural f the in forcefully more even voiced been mood” genuine people’s of however, self instance in state by used categories the that recognizing not by point the misses private. in shared overwhelmingly autho population Kershaw Ian with argues, nevertheless t due agitation anti of cases of prosecution the on statistics of “unreliability” the acknowledges Davis people’ ‘ordinary of beliefs an as material archival the reads 1934 between population the of mood the on reports OGPU/NKVD on extensively Romanian encou own my frame to meant is pose they issues the of values. Soviet of acceptance than rather to resistance privilege to the of archives categories thems organizing the become state Soviet the of categories intellectual the cases Perspective”, Historiographical in Iconoclasm Frogs: and Archives “Of Hellbeck, Jochen Sarah Davis, Davis, Sarah Jochen Hellbeck, “Speaking Out. Languages of Affirmation and Dissent in Stalinist Russia”, Russia”, Stalinist in Dissent and Affirmation of Languages Out. “Speaking Hellbeck, Jochen rities was “but the tip of the iceberg,” and that dissenting opinions where most probably probably most where opinions dissenting that and iceberg,” the of tip the “but was rities The case of case The

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1.1 (2000), 79. (2000), 1.1 .

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(Cambridge: (Cambridge: Although based , argued - Kritika: Kritika: Soviet Soviet

67.3 67.3 , CEU eTD Collection 2. 1995), Press, California 15 History Fram Major Life. Everyday and Structure, Social Society, “Soviet See it”. from apart something not was it society; of part important an was state The state. the neit was […] state “the 14 13 contested appropriated, Foucauldian the on practice,economy,language” andthe political of organization structure,the with “along created, it state in argued Kotkin Stephen cha reaction action simple relatively in interacting entities discrete are society and state regimes communist support attempt new theoretical reaching society and socialism. under existential) professional, (intellectual, trajectories individual very the and opinion popular collective of features right own its gathering, information of practices as production, knowledge of monuments of but retrieval, knowledge of sites as not archives view should

Ann Laura Stolner, “Colonial Archives and the Arts ofGovernance,” the and Archives “Colonial Stolner, Laura Ann Mark Edele convincingly argues that for the researchers engaged in the “Harvard Interview Project” of the 1950s 1950s the of Project” Interview “Harvard the in engaged researchers the for that argues convincingly Edele Mark Stephen Kotkin, Kotkin, Stephen - building by means of the destruction of society, but rather a “civilizatio a rather but society, of destruction the of means by building

8.2 (2007): 361. (2007): 8.2 , and collaboration, collaboration, and , t Turning

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. I . can be see be can states aswell as of sites state ethnography” te tt ipsn isl o scey scey aig ne te pressure the under caving society society, on itself imposing state the , t consequently led to a reconce a to led consequently t Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilization a as Stalinism Mountain. Magnetic he her everywhere nor hovering above ‘society’ as the collection of those social ties that are not not are that ties social those of collection the as ‘society’ above hovering nor everywhere her

and methodological post methodological and

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insightful is that Stalinism was not merely a project of of project a merely not was Stalinism that is f which of

still problematic still

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian Eurasian and Russian in Explorations Kritika: – (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of of University Oxford: Angeles, Los (Berkeley, 13

manifest in property relations, social social relations, property in manifest . Archival Science Science Archival

accounts of more or less exemplary less or more of accounts etd n h asmto ta in that assumption the on rested

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2 (2002): 87. 2 (2002): 15 . His approachrestsHis . n” in the sense that sense the in n”

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CEU eTD Collection 20 19 all at recognizable drive same the by is that allocation”, bureaucratic of “mechanisms the by authority culturaland status legitimation” of space “the calls Verdery what in authority and competence value, of meaning the over compete producers producers” its of some only to influence allowing while culture of production the supports and requires that domination of system a within empowered differentially elite, cultural v primarily, ideology of production production/ cultural of field the in competition party the between bas most the as discourse production) of means bureaucrac the increase [resources]” to is imperative central “socialism’s C practice/categories ofanalysis (the issu of categories model), overarching this in individual the of locus (the agency structure/human issues related Communism Romanian the under Institutions Literary theore draw Macrea Ioana I which from inspiration socialism methodological Romanian under writers) specifically

â Katherine Verdery, KatherineVerdery, KatherineVerdery, pau Jns Kornai, János mpeanu, Drawing on the “indigenist” theories of socialism of the 1980s (especially those of Pavel of those (especially 1980s the of socialism of theories “indigenist” the on Drawing 19 rial w ertically - . Toma’s Toma’s n sesn how assessing In –

National Ideology Under Communism Under Ideology National National

conflict/integration (the configuration of the model of analysis), social social analysis), of model the of configuration (the conflict/integration n te intellectuals. the and

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Ideology Under Communism Under Ideology

György c en o cultural of means ic and do so more or less successfully on the basis of acquired political acquired of basis the on successfully less or more so do and . The dynamics between the two the between dynamicsThe . –

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and fashioning of the self (which need no need (which self the of fashioning and be be integration. esnby rud ht e udrtnig f “nation of understanding her that argued reasonably make a social actor an intellectual is inherent in what John Torpey terms, terms, Torpey John what in inherent is intellectual an actor social a make eas i ws ecie as perceived was it because

national whose arguments Verdery so compellingly rehearses compellingly so Verdery arguments whose

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dynamics of conflict, of dynamics

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CEU eTD Collection 86 2010), for door (e AlexDennis and back the much as not is voice passive the 24 of use the by privileged (thesiteis one structural gateofthe guarding the but definition, functionalist that argue rather would role I the (hence definition). enthusiasm with specific mind the of activities the regard who intellectuals by is answer His Torpey. asks “By subjectivities”. human forming in and members, its by ‘thought’ privileged 23 22 Legacy Its and Opposition Joh See out”. it carry who persons the of attributes 21 not do perhaps participants the “Although conflict: of site a as legitimation of space the of conceptualization the of defense very the is position this also criticism a environment), subjectivism over will) and consciousness individual of independent regularities objective establishing of bymeans objectivism privilege to tends model theoretical Verdery’s intellectuals the of definitions ascriptive with away do to attempts specifically is that agency, over structure privileges it that is definition this about problematic is a avoid Verd in contradiction the that argues who domination”. of system the “reproducing at participate andintellectuals position social their legitimate space” relational or “structural recognition” and claims of exchange this of basis the on relations social in participate to and them, for recognition social of degree that contends intellectuals”

Katherine Verdery, KatherineVerdery, Torpey infers this from Verdery’s use of the passive v passive the of use Verdery’s from this infers Torpey See Richard Jenkins, “Pierre Bourdieu: from the model of reality to the reality of the model”, in Peter J. Martin J. Peter in model”, the of reality the to reality of model the from Bourdieu: “Pierre Jenkins, Richard See The structural definition, Torpey argues, “has the virtue of focusing on intellectual intellectual on focusing of virtue the “has argues, Torpey definition, structural The - functional

99. The definitions of objectivism and subjectivism are his. are subjectivism and ofobjectivism definitions The 99. in forming and transforming discourses, in constituting thereby the means through which society is is society which through means the thereby constituting in discourses, transforming and forming in 21 . “ o b’ n nelcul means intellectual an ‘be’ to ds.), ds.), In line with Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu Pierre Foucault, Michel with line In

National Ideology Under Communism Under Ideology National designation (attending to the unreflexive individual experience of self, others and the the and others self, of experience individual unreflexive the to (attending Human Agents and Social Structures Social and Agents Human

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1995), 3. 1995), Minnesota, of (Minneapolis: University

leveled against Pierre Bourdieu Pierre against leveled group social a as intellectuals of

–

n hc sca actors social which in

it is by (sometimes) occupying this site that they become become they that site this occupying (sometimes) by is it “subjective” 22 Esnil o hs eiiin s h cnrlt o the of centrality the is definition this to Essential . n Torpey, Torpey, n

ery’s structural ery’s maintain

oice in describing the space of legitimation as “a site that that site “a as legitimation of space the describing in oice o ae knowledge make to 17

, 16. , Intellectuals, Socialism, and Dissent: The East German German East The Dissent: and Socialism, Intellectuals,

(Manchester, New York: Manchester University Press, Press, University Manchester York: New (Manchester,

experience ). traits ( traits

n em o “pseooia positions”, “epistemological of terms In

definition

which whom (the ae the make 24

their activity as one of of one as activity their

and Zygmunt Bauman, Verdery Bauman, Zygmunt and . examination of the social world world social the of examination

is this s this is

Perhaps the best illustration of illustration best the Perhaps self or behavioral, functional, I

/value would rather argue that what that argue rather would

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CEU eTD Collection and Dissent Socialism, Intellectuals, their if even intellectuals, as regarded 27 26 work “creative 25 how showing communism, under institutionalization field, literary the of P integration”. of “history a largely is which apparatus), censorship the industry, publishing the Union, Writers’ (The communism Romanian literary German the of unmaking communityBanat. from the and making the in integration and conflict of dynamics socialization of practices self of processes the encompass to action social of field the expanding by approaches legitimation”) of “space the to (relative structural and training) (articulate functional between ground middle a strike to attempts a with working am I that implies cha it)” are activity intellectual and be “investigation”. to world social the of representations subjective take nevertheless I “proof”, as functions the experience individual that assume specify not do I analysis my to in is task investigator’s for the and occur The will competition this which under circumstances relation. bringing not competitive are into activities their values that alternative proof no is “this Verdery, writes ‘competition’,” or

Ibid. KatherineVerdery, “In my approach, then, approach, my “In 26 nging understandings of the political the of understandings nging ,

but o hs n, rl o Iaa Macrea Ioana on rely I end, this To mv fo a aayi o “utrl oiis t a acut f h sca actors’ social the of account an to politics” “cultural of analysis an from move I

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both the untutored party hack and the well the and hack party untutored the both Macrea in a in

inherently

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e subjects of this research do so themselves, that “culture that themselves, so do research this of subjects e

may be very different for a variety of reasons”, writes Torpey. See See Torpey. writes reasons”, of variety a for different very be may political (not (not political

, as outlined in the next section next the in outlined as , the “production of discourse”, discourse”, of “production the definition of the intellectuals which, as does Torpey, Torpey, does as which, intellectuals the of definition roviding a roviding

- 18 oas td o ltrr isiuin un institutions literary of study Toma’s

, 19. , underlain

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On the one hand, this this hand, one the On understanding and the and understanding 27 a organizationally was - of the reality under under reality the of sociological analysis sociological . On the other hand, other the On . interwoven 25 .

Although der the the der

with CEU eTD Collection 30 XV. 2011), Press, Chicago University of The London: (Chicago, 29 Communism Romanian the under Institutions 28 other the on surveillance of object Stasi’s the made Stasi the of agents former of investigation empirical contexts” of kinds interacteverydayof ethnographyreconstruction the historical and on focus its with science of sociology the to closest “methodologically and knowledge, political in interest their politica of theory socialist of remaking institutions” and making the orienting life social about knowledge of certification dimension, crucial a overlooked have it explain to forward brought been have which explanations economic and political customary integration encouraged pursuitofalternative integrative the projectsordissent. precarious, always was thesis this of focus among solidarity b for space designated a created which framework institutional literary the Macrea autonom increasing the repress, to meant was it conditioned

Andreas Glaeser, Glaeser, Andreas Andreas Glaeser, Glaeser, Andreas Ioan Macrea a - naig ih h dms o scaim n h GR Ades lee age ta the that argues Glaeser Andreas GDR, the in socialism of demise the with Engaging 1.3. Toma’s

29 Political Epistemics and PolicePolitical Epistemics and Aesthetics through . Placing himself in the tradition of her of tradition the in himself Placing . - Toma, Toma,

Political Epistemics, Political conceptual apparatus, I draw on on draw I apparatus, conceptual

Political Epistemics. The Secret Police, the Police, Secret The Epistemics. Political writers. Given that the institutional position of the German writers who are the the are who writers German the of position institutional the that Given writers. l epistemology which is thematically closest to Mannheim and Foucault with with Foucault and Mannheim to closest thematically is which epistemology l 30

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XXV.

] (Cluj ]

aey h eitmc one epistemic the namely - Napoca: Casa Cărții de Ştiință, 2009), 330. 2009), Ştiință, de CasaCărții Napoca:

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her . As such, it such, As . meneutic social thought, Glaeser proposes a proposes Glaeser thought, social meneutic

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gradually come to support that which that support to come gradually regarding

has the quality of quality the has 28 , and the dissidents which dissidents the and , .

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CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 use understandings other in validation, territory” “enemy constituted being as are understandings identified are which spaces particular avoidance physical the instance, for be, would understanding kinesthetic membe the for solidarity or class, different a of members the towards hatred by corroborated emotionally be can explains, he understanding, discursive This conflicts. class defining epochs of succession as history of theory the of example interconnec closely although different, are modes these how illuminate To actions. t say to ontology” practical a stipulating thus it, integrating and differentiating simultaneously by world the of aspects relevant orders which context, specific a in pursuit particular a within terms appear which will inmyanalysis. subsequent the introduce briefly will I follows what In actors. social of worldviews changing the configure resear of areas two indiscriminately. in employ I which actors, repertoire analytical historical all approach to which with toolbox analytical

Andreas Glaeser, Andreas Glaeser, Andreas

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Glaeser, Glaeser,

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Political Epistemics Political Epistemics Political Epistemics Political identifies ch which I signaled out as complementary to the production of discourse of production the to complementary as out signaled I which ch

(through resonances) (through

three modes of understanding of modes three 33

, 163 , 11 , 10. ,

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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “The Rani of Sirmur: An Essay in Reading Reading in Essay An Sirmur: of Rani “The Spivak, Chakravorty Gayatri Vatulescu, Cristina - aes Te ntne o aporain aatto, aoy eocs, r xoue are exposure or exorcism, parody, adaptation, appropriation, of instances The makers. tis ciia ad itrcl itne rm oh A te ruet os ti allows this goes, argument the As both. from distance historical and critical a etains It is crucial for the way Vatulescu frames the intersections between culture and policing and culture between intersections the frames Vatulescu way the for crucial is It -

with Dominick LaCapra’s distrust with privileging the archives as sources for historical for sources as archives the privileging with distrust LaCapra’s Dominick 34 . The emphasis emphasis The . - a - displacement” Police Aesthetics. Literature, Film, and the Secret Police in Soviet Times Soviet in Police Secret the and Film, Literature, Aesthetics. Police

lc udrto b eiec, eod wiig hmn aue and nature, human writing, record, evidence, by understood olice

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ig a b abund be can ding the Archives,” the ents with writers and and writers with ents History and Theory and History

(Stanford: Stanford (Stanford: antly revealing revealing antly

24.3 24.3 - f CEU eTD Collection because second and them to access have texts the interpreted never officers police secret it. have will Vatulescu as files that theiror “samplinghermeneutical methods” literatu “tendentious” of sense a having that agree I While shared. but anything is agency which in arrests), warnings, official raids, house interrogations, (surveillance, counterpart their and codes discursive and linguistic of violations (purposeful violence symbolic between line the blurs unavoidably p Aktionsgruppe therestBanat and ofthesurveillance contents. files’ of members the of two by police secret the for compiled reports several the between form and a but strategies, interpretative of terms in just not dissimilarity striking partners equal between dialogue also betw was it practices that hermeneutic but “lay” instrumentalizing interpretation, and of with object engaging consciously passive the just not was it that postulating illumin in way long property common as a goes study for Vatulescu’s line, this In owner. rightful fought its be to happened whomever of wasregardless times Soviet in knowledge that assumption the with as identitypersonal or professionalperson’s a make to thought are practices and tropes specific where dynamically: approached be to therefore olice files based on a constructivist approach such as that of Cristina Vatulescu is that it it that is Vatulescu Cristina of that as such approach constructivist a on based files olice e te ert oie fies n te rtr udr uvilne a nvr hwvr a however, never, was surveillance under writers the and officers police secret the een T e rbe wt cnetaiig h rltosi bten literatur between relationship the conceptualizing with problem he re ating the dialogic nature of the literature produced under communism, communism, under produced literature the of nature dialogic the ating

is important for important is In the case of the German writers of the 1970s gen 1970s the of writers German the of case the In I I ee ny o ie txul ruet i wud e the be would it argument, textual a give to only were I If .

contextualizing – they had a simplistic, but clear understanding of the of understanding clear but simplistic, a had they

purposeful

either an artist or a police officer, Vatulescu works Vatulescu officer, policea or artist aneither 23 practices –

first because not knowing German they did not did they German knowing not because first t e ert oie officers’ police secret he

repressive measures, measures, repressive

areas from immediatelytransparent the iitrrttos ad el violence real and misinterpretations)

lso in terms of language of terms in lso I am not convinced not am I ad the and e understanding . The dialogue dialogue The . eration, the eration, s ecret ecret

of of CEU eTD Collection Banat the from writers German mac the submissive resolve to attempting for agency recover skillfully does files police secret and literature of analysis textual dialogical the that true is it While friends. of group close writers’ personal informers tapped, confiscated, phones manuscripts bugged, read, correspondence were Apartments discovered. being from them prevent to [legende] so “plots” complex absurdly devise to officers police secret the the leading times at costs, officers, police maintaine secret and treasured greatly was the collaborators and informers the of with “conspirativity” acquainted (forcefully) been had writers the co Police Secret that Vatulescu with agree partly I information. to access actors’ the between asymmetry court. tout practice violent a often which to extent the prove to goes This P Secret the of hermeneutics friends. their of texts the or texts, own their Also, t on solely mixed based accessible of not are result which between the relations the are agencies, files the in recorded texts resulting actual the ideas”) “tendentious occasional standing “specialists” th Consequently, literature. of professionalization a recurring practice of the Secret P Secret the of practice recurring a In conclusion, in the following chapters I analyze the history of the 1970s generation of of generation 1970s the of history the analyze I chapters following the in conclusion, In

as a supporting argument. While it is clear that both the secret police informers and the the and informers police secret the both that clear is it While argument. supporting a as

/subversive “experts” were instructed what to look for in their analyses (“interpretative content,” content,” (“interpretative analyses their in for look to what instructed were “experts” –

ihr elw rtr o uiest professors university or writers fellow either nstructed and ritualistically exposed its “secrecy”. its exposed ritualistically and nstructed

authors at the micro olice

were y interpret by

ht h daoia apoc frhr bcrs s h great the is obscures further approach dialogical the What ro not jus not - ihtm bten h ttltra sae and state totalitarian the between dichotomy olice was to coerce the authors themselves to interpret to themselves authors the coerce to was olice - level of level

ing their collective projects (and group failures) failures) group (and projects collective their ing t 24 a textual practice of symbolic violence, but more but violence, symbolic of practice textual a ey elicited translations and interpretations from from interpretations and translations elicited ey

individual encounters.individual

h wies i i rte dciig in deceiving rather is it writers, the successf

and

However, even if t if even However, mobilized ully ully

“infiltrated” into the the into “infiltrated” he texts themselves. texts he

their

professional he German German he d at all at d - called called the the

CEU eTD Collection Police. Secret the with interaction their in generation 1970s the of members the practice social the to approach textual a and ethnographic an between balance a strike to seek I Methodologically, perspectives. complementary possible Ka Macrea of Ioana Romania and Socialist Verdery in intellectuals of topic the to approaches structuralist the s “Soviet society line in misinterpretations) and state of post understanding the by inspired framework theoretical a within ubjectivity”. In attempting to give an account of both conflict and integration, I rely on on rely I integration, and conflict both of account an give to attempting In ubjectivity”.

with the theoretical grounds laid down by the au the by down laid grounds theoretical the with - Toma, all the while while the all Toma,

n ter niiul nepeaie pin (and options interpretative individual their and

looking at socialization and subjectivity as as subjectivity and socialization at looking

- eiins Sve suis integrative studies’ Soviet revisionist s

and p and olitical (mis)understandings of of (mis)understandings olitical thors of the so the of thors therine therine - called CEU eTD Collection 1 authority.institutional test and out played being were which of ambiguities the field, cultural the of logic the in shift a of symptom and product the was it as press the in extensively published were works original whose o students university project the much as was Aktionsgruppe 1975, and between1972 that Itargues Banat. in young writers German the visible makeand “discover” deceiving poet” prominent a of poem first the published having value, the of other the or one “that of mode argumentation generational a into discourse of terms in and opportunities) (publication resources driven terms regionallythesubstantialinvestment,bothin the center,of from asfrom and well as Socialist socializat early their of period Inthe Romania. 1970s the of half first the during and 1960s the of end the the at of press literary context German the from divorced incomprehensible be largely would Banat Aktionsgruppe

Paul Schuster, “Nichtprovinzielles aus der Provinz II,” II,” Provinz der aus “Nichtprovinzielles Schuster, Paul “It is by no means impossible,” wrote the wrote impossible,” means no by is “It of history short the 1975, to 1972 from Spanning –

h proe f hs hpe i t so t wa etn te rs dd oe than more did press the extent what to show to is chapter this of purpose the .

Chapter 2 Chapter 2

The Beginnings of the 1970sGeneration ofthe The Beginnings ed by various actors interested in maintaining or furthering their their furthering or maintaining in interested actors various by ed - Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue

Making and Unmaking an “Avant Unmaking and Making ion, the authors benefited from cultural campaigns campaigns cultural from benefited authors the ion, NeueLiteratur 26

Neue Literatur Literatur Neue

student pages will in years have bibliophile bibliophile have years in will pages student nn nwy high newly nine f 21.10 (1970), 105. (1970), 21.10

1 . That tim That . editor Paul Schuster in 1970, 1970, in Schuster Paul editor h Gra ltrr group literary German the - Garde”: Garde”:

e has proved him right is right him proved has e - col rdae and graduates school

CEU eTD Collection 1945 după România policie liberalization the Cz 2 in intervene to refusal Ceaușescu’s Nicolae with 1968, of context the In censorship. of abolition the and creation, and thought of (most writers literaryfreedomoffor democratization life, the opportunityforseizedthe advocate [Oniriștii]) to Romanian political of strong generation carried youngest potentially The arguments implications. these Simultaneously, writers. of factions amongdifferent negotiated being powerwere and authorityprivilege,which bymeansdiscursive some were realism socialist new of a decade previous promoting the against and literature writer of understanding the of role the refashioning canon, literary the Restructuring 1 the in debates overzealousand repression. surveillance th but value, literary of measure new the as glorified being were utility and accessibility when field, cultural the in privilege of logic new a impose to potential the had and encouraged being was ideology built so the by inaugurated matters cultural in producersintellectuals,ideology progressive also but as totheseemingly of suited party new qualitat a as just not themselves defining in engaged equally were writers

I follow the periodization and designation of Anneli Ute Gabanyi, who draws particular attention to the limits the to attention particular draws who Gabanyi, Ute Anneli of designation and periodization the follow I - n esos f h so the of tensions in The background against which a generational mode of argumentation emerged in literary literary in emerged argumentation of mode generational a which against background The 2.1. and editors show, will Banat Aktionsgruppe of dissolution and activity formation, the As

Patterns Early Socialization of lc o a la meta clear a of lack e 6s oils Rmna a te so the was Romania Socialist 960s

[ Literature and Politics in Romania after 1945 Romania in Politics Literatureand o bt Gerh Gheorghiu Gheorghe both of s

- ald “mini called

- discourse stimulated both a bolder public discourse and and discourse public bolder a both stimulated discourse

- - cu called “July Theses” of 1971. By that it reveals the the reveals it that By 1971. of Theses” “July called

ltural revolution” period, when the production of of production the when period, revolution” ltural echoslovakia, previously apolitical or dissident dissident or apolitical previously echoslovakia, - 27 Dej and Nicolae Ceaușescu. See See Ceaușescu. Nicolae and Dej

- ald eid f otold liberalization controlled of period called ] (Bucureşti: Editura Fundaţiei Române, 2001). Române, Fundaţiei ] (Bucureşti: Editura notably The Onirists Onirists The notably ieaua i oiia în politica şi Literatura ively new type of of type new ively of the the of - line

2 . CEU eTD Collection Communism Romanian under Institutions houses publishing central 4 the of specialization practices. editorial unprofessional and retribution, discriminatory and unjust bureaucracy, excessive and down break the addition, In Union. Writers’ the of associations local in autonomy administrative and financial granted being to forward looked 3 t of editor afterwards daily Bucharest the of editor Csejka, Gerhardt 1969, of the of editorcultural Schneider, Eduard promotion. their discursivelyin as act could consequently and authority medium of positions holding now were who 1960s, the in scene cultural the entered had who de temporarily were movement upward possible financial unprofitable responsibilityfor works” central the e ideological “increase by to will motivated authorities’ been have to out turned houses publishing the of the decentralization Also, expenses. their control to right the had which Union, the on m dependent financially but manifestations, cultural and publications all for center the from approval obtain to had they Union, Writers’ the by validated be to had members new swo edged double their country, the a in centers cultural main the of some in been established were associations Although have to proving subsequently them despite liberalization, of in1969 houses and publishing Writers’ Union Writers 1968 the at elections democratic fairly The establishment. the within from life cultural Romanian the of Partyintellectuals the joined Communist andfor reformation numbers inunprecedented pushed a

Cultural actors from the provinces, in particular, spoke spoke particular, in provinces, the from actors Cultural on Macrea Ioana n h sot em hwvr o te emn utrl cn a hne f lts seemed elites of change a scene cultural German the on however, term, short the On –

decentralization increased the number of jobs in the cul the in jobs of number the increased decentralization - Toma, Toma, ’ Union Conference, followed by the much awaited for decentralization of the of decentralization for awaited much the by followed Conference, Union ’

rvlgeţa Isiui ltrr î cmnsu românesc comunismul în literare Instituţii Privilighenţia. e an emn utrl aaie n Romania, in magazine cultural German main he

] (Cluj ] - - clogged Napoca: Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2010), 170. 2010), Ştiinţă, de Cărţii Casa Editura Napoca: xigencies, reduce auxiliary personnel, and diffuse the the diffuse and personnel, auxiliary reduce xigencies,

spokesmen of the younger generation, investing investing generation, younger the of spokesmen 3

4 out against the accumulation of privileges at the center, and center, the at privileges of accumulation the against out 28 were received with enthusiasm and taken as signsenthusiasm and taken with received were .

–

especially for the liberal the for especially ee Weg Neuer ore importantly importantly ore tural field and the channels for for channels the and field tural

was thought to put an end to to end an put to thought was

ewe 1969 between Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue

ee Literatur Neue [ - Privilligentsia. Literary Literary Privilligentsia. minded intellectuals intellectuals minded

–

hy were they - 90 and 1970 Peter ,

rd. as as CEU eTD Collection high by written “Universitas”, and uns” über “Wir supplements literary the published conse own Germanminority’s minorities ethnic towards regime socialist the of policy cultural generous seemingly the how of example “Pipatsch supplement The specifically. Schwabians Banat the address to newspaper the of profile the refashioned largely he 1969, with beginning Müller “Adam the newly the of posi this from member and Timișoara in association Union Writers’ a established also was He România]. din [Consiliul germană Romania naţionalitate in de Nationality muncitorilor German of Workers the for Council the of establishing Party Workers’ newspaper the for worked he 1952 Since German]. Antifascist [Comitetul Romania in Committee Antifascist German the of member social and workers of family a in 1935 in background political spotless a had Berwanger Banat. in press cultural the of restructuring Timișoara cultural period. height fieldat liberalization the perceived ofthe mid the around born all were Sibiu, in Stefan and 1970, University the at lecturer later and Mureș Târgu in Institute Pedagogical since the at assistant Sienerth, University Cluj the of department German the at assistant Motzan, ioas ewne, h nw he eio o te einl daily regional the of editor chief new the Berwanger, Nikolaus renamed ,

was being implemented both as a means of propaganda and as a reinforcement of the the of reinforcement a as and propaganda of means a as both implemented being was -

s f 95 te oain omns Pry I 16 h particip he 1968 In Party. Communist Romanian the 1965, of as - utnrn” ieay ice A cif dtr of editor chief As circle. literary Guttenbrunn” Neue Banater Zeitung Zeitung Banater Neue rvatism. Starting from November1969, Startingfrom rvatism. - 1940s, finishing their studies and taking up jobs in the the in jobs up taking and studies their finishing 1940s, - ee Weg Neuer eort, e a bcm i 14 te y the 1940 in become had he democrats, 29 in 1968, was particularly instrumental in the the in instrumental particularly was 1968, in

” ,

written entirely in dialect is the best best the is dialect in entirely written and in 1957 he joined the Romanian Romanian the joined he 1957 in and

Neue Banater Zeitung Zeitung Banater Neue tion co tion ee aae Zeitung Banater Neue i Wahrheit Die - founded, in 1968, in founded, - ated at the the at ated school and and school oungest oungest

from born also

CEU eTD Collection 7 6 315 (eds.), 2007): Verlag, IKGS Ostmittel Sienerth in Stefan Literatur Motzan, und Peter Presse Zalaznik, Deutschsprachige Miladinović Mira in 1975),” Zeitung Banater Neue 5 the and Beat of decadence the society, communist a in education of role the on ideology party ill textbook being examples negative the of (many columns two on newspaper the from excerpts “negative” and “positive” reproducing By change. social of conductive itself high Romania in literature German the of renewal reality” concrete a are politics exa few very the of one was pages, cultural the wrote minority inte the and productivism of glorification and ethos enlightenment communist the between balance communicate.” to need their to s never were there [since] literature, German of rejuvenation “the of sign a as pages student the of popularity the frame to first the among was he Berwanger, Nikolaus for As themselves. writers the to responsibilities editorial self for platform a as generation young the for functioned particular, in “Universitas,” Banat. Aktionsgruppe group literary the of members future the of many including 1974, and 1972 in discontinued were they until up supplements respectively students university

Paul Schuster, “Ni Schuster, Paul Schrifttum,” “Verjüngtes Banater Berwanger, Nikolaus See Eduard Schneider, “Literatur und Literaturreflexion in der rumänie der in Literaturreflexion und “Literatur Schneider, Eduard See - schoo h sces oml ws ucl pce u a te etr The center. the at up picked quickly was formula success The Neue Literatur Literatur Neue l pages was thatthe coexistencecommonplaces critical was andl pages original, was of thought in rest fostering specificity. in its chtprovinzielles aus der Provinz,” Provinz,” der aus chtprovinzielles

(Temeswar) und ihr Beitrag zur Förderung der literarischen Nachwuchsgeneration (1969 (1969 Nachwuchsgeneration literarischen der Förderung zur Beitrag ihr und (Temeswar)

- 45.

editor Paul Schuster in an enthusiastic article about the newspaper’s the about article enthusiastic an in Schuster Paul editor

7 . There was more to this, however, than merely the potential for a a for potential the merely than however, this, to more was There . 5 6 Tn o suet hd hi ltrr dbt n hs newspaper these in debut literary their had students of Tens .

n em o clua pltc, ewne hd tuk fragile a struck had Berwanger politics, cultural of terms In o many young people in Banat giving voice through poetry poetry through voice giving Banat in people young many o -

fashioning and promotion, and fashioning - Neue Literatur Neue

– pe i te emn rs poig ht “cultural that proving press German the in mples n Sdserp i 1. n 2. Jahrhundert 20. und 19. im Südosteuropa und

30 the of presentation his in made Schuster point the Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue

21.9 (1970): 108. (1970): 21.9 ndeutschen Presse der Nachkriegszeit: Die Die Nachkriegszeit: der Presse ndeutschen

12 (June 12, 1970): 3. 1970): (June 12, 12 eahihie ud vermittel und Benachrichtigen

in as much as it delegated it as much as in

ee aae Zeitung Banater Neue ustrations of the of ustrations

(München: (München: n: – ,

CEU eTD Collection 8 U.S.S.R. in work at participation parents’ the about discussions to references the eliminated the for report censorship the popular, most the the been have to appears sexuality protocols published the in talks the the of by conducted topics wher the contrast, Youth, In formality”. Communist pure “a the students, the of wrote Union were, discussions the of meetings the or lectures educational inspection’.” ‘for questions open such asked who people nice These […] protocol of visits many the of one was it that convinced were we because meeting, this in interested particularly not general in were “We encounter: ordinary and visit the about out finding at reactions initial the recorded students the of One practices. cultural of realization lively and “concrete” a itself was this show, students the by compiled discussions the of protocols the As 1971. February in 1970s the of members students the with discussed and met region, the in schools high German seven the visited Banat, to travelled Csejka Gerhardt critic literary the and Latzina the whom among magazine, the from editors young several 1970 In center. the from out carried campaigns “enlightenment” of framework ability todistinguish between “dogma” and the and reading critical of practice the illustrating effectively was Schuster etc), West capitalist

Hans Neumann, “Auszüge aus den Diskussionsprotokollen,” Diskussionsprotokollen,” den “Auszügeaus HansNeumann, t a sc a rtcl rga that program critical a such was It 8 ”

Neue Literatur Literatur Neue , The visit was compared not just with the official inspections, but also with thewith also but inspections, official the with just not compared was visit The

, who also gave as equally direct answers, could not have possibly been here here been possibly have not could answers, direct equally as gave also who , the euphemis the

generation

, m of choice for the German populations’ deportation to labor labor to deportation populations’ German the for choice of m

editors were chosen democratically, by secret ballot. Whereas Whereas ballot. secret by democratically, chosen were editors and published their writings in a special issue of th of issue special a in writings their published and genuine engagementownreality.genuine withone’s Neue Literatur Literatur Neue

31 prose writer Paul Schuster, the poet Anemone Anemone poet the Schuster, Paul writer prose

ee Literatur Neue

the subsequent realization that it was not an not was it that realization subsequent the Neue Literatur Neue , among them all the future the all them among ,

most problematic theme, and love love and theme, problematic most a t ipeet n h known the in implement to was 22.2 (1971): 6. (1971): 22.2

issue records that the censors censors the that records issue

“ the reconstruction reconstruction the e magazine e prominent

the e -

CEU eTD Collection Literatur 10 9 the party: by encouraged policy cultural lenient seemingly the of spirit the in debates, constructive foster Literat Neue Zeitung Banater establishment. cultural official as the wascritically,freely what perceived and coming from oppor by marked was socialization early writer German of generation young inhigh campaign pages ofthe and the impactstudent ofthe i it While protested. others yet which to minds, their speak to reluctant been students the for striking was setting official an in discussed co the as well Germany, to War, World Second the following camps

Comitetul pentru presă și tipărituri [Committee for Press and Publishing], 13 (1971), 227. (1971), 13 Publishing], and Press for [Committee și tipărituri presă Comitetul pentru

ioa Cașsu “ak t h 9 the at “Talk Ceaușescu, Nicolae theidealsconfrontation prevail. […] will ofcommunism o formation the hurt possibly can views idealist materialist our of confrontation free open, an that fear to need not do We world. the in happening is what know to get to it for conditions the create to mind we generation, young our of education the of speak we When 22.2 (1971), 3. (1971), 22.2

to ur the “formalism and boredom” of the workings of Union of Communist Youth, as Youth, Communist of Union of workings the of boredom” and “formalism the mment that “taking part in patriotic work is useless” is work patriotic in part “taking that mment

insisted on the potential for such a platform to carry diverse and critical ideas and ideas critical and diverse carry to platform a such for potential the on insisted

fee a ltom o pbihn ad do and publishing for platform a offered

Congress of the Union of Communist Youth, February 19, 1971,” 1971,” 19, February Youth, Communist of Union the of Congress s from Banat, it it Banat, from s uiis n ecuaeet t epes themselves express to encouragements and tunities

religion, 32

is to nevertheless the relationship between West and East and West between relationship the f the youth; rather, exactly in this free free this in exactly rather, youth; the f - schools on the future activities of the activitiesfuture of the onthe schools - it – -

oref dtra patc, while practice, editorial yourself 10 predictably, many seem to have have to seem many predictably,

. That such topics could be could topics such That . important to note that their that note to important

must necessarily keep in keep necessarily must - dialectical views with views dialectical

s difficult to assess to difficult s Neue Neue CEU eTD Collection 276 1952), 13 socialization”. members’“early group elementsofthe 12 11 hypothesizedgeneration. of rise the and poetry self a as together coming their 1970s, the of beginning and 1960s the of end the at scene literary German t Mannheim’s Karl in unit” “generation a for made they stimulation,” “mutual by created responses” of “identity an exhibited socio and change of historic symptoms” intellectual and “social same the to exposed were located,” “similarly Brecht Bertolt for admiration their and books same the discussed and shared music, rock’n’roll about passionate equally were Europe, Free Radio and Vienna Radio on 1968 of events the following been had They 1974. until up name same the with supplement the edited and “Universitas” were circle Timișoara, literary in Letters the of of Faculty members the at together studying were they 1970s, early the übe “Wir in published Wichner Ernest and Wagner Richard Totok, William Sterbling, Anton Ortinau, Gerhard Lippet, Johann

“Übungen für Gleichgültige,” Gleichgültige,” für “Übungen These are what William Totok signaled out, in an oral history interview conducted in April 2012, as the shared shared the as 2012, April in conducted interview history oral an in out, signaled Totok William what are These Karl Mannheim, “The Problem of Generations,” Generations,” of Problem “The Mannheim, Karl The nine members of Akt of members nine The 2.2. - - conscious group among ever more insistent discussions regarding the lack of modern modern of lack the regarding discussions insistent more ever among group conscious 320. –

The Crystallization of CrystallizationThe Banat of Aktionsgruppe ee f h sm ae oot Mn o te hd en high been had them of Many cohort. age same the of were

“er schreibt” Wagner, (Richard

a young generation of writers made them into the very embodiment of the the of embodiment very the into them made writers of generation young a r uns” and participated at the meetings with the with meetings the at participated and uns” r

Ne ue Literatur ue

ionsgruppe Banat ionsgruppe 23.11 (1972): (1972): 3. 23.11

sas n th on Essays porträt einesrumäniendeutschenporträt lyrikers 33

erms Albert Bohn, Rolf Bossert, Werner Kremm, Kremm, Werner Bossert, Rolf Bohn, Albert

Scooy f Knowledge of Sociology e 13

. Idiosyncratic for the context of the of context the for Idiosyncratic .

ee aae Zeitung Banater Neue 12 Neue Literatur Neue . In .

as much as they were they as much as - col colleagues, school

(London: Routledge, Routledge, (London:

editors. In editors. , 1972

literary 11 - )

CEU eTD Collection 15 Literatur 14 field. cultural the of restructuring the for allow would that framework conceptual a build r a for opportunity and necessity the on insisting and argumentation of mode generational a performing Romania. post truly a for basis the plagued still that complex inferiority the the overcoming definitively although literature, modern as stand could and atmosphere cultural changed a of promise the held ro poetry elegiac typical the than other something writing by inadequacy,” of risk “the itself upon taken had that generation” “lost a for made war the during questions” basic same the approximately with and simultaneously emergealmo to group a as merelystylistic acommunity,but of that in even perhapsnot cohort, writers of generation new homogenous un highly remained h nature argued He problematized. human the and language both to relation their poetry, modern of aspects formal the on taking Despite epigones. or provincials either being of fear paralyzing [“Minderwe complex” “inferiority an from suffered writers German the spheres, cultural different of crossroad the at positioning their of writers” modern the of one is he that voice his of top the at unreservedly, confidence, “a and forward come to poet a for yet was there 1970, in Csejka Gerhard

Gerhardt Csejka, “Über den Anfang..,” 19. Anfang..,” den “Über Csejka, Gerhardt Gerhardt Csejka, “Über den Anfang. Betrachtungen die neuere deutsche Lyrik in Rumänien betreffend,” betreffend,” Rumänien in Lyrik deutsche neuere die Betrachtungen Anfang. den “Über Csejka, Gerhardt - a gnrto, e projecte he generation, war enewal of the German literature in Romania, he was by no means alone in his attempt to attempt his in alone means no by was he Romania, in literature German the of enewal was criticism literary which in way the for exemplary is article Csejka’s Although wrote literature, modern and traditional of notions the around discussions the all For 21.5 (1970): 16. (1970): 21.5

owever that during the 1960s there had already appeared an almost an appeared already had there 1960s the during that owever

d, would be the next “beginning” to the German literature in in literature German the to “beginning” next the be would d,

–

“generation obviously not in the strict sense of an age an of sense strict the in not obviously “generation tgetkmlx] mne Cek, n fo a from and Csejka, minded rtigkeitskomplex”], 34

oted in the rural landscape. They They landscape. rural the in oted 15 . For Csejka, the writers born writers the Csejka, For . cknowledge with full full with cknowledge 14 . Because . Neue Neue st - CEU eTD Collection Rumänien,” 18 48. (1970): 19 Literature], 17 http://fa.osaarchivum.org/background 2013: January12, 16 newspaper the by elicited writers literary realities direct” and “reflect dialectically to was criticism” “engaged when opportunities, untapped yet post immediate the of thematization the and tradition on Csejka and Schuster Latzina, of comments topical the to Kolf and Motzan of position structuralist “objective” the (from judgment aesthetic on bearing and content of problems with extensively engaged nevertheless version print the of out left were and censorship the pass as not did work” nuisances every in times “twenty party the praising of requirement the and censors coward” “ of out signaling the well as matters,” social and political in realization actual their and above from instructions the between discrepancy “a and literature of evaluation the in ways” statements open and daring publications” Romanian in with met rarely openness and daring “a as appeared post the discuss gene older the of representatives with Schuster) Paul Latzina, Anemone Csejka, Gerhardt Reichrath, (Emmerich Bucharest and Kolf) Hodják), (Berndt Brașov Franz Motzan, (Peter Cluj from critics literary and writers young together brought by organized discussion roundtable the is press literary renewal of rhetoric the of pervasiveness the of illustration best the Possibly

Anneli Maier, “ Maier, Anneli Srkuaims n Kreh NL Kerweih: und “Strukturalismus oieu pnr peă i iăiui Drci Ltrtr [omte fr rs ad P and Press for [Committee Literatură Direcţia tipărituri. și presă pentru Comitetul It is in this context that the programmatic roundtable discussion of the young the of discussion roundtable programmatic the that context this in is It Neue Literatur Neue The Cultural Scene in Rumania II,” II,” Rumania in Scene Cultural The - 18 - war history), recur history), war war development and prospects of literature, with what for the external observer observer external the for what with literature, of prospects and development war .

21.8 (1970): 46 (1970): 21.8 , such as the suggestion that there might be a resurgence of the “old “old the of resurgence a be might there that suggestion the as such ,

- udicgsrc üe atel Polm dr etce Ltrtrrtk in Literaturkritik deutschen der Probleme aktuelle über Rundtischgespräch Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue rently grounding itself in what was perceived as a period of of period a as perceived was what in itself grounding rently - 63.

RFE Background Report Background RFE - reports?col=8&id=56786. 35

ration (Emmerich Stöffel, Klaus Kessler) to to Kessler) Klaus Stöffel, (Emmerich ration

and published in the literary supplement supplement literary the in published and ee Literatur Neue

(December 23, 1970): 17, accessed accessed 17, 1970): 23, (December form in literature and their their and literature in form

bihn. ietrt for Directorate ublishing. in July 1970, which which 1970, July in 17 Te discussion The .

in the German German the in 16 Te most The . stupid and stupid German CEU eTD Collection 20 Zeitung Banater 19 unwillingly been had it that past a against revolt its out play openly could communism under but past, bourgeois their “unlearn” to had who writers had understandings political national their for nostalgia expressed still War, World Second the during SS the of members been had members family writers’ the of parents’ legacy in the personal from intimate, came leader its as Wagner and Banat Aktionsgruppe by forward put argument the perspective” objective an hinder could which arise, to thought of patterns false etho enlightenment and educational the Wagner Richard Socialism, National to references direct Avoiding parents. their of that prejudiced than complex less Realitätsbewusstsein], spezifisches [unser reality” of awareness “specific their expounded and socialism under up brought been had which poets, of generation possibiliti the community, German the of history recent the German and of socialism on context perspective the broader literature, the in Romania in literature German the of situation pos collective vague somewhat although bold, a as time, the of press literary the in circulating themes major the with dialogue Discussion”] the Beginning Was the [“At Gespräch” wardas Anfang “Am members. self the also but group,as beginning a AktionsgruppeBanat the 1972markednotjust of “Universitas” onApril 2,

Idem. A Afn wr a Gsrc. rtaie Disk Erstmalige Gespräch. das war Anfang “Am

skillfully translated the generationalin ideologicalskillfully theespecially translated capitalizing strife on terms, es of experimental literature. The authors identified themselves as part of a new new a of part as themselves identified authors The literature. experimental of es

– of political emotionala corroboration understanding discursive the from , “Universitas” (April 2, 1972): 4. 1972): (April 2, “Universitas” - conscious discursive appropriation of t of appropriation discursive conscious

etiig f h cmimn t scaim ih h tr aant their against turn the with socialism to commitment the of tertwining also

toig t h cu o te ot etd ois te paradoxical the topics: heated most the of crux the at itioning been validated through recognition through validated been s of communism: “our parents’ education allowed for for allowed education parents’ “our communism: of s

- oils past socialist ussion junger Autoren. Standpunkte and Standorte,” Standorte,” and Standpunkte Autoren. junger ussion 36

he new generation project by the group the by project generation new he did so uncritically, the generation born born generation the uncritically, so did –

n hs es, h atos socialist authors’ the sense, this in . As opposed to the post the to opposed As . 20 . The power of power The . 19

and more more and - reads as a as reads language language . Several . Several - Neue Neue war and and CEU eTD Collection Zeitung Stellungnahme Meinungen. der 21 writers.” young the of [Aktionsgruppe] group action an arise could there discussions group these “of that suggested he newspaper the of editor Weber, Horst of discussion roundtable transpire also it as practice, literary actual authors’ the of ahead resonance through understandings political of Gerlach Hei Jens and of Braun Volker Kirsch, works Rainer and Sarah the Kahlau, from notably 1960s, the of literature German East the from inspiration taking time same the at Brecht, of tradition the in poetry experimental an be to was It milieu. necessari they large, at reality to relationship double their by reconciling “inferioritycomplex” ofthe point solving the to up Romania, in Germanliterature critics literary by voiced issues major the actualizing effectively were they discussion, programmatic their In reality”. “concrete the in grounded firmly as writing c in Heide “die as described plastically had Csejka Gerhard what [Landschaftlyrik], poetry” “landscape “paperreality” ofcircumstancefor reasons and opportunism. a itself forcreatedhad literaturewhichrealist socialist the to opposed as embedded,were authors exact went, argument the literature, Marxist true a for make to was poetry their clarity, in lacking still Although dealt.

The critical responses were elicited and published by the newspaper newspaper the by published and elicited were responses critical The ontradistinction to the aloof “poetry of sentiment” [Gefühlslyrik], the authors saw their their saw authors the [Gefühlslyrik], sentiment” of “poetry aloof the to ontradistinction -

, Hecke , (May 14, 1972), 4. 1972), (May14, t h sm time same the At -

and Hochplateaulyrik”. If not altogether a “poetry of thought” [Gedankenlyrik] [Gedankenlyrik] thought” of “poetry a altogether not If Hochplateaulyrik”. and

ly because it could engage critically with the social realities in which the which in realities social the with critically engage could it because ly

y a t cm t gis n hi wiig ih h raiy f hi local their of reality the with writing their in grips to come to had ly 21

n zur NBZ zur n ti ws o e oty ulttvl dfeet rm h escapist the from different qualitatively poetry be to was this , osqety th Consequently,

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Universitas linguistically and by formation part of the German literature literature German the of part formation by and linguistically nn fins n clege to o te name the on took colleagues and friends nine e - Diskussion ‘Am Anfang war das Gespräch’,” das war Anfang ‘Am Diskussion . At this point, the group program largely went went largely program group the point, this At . 37

Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue

Die Woche Die with regard to the future of the of future the to regard with , which made for a validation validation a for made which , fo te epne o the to response the from d from Sibiu, in which which in Sibiu, from . See “Im Widerstreit Widerstreit “Im See . Neue Banater Banater Neue nz nz CEU eTD Collection 22 suppo claim not could people the the of necessities the and with time the of step demands in not were who writers the that clear made Ceaușescu Congress, Party Tenth u “the Marxist the of interventions public countless in writers reminding state the of head the with 1960s, the of end the throughout consistent surprisingly fact, In intelligentsia. humanist the to public” larger the and realities socialist the with break to tendency the against fight and literature and art socialist militant the promoting in orientation society socialist the and nation the people, the serve must arts the styles, and forms diverse “through that idea the reiterated soci of revitalization the and members party among spirit revolutionary the of lessening the decried document The debate. of matter a is 1971 “mini the dis and of presented Theses the by inaugurated impact real The Party. the by announced policy cultural new the of consequences the assessing were establishment cultural the entering to aspired or years. three following the for collectivelyperforming and publishing on went and Banat Aktionsgruppe

Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ceaușescu, Nicolae

nderstanding of historical necessity”. Most notably during a speech held on the eve of the the of eve the on held speech a during notably Most necessity”. historical of nderstanding By the time Aktionsgruppe configured itself as a group, int group, a as itself configured Aktionsgruppe time the By 2.3.

Readjusting for the for Readjusting “Mini Propuneri de măsuri de Propuneri

alist

masses alike and prescribed a number of drastic measures for the the for measures drastic of number a prescribed and alike masses consciousness in all aspects of life. In what concerned the writers, it it writers, the concerned what In life. of aspects all in consciousness

,” therefore cultural publications should expound should publications cultural therefore ,”

[ Proposals of Measuresof Proposals - the party line with regard to cultural matters had been been had matters cultural to regard with line party the Cultural Revolution”Cultural cussed by Nicolae Ceaușescu on July 6 and July 9, 9, July and 6 July on Ceaușescu Nicolae by cussed 38

- 22 Leninist definition of creative freedom as freedom creative of Leninistdefinition ] (Bucharest: Editura Politică, 1971), 14. 1971), Politică, Editura (Bucharest: ] . This argument was by no means novel means no by was argument This .

ellectuals who were a part of of part a were who ellectuals - cultural revolution” revolution” cultural rt from the state for for state the from rt “a firm political political firm “a

CEU eTD Collection 179. 2007), 24 direct the 20 January15, accessed 12, 1969): (July31, “under activities its performed which 23 and people” the of ideals socialist the by literatur militant a of promotion “the goal as having organization” “professional a as Union Writers’ the defined explicitly which adopted, were Statues new of set a Union, Writers’ to organ” party “a as conceived and Committee Central the of authority immediate the under placed Education, and Culture Socialist for Council the as Culture and Art for Committee State the of reorganization state. surveillance circulate, to reinforced) were began measures authors banned of lists period, a for vigilant more become restric term short rather but practice, literary on impact desired the have not did Theses July the that assessing merely Therefore, elites. reproducing and producing soc of ethos renewed a by permeated were Theses The institutions”. those owned Ceaușescu’s “they if as words, in acting, were who professionals, and technocrats the of autonomy increasing towards move the was signaled Theses July the What Party. the of members ranking highest the by issued statements official the from freely interpreted be could liberalization perceived the and impractical were measures materially,to support financially, worksare service and which morally, those of toit” atheir double “freedomliterature and that is

Lucia Dragomir, Dragomir, Lucia J. Arthur Johnson, “The Rumanian Cultural Scene on the Eve of the Party Congress,” Congress,” Party the of Eve the on Scene Cultural Rumanian “The Johnson, Arthur J. a ad ntttoa egneig wih a te oeta t trae te ne lgc of logic inner the threaten to potential the had which engineering, institutional and ial

h imdae ntttoa refor institutional immediate The oee, s og s h gp ewe pry a party between gap the as long as However,

L’Union des Écrivains. Une institution transnationale à l’Est: l’exemple roumain l’exemple l’Est: à transnationale institution Une Écrivains. des L’Union

be led by “party activists”. Moreover, following the 1972 Congress of the the of Congress 1972 the following Moreover, activists”. “party by led be

misses the point of the dispute on power being waged against the against waged being power on dispute the of point the misses

the re the 13, http://fa.osaarchivum.org/background 13, - oiiiaino tt ntttos s orciet the to corrective a as institutions, state of politicization m conducted in line with the July Theses was the the was Theses July the with line in conducted m - edged sword which gives society the right to choose gives choose rightedged swordsociety to which the 39

d tt ws eand administrative retained, was state nd tive repercussions (censorship repercussions tive - reports?col=8&id=56759. RFE Background Report Background RFE

23 (Paris: Belin, Belin, (Paris: e, inspired e, .

CEU eTD Collection “aktionsgruppe AntonSterbling, See criticism. published 27 186. 1991), California, of University (Berkeley: 26 25 production ideological readings ingenious most the to project literary its align to sought group by offered opportunities exposure and publication the especially platfo critical Marxism. of strains different by up opened opportunities the concerns what in and period) liberalization center, the and level local the (between argumentation of mode generational the of logic shifting the of terms in both period revolution” “mini the of tensions inbuilt the reveal Banat Aktionsgruppe of interventions public produc the in specializing achieved: be might this which channelthrough new a influencegreater for eager writers “showing evaluation, professional categories of existent Theses the Verdery, Katherine by suggested grad as Moreover, 1970s. the in debut its having generation the for especially difficult, increasinglymore intelligentsia privileged the to accession the themselves during for privileges institutional won had who writers of generation the displace to succeed not did certainly “mini admis restrictive more much a enforced also Statutes the Party” Communist Romanian the of leadership

Ioana Macrea Ioana Katherine Verdery, Verdery, Katherine Anton Sterbling’s essay presented at the three years anniversary of Aktionsgruppe Banat and subsequently subsequently and Banat Aktionsgruppe of anniversary years three the at presented essay Sterbling’s Anton al ipsd nw oi o uwr mvmn i te utrl il, t yaie the dynamited it field, cultural the in movement upward of logic new a imposed ually - rm espoused by the young editors of editors young the by espoused rm cultural revolution” did not significantly alter the constituency of the Union and it it and Union the of constituency the alter significantly not did revolution” cultural rwn fo te muss f h ed f h 16s n rlig oh n h critical the on both relying and 1960s the of end the of impulses the from Drawing in in ee Literatur Neue - Toma, Toma,

National Ideology under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceauşescu s Romania Romania s Ceauşescu in Politics Cultural and Identity Socialism: under Ideology National Privilighenţia..,

rehearses the main arguments expounded by Csejka and Motzan in their literary literary their in Motzan and Csejka by expounded arguments main the rehearses n peetd hmevs a a eouinr fre o te German the for force revolutionary a as themselves, presented and

124. period of relative liberalization, but on the long run it made made it run long the on but liberalization, relative of period

–

oder ähnlich so,” ähnlich so,” oder the conservative and “progressive” responses to the the to responses “progressive” and conservative the Neue Literatur Literatur Neue

40 25 . In addition to sanctioning direct party control, party direct sanctioning to addition In .

Neue Literatur Neue and on the resources available locally, locally, available resources the on and sion procedure. In the short run the the run short the In procedure. sion

26.7 (1975): 39 (1975): 26.7 ee aae Zeitung Banater Neue tion of ideology” of tion of modern literature as as literature modern of - 45.

- cultural 26 . The . the , CEU eTD Collection 7. informativă urmărire de Dosar file. surveillance 29 5 28 the“minidiscourse of inthe period socialist overarching the and interests minority between compromise policies’ cultural driven of editors young chiefBerwanger editor Nikolaus reg of exaggeration the illustrating “Pipatsch,” dialect Schwabian in supplement NBZ the from quotes by punctuated be by published texts group of first response,their a As positioning. of unrepresentative love) childhood, as such issues around thematically (organized texts of selection the considered they because least not argumentation Romania Ger of map the on it put and region the of energies artistic latent the released wasteland,” thecampaign product cultural the of carried outby s high school for supplement literary newspaper’s the in published previously texts from anthology The center. the at negotiation refash was Banat, of context regional the to bound initially rhetoric, generational the which in way the for exemplary anthology the around debate the sense this In policies. editorial the between tensions the on particular in field, cultural the of dynamics the on capitalized argumentation of mode This Romania. in literature -

11. Eduard Schneider (ed.), (ed.), Schneider Eduard The account is provided by Gerhad Ortinau under the informant name “Bert” and pertains to William Totok’s Totok’s William to pertains and “Bert” name informant the under Ortinau Gerhad by provided is account The

h “pi” with “split” The tudents without the authors’ consent and introduced it as “a rare flower of the the of flower rare “a as it introduced and consent authors’ the without tudents 28 Te ebr o Atosrpe aa poetd gis ti rgoa md of mode regional this against protested Banat Aktionsgruppe of members The . ee Literatur Neue

ioned from a means of negotiation against the center into a means of of means a into center the against negotiation of means a from ioned Wortmeldungen. Eine Anthologie j Anthologie Eine Wortmeldungen. ional specificity in the cultural strategy promoted by the newspaper’s newspaper’s the by promoted strategy cultural the in specificity ional ee aae Zeitung Banater Neue

29 ee aae Zeitung Banater Neue

. o spot sgae te perceived the signaled support, for -

cultural Whereas levelsuch revolution.” actors as atthe local

I210845 I210845 41 -

and Nikolaus Berwanger and turn towards the the towards turn and Berwanger Nikolaus and “Interpretul” [Surveillance File File [Surveillance “Interpretul”

oal ad h cnrly rvn utrl and cultural driven centrally the and locally unger Lyrik aus dem Banat dem aus Lyrik unger

editor Eduard Schneider compiled the the compiled Schneider Eduard editor

their literary program and ideological and program literary their Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue Neue Literatur Neue Wortmeldungen alr o te regionally the of failure

(Timișoara: Facla, 1972), 1972), Facla, (Timișoara: –

William Totok], vol. Totok], William

man literature in literature man was supposed tosupposed was , which had , which had f 92 is 1972 of II, - CEU eTD Collection Clu in readings public gave Timișoara, in Culture the of House Students’ at “Universitas” circle literary the of meetings regular the held programs, television and radio in participated They performance. public of forms and media different across cut which aspect all in authority at claims renewed and ethos revolutionary Party’s the and scene cultural German the on forerunners as positioning own their between affinities the naivety and enthusiasm with writers German of generation young the “re for drive a as Theses July the understanding that clear is It socialism. under born generation first the among 1960s the “ of period d lacked view their in which ideology progressive of producers as themselves i interest renewed a by discourse public of permeation the to responded Banat Aktiosgruppe of members the resources, for claims substantiate and autonomy institutional of measure a ensure to order conserv fairly a promoted Berwanger s of the socialist reality.s ofthe socialist “our premeditated round/is contribution this belongs/ in and a to s f 92 Atosrpe aa eggd n far a in engaged Banat Aktionsgruppe 1972, of As 2.4. n ideology by pushing minority interests in the foreground. They were legitimizing legitimizing were They foreground. the in interests minority pushing by ideology n S Publishing and PerformingPublishing asaGroup ovietization,” but was beginning to crystalize under the controll the under crystalize to beginning was but ovietization,” - Stalinization” was by no means a profitable interpretative strategy for for strategy interpretative profitable a means no by was Stalinization”

ative cultural policy which instrumentalized specificity in in specificity instrumentalized which policy cultural ative

in the first half of the 1970s. Instead, they negotiated negotiated they Instead, 1970s. the of half first the in 42

- ecig rcs o self of process reaching j, Bucharest and in several several in and Bucharest j, new viewpoint” (Richard viewpoint” new ed liberalization of liberalization ed uring the so the uring Wagner, - creation creation - called 1973)

CEU eTD Collection 31 16. 2008), Krämer, (Hamburg: literatur andere und Banat” “Aktionsgruppe zur Beiträge und Reflexionen Gespräch”. 30 environment his and writer the between relationship the of understanding Marxist critical the p the which of realities, social existing German conservative highly the with engagement” “critical of program a overarching their for as well as community, as (literary) regarded they what in change and disruption of element the which in way the for symptomatic are formulations These them”. about anything say to able be not will you and them praise them, over smile will you texts, the refuse will “you dialogue: a in engaging of impossibility the ultimately and message, self method, and intentions authors’ the of discovery seeming the to over to content, “rea common of range a through Brecht The youyou, be believe to will preambles.” rather them probably not beimmediately but to obvious Are Who Those for “Exercises to introduction programmatic a in Sterbling Anton wrote lessons,” are here texts “These readership. their against and with together themselves fashioning establishment, literary the with dialogue provocative purposely group’sissue where passedcensorship. the name only the is latter the which of (1974), Wegbereiter” Wire Banat. “Aktionsgruppe and (1973) of issues three i “Welt (1972), Autoren” Banater jungen von Gleichgültige in group a as and country the throughout Banat from villages

A Anton Sterbling, “Einige subjektive Anmerkungen zur ‘Aktionsgruppe Banat’,” in Idem, Idem, in Banat’,” ‘Aktionsgruppe zur Anmerkungen subjektive “Einige Sterbling, Anton nton Sterbling, “Übungen für Gleichgültige,” Gleichgültige,” für “Übungen ntonSterbling, Reflecting on their literary practice, the members of Aktionsgruppe Banat eng Banat Aktionsgruppe of members the practice, literary their on Reflecting - inspired introduction further dramatizes the readerships’ encounter with the texts, texts, the with encounter readerships’ the dramatizes further introduction inspired - interpretation interpretation

30 Te uhr pbihd xesvl i Gra ltrr magazines literary German in extensively published authors The .

–

“you will look for allusions, equivoque, an inner set of issues,” issues,” of set inner an equivoque, allusions, for look will “you ding habits,” from suspicion towards the transparency of their their of transparency the towards suspicion from habits,” ding ublic itself was one. Possibly the clearest formulation of of formulation clearest the Possibly one. was itself ublic Neue Literatur Literatur Neue 43

23.11 (1972), 3. (1972), 23.11 ns Haus. Neue Texte aus dem Banat” Banat” dem aus Texte Neue Haus. ns

nifrn, “lhuh hs will this “although Indifferent,” ee Literatur Neue ru cnevd t rl a an as role its conceived group

- identification with the with identification -

und kunstbezogene Arbeiten kunstbezogene und “Am Anfang war das war Anfang “Am : “Übungen für für “Übungen : aged in a in aged texts’ 31

CEU eTD Collection 70 1995), Press, Nebraska 34 Romanian 33 Marxist of 32 orthodoxies the with issue taken quo” status the to impatience such as itself which experienced in that group collective a “by articulated medium were policy cultural official the to a challenges transcendence,” of zone danger “a calls Bathrick David what as 1960s Kirsch Sarah and Rainer Kirsten, Wulf Kunze, Rainer Braun, Volker as such poets German East with interviews literature contemporary Roman in scene literary poetry. and criticism German German contemporary the by credo reached literary a had into made Banat was it Aktionsgruppe as and Hodjak Franz and Latzina Anemone as such this the literary establ works, group’s the to respond of development further the into play to thought was and and factor creative a was itself contradiction relate understand, to impossibility public’s the in publishing between contradiction a was there environment its against and of part simultaneously as itself introduced Banat Aktionsgruppe synthesis h environment the which of out antithesis the poem the of those and thesis, the counter a be to i.e. environment, as poetry which by function only “the generation: 1970s the of member fellow a Hodjak, Franz from came

Franz Hodjak, “Interview mit mir selbst,” mit “Interview Hodjak, Franz aua Cernahoschi Raluca David Bathrick, Bathrick, David The concept of literary engagement as referred to by members of the 1970s generation 1970s the of members by to referred as engagement literary of concept The - German Poetry German – fr o at ean is ih t eitne oa i t tk u a ilge ih the with dialogue a up take to is today existence to right its retains art of form a

therefore a dialectical process which is equivalent to progress” to equivalent is which process dialectical a therefore –

h Pwr o Sec. h Pltc o Clue n h GDR the in Culture of Politics The Speech. of Powers The gop ed t ready group a ishment as awhole. ishment - Condurateanu, “The Political, the Urban, and the Cosmopolitan: The 1970s Generatio 1970s The Cosmopolitan: the and Urban, the Political, “The Condurateanu,

- ” 1. , Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2010, 44. 2010, Columbia, British of University dissertation, Ph.D. ,

34 . In their most daring interventions, the poets of the 1960s had 1960s the of poets the interventions, daring most their In . asr pbil is es o sae ‘rvcto’ n critical and ‘provocation’ shared of sense its publicly assert o - accomplishment, the achievements of the environment being being environment the of achievements the accomplishment,

Neue Literatur Literatur Neue 33 .

In the GDR, lyric GDR, the In ee Literatur Neue 44

- the established literary press while dramatizing while press literary established the eiim poutvs, h goiiain of glorification the (productivism, Leninism

22.9 (1971): 13. (1971): 22.9

al poetry had asserted itself in the in itself asserted had poetry al in particular published along with with along published particular in

(Lincoln, London: University of of University London: (Lincoln,

32 . In a similar logic, similar a In . ia by way of of way by ia s o rw a draw to as – n in in n

if CEU eTD Collection 36 61. 1992), Suhrkamp, Main: am (Frankfurt Wichner Rumänien in Jahre frühen Die worden. verhaftet ist Pronomen 35 to reference direct with and 1972 as early As language. and form with experimentation uncompromising an for “forerunners” of position the from argued and provincialism of overcoming the on depended literarygroupGruppe Wiener Literatur in published montage group third the to motto the by suggested is establishment literary avant the of that with Banat Aktionsgruppe of practice literary the align could Wagner configured, proje socialist the with identification authors’ the from stemmed it as much as in Finally, experimentation. stylistic and linguistic through aesthetic new a fashioning meant engagement literary time, same G the of realities the forconcerncritical life,” public of questions the to answers find to attempt “the as engagement defined Wagner Veränderung”], und Chance als [“Engagement “Engagemen 1973, in topic the around organized discussion roundtable the At regime. the to allegiance of declaration formal a into re turned use, conventional to was Banat Aktionsgruppe of “engagement” authors the for point the developments, these by Inspired reality. on take subjective persona’s lyric the of legitimacy the on insisting technol

“Aktionsgrup Eggmn as hne und Chance als “Engagement - ad (aaosi n Beh) Nt ihu ioy te ae oiinn v positioning same the irony, without Not Brecht). and (Majakowski garde gcl rges ad ae ogt o uvr te ntuetlzto o Mrim by Marxism of instrumentalization the subvert to sought have and progress) ogical Aktionsgruppe Banat mainta Banat Aktionsgruppe te om wr wgeetr [u (r ctee) oeunr” b te avant the by forerunners”] scattered) (or [“us wegbereiter” “wire poem the , the members of the group, Gerhard Csejka qualified his previous evaluation of the of evaluation previous his qualified Csejka Gerhard group, the of members the pe Banat. Wire Wegbereiter,” Wegbereiter,” Wire Banat. pe ct, their literary program was inherently, though not always overtly political. Thus political. overtly always not though inherently, was program literary their ct, –

a concept which had been, in Richard Wagner’s words, discredited by excessive excessive bydiscredited words, Wagner’sRichard in been, had which concept a

eädrn. udicgsrc mt ugn uoe i Tmsa, in Temesvar,” in Autoren jungen mit Rundtischgespräch Veränderung. .

ined that the renewal of the German literature in Romania Romania in literature German the of renewal the that ined Neue Literatur Neue erman community in Romania under communism. At theAt communism. under Romania ermancommunityin

35 45

n setal sca patc wih nald a entailed which practice social essentially an

25.4 (1974): 4. (1974): 25.4 –

Texte der Aktionsgruppe Banat Aktionsgruppe der Texte

t as Opportunity and Change” Change” and Opportunity as t , edited by Ernest Ernest by edited , - is appr - à - i the vis opriate opriate - garde Neue Neue Ein Ein CEU eTD Collection lyrik 38 Literatur 37 thewith and hand, one the on matterscultural in partyofficiallinethe with literaryfared practice their how on and time the of press the in disputed field discursive the outside comprehensible so ongoingnegotiation a as literature modern socialist true every of tendency “the was which thought, of habits new develop to potential the had language and in expectationsreadership’s the frustratingreasoning, of line In this partner. co a into it making public, receptive active, an create to attempted authors the which bystrategy int and proportions (one form strong maintain ratherto sought Motzan PeterGerhardand Csejkalike Bernd Critics Kolf). is exception a in practiced being rarely was it but criticism, circumstantial subjective, l of evaluation the in content than rather structure and form of preeminence The clarity. and directness conciseness, their language, of mastery generation,” a as them characterize which and common in have they which mom the at are outstanding and “distinct community: age an than rather group distinguishable stylistically a as it present to proceeded and writers German of generation young

Peter Motzan, “Nachwort,” in Peter Motzan (ed.), (ed.), Motzan Peter in “Nachwort,” Motzan, Peter Gerhard Csejka, “Als ob es mit ‘als ob’ zu Ende ginge: Neues in der rumäniendeutschen Lyrik 1972,” 1972,” Lyrik rumäniendeutschen der in Neues ginge: Ende zu ob’ ‘als mit es ob “Als Csejka, Gerhard - called “July Theses”. (Cluj rested group the of dissolution eventual The 2.5. 23.12 (1972): 66. (1972): 23.12 - Napoca: Dacia, 1976), 101. 1976), Dacia, Napoca:

Repression and DissolutionRepression and erpreted formal innovations as part of a broader program of social change, a a change, social of program broader a of part as innovations formal erpreted literature” of the status of professional writer (and literary critic) in the aftermath of the aftermathof the in literary critic) professionalwriter(andof status the of

of mode sophisticated

. This type of argument had the added value that it interpreted it that value added the had argument of type This .

ideological production and therefore played into the into played therefore and production ideological vorläufige vorläufige 46

iterature was predictably an argument against argument an predictably was iterature

on the extent to which their program was was program their which to extent the on protokolle. Anthologie junger rumäniendeutscher rumäniendeutscher junger Anthologie protokolle.

terms of genre, form genre,form of terms

37 features those ent particularly their particularly Neue Neue - CEU eTD Collection 40 creative. and preemptive both was collaboration the that suggests which debates, literary the in authors the by employed legitimation of strategies same 1980s. and 1970s the throughout members group the and himself against actions repressive Police’s Secret the of account an of part is interpretation Totok’s that however, Note, police.” political the of intentions the about group whole understanding the inform time the to According Police. Secret the that the members group of the ourselves, plans among the annihilate to meant strategy defense a elaborated li 39 Much interpretativ]. [conţinut content” interpretative “an had texts the that confirmation sought officers Police Secret the which from informants, qualified variously scene cultural (public) the of logic the in embedded were itself rhetoric generational the as well as members, group the by forward put arguments The cases. their of charge in officers various the Aktionsgruppe of writers the between relationship the for paradigmatic is this which in sense a is There lizards!!”. of liable therefore is [Ortinau] “he warned, officer the attention,” “Pay “capabilities”. editors’ the exactly questioned w Ortinau which in informant another by report a to referred officer the by art” of work the of dimensions both assess to as so matters it publishes who editor the that idea the from start They evaluation]. [of criteria ideological and artistic both published being Ortinau, suggested so, indeedwas this That Republic. Socialist Romanian the from nationality German Marxist the a of realities writing the reflected were which literature Banat Aktionsgruppe of members the that reiterate to was authors collaborate to agreed GerhardstrategicallyTotokand Ortinau William officers,both Police Secret approachedbeenby tropes available

Dosar de urmărire de informativă Dosar See William Totok, Totok, William See and therefore legitimate. Translating them was a work of interpretation elicited from from elicited interpretation of work a was them Translating legitimate. therefore and s y aue f i poeso hgl qaiid n ieay n political and literary in qualified highly profession his of nature by is There is a sense in which their reports to the Secret Police, given in the early 1970s, reproduce the the reproduce 1970s, early the in given Police, Secret the to reports their which in sense a is There , narratives and stock figures employed by the Secret Police on the other. Having Having other. the on Police Secret the by employed figures stock and narratives , –

“the fact that a work is published serves the members of the literary circle as as circle literary the of members the serves published is work a that fact “the Constrângerea memoriei memoriei Constrângerea 39

and wrote several reports on the activity of the group. the of activity the on reports several wrote and

I210845, vol. II, II, 4. vol. I210845,

Banat, the informants recruited by the Secret Police, and Police, Secret the by recruited informants the Banat, Securitate

[ h Cntan o Memory of Constraint The 47

tried to recruit were to show cooperation, but at the s the at but cooperation, show to were recruit to tried

was proven by the very fact that they were were they that fact very the by proven was 40 . To this comment, a marginal note marginal a comment, this To . (ai Plrm 20) 2: “We 20: 2001), Polirom, (Iași: ]

The point for both for point The s utd o have to quoted as ke the authors authors the ke - ideological ame CEU eTD Collection Germany,” East 43 urmărire de Dosar See 42 this!”. like exactly “it’s poem: infor the to note marginal a in commented officer Police Secret the politics”, do you which by act/ an is politics/ do don’t you that “stating Ortinau: Gerhard by “Paradoxon” poem translat Romanian in quoting by poetry writers’ German young the of potential” interpretative 41 people’.” the of hearts and minds the for adde they but pardonable, only not were allegiance of lapses “temporal measures, educational to responded suspects the as long As 1980s. the of movements rights civil and peace Berlin the to response Stasi’s the of analysis iden that to similar logic a followed case Totok’s of handling order socialist the against propaganda for trialed and 1975 November in arrested was he Timișoara, in Letters of literary University the added from professors an three by With conducted interpret. to asked were Wagner and Ortinau both which u confiscated of basis the on Totok William against case a make to trying were officers Police Secret the interrogations, during clear became it As illegally. border the cross R Ortinau, the Secret thechanges by to Policetoadapt about of theperiod liberalization. brought line party official the absencea ontheexistence cleargap meta byof ofaonethe maintained hand other each to incomprehensible otherwise languages between shareassumptio not did officers police andwriters the that imply not does This them. produced that system verythe within legitimacy and meaning self were which “texts” of body a produced Police Secret the themselves,

See William Totok, WilliamTotok, See Andreas Glaeser, “Power/Knowledge Failure: Epistemic Practices and Ideologi and Practices Epistemic Failure: “Power/Knowledge Glaeser, Andreas For instance, in a report about the anthology anthology the about report a in instance, For mativă I184945 mativăI184945 Aktionsgruppe Banat was disbanded following the arrest of Gerhard Csejka, Gerhard Gerhard Csejka, Gerhard of arrest the following disbanded was Banat Aktionsgruppe ichard Wagner and William Totok in October 1975 with the charge of attempting to to attempting of charge the with 1975 October in Totok William and Wagner ichard Social Analysis Social -

Constrângerea memoriei Constrângerea “Ziaristul” [Surveillance File “Ziaristul”[Surveillance

on issues of cultural production and on the other hand by the inability of of inability the by hand other the on and production cultural of issues on

47.1 (2003): 12. (2003): 47.1

d a distinct flavor of realism to what the party called ‘the struggle ‘the called party the what to realism of flavor distinct a d , 24 ,

Wortmeldungen 43 -

84 and Dosar de urmărire de informativă Dosar and 84 – Such an educational measure had been taken against taken been had measure educational an Such

Richard Wagner], 5. Wagner], Richard 48

ns, or that the informants were mere mediators mediators weremere informants the that or ns, , in which the informant exemplified “the obvious obvious “the exemplified informant the which in ,

tified by Andreas Glaeser in his in Glaeser Andreas by tified 41 I de hwvr sue the assume however does It . es of the Secret Police in Former Former in Police Secret the of es

42 I210845, vol. II,67vol. I210845, - Te ert Police Secret The . - referential, acquired referential, discourse regardingdiscourse ion the ending of the the of ending the ion npublished texts, npublished

expertise expertise - 9.

CEU eTD Collection 45 44 to amount to dogma] [the it as so dogma, on state a build who those and socialists between no be can there “that Schlesak, argued proven,” being again yet is “It Hungary. in Lukács of and GDR, the in Havemann Robert and Biermann Wolf of those Yugoslavia, in connectio in newspaper the in Banat Aktionsgruppe of repression the of of editor former weeks Several prison. from released was Totok Israel and USA, Italy, Germany, of Republic Federal the in stations radio several by up taken context transnational the created with communications by therelativeopening ways ofthe of in coercion of also measures was traditional it of but failure the period, with liberalization confronted the of product legitimate a as Banat Aktionsgruppe proj reformist socialist the recognize to fail Police Secret the did only Not environment”. changing fast a to response in failures interpretive to constructively“react to Police Secret the of document file surveillance Totok’s which wereInthissense, subject William meantonthecollective bringback thesocialist to path. measures educational the by prompted resistance to adapt to failed Police Secret the However, th from expelled and example an into made “unmasked,” publicly institutions.” state the and leadership party the slandered and schools in conditions study the on youth, the of situation the on inimically commented author “the which in Europe F toRadio send anonymous letters oftwo author was as the identified he 1971,when Totok in

Dosar de urmărire de informativă Dosar urmărire de informativă Dosar In June 1976, immediately after an article about his arrest appeared in appeared arrest his about article an after immediately1976, June In n with the failure the with n Neue Literatur Neue

I210845, vol. II, II, 82 vol. I210845, I210845

who had left the country in 1973 published an extensive account extensive an published 1973 in country the left had who similar critical Marxist projects, such as that of the Praxis group Praxis the of that as such projects, Marxist critical similar – s exactly the kind of vicious circle produced by the inability inability the by produced circle vicious of kind the exactly s

“Muzicologul” [Surveillance File File [Surveillance “Muzicologul” - 3.

49 later, the poet and literary critic Dieter Schlesak, Schlesak, Dieter critic literary and poet the later,

Frankfurter Rundschau Frankfurter –

e Union of Communist Youth. Communist of Union e William Totok], vol. I, 4. I, vol. WilliamTotok],

the West in the1960s. the West in Le Monde Monde Le

common ground common , presenting it it presenting , 44

Totok was Totok

and was was and

ect of ect ree 45 , CEU eTD Collection Staates,” ‘sozialistischen’ ihres 46 theagainst community. thebackgroundtransnational of German status minority the of conceptualization new a by mediated and scene cultural Romanian the peculiarto both negotiation of meansa asminority German the of thematization the towards turn to were they discourse, public Romanian nationalist increasingly the of dynamics changing the in Marxism critical and literature engaged of limitations the tested Having abroad. possibilities tra a in engage to became self of paths individual up take to were authors the 1980s, early the in rhetoric generational the of failure the Following members. group the state against criticism play” power of nothing interms

Dieter Schle Dieter sak, “Kulturpolitik mit Polizeieinsatz. Marxistische Rumäniendeutsche stören die revolutionäre Ruhe Ruhe revolutionäre die stören Rumäniendeutsche Marxistische Polizeieinsatz. mit “Kulturpolitik sak,

socialism Frankfurter Rundschau Frankfurter nsnational dialogue by accessing the German media and publishing publishing and media German the accessing by dialogue nsnational

, Schlesak effective Schlesak , 46 . Inscribing the case of Aktionsgruppe into the logic of Westernthe logic of Aktionsgruppe Inscribingcase into of the.

149 (July 10, 1976). 149 (July10, 50

ly opened up a new line of argumentation for argumentation of line new a up opened ly - elzto, f hc oe pin gradually option one which of realization,

CEU eTD Collection Literatur rumäniendeutsche 1 German Romania. Socialist literature from contemporary of representatives interesting most the as Germany West in them recommended the on while institution, literary alternative an as temporarily themselves establish to managed writers German young of group the hand, one the On around. time second the better” “failed had project generational the which in sense literarygro Romanian contemporary the from and Banat in literaryscene German the on both isolation its reinforced also it but generation, 1970s the by offer literary and complex The Police. Secret negotiation the by disbandment Aktionsgruppe’s following generation a as arguingcontinue and regroup to Banat, Aktionsgruppe of members the of severalfor possible, ill which corroboration, through understandings political of validation of case a detail in explores chapter this of part were changed stupid” realities;we thought ourlinewe withthe in socialist could bring and helplessness of period a priin stood ashe of“while readjustment: one also but confusion, imprisonment and months arrest the eight of Totok’s moment William the especially cast Wagner Richard accounts, subsequent In generation? th for understandings political in change a mark Banat Aktionsgruppe

ihr Wge, De kingup Bnt Vruh ie Slsdrtlug” i Selbstdarstellung,” einer Versuch Banat. Aktionsgruppe “Die Wagner, Richard To what extent did the violent intervention of the Secret Police for the disbandment of disbandment the for Police Secret the of intervention violent the did extent what To

of continuity and change towards the end of the 1970s resulted in a new ideological new a in resulted 1970s the of end the towards change and continuity of Arguing for the Generation after Aktionsgruppe Banat Aktionsgruppe after Generation the Arguing for

Chap , edited by Wilhelm Solms (Marburg: Hitzeroth, 1990), 126. 1990), Hitzeroth, by(Marburg: Solms Wilhelm edited , uminates exactly the kind of ideological realignment which made made which realignment ideological of kind the exactly uminates ter 3 ter 3

Try Again, Fail Again, Fail Better: Better: Fail FailAgain, Again, Try

51 te hn ter self their hand other

son, we were outside thinking how thinkingwerehow weoutside son, - managed literary activity activity literary managed e members of the 1970s the of members e ups. However, there is a is However,there ups.

ahu af die auf Nachruf 1 . The first CEU eTD Collection 1977). 4 thereaft shortly published were also Wagner Richard 3 2 neither was emigration hand, other the On existentially, an nor option. practically easy state. socialist the and community German re ideologically and discursively establishment, re gradually Banat Aktionsgruppe wa this hand, one the On decade. another almost for emigration for opt not did however, them, of Most loosened. also circle friendship initial the Timișoara), in Lippet Johann Bușteni, in Bossert Rolf posi teaching got and graduated members in published were time, the at working was he where factory tiles’ the about them of one Totok, William by poems two when 1977, July until Bos Rolf by review a when 1976, January from press, cultural “official” an been had there extent what to unclear is it (although names their under publishing difficulties writers the group, the of dissolution the Following 1975. in Germany West to immigrated 1976 mov the way this In another. becoming without too, changing was he and change, gradually to abyss, the before right began, life his Then it. made had he late, too almost Finally, decision. the was there deci asked, be to questions were “There

Dosar de urmărire informativă I233471 “Titan” [Surveillance file [Surveillance “Titan” I233471 urmărire de informativă Dosar William Totok, “die obsessionen des kanonenofens,” “arbeiter in der ziegelei,” ziegelei,” der in “arbeiter kanonenofens,” des obsessionen “die Totok, William of osr, Wngr s mnha mehr,” manchmal ist “Weniger Bossert, Rolf 2

)

w o te ebr o Atosrpe Banat Aktionsgruppe of members the of Two 3.1. s partly due to the fact that in the second half of the 1970s the former members of of members former the 1970s the of half second the in that fact the to due partly s ement won a new man.” (Gerhard Ortinau, typescript of typescript Ortinau, (Gerhard man.” new a won ement Publikationsverbot

Regrouping afterRegrouping Aktionsgruppe

. l o te eetal md apaacs gi i te German the in again appearances made eventually them of All ).

- nertd ntttoal it te emn cultural German the into institutionally integrated sions would have to be taken, a decision was due, and due, was decision a taken, be to have would sions tions in different cities (Richard Wagner in Hunedoara, Hunedoara, in Wagner (Richard cities different in tions ee Literatur Neue er, in in er,

52 - Neue Literatur Neue Karpaten Rundschau Karpaten negotiating their position as writers as position their negotiating

61 17) 100 (1976): 26.1 - –

Gerhard Ortinau], vol. II, 30. II, vol. Ortinau], Gerhard

no Sebig n Ens Wichner Ernest and Sterbling Anton

26.3 (1976): 28(1976): 26.3 sert appeared in appeared sert Erscheinung am Rande am Erscheinung Karpatend Rundschau Karpatend - 4 1. Poems by Rolf Bossert and and Bossert Rolf by Poems 1. . As several of the group the of several As . - 44.

Literatur Neue

within the the within 29 (July 22, 22, (July 29 , circa ,

had had 3

CEU eTD Collection 6 its for 5 presumably removed be to was them of One inadequate. deemed stories short two out signaled had which Publishing, and Press for Committee the by review typical a after 1975, volume Ortinau’s authorities. state by works their of treatment the impacted Banat Aktionsgruppe of disbanding the how of sense a gives it preserved, been haveyoung writers German the of one of regardingvolume a institutions th of records archival which in cases rare the of one As tipărituri]. și presă pentru [Comitetul Print and Press for Committee The institution, censorship Romanian the and Dacia house publishing the between negotiations long after 1976, in appeared which constitution Romanian the by guaranteed otherwise expression, free to right the of violation the of because writer a as profess to inability the was invoked reason Another studies. his finish to allowed fil to resolution his expressed he which in Police Secret the of major a to declaration written official an nervous gave Ortinau a hospitalization, following and 1976, breakdown September In Timișoara. in University the at Letters of Faculty code.” moral communist the violated having situ academic poor his of because Party Communist Romanian the from expelled was Ortinau Gerhard 1976, April In authorities. state the by group the and him against taken to personal of sense painful the reflects commitment existential and intellectual deep the of violation the with came which indeterminacy It emigrate. to decision the behind contradictions to responses conflicting

Idem,81. 64 I, vol. I233471, urmărire de informativă Dosar

communism that he had openly performed, and the dramatic consequences of the measures measures the of consequences dramatic the and performed, openly had he that communism h cs o Grad ria i psil te ot rmtc lutain f h immediate the of illustration dramatic most the possibly is Ortinau Gerhard of case The

6 . This explicitly This .

h dsouin f kingup Bnt ad f h cmlxte and complexities the of and Banat, Aktionsgruppe of dissolution the

referred to his first published volume, published first his to referred

a be rtre t te ulsig os fr eiin in revision for house publishing the to returned been had - 5.

53 ae ta ya h ws lo exp also was he year that Later

fr mgain f e ol nt be not would he if emigration for e e correspondence between the the between correspondence e verteidigung des kugelblitzes desverteidigung le fo the from elled ation and “for and ation , CEU eTD Collection kugelblitzes des verteidigung 10 9 8 7 mentioned declaration the in stated exaggeratedly somewhat Ortinau what to (contrary otherwise story banater story short Ortinau’s from removed also were Banat grounds” Aktionsgruppe sincere to real, references on public and writers between relationship the toward “reestablished literature of expectation false a autonomy, seeming “a of institutionalization the by then and realism” socialist of expectations “false the by followed th introduction tothe volume,discussingand inwhichtherelationship critic, between thepublic the looking theirworks topublish abroad. become to also was as censorship, against complaint Ortinau’s in entirety its in published been had text the however, before, years Several removal. story’s the for reasons the were problem” so the to reference ambiguous the as well as generation, parents’ the of past Nazi the to reference the that assume only can one itself), censorship of act the but censorship, othe any of absence the In laconic description cont pornographic

Comitetul pentru presă și tipărituri [Committee for Press and Print] 22/1976, 24. 22/1976, Print] and Press for [Committee și tipărituri presă Comitetul pentru Lande,” “Partydem auf Ortinau, Gerhard presă Comitetul pentru

wies n h ps ntd ht fe a eid f netit rgrig h rl o literature, of role the regarding uncertainty of period a after that noted past the in writers e opr Grad ria, de letzt “die Ortinau, Gerhard Compare in the city when ‘life in the countryside is so beautiful’; ‘long live the peasants,’ answers answers peasants,’ the live ‘long beautiful’; so another‘there too.’ are insocialism one, contradictions is countryside than the in else ‘life nothing when city done the in having for parents their a reproach fire ‘march, youngsters the party a during The censorship report also signaled out for removal a passage in Gerhard Csejka’s Csejka’s Gerhard in passage a removal for out signaled also report censorship The 10 tgte wt a insinuation an with together , rms, and take the wrong stance’; one of them asks why everyone wants to live live to wants everyone why asks them of one stance’; wrong the take and rms, ent, while the other the while ent, - cum ș

i tipărituri [Committee for Press and Print] 22/1976, 24. 22/1976, Print] and Press for [Committee i tipărituri - (Cluj interpretation betweengenerations”:conflict “the r commentary (censorship reports are never explanations of the act of of act the of explanations never are reports (censorship commentary r - Napoca: Dacia, 1976), 78 1976), Dacia, Napoca:

bntr story,” banater e ee Literatur Neue Neue Literatur Neue

party auf dem lande dem auf party

5 ht etr cn al no h wog ad, but hands, wrong the into fall can letters that

4 ee Literatur Neue 23.7 (1972): 11 (1972): 23.7

8 ad hs a oe f h cr agmns in arguments core the of one was this and , - 87.

, because it tackled, in the censor’s the in tackled, it because , - 64 17) 15 (1975): 26.4 2.

s itself,” Aktionsgruppe Banat Banat Aktionsgruppe itself,” s the central argument for writers writers for argument central the

- 21 and Gerhard Ortinau, Ortinau, Gerhard and 21 - ald “pe called i letzte die 9 The . asant asant CEU eTD Collection 13 12 compromised. been had logic thevolume’s as werepublished poems the remaining yearlater One partially. volume Wagner’s Richard co fremdheit their freundliche the review by made thoroughly requests to record files Police surveillance authors’ Secret the 1980s, the in published volumes writers’ German the Institution 11 the approve formally to was which Committee, the and house publishing othe trail paper a left the Council with the of meetings members personal the in taken decisions the of None approval. for Print and Press engaged” request to instructed was house publishing the Congress, the after Inquiring Culture”. Socialist and Education Political for Congress the after until wait “to directive the with a also paragraphs, short formulations, “some as well as entirely, storyshort ambiguous” “more a remove to decided was it which during Council, the at meeting a had editor German Dacia’s and director house by controlled directly be to was 1971, production in party established a as been Theses, July had the after subordinated, immediately was Publishing) and Press for Directorate C the which to Education, The Socialist and socialiste]. Culture for educaţiei Council și culturii [Consiliul Education Socialist and Culture for Council the of film] de scenariilor și culturale Cultura problemelor literaturii, Literature,[Direcţia Scripts Film for and Issues, Department the of intervention the by stages final its in interrupted was process the shows, Print and Press for Committee the and house publishing the between publishing requir the made house the After intact. remained previously published been had which texts the above) Macrea Ioana Idem,23 Prin and Press for [Committee și tipărituri presă Comitetul pentru s under Romanian Communism Romanian under s - 13 4.

short stories from the author. Finally, the volume was sent back to the Committee forCommittee the to back sent was volume the Finally,author. the from stories short - Toma, Toma, mbiguous [neclare].” mbiguous

(Timișoara: Facla, 1984) which was reduced to less than half of its initial content and for for and content initial its of half than less to reduced was which 1984) Facla, (Timișoara:

rvlgeţa Isiui ltrr î cmnsu românesc comunismul în literare Instituţii Privilighenţia. ed changes, the volume was approved for print, but as the correspondence the as but print, for approved was volume the changes, ed oe California Hotel

] (Cluj ]

ntent before publication, for instance for William Totok’s volume volume Totok’s William for instance for publication, before ntent

12 Bcaet Kiein 18) which 1980) Kriterion, (Bucharest: -

Napoca: Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2010), 213. In the case of case the In 213. 2010), Ştiinţă, de Cărţii Casa Editura Napoca: After modifications, the process was again interrupted, again was process the modifications, After the party (and the Secret Police) Secret the (and party the 55 r than the confused correspondence between the the between correspondence confused the than r - state institution institution state

Hotel California II California Hotel t] 22/1976, 22. 22/1976, t] mite a pr o te General the of part (as ommittee -

hc mat ht cultural that meant which

(Bucharest: Kriterion, 1981), but 1981), Kriterion, (Bucharest: was initially published only only published initially was

[ Privilligentsia. Literary Literary Privilligentsia. another 2 another at accompli fait 11 . The publishing The . - 3 “clearer, “clearer, 3 . Other . l CEU eTD Collection MiklósHaraszti, : See conditions. socialist under alienating equally work is w preface, book’s the in Böll Heinrich by up picked eloquently argument, core Its 1975. in German 15 14 real and ideology between antagonism perceived the of because exactly conviction renewed with reformulated are t of realities bythe challengedbeliefs, communist one’s when moment realignment ideological ongoing an of document rare a is manuscript the form, rough its In Police. Secret the by imprisonment his following confusion and disillusionment Haraszti manuscript pr a was on writing request was emigration His reanalyzed”. “be Ortinau whom to according informants various from reports on based and rejected, subsequently situation Ortinau’s that demanded who interve the records file surveillance Ortinau’s point, this At Republic. Federal the in relatives close had he that given authorities, pr to right” publication. was time the the to “when weight knew gives editors also that case accounts Ortinau’s anecdotic level. central or regional the at issues cultural of of importance the inf prove to goes which norm, the became this matters, cultural in authority deciding single the remained Council the and disbanded was censorship of institution official “am and “short” how of records written no are there mutilated” been“had volume his that complaints own Ortinau’s than

Idem, 108, 111. Idem,108, Haraszti’s book about a Hungarian tractor factory, for which he was trialed in 1974, had been translated in in translated been had 1974, in trialed was he which for factory, tractor Hungarian a about book Haraszti’s ormal relationships with the publishing house editors, as well as with partycharge with in asmembers well as editors, house publishing the with relationships ormal Ortinau officially filed an emigration request in 1977, which was approved by the county the by approved was which 1977, in request emigration an filed officially Ortinau 15

and a haunting account of the authors’ undoubtedly personal experience of political of experience personal undoubtedly authors’ the of account haunting a and 14

. Erscheinung am Rande am Erscheinung

- xsig oils. t a nt h iae f h “aiait te” which other” “capitalist the of image the not was It socialism. existing

smby hsie nvl a os ri ws ree t cnict the confiscate to ordered was raid house a novel, “hostile” esumably biguous” the removed paragraphs actually were. After 1977, when the when 1977, After were. actually paragraphs removed the biguous”

ntion of the head of the Secret Police for the county Timiș, Timiș, county the for Police Secret the of head the of ntion , the confiscated typescript, opened with a motto by Miklós by motto a with opened typescript, confiscated the , 56

Stücklohn he existing socialist order, socialist existing he

(Berlin:1975). Rotbuch, opose a volume for for volume a opose –

as that industrial industrial that as it records the records it

CEU eTD Collection co and Union ofthe Writers’ [Consi Romania in Nationality German of news the for worked of editor he 1952 Since Party. Party Communist Workers’ Romanian Romanian the the joined 1965, he 1957 In German]. Antifascist [Comitetul Romania in Committee 17 16 un the with but socialism,” abolish and German fight to intended literature a young support “to not circle, literary invited the to writers and welcomed He region. Banat the in figures political and cultural 1960s the throughout prominence to grown had re the Müller left he however, 1980, In Romania for Germany. West establishment. cultural German the into reintegrated gradually Müller “Adam circle literary the at of members former with along participated briefly Ortinau In1978, option. writers German young the for alternative serious a been even ever had GDR the to immigrating that ext the To citizenship. GermanEast his of stripped being Biermann Wolf of writer news got friends) other his surely (and Ortinau that time this around is It communism. under socialized profound a via at arrived concludes Ortinau man,” new a won movement “The measured. be could ideals communist genuine which against other the as functioned socialism understand political in change the mediated

Ortinau’s personal correspondence, Dosar de urmărire informativă I233471, vol. I,vol. 87 I233471, informativă urmărire de Dosar correspondence, personal Ortinau’s Born in 1935 in a family family a in 1935 in Born - socialization of the Aktionsgruppe members. Berwanger had a spotless background spotless a had Berwanger members. Aktionsgruppe the of socialization - 16 ioas ewne, he editor chief Berwanger, Nikolaus Guttenbrunn”, the Writers’ Union literary circle in Timișoara played an important role in role important an played Timișoara in circle literary Union Writers’ the Guttenbrunn”, Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue ti ws lo h mmn we te eea Rpbi bcm te oe acceptable sole the became Republic Federal the when moment the also was this , derstanding that “socialism had hit a dead end […] but with the help of education, education, of help with the but […] end deada hit had “socialism derstandingthat

- of workers, he had become in 1940 the youngest member of the German Antifascist Antifascist German the of member youngest the 1940 in become had he workers, of founded, in 1968, the “Adam Müllerthe “Adam in 1968, founded,

crisis rather than because of the contingency of having been born and born been having of contingency the of because than rather crisis

in 1969. In 1968, he participated at the establishing of the Council for the Workers Workers the for Council the of establishing the at participated he 1968, In 1969. in

liul muncitorilor de naţionalitate germană din România]. He was member was He România]. din germană naţionalitate de muncitorilor liul - Guttenbrunn”, through which the writers were being being were writers the which through Guttenbrunn”,

of of ns bt ahr h eprec o real of experience the rather but ings, Neue Banater Zeitung Zeitung Banater Neue 57

and 1970s to become one of the most influential most the of one become to 1970s and

– -

Guttenbrunn” literary circle. literary Guttenbrunn” a declaration of ideological commitment commitment ideological of declaration a paper paper ee Weg Neuer and president of “Adam “Adam of president and - 93, 97 93,

Aktionsgruppe Banat Aktionsgruppe -

8. , and became chief chief became and ,

- existing existing 17 -

as of as and ent CEU eTD Collection Rundschau Karpaten 21 20 (1969 Autorengruppe 19 22. 18 successfully group reestablished itself. the and election his ensure to votes enough had already writers German young the successor, his be to Wagner Richard proposed and circle literary the of president as 1978/1979 season the of dialect) Schwabian the in so (the writers of generation older the of poetry traditional m the reviewing critically) (or neutrally while Samson, Horst and Lippet Johann himself, Wagner, Richard of works the forefront the into brought he which in 1977/1978, in literarycircle pub Totok William 1979, in Already scene. literary the on back writers German young the of promotion the for platform circle literary the recording radio in participation opportunities, publications resources to access authors’ the facilitated Membership Frauendorfer. Helmuth and Waitz, Balthazar Samson, Horst Müller, Herta were as regularly, meetings circle’s literary attendin were Totok William and changes”Wagner, Richard Lippet, Johann members Aktionsgruppe substantial about bring could one literature and culture,

William Totok, “Auftakt mit Adam mit“Auftakt WilliamTotok, Thomas Krause, Krause, Thomas Volker Kaukoreit, “Zwischen den Stühlen. Interview mit Nikolaus Berwanger,” Berwanger,” Nikolaus mit Interview Stühlen. den “Zwischen Kaukoreit, Volker Richard Wagner, “Vom der Praxis der Literatur. Der Adam Der Literatur. der Praxis der “Vom Wagner, Richard

“Die Fremde rast durchs Gehirn, das Nichts…”: Deutschlandbilder in the Texten den Banater Banater den Texten the in Deutschlandbilder Nichts…”: das Gehirn, durchs rast Fremde “Die 19

(June 6, 1979): 1, 1, 4 1979): (June 6, – . At the same time, it functioned as a form of institutional legitimation and a and legitimation institutional of form a as functioned it time, same the At .

1991) 1991)

21 (Frankfurt am Mein: Peter Lang, 1998), 118. 118. Lang, 1998), Peter amMein: (Frankfurt lished an article about the workings of the “Adam Müller “Adam the workingsof the articleabout an lished 20 . By 1981, when Nikolaus Berwange Nikolaus when 1981, By . . Richard Wagner was to take a roughly similar stance in his account his in stance similar roughly a take to was Wagner Richard .

- Müller - 5.

- Guttenbrunn, 58 ”

Neue Literatur Neue - Müller s and literature readings organized by organized readings literature and s - - called Guttenbrunn

29.9 (1978): 113 (1978): 29.9 r stepped down from his position his from down stepped r Dialektgedicht Düsseldorfer Düsseldorfer - 18 Kreis in der Saison 1978/79,” 1978/79,” Saison der in Kreis B lt 17 former 1977 late By . - 5.

– , poetry written poetry , Debatte

- in the form of form the in Guttenbrunn”

2 (1988): 2 g the the g ore ore CEU eTD Collection 23 22 genres(what and different forms of possibilities unstable the with play free the and stance, ironic poems” morewrite I will inspiration/ their draw they which fromreality the cha can too/ poems unpublished that prove to goes which room third the to key/ the received 21 December of coda a with end to of parody a as reads poem The poetry”. of power the in confidence infinite have I poem/ a writing am I now comrades// of number a quite on called have I newspaper the to/ council peoples’ the to authorities housing the three a of rooms smaller twothe in livingchildren, two with marriedman a as leben] meinem [aus life” his writing“about now was and Bușteni city small the in language foreign a as German teaching been had Bossert firstvolume, published his in later year one appear also to were which Poetry], of Power [The Poesie” der Macht “Die publis 1978, March In 1975. after writers German young the of realignment discursive and literary the by possible made turn its in was and into played newspapers) German various in jobs taking (by establishment changed then others // situation camealong” Wagner, (Richard to who resolved/ and along/ situation came changed/ changed others the grasped then // it change to resolved/ and situation changed/ the grasped along/ who came others then // it changed we // it change to resolved we situation/ the grasped “we

Rolf Bossert, “aus meinem leben,” meinemleben,” “aus RolfBossert, Wagner, Richard hed a group of poems by former Aktionsgruppe Banat member Rolf Bossert, under the title Bossert, title the BanatRolf grouphedformer by Aktionsgruppe under poems amember of The gradual institutional integration to “Adam Müller “Adam to integration institutional gradual The 3.2.

Continuity a Continuity die invasion der uhren der invasion die

siebensachen - nd Changend rooms apartment shared with var with shared apartment rooms

an official complaint/request letter dated September 24 September dated letter complaint/request official an

Neue Literatur Neue

ulsig oss clua isiue, r dtr oiin at positions editor or institutes, cultural houses, publishing

(Bucharest: Kriterion, 1977) (Bucharest:Kriterion, st

. After graduating from the University graduatingfrom the After . : “this text was not published until now yesterday/ […] we […] yesterday/ now until published not was text “this :

28.3 (1978): 26 (1978): 28.3 59

- 7. change it // they changed the changed/ changed/ the changed they // it change

, 20. , ious other people: “I have written to written have “I people: other ious - Guttenbrunn” and into the cultural cultural the into and Guttenbrunn”

dialektik , republished in 1977 , republished

of Bucharestof

23 . It is such an (self) an Itsuch is . Neue Literatur Neue th , 1977, only only 1977, , in 1975, 22 nge nge )

CEU eTD Collection 24 siebensachen the of reception the byreinforced pursuing critical experiences. its by program further, writing phrasing interms of it individual A the from themselves distance rhetorically could they movement, double a and In it. relinquish writers, gradually to were German they which youngwith tools the provided the for negotiation of space a up opened had it but dangerous, unviabl be to proved had manifesto group minimal its with argumentation self edge, critical sharpened a with and subject can Banat Aktionsgruppe of themes defining the of whore?” a with along going we are // […] her. with going are we // direction? right can iswe as moral, not is “she : [who anyway?] reality realität?” die ist aber “wer volume aforementioned the in published poems opening socialism under realityand relationship the around debates first enthusiastic the of referenced and power poetry” “the in faith paradoxical the of something retained Frauendorfer) Helmuth Waitz, forme the early 1970s. in writers German young the of poetry the best, its at characterized, had that poems) of known pu of documents, official of “power” the really is

Rolf Bossert, RolfBossert, r members and by new writers associated with the group (such as Herta Müller, Balthasar Balthasar Müller, Herta as (such group the with associated writers new by and members r The break with the previous, “youthful” artistic period was somewhat artificially artificially somewhat was period artistic “youthful” previous, the with break The by both Banat, Aktionsgruppe of dissolution the following written literature the of Much genuinely engagereality withhis/her surrounding , Helmut Britz, editor of the German section of the university literary magazine magazine literary university the of section German the of editor Britz, Helmut , siebensachen

(Bucharest: Kriterion, 1979), 6. 1979), (Bucharest:Kriterion, –

granted, with increasing skepticism. Rolf Bossert asks in one of the of one in asks Bossert Rolf skepticism. increasing granted,with

works they published towards the end of the 1970s. Reviewing1970s. the of end the towards theypublished works - reflexively turned upon itself. The generational mode of mode generational The itself. upon turned reflexively 60 see./ can one then even ask, if she is going in the the in going is she if ask, even then one can see./ –

blished literature, of unpublished but otherwise otherwise but unpublished of literature, blished

representing novel ways in which the socialist socialist the which in ways novel representing

ktionsgruppe Banat period, all the while while the all period, Banat ktionsgruppe –

taken to its logicalconsequences,taken toits e and also potentially potentially also and e between literature between 24

Here is one is Here

CEU eTD Collection Weg Neuer 28 Austrian the Jandl. writerbyErnst instance, for practiced, was expression) of means artistic into [Fortlassung] away” “letting breaks, 27 26 ar 25 cri literary the were of one argumentation Motzan, Peter of by up mode picked eloquently obscure otherwise this behind assumptions underlying The relations the of representative genuinely literature cautiously socialist a time for program same artistic militant the his reworking at practice, literary earlier his from himself distanced seemingly v second his of publishing the following interviews In 1970s. the of end the at prominence to back Aktionsgruppe of members former the makingpoems still their way Bossert’s volume,Britz into wa concrete several the Banat, stood Aktionsgruppe after decade easily a Half sake. art’s introduced, for art of was accusations it which with enlightenment participatory of ethos Brechtian avant Austrian the of influence the to back traced been had attempts, literary daring and experimental most their in Banat Aktionsgruppe poetica Echinox

rangement of the poem, it reads: “I write [scheibe] (scream ‘B’ [schrei be]), because I have‘A’.” I said because be]), ‘B’ [schrei (scream write[scheibe] “I it reads: the poem, rangement of Helmut Britz, “…dem brotmesser sei gedankt,” gedankt,” sei brotmesser “…dem Helmut Britz, Rolf Bossert, “argument,” Bossert, Rolf h gne f eutoseih (xeietl oty ih lmtd ling limited a with poetry (experimental Reduktionsgedicht of genre The meih ecrt, ’iets ehlns u Raiä. Gsrc mt e Sc dem mit Gespräch Realität.’ zur Verhältnis “’Direktes Reichrath, Emmerich h rltos u o te eal o diy ie A a eut arvd rm h aphoristic the from arrived I result a As phenomena intheir contrariness. life. daily of details formul the of out relations the foreground the into brought now is perspective another totality, a represen were issues the which in volume, first my to contrast in that means that reality; to relation direct a establish from [Gedichtmodell] model poetry The brought which move double successful this for emblematic is Wagner Richard of case The 25

from Cluj from established with(in) thesurroundingestablished reality: with(in)

f 8715 (May 24, 1977). (May 24, 8715 rom the “frugal genre” of concrete poetry. This had been practiced by the members of members the by practiced been had This poetry. concrete of genre” “frugal the rom tos f hr per t te og oty oml, hc eald e o posit to me enabled which formula, poetry long the to poetry short of ations

- Napoca awkwardly attempted to salvage what was clearly a self a clearly was what salvage to attempted awkwardly Napoca

siebensachen

ted in the post the in ted

, 15: “ich/ schrei/ be/ weil/ ich/ a/ gesagt/ habe”. Because of the spatial spatial the of Because habe”. gesagt/ a/ ich/ weil/ be/ schrei/ “ich/ 15: , 28

olume of poetry, of olume Neue Literatur Neue - Brechtian “reduced poetry” [Reduktionsgedicht] poetry” “reduced Brechtian klartext 61 - ad gop inr rpe ad des and Gruppe, Wiener group garde

was no longer useful […]. I am seeking to seeking am I […]. useful longer no was

31.4 (1980): 97. (1980): 31.4 die invasion der uhren der invasion die rned, “are not to his advantage” his to “arerned, not is h hd en consistently been had who tics uistic inventory, which turns elisions, elisions, turns which inventory, uistic

– hriftsteller Richard Wagner,” Wagner,” Richard hriftsteller

one which rather grasps grasps rather which one

(1977), Wagner Wagner (1977),

- ironic Ars Ars ironic pite the the pite 27 26

as CEU eTD Collection 30 Romania. Socialist 29 “naive of one as period Aktionsgruppe the away explain to quick especially were Fromm pa as identified who critics literary The voice.” their “found now having writers individual as former Banat Aktionsgruppe the of rehabilitated members effectively which language legitimatory potent a into 1970s the of ofimmediate environment hisdaily life. the on and craft writer’s the on reflections subjective to waygives now poetry earlier his of form a becoming ever m without the of dimensions, doctrine “metaphysical formal than rather discursive, new on takes reality and language between relationship the of problematization the that is changes what whereas sig is there goes, argument Motzan’s sense, nationality” “cohabiting German the of perspective the representing strictly than rather citizen, Romanian a of status his by inspired debate and negotiation of idiom an as emerging re was nation” the of talk “the that awareness rising the reflects particular, in point, last This inspi self his order, dedicated of review the part, most from development artistic Wagner’s traces he 1978, in written article an In generation. young the of members the to sympathetic

Peter Motzan, “…und hier wird schon noch geredet warden,” warden,” geredet schon noch wird “…und hier Motzan, Peter “Naţionalităţi colocuitoare” [mitwohnenden Nationalitäten] was the official status of national minorities in in minorities national of status official the was Nationalitäten] [mitwohnenden colocuitoare” “Naţionalităţi red program for “an engaged literature,” and his rejection of narrow of rejection his and literature,” engaged “an for program red The turn towards subjectivity was to be gradually form gradually be to was subjectivity towards turn The socialist - srbd oe n h “mniain rcs o hs onrmn” i Brechtian his countrymen,” his of process “emancipation the in role ascribed

writer writer

klartext –

by noting Wagner’s self Wagner’s noting by

is me is uteness of language”. The experimentation with language and and language with experimentation The language”. of uteness rt of their generation, such as Annemarie Schuller or Walter or Schuller Annemarie as such generation, their of rt 29 klartext ant to reconstruct the image of a highly self highly a of image the reconstruct to ant

or the community of German of community the or

(1973) to (1973) nificant continuity between Wagner’s volumes, volumes, Wagner’s between continuity nificant 62

– Neue Literatur Neue -

identification as a product of the socialist socialist the of product a as identification Wagner’s writings, writings, Wagner’s i nain e uhren der invasion die alized by literary critics at the end the at critics literary by alized 29.2 (1978): 113. (1978): 29.2 - speaking settlers speaking ozn lrfe, are clarifies, Motzan - minded nationalism. minded

(1977). For the the For (1977). - conscious and conscious 30 . In this In . - - CEU eTD Collection 568. (1981): 32 31 middle of remnants the class: social entire an define to attempt ironic “an in life, bourgeois of complacency the towards criticism the from Far convincing. entirely poetry agitprop the not of enthusiasm was continuity for argument this disillusionment, the sensitized: “personally as poetry political 1960 the of end the at protests student the in engagedintensively who War, World Second the around born were who poets of was movement Subjektivität” the largely “Neue poetry. concrete and poetry, hermetic poetry, nature of traditions wit break marked a signaled view his in which 1960s, the of the poetry political to back source its traced had Theobaldy, Jürgen movement, the of protagonists main the ( subjectiveeveryday experienceof life. the towards thematically and register “sensual” private, a towards turn writers’ the designate (We contemporary from imported were Sensibilität] [neue sensibility” “new or Innerlichkeit], [neue inwardness” “new Subjektivität], [neue subjectivity” forward put critics young the that offer value selling on [Verkaufswert]?” extent what to and [Gebrauchswert], value use on focus strategies literary talent their convenient cultivatewithin to determined writers young these were extent what “to engagement”: but by no means homogenous) literary movements in the German poetry of the 1970s. One of of One 1970s. the of poetry German the in movements literary homogenous) means no by but

Annemarie Schuller, “Vom Gebrauc “Vom Schuller, Annemarie David A. Scrase, “Dimensions of Reality: West German Poetry of the Seventies,” Seventies,” the of Poetry German West Reality: of “Dimensions Scrase, A. David “Neue Subjektivität” had quickly become a catchword meant to describe one of strongest of one describe to meant catchword a become quickly had Subjektivität” “Neue

31 limits, to what extent did the success go to their heads, to what extent did theirdid extent what to heads, their goto success the did extent what to limits,

hs wr al od usin bt ehp ee ble ws h t the was bolder even perhaps but questions bold all were These

hwert zur Sinnlichkeit,” Sinnlichkeit,” hwert zur

of the 1960s, the poets of the “neue Subjektivität” turned their turned Subjektivität” “neue the of poets the 1960s, the of -

ls attds ht tl dtrie i lre esr the measure large in determined still that attitudes class –

with rather minimal qualifications, the terms “new “new terms the qualifications, minimal rather with 63 Ich

Die Woche Die

a reinstated.” was s, and following their failure rethought rethought failure their following and s,

577 (January 5, 1979): 5. (January1979): 5, 577 t Gra ltrr ciiim to criticism literary German st) 32

World Literature Today Literature World n h mdt f leftist of midst the In h the major post major the h

heoretical -

war 55.4 55.4

CEU eTD Collection 35 2006). Yurchak, Alexei See meanings. new on More took No Was It Until dimension Forever, Was Everything constative its while the all grew discourse of dimension self increasingly became socialism late in language 34 less Quarterly German a for argument 33 the of transparency the assumes, one Aktionsgrup the in writers young the of promotion the in invested also had who generation, older immediate the of critics the For criticism easily towardsgot ofthe socialist authors’ discourse: ahead ownskepticism pe the hand, other the On convincing. name occasional and dogmatism gratuitous to reverted and sophistication in lacked formula problematic new this very had Banat in so writers for arguments theoretical the hand, German one the On implications. of generation young the of poetry new byaend buzz of the 1970s, become, had Subjektivität” “neue critics, literary among debates systematic and booksellers and self In embedded. engagemen political and social former of edge critical the practice, socially as subject the of understanding an poetry political previous the from revolutionaries” student former the of lifestyles

Annemarie Schuller, “Vom Gebrauchwert zur Sinnlichkeit,” 5. Sinnlichkeit,” zur Gebrauchwert “Vom Schuller, Annemarie I follow here Alexei Yurchak, who contends that in the absence of a metadiscourse on ideology, authoritative authoritative ideology, on metadiscourse a of absence the in that contends who Yurchak, Alexei here follow I uih yn “Yu Lf Jce i udr or kn’ elcin o Ger on Reflections Skin.’ Your under is Jacket Life “’Your Ryan, Judith - socialized individual. the of condition the on reflection by followed is literature of use social enthusiastic The […] particip this on reflection individual to drive the also is urgent more the participation, all to claim the the urgent more The laws. and tasks is challenges, and claims subjectivism” “new American and chaotic European a of experience the of experience basic the Whereas reflexivity only in the best of the works. Moreover, with aggressive marketing by publishers by marketing aggressive with Moreover, works. the of best the in only reflexivity

- rpig f h casc o scaim o legitimation for socialism of classics the of dropping Even if it were not a literary trend of the “capitalist West,” employing it to describe the describe to it employing West,” “capitalist the of trend literary a not were it if Even

55.3 (1982): 299. (1982): 55.3

, individualistic world, we experience our socialist reality with all its its all with reality socialist our experience we world, individualistic ,

word and a trend. pe period, the insistence on a radical shift in focus (as well as, well (as focus in shift radical a on insistence the period, pe rformative use of “hypernormalized language” “hypernormalized of use rformative . The Last Soviet Generation Soviet Last The - eeeta ad therefor and referential 64

33 I ter, nu Sbetvtt maintained Subjektivität” “neue theory, In .

–

cial and political engagement in in engagement political and cial (Princeton: Princeton University Pres University Princeton (Princeton: -

e the importance of the performative performative the of importance the e politicized literature, with its its with literature, politicized hy ee ta i, uh less much is, that were, they man Poetry of the Seventies,” Seventies,” the of Poetry man t gave way to subtle irony and irony subtle to way gave t - encompassing social social encompassing 34

in literary in

ation. The The s, CEU eTD Collection 40 Romania. in poetry warGerman Überblick 39 38 37 depth”. her out of somewhat was and literature of understanding consolidated a not have 1 the of half second the of literature young still the in shift a mark to 36 [Ersatzbegriff] gedacht eigentlich accounts radical most the value face at take to tended 1980s the of beginning the and 1970s the of end the writers’ cultural scene. comeback onthe legit and accommodate would that alternatives ideological flexible producing in interest significant still was there that is show Motzan’s like interventions what but w making the in tradition literary a of sense the maintaining Granted, profanity. ideological and escapism social the of t of involvement personal “the as it defined He Fromm Walter by coined term ingenious) (and “indigenous” the for opted Motzan influences), literary their described accurately quite them authors the by times at used been had (which etc Subjektivität” “neue continuity of understanding arg unnoticed go not did project) socialist collectivist the of criticism underlying

Thomas Krause, Thomas Krause, W “Kontinuitätund Motzan, Peter Besinnlichkeit,” zur Gebrauchswert Fromm, “Vom Walter See Emmerich Reichrath , “Vorwort,” “Vorwort,” , Reichrath Emmerich See In 1980, Peter Motzan published his his published Motzan Peter 1980, In e aant h prevd ra wt te ieaue f h ery 90 ad o a nuanced a for and 1970s early the of literature the with break perceived the against ued Previous scholars who reflected on the development of the German poetry in Romania at Romania in poetry German the of development the on reflected who scholars Previous

(Cluj f h ltrr ciiim f h tm. n hs edn ta tis o recover to tries that reading this In time. the of criticism literary the of as closely related to the attempt to also preserve the continuity of literary criticism literary of continuity the preserve also to attempt the to related closely as 38 - Napoca: Dacia, 1980), which remains to this date one of the most authoritative accounts accounts most authoritative the of one date this to which remains 1980), Dacia, Napoca: , thus achieving the double feat of safeguarding the authors against accusations of accusations against authors the safeguarding of feat double the achieving thus , 40 “Die Fremde rast durchs Gehirn, das Nichts…”, Nichts…”, das Gehirn, rast durchs Fremde “Die

meant to signal to the “initiated reader […] that the real change had change real the that […] reader “initiated the to signal to meant , “engaged subjectivity” appears as merely a “surrogate concept” concept” “surrogate a merely as appears subjectivity” “engaged ,

and

andlung,”

change. Also, severely criticizing the use of the catchwords catchwords the of use the criticizing severely Also, change. Reflexe II II Reflexe Die rumäniendeutsche Lyrik nach 1944. Problemaufriss und historicher historicher und Problemaufriss 1944. nach Lyrik rumäniendeutsche Die Neue Literatur Literatur Neue

37 (Cluj

–

he socialized individual,” as subjective processing processing subjective as individual,” socialized he “engaged subjectivity” [engagierte Subjektivität]. [engagierte subjectivity” “engaged 65 - Napoca: Dacia, 1984), 11: “Annemarie Schuller’s attempt attempt Schuller’s “Annemarie 11: 1984), Dacia, Napoca:

Die Woche Die

30.11 (1979): 100. (1979): 30.11 156 970s […] came undoubtedly too early. She did She early. too undoubtedly came […] 970s

- (January 26, 1979): 3. 1979): 26, (January 8.

imize the young German German young the imize

selves, and otherwise otherwise and selves,

36 Ptr Motzan Peter . of the post the of occurred was sie sie was 39 - , CEU eTD Collection 43 Subjektivität,” 42 Romanian 41 asked: been had he question life public 1973 of program Walt by 1980 in Interviewed 1970s. early the of failures in the and success investingthe both from werelearned having language, legitimatory period sophisticated a producing Banat Aktionsgruppe the during them promoted and discovered lite the and writers the 1980s, the of beginning the and 1970s the of end the interpretation plausible a is system political the of that towards structures social a well as 1980s, oftentimes absurdfacts twisting ofdaily of life).” (especially those uncovere which gesture, questioning and corrective “a became poetry Consequently, utopia.” and “hope the of discovery “the as 1980s the of beginning the at Romania in poetry having German West after to immigrated Shortly accessible. immediately are intentions hidden these 1983, in Germany post of anthology an to introduction Fromm’s cases rare in that and uncovered, be can which critics literary the of formulations the to subtext political liberal a is there that is here assumption climate” political restrictive increasingly Romania’s in but attitudes, poets’ the in not

Totok cu manuscrisul ala cu Totok Raluca Cernahoschi Raluca Walter Fromm, “Die Entdeckung des Ichs: Rumäniendeutsche Gegenwartslyrik zwichen Engagement und und Engagement zwichen Gegenwartslyrik Rumäniendeutsche Ichs: des Entdeckung “Die Fromm, Walter n ih o te emn rtr’ ofit wt te tt aon te eod af f the of half second the around state the with conflicts writers’ German the of light In - ielg wr i dgnrtd no ytfcto (s ih itr) n it the into and history) with (as mystification into degenerated it were ideology d German Poetry” (Ph.D. diss (Ph.D. Poetry” German –

Kürbiskern. Literatur, Kritik, Klassenkampf Kritik, Literatur, Kürbiskern. was still in place, Richard Wagner gave a much more conservative answer than the the than answer conservative more much a gave Wagner Richard place, in still was s according to their own post own their to according s – -

Condurateanu,, “The Political, the Urban, and the Cosmopolitan: The 1970s Generation in in Generation 1970s The Cosmopolitan: the and Urban, the Political, “The Condurateanu,, engagement as the optimistic attempt to offer answers to the questions of by by of questions the to answers offer to attempt optimistic the as engagement

y, for instance, Fromm described the development of the German the of development the described Fromm instance, for y, “I stand behind what I have said in 1973, the same goals are still are goals same the 1973, in said have I what behind stand “I

ertation, University of British Columbia, 2010), 46 2010), Columbia, British of University ertation, - -

immigration accounts, the turn from a critique of critique a from turn the accounts, immigration war Romanian war – 66

such as Annemarie Schuller’s article, or Walter or article, Schuller’s Annemarie as such

3 (1983): 144. (1983): 3 er Fromm, and asked to what extent the extent what to asked and Fromm, er

- German poetry published in West West in published poetry German 42

- 7. rary critics who had had who critics rary

I ” with the loss of of loss the with ” 43 . However, at However, . 41 The . CEU eTD Collection 45 44 that German in literature critical program minimal a is us connects “what Banat, Aktionsgruppe Müller “Adam the of president clos a not are “We period. Aktionsgruppe late the of that to self authors’ the Bucharest), in house publishing Kriterion the at lector was Bossert Rolf Timișoara, at Berwanger well for around correspondent time This group. a as danger of superfluous.” becoming po is that people, are there as long “as that confidence the and mission a of sense the maintained still Csejka) Gerhard Motzan, (Peter critics literary older slightly the certainly and Waitz), Balthazar Frauendorfer, Helmuth slightly the of some Lippet), Johann Totok, William Wagner, Richard Bossert, (Rolf Banat Aktionsgruppe of members former faith, its but sealed simultaneously spotlight the in group the brought had that strategies the of reassessment cautious initial an production literary of years early enthusiastic the towards skepticism obvious Despite answer.” an of value the has put well question a that understanding, the also is there but valid,

Idem. Wagner,” Richard mit Fromm, “Interview Walter - understanding of their role on the German cultural scene in Romania was strikingly similar similar strikingly was Romania in scene cultural German the on role their of understanding

By the early 1980s, the “progressive” writers had successfully re successfully had writers “progressive” the 1980s, early the By 3.3.

Establishing Contact Establishing Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue aptn Rundschau Karpaten

ns f iw fr hm ieaue s nofral, hr i no is there uncomfortable, is literature whom for view, of ints - Guttenbrunn” literary circle, much as he had done as leader of of leader as done had he as much circle, literary Guttenbrunn” 45 -

vroe te self the overcomes Breakthroughs in Romania and West Romania and Germany in in Breakthroughs , Johann Lippet worked at the German National Theatre National German the at worked Lippet Johann , - , William Totok and Horst Samson were brought by by brought were Samson Horst and Totok William , connected institutionally (Richard Wagner became became Wagner (Richard institutionally connected Neue Literatur Neue 67

- 30.2 (1979): 53. 53. (1979): 30.2 erdcin ednis f minority a of tendencies reproduction ed group,” argued Richard Wagner as as Wagner Richard argued group,” ed – one wies Hra Müller, (Herta writers younger

our goal […] is to encourage a a encourage to is […] goal our

- established themselves established

d the the d in in 44

CEU eTD Collection files. surveillance members’ group many ofthe in informants Police Secret most prolific 48 47 46 As it. upon depend formally not did but establishment, official the with connected complexly Müller “Adam integrat the turned effectively regional just biggest not the did of generation editor young chief the the newspaper), being him Union, Writers’ the party, the within network (his establishment cultural and political the within position privileged Berwanger’s called so group’s the reflect accurately however, does, It Youth. Communist of Union the and Union Writers’ the by prizes poetry and debut awarded variously were Bossert and Samson Wagner, proximity on based solely awarded were prizes the that mean necessarily not does This friends. close and younggeneration the of members all were these Wittstock, and Schneider (1 Bossert Rolf (1982), Frauendorfer Helmuth (1982), Samson Horst (1981), Schneider Eduard (1981), Müller Herta (1980), Schleich Thomas Franz 1983), (1980, Lippet Johann to awarded were poetry and prose w yearly voluntary awarded was on which based contributions, prize literary a up set members the Berwanger, Nikolaus of support the With capital. symbolic of sources to access had also group the lead, circle’s the taking gradually Müller “Adam the of writers the to dedicated entirely numbers two publishing by center,” the “at generation young the promoting in role important before, Like subjectivity”. “engaged of writers distinctive the as a identity, literary certainly than name proper a not if given been had group the critics, literary of a thesocial”literature, literature thatdiscusses encourage] [to

Neue Literatur Neue Wagner,” Richard mit Lebendige.Interview fürs sind “Wir Reichrath, Emmerich Although Fr Although Werthierarchie anz Thomas Schleich was a rather mediocre writer and was later discovered to have been one of the the of one been have to discovered later was and writer mediocre rather a was Schleich Thomas anz 31.12 (1980) and 32.12 (1981). and (1980) 32.12 31.12

o te otmoay emn ieaue n Banat. in literature German contemporary the for 983), Joachim Wittstock (1984), and Hellmut Seiler (1984). Except for for Except (1984). Seiler Hellmut and (1984), Wittstock Joachim 983),

- utnrn” no n lentv clua isiuin that institution, cultural alternative an into Guttenbrunn”

ithin the literary circle, as of 1980. The prizes for for prizes The 1980. of as circle, literary the ithin 68

- Guttenbrunn isiuinly bt y on so doing by but institutionally, e 46 . Because sustained support the . of Neuer Weg Neuer Neue Literatur Literatur Neue ltrr circle literary ”

nobel de to due Undoubtedly

(July 24, 1982). (July24, 48 , as Lipp as , played an an played 47 After .

et, - CEU eTD Collection Zeitung 51 ‘Adam Literaturkreis 50 49 around built ethnocentrism, their disguising for Schwabians Banat conservative the and past Nazi its upon reflect to refusing for generation his In 1981. in prose for prize “Ad the received had author the that announced newspaper the before story short Müller’s Herta of publication criticism literary of role “corrective” the of reminder circle close his of favor in biased opinions, critical subjective his promoting for platform a as circle W World Second the after Union Soviet the to Germans of deportations the of subject controversial highly the address properly 21 rough a sparked year previous exchange in the in meetings circle’s literary the about article Wagner’s Richard 1979, In unchallenged. remain not did scene cultural German the on and Guttenbrunn” semi of semblance the and visibility maintained endorsement. circle literary the way, this In p the and year, every organized were ceremonies winning Award 1980s. the of beginning the and 1970s the of end the towards restricted increasingly been had which practice the reproduced it such, rize winners, their responses and works were published by Berwangerin by published were works and responses their winners, rize

Richard Wagner, “Vom der Praxis der Literatur,”, 4. Literatur,”, der Praxis “Vomder Wagner, Richard Richard Wagner, “Von der Lauterkeit. Zu Hans Kehrers ‘Von Manipulie ‘Von Kehrers Hans Zu Lauterkeit. der “Von Wagner, Richard Hans Kehrer, Hans read by Hans Kehrer had missed the opportunity, because of its literary shortcomings, to to shortcomings, literary its of because opportunity, the missed had Kehrer Hans by read 50

(December 13, 1979): 3. 1979): 13, (December , to which Wagner responded with a harsh evaluation of Kehrer’s literary qualities and a and qualities literary Kehrer’s of evaluation harsh a with responded Wagner which to , h yug rtr’ ie o rmnne ihn h ltrr circ literary the within prominence to rise writers’ young The Neue Banater Zeitung. Zeitung. Banater Neue

“Von der manipulierten Praxis der Literatur. Eine Stellunsnahme zur Beurteilung von Lesungen im im Lesungen von Beurteilung zur Stellunsnahme Eine Literatur. der Praxis manipulierten der “Von - Müller

- Guttenbrunn’,” Guttenbrunn’,”

s of cultural institutions such as the Writers’ Union, the access to access the Union, Writers’ the as such institutions cultural of s Laudatio ar In his article, Wagner Inarticle, his 49 Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue . In his turn, Kehrer accused Wagner of using the literary the using of Wagner accused Kehrer turn, his In . Das schwäbische Bad schwäbische Das

o et Mle, ihr Wge ciiie te old the criticized Wagner Richard Müller, Herta to

iaiay values “imaginary 69

(November 15, 1979): 2 15, (November A ee hrhr eae olwd the followed debate harsher even An . noted that the theater play theater thatthe noted rten Praxis der Literatur’,” der Praxis rten in –

Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue re, iiec, cleanliness” diligence, order, am Müller am Laudatio Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue - e Aa Müller “Adam le 3.

for the literary the for - Guttenbrunn” Viehwaggon Neue Banater Banater Neue , shortly , - formal formal - . CEU eTD Collection See Banat. Aktionsgruppe of member a been had model Lippet that fact the mentions 1983, in published 55 54 Hartung (Konstanz: 53 52 a often i how and why question/ the and union, soviet the from come had she where austria,/ in world the into me brought mother my banat./ from indirectly Brecht’s Bertolt of stanza first the paraphrasing poem his in Lippet of thecounty chief attenti the to brought promptly was which information circle, literary the of meeting a at read he which from work autobiographical an in camps labor Union Soviet to deportations the about novel Preda’s Marin of post Germans’ publication the with 1975 in lifted been had regime Antonescu the Ion the on taboo the that Arguing of topic sensitive politically the about discussion encourage scene cultural public the on debate constructive Zeitung in exchanges these of publication very Banat,the in milieu conservativehighly the Müller’s satire,rangedfrom which mildly tohighly positive tone and accusatory attitude in mont For conservatism.and provincialism correctiveto needed a be to thought werevillage life,traditional assimilation of fears perceived under

Dosar de urmarire informativă I210847 [Surveillance File [Surveillance I210847 urmarire de informativă Dosar Müller,” Herta “Laudatio Wagner, Richard See Diana Schuster, Schuster, Diana See Johann Lippet, Lippet, Johann (Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 1983). Românească, Cartea (Bucharest: Of the young German writers, the theme was taken up by Horst Samson, and by Johann Johann by and Samson, Horst by up taken was theme the writers, German young the Of literarythe within divide generational the of illustration an being fromApart

is indicative of Nikolaus Berwanger’s mediator role, true to his agenda of encouraging of agenda his to true role, mediator Berwanger’s Nikolaus of indicative is hs, Neue Banater Zeitung Zeitung Banater Neue biographie. ein muster ein biographie. - Gorre Verlag, 2004), 79 2004), Verlag, Gorre - Die Banater Autorengruppe: Selbstdarstellung und Rezeption in Rumänien und De und Rumänien in Rezeption und Selbstdarstellung Autorengruppe: Banater Die secretary of the Romanian Communist Partysecretary ofthe Romanian Communist by theSecret Police

igahe en muster ein biographie. Del irium

[Delirul], in 1977 Berwanger announced his intention to write write to intention his announced Berwanger 1977 in [Delirul],

(Bucharest: Kriterion, 1980), 5. The Romanian translation of the of translation Romanian The 5. 1980), Kriterion, (Bucharest: - 82. published letters and polemical articles from readers on on readers from articles polemical and letters published 52 Neue Banater Zeitung Banater Neue

. Müller’s satirical short stories, taking up the theme of theme the up taking stories, short satirical Müller’s .

Lpe’ atborpia ei pe begin poem epic autobiographical Lippet’s . 70 Vom armen B. B. B. armen Vom

– n h rgo. e a as be te n to one the been also had He region. the in

Nikolaus Berwanger], vol. II, 50. II, vol. Berwanger], Nikolaus

(June 7, 1981): 2. 1981): 7, (June sk myself” sk -

“i, johann lippet, come only come lippet, johann “i,

–

and goes on to on goes and Neue Banater Banater Neue

54 circle and of of and circle - . igai. un biografie. war faith. faith. war

utschland

volume, volume, 53 s by by s .

CEU eTD Collection Literatur 57 fragt,” Scherr Dieter antwortet, Lippet Johann vonHäuser Wiseschdia: “Die178 War: home his in held 56 exception the with literature, Romanian explicitly seldom but Generation, Beat the of literature the times at post been consistently had Transylvania and Banat andprovincialism thetraditionalism to in opposition for reference The anti the decade,” obsessive the context cultural German predominantly a of wouldhavecontext allowed. much wasLippet’s own althoughpioneering, that andthe German literature, in madewas similarattempt no out that points Totok thematized, been had 1950s the of period “dogmatic” the which in Ţoiu, Constantin and Popescu, R. D. Buzura, Preda Marin by deceniu] [obsedantul so decade” the “obsessing on novels the Invoking legitimation. for literature Romanian of context the to al the of representation butGermans’ situation, Romanian the of radical constraints typical“because the 1950s of the ofrealities a of risk the avoided having for Lippet reproach to was Totok critic or evaluative than rather evocative and descriptive is tone overall the but problems, housing and shortages food upon and collectivization, upon 1950s, the during Bărăgan to Schwabians Banat the of deportations the labo Soviet a in mother poet’s the of suffering the describe

so because of internalized pragmatism” internalized of because so William Totok, Totok, William Even so, Johann Lippet reminisces about the extraordinary interest that the public showed fo showed public the that interest extraordinary the about reminisces Lippet Johann so, Even outside practice literary their for arguments sought rarely had writers German young The 32.10 (1981): 100. (1981): 32.10 –

in th in - village, exactly because of the taboo topics such as the deportations following the Second World World Second the following deportations the as such topics taboo the of because exactly village, “Schwierig, die Wahrheit. Randbemerkungen zu Johann Lippets ‘biographie. ein muster’,” muster’,” ein ‘biographie. Lippets Johann zu Randbemerkungen Wahrheit. die “Schwierig, e early 1970s, of Marin Sorescu. This went as far as Richard Wagner distancing distancing Wagner Richard as far as went This Sorescu. Marin of 1970s, early e the

literature

al of the 1970s generation, 1970s the of - 56 tlns reoi cuhd nraigy ainlsi overtones. nationalistic increasingly couched rhetoric Stalinist . Reviewing the published volume in volume published the Reviewing . 57 . His is one of the very rare interventions which refer which interventions rare very the of one is His . , partly because, such in the case of the “liter the of case the in such because, partly , 71

less radical than the reference to the Roman the referenceto the radicalthan less -

war Austrian and (West) German literature, German (West) and Austrian war of the older generation of German writers in generation writers ofGerman older of the which they designated as “progressive” “progressive” as designated they which r camp. The poem also touches upon upon touches also poem The camp. r –

who coined coined who Bawülon Neue Literatur Neue the term, Augustin Augustin term, the

4 (2011): 31. (2011): 4 r a poetry reading reading poetry a r , William , ature of of ature -

called Neue Neue ian ian CEU eTD Collection 59 58 România din germani poeţi tineri Zece T. not was It Traian Coșovei. and Vișniec Matei Nedelciu, Mircea Danilov, Nichita Cărtărescu, Mircea as such young HelmuthSamson, Frauendorferand by Wagner Richard authors translated texts Romanian documents” colleagues Romanian linguis their outside authors interest the which their from “extended position context, cultural its and Banat for representative as circle Müller “Adam the to when as so generation, young the of literature 1960s” the of end hand neo its and proletcultism of remnants the against hand one the counter double a as Romania, in poetry German the of context the in exclusively Akti about Romanian in article an published Totok William 1980, in Already publics. and critics, writers, German and Romanian wasfertilization minimal. disc public of terms in themselves, signed they which of some press, cultural German the in their published translations the of through least works very the the at contemporaries, of Romanian knowledgeable undoubtedly were they Whereas Latzina. Anemone 1970 early the and 1960s the of end the at inspiration drew enthusiastically had generation young the whom from Romania from author German one the from even rhetorically himself

Richard Wagner, “Von Temeswar aus,” “VonTemeswar Wagner, Richard Aktionsgruppe], of texts Acţiune”[The de Grupului “Textele WilliamTotok,

against the hermetic tendency, whose representatives reached the peak of their glory at the the at glory their of peak the reached representatives whose tendency, hermetic the against In the early 1980s, however, there were some attempts at bridging the gap between the the between gap the bridging at attempts some were there however, 1980s, early the In 58

until the publication of Peter Motzan’s anthology Motzan’s Peter of publication the until Tee s sne n hc ti hd eoe h sadr acut f the of account standard the become had this which in sense a is There .

- Guttenbrunn” literary circle in 1982, Richard Wagner could describe the the describe could Wagner Richard 1982, in circle literary Guttenbrunn”

onsgruppe Banat, in which he nevertheless presented the group the presented nevertheless he which in Banat, onsgruppe 59 Neue Literatur Neue Fr hs su, ila Ttk Eur Shedr Horst Schneider, Eduard Totok, William issue, this For . [Mild to Strong Winds. Ten Young German Poets from from Poets German Young Ten Winds. Strong to [Mild Neue Literatur Neue i iln, s h tasain f et b their by texts of translation the as island, tic 72

32.12 (1982): 8. (1982): 32.12

published a published - dogmatic followers, on the other other the on followers, dogmatic Echinox Vînt potrivit până la tare. tare. la până potrivit Vînt

3 special issue dedicated dedicated issue special - 4 - 5 (1980): 18. (1980): 5 us te cross the ourse - reaction: “on “on reaction:

s – -

CEU eTD Collection România 61 60 tare of appearance the towards sympathy obvious the Despite poets. German young the of that and literature their between differences and commonalities the on view their literature regard ofthewith French past reliance toits reference and on German points. Romanian the from itself distanced programmatically which Generation, Beat the by influenced h literature a literature,” of “autonomy the to akin something foster to sought It 1983. and so the poets, Romanian ti the at literary Romanian critics influential most the of one by over prized circle, literary The University. circle literary the ofmembers diamante of year the been had 1982 place. first the in appearance volume’s the encouraged had that scene literary Romanian the of configuration the to due partly was This notes. welcoming d Romania in literature German the of and mid volume the of the discussion around poetry Romanian the big in the with happening synchronized changes perfectly were writers German young “the that out point to and useful extremely and exceptional “an as volume the of appearance the welcome to quick Although public. Romanian broader a reached Britz Helmut and Samson Horst Hodjak, Lippet, Johann members Wil Banat Aktionsgruppe former of works the that 1982 in Romania]

Cornel Moraru, “Tineri poeţi germani din România” [Young German Poets from Romania from Poets German [Young România” germani din poeţi “Tineri Moraru, Cornel Mircea Iorgulescu, “Cuvânt înainte” [Preface], in in [Preface], înainte” “Cuvânt Iorgulescu, Mircea liam Totok, Richard Wagner and Rolf Bossert, along with those of Anemone Latzina, Franz Franz Latzina, Anemone of those with along Bossert, Rolf and Wagner Richard Totok, liam

s a utrl vn” te oain rtr wr mc mr icie t pit u the out point to inclined more much were writers Romanian the event”, cultural “a as At the initiative of initiative the At

[Mild to Strong Winds. Ten Young German Poets from Romania] (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1982), 5. 1982), Kriterion, (Bucharest: fromRomania] YoungPoets German Ten Strong Winds. [Mildto

[Air with Diamonds], followed in 19 in followed Diamonds], with [Air e Ncle aoec, ahrd h mmes f h “e gnrto” of generation” “new the of members the gathered Manolescu, Nicolae me,

- called ‘80s generation [generaţia ‘80] and met regularly between 1977 between regularly met and ‘80] [generaţia generation ‘80s called Neue Literatur Neue

Cenaclul de luni de Cenaclul , several of the writers of t of writers the of several , Vînt potrivit până la tare. Zece tineri poeţi germani din din germani poeţi tineri Zece tare. la până potrivit Vînt

[The Monday Literary Circle] from the Bucharest the from LiteraryCircle] Monday [The 73 83 by 83

Cinci

[Five], anthologies of poetry by the the by poetry of anthologies [Five], - 90 ad afterwards,” and 1960s he ’80s generation expressed generation ’80s he id not go much past these these past much go not id Vînt potrivit până la până potrivit Vînt ], ], Vatra cultural event” cultural

11 (1983): 5. (1983): 11

e cu Aer 61 eavily eavily

the

CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 daily Party the in published volume counter a as construed been easily havecould it which in thelegitimatorytranslate into well in of sense cautious diffuse, a and poetry their of tone political the towards suspicion veiled barely practice, literary author’s publi the responses gestures, welcoming honest young undoubtedly occasional, the the of of one despite the and to poets compared Romanian as poetry German the of resorts emotive and thematic regime, Communist compromised” that i ultimately were writers German young the of and generation ‘80s the of discourses legitimation the which to extent the reveals effectively and ideals” “aesthetical and “ethical” between opposition the as form radical most its in formulated theory rather was poets Romanian the of that ofreality, depiction ironic its in moralizing programmatically was writers German the of poetry the language, poetic in structures” two the between opposition archetypical proper a about speak could we bit, a for wander phantasy our let we if commonalities; than differences more leading the of one Cărtărescu, Mircea wrote view,” of point my “From writers. German the of that and practice literary their between differences

Liviu Antonesei, “NL Antonesei, Liviu “NL Buduca, Ioan “ Cărtărescu, Mircea ît orvt âă a tare la până potrivit Vînt

“engaged literature,” both as practice and as a category of discourse was “more than than “more was discourse of category a as and practice as both literature,” “engaged 64 hd in shed cntun ter rocpto wt “aesthetics with preoccupation their construing , - Umfrage,” 31. Umfrage,” NL discussed at length by all the other respondents, Cărtărescu noted that while while that noted Cărtărescu respondents, other the all by length at discussed -

Umfrage. Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten (2. Folge),” Neue Folge),” (2. Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede Umfrage.

s politic a as - Umfrage. Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten,” und Unterschiede Umfrage. ee Literatur Neue solidarity. Except for Ioan Mușlea’s excellent translation of the poems the of translation excellent Mușlea’s Ioan for Except solidarity.

te oty f h 17s eeain f emn rtr dd not did writers German of generation 1970s the of poetry the , l c i itself. in act al language of the ‘80s generation.If ‘80s anything, therewas the language of cnea Tineretului Scînteia

ery oe odsedne eadn te German the regarding condescendence some betray 74 ncompatible. ncompatible.

eid nrct epstos f h structural, the of expositions intricate Behind

poets of the ‘80s generation, “there are many many are “there generation, ‘80s the of poets - indifferent. This is a recurring a is This indifferent. - model. So, for instance, a review of the the of review ainstance, for So, model. Neue Literatur Neue

The ed “h bo cmlts with completes book “The read:

Romanian writers Romanian , 62 ”

. In addition to differences to addition In . olwn te al f the of fall the following Literatur

34.5 (1983): 27. (1983): 34.5

34.6 (1983): 32. (1983): 34.6

observation, observation,

maintained

a sense sense a

CEU eTD Collection I233477 informativă urmărire German the de for edition. stories the of some of Dosar rewriting author’s the to or (See house, publishing Rotbuch the with edition negotiations German the in [Sur appears lector volume’s story short to the for attributable passage certainly a some instance, throughout, editions two the between volume the in published stories short several West the in publication its for argument an undoubtedly was which Union, Writers’ the by and Youth Communist of Union the of Committee Central the by 67 140. I233471, urmărire de informativă Dosar See communists”. called be to world the and state the establishment, literary the within position writers’ the of indication clear “a was in published article 66 1982). 8, (December less or more a was 65 there time, same the at Banat; in community German the of situation o most allowed and “exotic” appropriately circumstances of complex a to due was Germany West in reception volume ofshort stories contrary” the quite it, towards hostile even not were state the by ostracized and on spied are who poets “the that note to quick was Wichner Romania, in stance own authors’ the with accordance in partlyb Republic, Federal the in writers the of coverage systematica however,lead,to not did This Securitate”. the by surveillance close under are writers the and publication for rejected literary the in appeared magazine that texts of group a to introduction the wrote who Wichner, Ernst member Banat Aktionsgruppe former the by notably Germany, West in published sporadically Germanthem [the correctly writers] and processed, openly correctly delivered observation which irony seriousness and intelligence

Th William Totok, Totok, William Ana veillance File veillance e volume was first published in Romania in 1982 1982 in Romania in published first was volume e -

Maria Ivan, “Zece poeţi germani germani poeţi “Zece Ivan, Maria Throughout the 1970s, the literat the 1970s, the Throughout 66 Akzente . The real Germanywith breakthroughcame the inWest , so it’s been said, characterizes the tone of the new poetry, finally becomes with with becomes finally poetry, new the of tone the characterizes said, been it’s so , – Constrângerea memoriei Constrângerea

Akzente

Herta Müller], 23). However, it is unclear to what extent some of the differences are due to the the to due are differences the of some extent what to unclear is it However, 23). Müller], Herta

n 197 in

, Gerhard Ortinau writes to Erns to writes Ortinau Gerhard , Niederungen 6, mentioning that in Romania the authors’ works “are oftentimes oftentimes “are works authors’ the Romania in that mentioning 6, h lnsae f u yugs g youngest our of landscape the

. The German edition edition German The . Niederungen Niederungen din România” [Ten German Poets from Romania], Romania], from Poets German [Ten România” din

by the publishing house in1984 by Rotbuch thepublishing [The Constraint of Memory] of Constraint [The Drückender Tango Drückender ure of the young German writers in Romania was also was Romania in writers German young the of ure f the reviewers to bring to the public’s attention the attention public’s the to bring to reviewers the f deemed “pornographic” by Kriterion’s chief editor and the the and editor chief Kriterion’s by “pornographic” deemed -

75 Niederungen Niederungen

t Wichner in a personal letter that what he found missing found he what that letter personal a in Wichner t -

Niederungen (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1984). There are differences are There 1984). Kriterion, (Bucharest: (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1982). It was awarded awarded was It 1982). Kriterion, (Bucharest: the volume’s censorship in Romania. For For Romania. in censorship volume’s the

(Iași: Polirom, 2001), 86. Discussing the the Discussing 86. 2001), Polirom, (Iași:

nrto o pes Te so The poets. of eneration

(Berlin: Rotbuch, 1984) also contains contains also 1984) Rotbuch, (Berlin:

publication of Herta Müller’spublication –

the subject matter was was matter subject the 67 . The enthusiastic cnea tineretului Scînteia – -

we wanted wanted we “Cristina” “Cristina” ” - ecause called 65 .

CEU eTD Collection 71 70 and Eastern from magazine authors as well as Bartsch, Kurt and Ce Anderson Sascha Brasch, Thomas as such authors GDR Germany West publish in to first the was Rotbuch members. its all by taken being authors of choice the programand Germany West in structure unique a had house 69 68 dissident no has she ‘critique’, a write not does she solutions, show not does Müll the behind point agenda political this at that significant is It to. turn to sources reliable rare the were Romania from writers German the noted, Delius context, this In furniture”. and salami for quotas “import over polit German West and Romanian the by treatment their and possible” as much as them isolates but theatre), media, (language, space free restricted them allows which sta repressive a of protectorate the under minority a are “they debate: political uncomfortable an for tone the set and Banat in community German the of situation the on length at commented 1983 in to visit Romania a following Delius, Christian Friedrich 47 Gruppe of member former and writer the in 1984 in published was reviews initial these of sophisticated and visible most takes debate the that so sphere, political the towards deviations lack reviews “literary immediate the that conclude to deceiving sense this in andMüller’s themes,is literary it style, Hertamotives borders.In lengthy ofaccounts of spite the outsi minorities German the towards Republic Federal the of attitude the regarding especially controversy, political for potential unmistakable the was there addition, in Winkler; w volume Müller’s de the with engaging criticism literary of tradition recognizable

Idem,121. neuenBesen,” einen Monat “Jeden Delius, Christian Friedrich co was Rotbuch CosminDragoste, ntral Europe (Libuše Moníková, György Dalos, Agota Kristof). Up to 1990, it also published the cultural cultural the published also it 1990, to Up Kristof). Agota Dalos, György Moníková, (Libuše Europe ntral Kursbuch 70

. He further denounced the silence regarding their faith outside of the right the of outside faith their regarding silence the denounced further He . - founded in 1973 by Friedrich Christian Delius, Anna Duden and Ingrid Karsunke. The publishing publishing The Karsunke. Ingrid and Duden Anna Delius, Christian by Friedrich 1973 in founded , edited by Hans Magnus Enzensberger and Karl Markus Michel. Markus Karl and Enzensberger Hansby Magnus edited ,

Herta Müller. Metamorfozele terorii terorii Metamorfozele Müller. Herta Dlu, lo fudn mme o te ulsig os Rotbuch house publishing the of member founding a also Delius, . as compared, most notably, with the works of the Austrian prose writer Josef Josef writer prose Austrian the of works the with notably, most compared, as

er’s enthusiastic reception was not anti not was reception enthusiastic er’s

–

it was managed collectively, decis collectively, managed was it place exclusively on the terrain of aesthetics” of terrain the on exclusively place 76 (Craiova: Aius, 2007), 90. Aius,2007), (Craiova:

Der Spiegel cas s qa t te bargaining the to equal as icians

43 (July 30, 1984)” 119. 1984)” (July 43 30, - idealization of village life life village of idealization - ions over organization, finances, finances, organization, over ions

communist: “Herta Müller Müller “Herta communist:

- allure” Der Spiegel Der

- wing press press wing 71 e f its of de . Rather, . 68 . The .

by 69 te te – ,

CEU eTD Collection Müllers Herta zu Anmerkungen Abstoßenden. Müller,” Herta Schriftstellerin und Häßlichen des Apotheose 73 “Eine Schneider, ‘Niederunge H. and 2 72 young Romania decided toemigrate. German in writers their through follow for alternative real prof a became Germany West when time was the It 1985. around in Wagner Richard was Republic Federal the in read to invitation an to course wri German the of the leave to accesscountry, Union limited theWriters’ andto the interdiction the censorship, of issue the notably Romania, in situation authors’ gave Müller and 1985, FranceAustria in1984 and Germany, West in made she visits approved four the During events. cultural and lectures, public fairs, book to invitations numerous received and Germany West in prizes of number a awarded CommunistParty][Romanian propaganda Central Committee’s department” and news its in furiously responded Germany West in expats German of right extreme financed government the target, main His minority. German the of expense the at arguments) economic on reliance its in or formula rights human its in (either anti the of instrumentalization political hypocritical the denounced Delius

J. Hammer, “Ketzerei oder totale Verantwortungslosigkeit?”, Verantwortungslosigkeit?”, totale oder “Ketzerei Hammer, J. Gebhard Henke, “Mir erscheint jede Umgebung lebensfeindlich. Ein Gespräch mit der rumäniendeutschen rumäniendeutschen der mit Gespräch Ein lebensfeindlich. Umgebung jede erscheint “Mir Henke, Gebhard sin s rtr ad eas o rnwd ersin esrs ht ot f h remaining the of most that measures repression renewed of because and writers as ession aae Post Banater Following the widespread discussion of her books in the cultural press cultural the in books her of discussion widespread the Following n’," n’," Banater Post Banater

ters in Romania, the only other member of the group who was allowed to give to allowed was who group the of member other only the Romania, in ters denouncing Herta Müller as either “Nestbeschmutzerin” or “member of the the of “member or “Nestbeschmutzerin” either as Müller Herta denouncing

(December 24, 1984): 19 1984): 24, (December Süddeutsche Zeitung Süddeutsche

(November 16, 1984). 16, (November - 21. 77

interviews in which she discussed the German German discussed the she inwhich interviews 73 Der Donauschwabe Der . With thegrowing literature. With the in interest

papers papers

34. 38 (September 16, 1984): 1 1984): 16, (September 38 34. - communist discour communist 72 Der Donauschwabe Der , Herta Müller was was Müller Herta , .

- wing association association wing se -

CEU eTD Collection recognition. easy and publicity of reasons for identity common a them ascribe to ready market literary a of pressure the under personae literary authors’ the of negotiation the explores it hand, other the On the of critique political by interpreted and and recorded as regime,” social “Ceaușescu politics, cultural minority opposition, and repression Germany West in interventions public early authors’ the in repertoire thematic articu the hand one the on follows it end, this To Romania. from emigration the after immediately discourse collective to ascribed significance the explores chapter this of with the issue of anti of strength rhetorical the impulses, testimonial ethical co of process a through emerged Banat from writers German combination some or opposition, communist anti representativeness, minority as 1980s the of end the at Germany West in misinterpreted or reproduced either then was 1970s, the of end the towards discourse group “pressure” alternative, rhetori generational a as Romania 1970s early the in began what exit, authors’ German the Following chapter. this of part first the in explore I which exit, and voice diss into writers German the turned regime Communist Romanian the it, have would Wagner Richard as If, understandings. political emotional and discursive subsequent their for formative ways many Chapter 4 Chapter 4 The period prior to the em the to prior period The idents, it did so in close collaboration with the West, through prolonged negotiations of of negotiations prolonged through West, the with collaboration close in so did it idents,

Obituary forthe197 Obituary

the German minorities abroad), and the editorial interest in both, the second part thesecondpart in both, editorialand interest abroad), the Germanminorities the igration of the German authors of the 1970s generation was in in was generation 1970s the of authors German the of igration 0s Generation of German Writers from Socialist fromSocialist Writers ofGerman 0s Generation Romania

of both. Maintaining that the public identity of the of identity public the that Maintaining both. of 78

the Romanian Unit of Radio Free Europe. Europe. Free Radio of Unit Romanian the - communism (complexly intertwined intertwined (complexly communism - creation driven by the authors’ authors’ the by driven creation , eahoe it an into refashioned c, lation of a common a of lation –

intellectual intellectual - CEU eTD Collection 16. 1995), Press, Nebraska 2 as 1 interaction of pattern certain a extent what becomparable writers discerned. the intheGDR can tothatof to arises question the West, the in published Romania in writers German the With 1960. after especially German West Eastern the not was it discourse” of mode ‘monosemic’ official, the of subversive as […] evaluated and understood perforce were […] that address of modes ‘polysemic’ into fall unintended sometimes p or philosophical (Herta Müller, As representationspast, ofthetheyare very of the part “reality” thatthey torepresent. seek narratives. authors’ the organize that tropes dominant the by defined loosely Romania, Socialist alterna the call I what configure These communism. Romanian of history the ultimately and generation, their of that past, personal their approaching for patterns specific devised Banat from visi writers German of generation most 1970s the of intellectuals the of two Totok, William and Wagner Richard how explore I chapter, self of paths individual to way “S

Translation from Herta Müller, Müller, Herta from Translation David Bathrick, Bathrick, David Der Mensch ist ein großer Fasan auf Weltauf der Fasan großer ist ein Der Mensch ince Windisch made the decision to emigrate, he sees the end everywhere in the village.” village.” the in everywhere end the sees he emigrate, to decision the made Windisch ince Ltrr dsiec i te D, age Dvd ahik “fe began “often Bathrick, David argues GDR,” the in dissidence “Literary 4.1. th After

Voice Exit and Der Mensch ist ein großer Fasan auf der Welt ein ist großerder Fasanauf Der Mensch e fall of communism and the early “transition period,” collective discourse gave gave discourse collective period,” “transition early the and communism of fall e h Pwr o Sec. h Pltc o Clue n h GDR the in Culture of Politics The Speech. of Powers The Kulturindustrie olitical challenge to the ideological principles of Marxism of principles ideological the to challenge olitical

Kulturpolitik Th

e Passport e

- elzto ad esnl self personal and realization etn o te neety oyei ptnil f literature, of potential polysemic inherently the on betting

alone which produced dissidence “from within,” but also the the also but within,” “from dissidence produced which alone

(London: Serpent’s Tail, 2009), 7. First published in West Germany Germany West in published First 7. 2009), Tail, Serpent’s (London:

(Berlin: Rotbuch, 1986). Rotbuch, (Berlin: 79

tive chronologies of the 1970s and 1980s and 1970s the of chronologies tive , 1986

narratives. In the last part of the the of part last the In narratives.

becoming known, talked of, and and of, talked known, becoming 1 )

Lnon Lno: nvriy o University London: (Lincoln,

- Leninism but as a as but Leninism 2 . In .

l public ble this sense, this not

s a as f CEU eTD Collection 9. 1995), ofMinnesota, University 6 History,” 5 Essays Recent Other 4 1970). Press, University Harvard MA: (Cambridge, 3 it therefore and Bloc, Eastern the of countries other in democracy for quest the to equivalent GDR the in remain to chose who put pressure the reduced exit that out pointing by Hungary or Czechoslovakia, Poland, in systematically movementsthose like form voice and undermined ofresistance oppositional inthe communism German less the exit, voice through for available released is pressure more the services, and goods of deterioration pattern” seesaw “basic a called he what in it, undermine that posited he addition, In option). exit (the firm competing a to turning by or option), voice (the product better services or goods of quality in deterioration the towards disapproval off Hirschman of fall GDR. sudden the the of in dynamics communism the explain to Wall Berlin the of opening the of aftermath States and Organizations, 1970, of study his in Hirschman O. Albert by forward put first been have notions The GDR. the in options exit and voice the as discussed been have what of negotiation the for crucial as well as “dissidence”, of unmaking

Albert O. Hirschman, “Exit and Voice: An Expanding Sphere of Influence of Sphere Expanding An Voice: and “Exit Hirschman, O. Albert John Torp John Conceptual in Essay An Republic: Democratic German the of Fate the and Voice, “Exit, Hirschman, O. Albert Albert O. Hirschman, Hirschman, O. Albert The dynamics between West and East Germany had been constitutive of of constitutive been had Germany East and West between dynamics The WorldPolitics Sonderweg ey, Intellectuals, Socialism, and Dissent: The East German Opposition and Its Legacy Its and Opposition German East The Dissent: and Socialism, Intellectuals, –

n hs nlss te el r mgnd viaiiy f xt i exit of availability imagined or real the analysis, this in oc big oe oty n em o tm ad fot ei uuly ed to tends usually exit effort, and time of terms in costly more being voice

(New York: Viking, 1986), 91. 1986), Viking, York: (New 4 . Predictably, this model was applied with qualifications to explain the East the explain to qualifications with applied was model this Predictably, .

45.2 (1993): 173 (1993): 45.2

xt Vie ad oat: epne t Dcie n im, raiain, n States and Organizations, Firms, in Decline to Responses Loyalty: and Voice, Exit, ih ead o h cniuain f poiinl oeet under movements oppositional of configuration the to regard with 3 , which was translated in German in 1974 and widely picked up in the in up picked widely and 1974 in German in translated was which ,

- 6 202. o b sgetn ta te xt pin n h GR a the was GDR the in option exit the that suggesting by or , xt Vie ad Loya and Voice, Exit,

5 . This explanation has been variously formulated, either either formulated, variously been has explanation This .

rd sml mdl f o cnues express consumers how of model simple a ered 80

on the regime to change and demoralized those demoralized and change to regime the on lty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Firms, in Decline to Responses lty: –

,” in in ,” n ae o dsotn wt the with discontent of cases in Rival Views of Market Society and and Society Market of Views Rival –

ihrb dmnig a demanding by either te D had GDR the n the making and making the

(Minneapolis: (Minneapolis: is

CEU eTD Collection seit1945 Staat ihr und Schriftsteller Deutsche Muttersprache. 9 right”. “human a would the that realize leave to right the demand gro a did 1980s later the in only and quietly left usually people because is That society. “niche” passive, a create helped onward from1961 protesters of expulsion controlled tightly the view, his In protest. of costs re the exposing by voice, stimulate can exit of availability the that 2006) Press, 1989 of Revolution the and Leninism of Crisis The Germany: East of Collapse the and dem to voice of use this in irony “thedeep out point 12 8 for 7 allowed Not reconsidered. be to expatriation the for asked and GDR, the against case way a contemplative calm in discomfort such be totolerate able […] should critical, socialist state our Marx’s u an is and was Biermann “Wolf intellectuals. other 100 almost by signed later was which protest of declaration a wrote Müller Heiner and Heym Stefan Braun, Volker Wolf, Christa Kirsch, Sarah as such writers Prominent e Biermann Wolf following authors GDR the of situation the to comparable sense a in is This other. each reinforced and time same the at roughly in those and state unification socialist a as reformation the Germany’s between East afterwards of and supporters’ emigrate, to right the demanding citizens the and movements rights human and peace the between dynamics complex the of light in model the of workings Wall Berlin the of fall surrounding events the exit the of tendenciesoversimplifying the appearan the “neutralized

Christian Joppke , , ChristianJoppke Rogers Brubaker in Brubaker Rogers “Gegen die Ausbürgerung von Wolf Biermann,” in Michael Krüger, Susanne Schüssler et al. (eds.), (eds.), al. et Schüssler Susanne Krüger, Michael in Biermann,” Wolf von Ausbürgerung die “Gegen - 17, builds on Hirschman’s model to explain the GDR citizens’ overwhelming support for reunification and to to and reunification for support overwhelming citizens’ GDR the explain to model Hirschman’s on builds 17, ” 9 . Further on, the writers dissociated themselves from the attempts to misuse the Biermann the misuse to attempts the from themselves dissociated writers the on, Further . For the young German writers in Romania the voice the Romania in writers German young the For ihenh Brumaire Eighteenth 8 .

East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989 of Revolution the and Dissidents German East

- “Frontier Theses: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in East Germany,” Germany,” East in Loyalty and Voice, Exit, Theses: “Frontier be emigrants were not a threat to the opposition, but its ally its but opposition, the to threat a not were emigrants be

–

for instance in Leipzig 1988 Leipzig in instance for ce of antipolitical dissidence as a political claim” political a as dissidence antipolitical of ce acrig o hc te rltra rvlto i cntnl self constantly is revolution proletarian the which to according ,

cmotbe ot” ed h dcaain “ern i mind in “bearing declaration, the read poet,” ncomfortable - voice model were brought up especially with regard to regard especiallywith up brought were model voice and collective exit”. Steven Pfaff argues in in argues Pfaff Steven exit”. collective and - 81 9 where dissidents of the human rights movement came to to came movement rights human the of dissidents where 9

–

(Berlin: Klaus Wagenbach, 2004), 303. 2004), KlausWagenbach, (Berlin: hc alwd o mr sophisticated more for allowed which ptito fo Es Gray n 1976. in Germany East from xpatriation

(London: MacMillan, 1995), (London: MacMillan, and gime’s vulnerability and lowering the lowering and vulnerability gime’s exit options became available became options exit –

the right to emigrate being itself itself being emigrate to right the Migration World Migration

(Durham: Duke University University Duke (Durham: 7 . Arguments against Arguments . Exit wing number noisily noisily number wing - Voice Dynamics Dynamics Voice favor of the the of favor

29. 18.3/4 (1990): 18.3/4

Vaterland, re - - CEU eTD Collection 10 raid house the abroad, travel to interdiction the writings, their tendentious of “the distortion” by noastră]” [patria homeland our in nationalities of status the of violation were they which in Union Writers’ the protesting of president the to and Committee Party County chief the to letter a wrote Frauendorfer Helmuth and Waitz Balthazar Samson, [social/poli our towards interpretativeand tendentious hiswith literaryideas [to works] in having“slipped for warning official an received Frauendorfer Helmuth 1984, in Already emigration. for filing and surveillance o most increased by to followed Romania, led in measures which repressive abroad), and Romania in (both option voice the encouraged and facilitated situation writers’ German the towards showed interest increased the voice wasfollowed closelybyexit. case: Biermann the of aftermath the in emigration and disillusionment Union, Writers’ the from from “criticism performing of situation contradictory The GDR. the in dissidents the discredited largely also it measures, repressive radical prevented have might West the in notoriety as much As slander. Communist from reprimands and criticism severe stood they other, the on and West the in statements their of uses political the control not could signatories illu which Germany, West “ an becomingFederalRepublic the in contradictions in appeared declaration the GDR, the in publishing

Dosar de urmărire informativă I211348 I211348 urmărire de informativă Dosar Much in the same way, Herta Müller’s breakthrough in West G West in breakthrough Müller’s Herta way, same the in Much

against Frauendorfer’s treatment by the Secret Police and against “the flagrant flagrant “the against and Police Secret the by treatment Frauendorfer’s against

ia] order” tical] within” outside of the GDR led to many of the writers’ expulsion writers’ the of many to led GDR the of outside within”

–

“Florin” [Surveillance File “Florin”[Surveillance 10 Hra ülr Rcad anr Jhn Lpe, Horst Lippet, Johann Wagner, Richard Müller, Herta . 82

h Cmuit at fr evn te anti the serving for Party Communist the ersatz f the remaining young German authors authors German young remaining the f

– public sphere” sphere” public

Helmuth Frauendorfer], 58. Frauendorfer], Helmuth ermany and consequently and ermany –

on the one hand, thehand, one the on s, arrests and the the and arrests s, - secretary of the the of secretary - hostile content hostile

tae the strates - CEU eTD Collection 12 11 Bossert authorities the by treatment whose Frauendorfer, Helmuth and Hodjak Franz Totok, Hert Wagner, Richard of situation the out signaled especially He publish. and profess to interdiction ensuing the of because emigration, for filling after authors German the of following censorshipof overzealous increasingly overlapping, workings sceneinRomania,the cultural detail the German great in described Bossert life, his took he before days several just conducted interview an In already had who those of accounts the through Germany Müller West in covered “Adam was situation Their year. the same the disbanded was and circle literary Guttenbrunn” 1984, in emigration his following support Berwanger’s Nikolaus from fired was Totok William subsequently, limited the under whole a as community GermanCeaușes the of situation the towards Germany West in under were Timișoara in Faculty Buchares in Art Theatre of Institute the of section German the that books, school in recorded not was German Romania in theminority of history the that discussed, was letter their which in writers the with meeting S a in recorded as decrying, also minority, German the of members as complaints their formulating were writers Union the point Writers’ this at the that to significant conditions necessary the fulfill who writers admit to refusal

Dosar de urmărire informativă I210845 I210845 urmărire de informativă Dosar I184945 urmărire de informativă Dosar Towards the second half of the 1980s, the writers’ prospects in Romania were further further were Romania in prospects writers’ the 1980s, the of half second the Towards – cu regime.

Richard Wagner had lost his job at job his lost had Wagner Richard

the dissolution of the official institution, as well as the dramaticsituationasthe well as institution, officialof the dissolution the t was closed down, and that the university professors at the Letters the at professors university the that and down, closed was t

- qualified - -

“Interpretul” [Su “Interpretul” File “Ziaristul”[Surveillance 12 . This was consistent with the initial interest showed interest initial the with consistent was This . Neue Banater Zeitung Zeitung Banater Neue Karpaten Rundschau Karpaten 83

rveillance File rveillance ce Plc rpr cmie floig a following compiled report Police ecret

emigrated, as did Rolf Bossert in 1985. 1985. in Bossert Rolf did as emigrated, –

Richard Wagner], 192 Wagner], Richard –

William Totok], vol. II, 338 II, vol. Totok], William in 19 in

in 1983 and was not hired hired not was and 1983 in 85, the writers had lost lost had writers the 85, a Müller, William William Müller, a - 7.

- 40. 11 I is It .

- CEU eTD Collection so the to referred “he noted, report a which, in article Schleich’s by) confused Secret (and The of authors. the aware with was conversations Police private in gathered information as well as works, writers’ German the of interpretations and translations providing by several Police Secret on the with Romania collaborating been had to he 1975, of returned As 1986. briefly but 1983, in Germany West to immigrated 15 14 the to compared large relatively was transcript See wereomitted. Germanpopulation, published publication volumes of of number terms the that in indication his that and Republic]” explained Federal Bossert which in part t The opportunities Hurezeanu. Emil by [People, hosted atitudini” idei, Attitudes] “Oameni, show Ideas, the during translation Romanian in 1986 March in aired and Europe Free in Berlin Februar am11. 13 Romania Germ the described who Schleich Thomas Franz by Germany West in published article an discussing report situation Europe Free Radio a 1985, in Already opposition. of understandings compatible hardly between tension the illustrates also options, exit their absence, symbolically thus oftransmutation.gesture performing a membersmade Totok Lippet of andWilliam HertaWagner, theUnion Müller, Richard in Johann solidarity our manifest publicly” also will we necessary, “if warning: the with concluded and writers protested int Wagner, their against Richard and Müller Herta to specifically referred letter The from jobs. prevented taking are writers emigration for filing after that clarification Bossert’s mentioned W German the by addressed letter A press. German West the in issue this about awareness raise to proceeded emigration for filling after prospects grim writers’ the covering and death sudden his deploring articles Numerous remaining the of situation the regarding signal alarm terror.” “psychological as described

Dosar de urmărire informativă I233477, 186 I233477, urmărire de informativă Dosar “Der Exitus der deutschsprachigen Literatur Rumäniens. Ein Gespräch mit Rolf Bossert, geführt von Gisela Lerch Lerch Gisela von geführt Bossert, Rolf mit Gespräch Ein Rumäniens. Literatur deutschsprachigen der Exitus “Der Franz Thomas Schleich, “Endzeit im Banat,” Banat,” im “Endzeit Schleich, Thomas Franz The period prior to the authors’ emigration, with the prolonged negotiation of the vo the of negotiation prolonged the with emigration, authors’ the to prior period The 15 14

. The German Writers Union did not merely instrumentalize voice for exit, b exit, for voice instrumentalize merely not did Union Writers German The . commented that "one must assume that these Schwabian writers agreed to have their have to agreed writers Schwabian these that assume must "one that commented he German authors’ situation “is not as tragic as it is sometimes presented here [in the German German the [in here presented sometimes is it as tragic as not “is situation authors’ German he rito t lae h cuty epesd h sgaois sldrt wt the with solidarity signatories’ the expressed country, the leave to erdiction ,” Frankfurter Rundschau Frankfurter ,”

13 ies Uin o h Rmna Wies Uin n 1985 in Union Writers’ Romanian the to Union riters’

- There is a sense in which Rolf Bossert’s suicide rang an rang suicide Bossert’s Rolf which in sense a is There 8. in HU OSA 300 inOSA HU

43 (February 20, 1986), 7. The interview wa7.interview The 1986), (February43 20, anemr Morgen Mannheimer 84

- 60 on Gra wies rm Romania. from writers German young - 1, box 152. 1,

198 (August 28, 1985). Schleich had had Schleich 1985). 28, (August 198 an authors’ grim prospects in in prospects grim authors’ an

occasions between 1984 and and 1984 between occasions s picked up by Radio Radio byup spicked ice and and ice ut also ut - called called CEU eTD Collection motivations. “true” of his regardless credible was therefore and in Romania Police Secret with the t by could and source critical the wrote he that explained Schleich officer, for Police article Secret the with conversation In law. in parents his of emigration the secure to as so presumably them, with had he discussion the of account an providing Lippet, Johann and Samson Horst Totok, William with met request his at and Romania leaving before reported he whom to officer 17 Report 16 stat our towards theirhostility German the [of persecution of dynamics The opposition. of dimension temporal the was Germany West in observers the and regime, the towards opposition perceived or real of voicing the contain to obsession its with Sec the Romania, Socialist of out opt to decided who authors German the by 1980s eruptive event. therefore and West the of support the with the or influence the under within about come only can from but truth), of system arise a (as system socialist cannot dissent that assumption the on based is interpretation second ruptu crisis, of moments in revealed is it unless certainty with known is nothing which of opaque, presumably system a within individuals contained neatly otherwise of resort last the is West the in opposition voicing that assumes first The divide. anti of dynamics the of understanding their in simplistic theyrecognized foractivity andinRomania” their be will known ag stance a taking for known themselves make “to attempting were contact in been had Schleich whom with Banat from writers German the reportedthat SecretPolice 1986, the in visits his of duringone Schleich lose" to more nothing have they feel must they game; regime's the play to want longer no they because West, the in published names

Dosar de urmărire informativă I210845, vol. III, 43. During his visit in 1986, Schle 1986, in visit his During 43. III, vol. I210845, informativă urmărire de Dosar Carmen Pompei Carmen In between these interpretative options, what was being negotiated in the second half of the of half second the in negotiated being was what options, interpretative these between In (October 29, 1985), 29. 1985), 29, (October Stern

at the insistence of the newspaper’s chief editor, who reasoned that he would be the most credible credible most the be would he that reasoned who editor, chief newspaper’s the of insistence the at

- Cojocaru, “The Harassment of Ethnic German Writers,” Writers,” German Ethnic of Harassment “The Cojocaru, ainst the Romanian state, to create a ‘platform’ so as when they arrive abroad arrive they when as so ‘platform’ a create to state, Romanian the ainst his secure a job at the newspaper. In this logic, Schleich’s gesture mirrored his collaboration collaboration his mirrored gesture Schleich’s logic, this In newspaper. the at job a secure his

- speaking writers], especially of those about whom he provided information regarding regarding information provided he whom about those of especially writers], speaking e.” See ACNSAS I 251877, 100 251877, I ACNSAS See e.”

it is a process of deliberate manipulation rather than a single, single, a than rather manipulation deliberate of process a is it 16 Ba .

k n oai, ae o ifrain rvdd by provided information on based Romania, in ck 85

- 3.

- re or desperation. Conversely, the the Conversely, desperation. or re omns ars te We the across communism

Radio Free Europe Research. Situation Research. Europe Free Radio 17 . The two accountsequally. The two are ich contacted the Secret Police Police Secret the contacted ich

e Police ret st - East East

CEU eTD Collection 20 was19 1986 of beginning 318. I184945, informativă urmărire the de Dosar claims. these illustrate to presumably at Germany West in suicide tragic Bossert’s Rolf i nationality cohabitating German the of rest the with together enjoy they that liberties and rights the writers, the of situation real “the present would that declaration a publish preemptively could Affairs 18 Herta period, this from articles and interviews In activism. political collective or conferences lectures, group through as well as regime, communist Romanian the of publ through maintained partly was This Republic. Federal German the to immigrated recently had who authors German the of interventions public the permeated still cohesion and solidarity of mode of self core a existentially, and professionally been, had consciousness generational distinct a of name Romania leaving before shortly cultural had already options andexistential began. political, their regarding negotiations confused equally of round new a Germany, West reached final they time the ByFrauendorfer. Helmuth Lippetand Totok,Johann yearWilliam that later approved be requests emigration Wagner’s and Müller wa exit allowing that clear become had it when 1986, of beginning the Towards country. the leave could they before years two over little took it writers German the of some for that actors, of groups these of interaction uneve the by extent such to complicated were exit and voice

Richard Wagner, “Notiz an einem Herbsttag,” Herbsttag,” einem “Notizan Wagner, Richard 208. I233477, urmărire de informativă Dosar lhuh h Sce Plc a as sgetd ht h Roma the that suggested also had Police Secret the Although

ished anthologies that promoted the German literature from Romania or explored the nature nature the explored or Romania from literature German the promoted that anthologies ished 4.2. “My generation is dead”, wrote Richard Wagner in Wagner Richard wrote dead”, is generation “My

Common Grounds?: Anti Common Grounds?: - identification. To identification.

s the only solution to contain voice contain to solution only the s

wards the end of the 1980s and the beginning ofthewardsend 1980sand thebeginning 1990s,a of the sense the 20 . For almost two decades, arguing for the existence and in the in and existence the for arguing decades, two almost For . -

Communism Literature Minority and Rostregen 86

(Darmstadt: Luchterhand, 1986), 60 1986), Luchterhand, (Darmstadt:

nian Writers’ Union and the Ministry of Foreign Foreign of Ministry the and Union Writers’ nian 19 . In 1987 they left the country, as did as country, the left they 1987 In .

n and discontinued participation and and participation discontinued and n a poem published in West Germany West in published poem a 18 , the Secret Police proposed that proposed Police Secret the ,

to be “used as a recent example,” example,” recent a as “used be to

Müller, Richard Wagner, Wagner, Richard Müller, n our country”. In this sense, sense, this In country”. our n .

ly ly CEU eTD Collection 2008. University, European Central dissertation, especially He 23 renounced. were information vol. over 136. III, informativă I233477, urmărire de Dosar See inRomania. control the and impro situation one’s and agency West the in about talked being that one between relationship causal simple meant the questioned this as much as in sphere, 22 Totok,” William Lyriker ausgereisen 21 its in both problematic, particularly constructingdissent reflecting and ofstrategies was Unit Romanian Europe’s Free Radio of role The an imprisonment his of circumstances the of because surely Totok, as straightforward as not were West the in visibility maintaining of consequences the generation 1970s the of members the all to obvious immediately been not had this Romania, Repub Federal German the in arrived had he after days five just given interview West,” the in publicity possible most the receives there happens indeed agencywhatgeneration”. lost usedtobe“his over Wagner Germany West in arrival upon argumentation, of mode operational an as it maintaining in discursively invested systematically he because also but it, of part as himself of thought he becaus merely not Wagner’s was generation 1970s the that extent the To configuration. cultural and political new the in imperfectly translated however, argumentation, of mode generational vict dignified of position maintain to their in interest subsequent meant the for tone the set repression Romania from leave their expedite of and visibility accounts the especially West, the in interventions public i There regime. communist the within" "from accounts anti and self of language similar a developed Frauendorfer Helmuth and Totok, William

Richard Wagner was deeply distrustful of treating the West, and especially especially and West, the treating of distrustful deeply was Wagner Richard Urs Allemann, “Böse nachrichten aus Ceaușima. Ein Gespräch über Rumänien mit dem in die Bundesrepublik Bundesrepublik die in dem mit Rumänien über Gespräch Ein Ceaușima. aus nachrichten “Böse Allemann, Urs e Iaa Macrea Ioana See

“The o “The - communism, which resonated well with the demand for personal, yet knowledgeable knowledgeable yet personal, for demand the with well resonated which communism, nly thing that helps those who must still live in Ceaușima is if everything that that everything if is Ceaușima in live still must who those helps that thing nly - Toma, “Radio Free Europe in Paris: the Paradoxes of an Ethereal Opposition,” M.A. M.A. Opposition,” Ethereal an of Paradoxes the Paris: in Europe Free “Radio Toma,

ims, first ims,

Baster Zeitung Baster - hand observers and outspoken opponents of the regime. The The regime. the of opponents outspoken and observers hand

73 (March 26, 1987). (March 26, 73 23 87

and in its selective repertoire of anti selectiveofrepertoire its in and

s a sense in which the build the which in sense a s

d release in 1976, portrayed them portrayed 1976, in release d

21 Radio Free Europe as an ersatz public public ersatz an as Europe Free Radio

explained William Totok in anin Totok William explained - thematization thematization i. ak in Back lic. - - communist up to their their to up ving ving 22 – e .

CEU eTD Collection OSAHU 300 1986. 15, March aired Georgescu, byVlad an of certainty 24 the except nothing have Romanians solution), a nevertheless but solution, Federa the to immigrating of hope the with live Hungarians the even and Germans, the “if that contend still would German situation, writers’ the of commentators sophisticated and consistent sympathetic, most Europe’s Free minori ethnic of issue the with concerned superficially only anti patriotic a to integrated been had experiences their which in manner unproblematized and opportunistic the to due partly is intellectuals oppositional and dissident post Romanian the into it make ultimately not did authors German the That post th of paradox stance,the “ethical” programmatically literature’s their of culture”. because German Romania in “the while for isolated them Culturally recover to West the in attempts indecisive the via [patrie] recovering effectively was Europe Free Radio suicide, Bossert’s Rolf to reactions the as well as regime, communist the by repression writers’ German minorityand of thepre the of role historical the of portrayal idealized an to resorting stereotypes, majority s the about reports The tropes.

Transcript of Romanian Domest Romanian of Transcript - factum ascribed the role of highly publicized oppositional figures of an imagined country. country. imagined an of figures oppositional publicized highly of role the ascribed factum By following the reports published in the West German press regarding the German German the regarding press German West the in published reports the following By bridgeOccident? the towards centuries a destroy to interest our in it Is […] people. Romanian the of interests fundamental the to harmful and Romanian, th In negative. considered be must phenomenon a such country, the for love with and mind a with Romanian every for that Ibelieve […] Romania. from culture German and Germans Thro ugh its mistaken policies, the Communist government will completely eliminate the the eliminate completely will government Communist the policies, mistaken its ugh s epc i i yt gi cer ht h prys oiis r anti are politics party’s the that clear again yet is it respect is

- war inter e German writers’ situation following emigration was that they had been been had they that was followingemigration situation writers’ German e ic Bloc radio program “Editorial no. 166 166 no. “Editorial program radio Bloc ic

ituation of the German population in Romania largely reproduced largely Romania in population German the of ituation - ethnic toarticulate relations anti a patriotic 24

Rpbi o t Hnay a eaal ad desperate and debatable (a Hungary to or Republic l - l peec, rao o cvlzto ad culture and civilization of creator presence, old -

88 60 the German authors for the Romanian “nation” Romanian the for authors German the

- 1, box 152. box 1,

ties. Emil Hurezeanu, one of Radio of one Hurezeanu, Emil ties. –

Romania’s German Minority”, hosted hosted Minority”, German Romania’s - communist discourse, communist - - communist cano communist communism: - ainl anti national,

n of of n , a a , - CEU eTD Collection 1987). 21, 26 25 intervi the from excerpts air regularly the for activism political membersgeneration of the1970s abroad. collective of option serious a became never audience Romanian auto or monographic either delivering initially Europe, Free Radio of collaborator regular a became who Totok, William for Except thems identify not could writers the regime”, “Ceaușescu’s of that criticism vehement meant shared Europe the despite Free Radio of editors the by portrayal simplistic rather its and Romania incompatibi ultimate The people’s was emigrate to her convinced cowardice and ofsolidarity: lack which reasons the of one that explained Müller also was cultură] sho prin given interview an In [rezistenţa time. same the around formulated culture” through “resistance as regime communist the option exit the of minorityintellectualsthe of oppositional marginalization later the forarguments regime] communist the by Romanians [of discrimination “the that note to as far as going home,” at life unbearable

Transcript of Romanian Domestic Bloc radio program hosted by Emil Hurezeanu, aired January 4, 1985. 4, January aired by Hurezeanu, programEmil hosted radio Bloc Domestic Romanian of Transcript “Warum elves with the anti the with elves – Towards the end of the 1980s, Radio Free Europe’s Romanian Unit continued to to continued Unit Romanian Europe’s Free Radio 1980s, the of end the Towards only that do not do and because askedto nobody them silent keep who others many the But state. this to loyalty their mouth, its op never opened will yet never has included, intellectuals population, the of majority The

later mobilized against the Romanian intellectuals who described their position towards towards position their described who intellectuals Romanian the against mobilized later Herta Müller Rumänien verlieβ. Ein Gespräch mit Autorin der ‘Niederungen’,” ‘Niederungen’,” der Autorin mit Gespräch Ein verlieβ. Rumänien Müller Herta - option option –

was already there. The counterpart argument counterpart The there. already was

en it either. One could point the finger at the people who openly express express openly who people the at finger the point could One either. it en s obvious” is - communism platform to which their arguments were being subsumed. subsumed. being were arguments their which to platform communism iy ewe te emn rtr’ ioiy xeine n Socialist in experience minority writers’ German the between lity

25 Dsie h reoia over rhetorical the Despite . - ews and articles published in the West German press by press German West the in published articles and ews

- they are, Itheyare, guilty. believe,equally igahc cons anti accounts, biographic

rtly before leaving Romania, Herta Romania, leaving before rtly – - - ttmn, n o te basic the of one statement, omns fashi communism

the availability the 26

Bayern Kurier Bayern -

the availabilitythe of the voice the of oned for a a for oned

(March (March - CEU eTD Collection 1990). Rowohl, (Hamburg: 29 Ceausescu im Minderheit deutsche 28 300 27 contributions their published also Totok William and communi Romanian about anthology critical a edited Frauendorfer Helmuth and Wagner Richard 1990 in and Romania in situation the about extensively reported they1989, regimein the of fall followingthe Also, plan. systematization new aannouncement of regi communist the against voicing Rumänien,” “Aktionstag named appropriately and 1988 November in organized protests collective the at part take actually did Romania from authors quic reporter the which to something”, against fight and brawl must one opinions, exchange must one […] too here “but Wagner, answered different,” obviously are circumstances “The suffer. to have might fe they if and society consumerist the to they adapted how asked were authorsBossert.The Rolf late the and NicolaeCeaușescu president Romanian the caption), the read provinciality”, (“musty celebrations village German of pictures by conducted interview lengthily A regime. communist “exotic” an from minority German peculiar a of representatives proud” be only can we which countr Romanians, as parting at presented were they while and propaganda, communist anti patriotic Europe’s Free Radio towards weighted Romania Socialist about interviews their stat the situation, economic disastrous country’s the cult, personality Ceaușescu’s regarding comments critical their on up picking Totok, William and Frauendorfer Helmuth Müller, Herta Wagner, Richard

Richard Wagner, Helmuth Frauendorfer (eds.), (eds.), Frauendorfer Helmuth Wagner, Richard OSA HU 1987. 6, May aired Hurezeanu, Emil by hosted program radio Bloc Domestic Romanian of Transcript ‘ez hfe de Rum die hoffen “‘Jetzt - 60 - 1, box 153. box 1, l add “o n lne aant h proaiy cult.” personality the against longer no “now added, kly

e’s demographic policies, as well as on the vivid accounts of repression. While repression. of accounts vivid the on as well as policies, demographic e’s

änen auf Gorbatschow.’ Die Schriftsteller Herta Müller und Richard Wagner über die die über Wagner Richard und Müller Herta Schriftsteller Die Gorbatschow.’ auf änen

Der Spiegel Der - Staat,” Staat,”

27 te ae neves oiind hm n et emn as Germany West in them positioned interviews same the , Der Spiegel Der

with Herta Müller and Richard Wagn Richard and Müller Herta with ared that under the new circumstances their creativity their circumstances new the under that ared Der Sturz des Tyrannen. Rumänien und das Ende einer Dikta einer Ende das und Rumänien Tyrannen. des Sturz Der

19 (1987), 163. 19 90

Dsie aig mre i West in emerged having Despite . sm, in which Herta Müller Müller Herta which in sm, 28

er was illustrated with with illustrated was er ay f h German the of Many ymen “of “of ymen me’s me’s tur -

CEU eTD Collection Rolf memoriam Ankunft.In versuchter Gegenden (ed.), Wichner Ernest Wi Ortinau, Gerhard Sterbling, Anton Lippet, Johann Wagner, Richard generation), 1960s (the Hodjak Franz Latzina, Anemone 30 no almost is “there that concluded and literature” unfortunately German fifth rather “the as been designated had what for illustrative choice the deemed Totok William Unit, o victims post the of members the the reproduced largely Rom from literature German the magazine cultural the of Banat issue an 1987 in edited Aktionsgruppe Wichner Ernest member Former audience. Western a for Romania from literature German the anthologie literary for time high the was this 1980s, the of half second the in Banat from authors German the of coverage extensive the With regime. communist Romanian the under Romania minority German the of faith the in interest the with from intertwined literature German contemporary the in press German West the literary identity. i the maintained nevertheless interventions public critical Their group. a as arguing of extent the to ideologically coagulate not did generation 1970s the of members former the cult, personality Ceaușescu’s them of all what towards stance critical similarly a espousing although and context, political and social Romanian the on specialists as Germany

The anthology contains texts by Joachim Wittstock, Oskar Pastior, Paul Schuster (the 1950s generation), generation), 1950s (the Schuster Paul Pastior, Oskar Wittstock, Joachim by texts contains anthology The As proven in the case of Herta Müller’s prose and Rolf Bossert’s poetry, the interest of of interest the poetry, Bossert’s Rolf and prose Müller’s Herta of case the in proven As f the communist regime. Reviewing the publication for Radio Free Europe’s Romanian Romanian Europe’s Free Radio for publication the Reviewing regime. communist the f lliam Totok, Herta Müller, Rolf Bossert, Horst Samson, Werner Söllner (the 1970s generation). See See generation). 1970s (the Söllner Werner Samson, Horst Bossert, Rolf Müller, Herta Totok, lliam

trs i ter ieaue ad rmtd rcnieain f hi common their of reconsideration a prompted and literature, their in nterest die horen. Das Wohnen ist kein Ort. Texte & Zeichen aus Siebenbürgen, dem Banat Banat dem Siebenbürgen, aus & Zeichen Texte Ort. kein ist Wohnen Das horen. die

Werthierarchie - war generation war

ania and to the memory of Rolf Bossert. His choice of authors authors of choice His Bossert. Rolf of memory the to and ania

that had been established in the 1970s and 1980s around 1980s and 1970s the in established been had that 30 Bossert

and was also biased towards authors which had been been had which authors towards biased also was and 91

147 (1987). 147

regarded as a dictatorship built around Nicolae around built dictatorship a as regarded s, which could effectively write the canon of canon the write effectively could which s,

die horen die

was closely closely was dedicated to dedicated eti this in text –

und den den und CEU eTD Collection outthe of country. travel to permission not receive Csejka, Gerhard critic Romania in living still literary were who authors invited the the while Schlesak, Dieter Söllner, Werner Lippet, Johann Totok, William Frauendorfer, 33 32 31 Literatur” the Romanian [Obituaryfor Lite Merburger conference by the a organized of withthe occasion atwasIts length “patria.” debated inadequacy the as ghostly as community imagined an was “Rumäniendeutschland” discourse. communist t of that parallels closely Romania from writers German the of case the in “groupness” of construction and reception German West the R bind ironically to literature” task German produces one that consciousness, the had word] [the literature; nebulous a was it existed, Romanian “the Wichner, o the On themselves. writers the of emigration the of because and audience its German the of exit” “the about reported literat German the in interest sustained the hand, one the On situation. dramatic minority’s the of illustration an anthology, the to introduction the in out pointed Wichner Ernest as itself, in was designation Germany in West known was whatfordenominator delirious reality” a by generated obsessions the another, or way one in mirror, not does that anthology massive

Ernest Wichner, “Als hätte es sie alle nicht gegeben. Zu diesem Band,” Zudiesem Band,” gegeben. nicht siealle es “Alshätte Ernest Wichner, WilliamTotok, t h cneec to pr mmes f h 17s eeain generation 1970s the of members part took conference the At The traumatic history of the German minority in Romania was made into the common the into made was Romania in minority German the of history traumatic The ure from Romania largely coincided with its dying out. Rolf Bossert had already had Bossert Rolf out. dying its with coincided largely Romania from ure “Die Horen” No. 147/1987 No. Horen” “Die aufrm n 99 pooaiey ald Ncrf u de rumäniendeutsche die auf “Nachruf called provocatively 1989, in raturforum 31 .

- - emn ad Rmnedushad i n mr, u ee wie it while even but more, no is [Rumäniendeutschland] land German imaginary landscape of the mind that marked the place of a specific specific a of place the marked that mind the of landscape imaginary

.OSAHU 300 - German Literature]German - speaking literature speaking he authors’ superficial recovery for the collective anti collective the for recovery superficial authors’ he

92 -

- Peter Motzan, Franz Hodjak and Anemone Latzina, did Latzina, Anemone and Hodjak Franz Motzan, Peter 60 as the “rumäniendeutsche Literatur,”thisbut “rumäniendeutsche the as 32 - 1, box 152. box 1, . There is a sense in which the paradox of paradox the which in sense a is There . 33 - . –

Richard

die horen die both because of the gradual loss of loss gradual the of because both

mna ctznhp ih the with citizenship omanian

Wagner, Herta Müller, Helmuth Helmuth Müller, Herta Wagner,

3(1987): 5. ther hand, minded hand, ther

CEU eTD Collection 37 36 style. literary Müller’s Herta has prose her in expression and words Romanian incorporating years, the Over point. in case ( literally German in translated expression Romanian a is which volume second Her illustrative. also is case Müller’s Herta Oliviera, 313 1995), Lang, Peter 35 268. 1990), Hitzeroth, by(Marburg: Solms Wilhelm edited 34 it Republic Federal the in function Conversely, group. ethnic uniform a not was minority German state Romanian the to minority German Transy Schwabians, Banat the (of specificities regional override to regime communist the by attempt an designation, Literatur” rumäniendeutschen the of part a ourselves consider not did “we Banat: Aktionsgruppe of strategy initial the been had it Wagner, Richard generation 1970s the of members the to new not was This strategy. defining als was Literatur” “rumäniendeutsche the of out opting hand, other expressions Romanian or dialect, Schwabian the from words employing by traditions, Romania in establishment cultural t of context the of knowledgeable presumably audience an for write to largely continued Romania from writers German the emigration, following years for hand, one the On otherwise group” this of member a as myself define longer no I and now, group a be to us consider not do I otherwise co organizing when use maybe must one

Gerhard Csejka, “Rumäniendeutsche Autoren in der Diskussion,” 270. Diskussion,” Autorenin der “Rumäniendeutsche Csejka, Gerhard 270. Diskussion,” Autorender in “Rumäniendeutsche Wagner, Richard Werner Söllner, “Rumäniendeutsche Autoren in der Diskussion,” in in Diskussion,” der in Autoren “Rumäniendeutsche Söllner, Werner See Claire de Oliviera, Oliviera, de Claire See Rmnedush Ltrtr” xlie Wre Slnr “s cneta cuc that crutch conceptual a “is Söllner, Werner explained Literatur,” “Rumäniendeutsche ed as an instrument of cultural politics, at the same time serving “branding” purposes purposes “branding” serving time same the at politics, cultural of instrument an as ed 36 “empty” concept, Söllner’s radical stance should perhaps be taken with a grain of salt. of grain a with taken be perhaps should stance radical Söllner’s concept, “empty” 34 I Rmna h atos a eprecd h cnet s n neety political inherently an as concept the experienced had authors the Romania In . . Although very precise in his observation regarding the instrumentalization of an of instrumentalization the regarding observation his in precise very Although . - 318. Except for the examples from the poetry of the German writers offered by Claire de Claire by offered writers German the of poetry the from examples the for Except 318. lvanian Saxons, Bukovina Germans, Dobruja Germans etc) and bind the the bind and etc) Germans Dobruja Germans, Bukovina Saxons, lvanian

La poési La

e allemande de Roumanie: Entre hétéronomie et dissidence (1944 dissidence et hétéronomie Entre Roumanie: de allemande e

–

by making references to their peers and to regional regional to and peers their to references making by nferences such as this, meant for a broader public; […] […] public; broader a for meant this, as such nferences –

“naturally, an ascribed concept,” ascribed an “naturally, ieau, u a a ye f anti of type a as but Literatur, 93

Der Mensch ist ein groβer Fasan auf der Welt der auf Fasan groβer ein ist Mensch Der

of prose published in West Germany, the title of titleof the Germany, West in published ofprose Nachruf auf die rumäniendeutsche Literatur rumäniendeutsche die auf Nachruf

isrmna a a self a as instrumental o 37 – become a trademark of of trademark a become -

rumäniendeutsche rumäniendeutsche in as much as the as much as in as pointed out by out pointed as - e German he 1990) 35 . On the On .

(Bern: ) is a is ) - ,

CEU eTD Collection 38 a turned dissidents theminto both 1960s had putforward Marxist” as position its described Aktionsgruppe which with fondness the explains this [and] Stalinists old the and fascists old the of means a and influence legitimation for the ideological authors’ positioning inthe early 1970s. an both been otherwise had which 1960s, the of poetry German referrin avoids carefully Csejka that significant sense group’s this in the is It framing stance. political was however, matter, the of crux The Aktionsgruppe. of which disbandment to degree the stressing both Csejka, wa “groupness” Gerhard by written essay concluding a and preface Wichner’s Ernest by framed mass, uniform rather a as volume the in appear they such, state, the by repression authors’ the coverageof extensive an with Germanyalong West in publicized been had generation,which 1972 between press cultural articles programmatic and works literary gathered cultural recover establishmentand their onequal literary works terms. they Literatur” “rumäniendeutsche the with than rather trends, literary German West and Austrian the with dialogue in programmatically field cultural the logicof the within formu generation 1970s the of members The market. cultural the of principles the against arguing however, mean, not did label the against Arguing publicity. ensuring and

Gerhard Csejka, “Die Aktionsgruppe Story,” in Aktionsgruppe “Die Csejka, Gerhard “With Marx,” writes Csejka, “the real, not the official Marx, one could go agains go could one Marx, official the not real, “the Csejka, writes Marx,” “With which Banat, Aktionsgruppe by texts of anthology an edited Wichner Ernest 1992, In s thought of and perceived as an oppositional endeavor, ultimately leading to the to leading ultimately endeavor, oppositional an as perceived and of thought s

- 1975. Compared to the later works of the members of the 1970s 1970s the of members the of works later the to Compared 1975.

the early works were undoubtedly more difficult to recover. As As recover. to difficult more undoubtedly were works early the 38 . This type of critical Marxism that the GDR writers of the of writers GDR the that Marxism critical of type This . –

by pointing out that their literature written in Romania was Romania in written literature their that out pointing by Ein Pronomen is Pronomen Ein were effectively attempting to integrate to the new the to integrate to attempting effectively were 94

published by the group members in the the in members group the by published t verhaftet worden t verhaftet nd later elicited the condemnation of the elicited of condemnation the nd later the

, 232 ,

lated their claims claims their lated g to the East the to g t both t CEU eTD Collection 40 39 i While context. German West the into translate not did emigration their until up generation 1970s the of members the by understood as “groupness” discourse, communist positi complex authors’ the of force rhetoric the on betting than rather tradition, literary German the with shared references the via generation 1970s the of works the integrating of ways proposing lit German the of that with Romania from literature German the of development synchronized the of sense a convey to as whole so volume the reorganized and communism, of fall the following collection the update to meant the at which generation, 1970s the of members the by especially texts added Hechanged. had volume the of tone the 1993, in Reclam house publishing an and standpoint ideological attempt at writingearlyworks the theirhistory into of present authors’ the of logic the reconstruct to means a both informers” police of web extended best the of and cabaret political and jugglery “anarchic communist regime: the of practices the sarcasm biting with mimicked which culture, youth hybrid a for than mouth public rather state socialist the as Aktionsgruppe portraying reformed between balance a sought have a to seems Csejka reunification, for advocacy intellectuals’ German East the the over debates between intertwining complex raging the With ideology. official the reinforcing ultimately compromise so the generation, 1980s

See Diana Schuster, DianaSchuster, See Idem,241 oning as a “minority within a minority” in Socialist Romania. As in the case of the anti the of case the in As Romania. Socialist in minority” a within “minority a as oning y h tm Ens Wcnr re Wichner Ernest time the By - 2.

piece of a naively appropriated critical Marxism and the semi the and Marxism critical appropriated naively a of piece Die Banater Autorengruppe Banater Die

- ald rnlur eg ot, h prryd t s tp o political of type a as it portrayed who poets, Berg Prenzlauer called

politics and aesthetics in the former GDR, especially following especially GDR, former the in aesthetics and politics erature abroad erature - ,114 dtd h 18 atooy from anthology 1987 the edited - 5. 95

–

39 in the land of the notorious om notorious the of land the in 40 . Recovering the “Aktionsgruppe story” was story” “Aktionsgruppe the Recovering . . This time around, the anthology was thus was anthology the around, time This . German literature writ large.Germanwrit literature

request of the publishing house were were house publishing the of request - private performers of of performers private i horen die t functioned as the the as functioned t

nipresent one one nipresent for the the for - CEU eTD Collection that understanding mo a both the is “troping with past, shared a of representations idiosyncratic the illuminate to meant rather is It context. cultural new a in practice literary their regarding dilemmas similar the t these Approaching self hybrid Romania. Communist about told they ones the with narratives personal m closely West” “democratic the in place their of sense make to attempt existential ob inside abamarked its re at attempts their outside the Relinquishing against themselves existentially. for past and collective ideologically positioned similarly friends, of group self on reliance past their of significance the upon reflection individual prompted literature minority and communism discourse collective for options both of inadequacy the hand, one the On ways. i narratives subsequent their of constitutive was emigration upon themselves mid the By to literature. minority a of platform common ascribed the sought to weight give than rather subvert, it West, the in Romania from literature German the of canon the writing for basis

hat the three the hat - 1990s and an having unsustainable afte had The peculiar con peculiar The 4.3. servers of the workings of the of workings the of servers -

narratives from a “tropological” perspective is not meant to obscure either the fact the either obscure to meant not is perspective “tropological” a from narratives Self

writers did espouse a consistent critical sta critical consistent a espouse did writers ndonment. On the other hand, the fact that they were received in West Germany as Germany inWest received were that they fact hand, other the Onthe ndonment. - Narratives Alternative and Chronologies - identification as membe as identification vement text in which Richard Wagner, Richard which in text from one notion of the way things are related related are things waythe of notion one c ommunist regime in Romania, coupled with their own their with coupled Romania, in regime ommunist rs of a specific generation and of a relatively closed closed relatively a of and generation specific a of rs 96 rlife, Richardrlife, Wagner’s dead. “generation” was

William Totok William nce towards the totalitarian regime, or regime, totalitarian the towards nce

- signifying it simultaneously simultaneously it signifying and Herta Müller Herta and to

another notion, and notion, another n two interrelated two n –

patriotic anti patriotic erged their their erged found found

- CEU eTD Collection in “Interpretation White, Hayden See correlations. intuitive 43 these from deviations in History,” the exactly of value the for 42 2. 1978), 41 eas could compromise ideological of form a with the from retrospectively as membership his well of equation simplistic a against arguments as persuasive 1980s, the of perspective 1970s, and 1960s the in conservatism Seen community’s 1985. to up 1972 from Party Communist Romanian literaturefor offer historical events. to have events of descriptions self linguistic of lack certain “a historians of case e historiographical the for White, the on tables turning rather, but historiography, in elements poetic the identifying of necessity the for argue to having not of position privileged the in being of chance the is it Also, commonalities. again narratives, their of backdrop shared the considering arguing, of futility three outlo ideological and explanation of modes emplottment, of modes between correlation White’s Hayden to ascribing “metonymical,” as Müller Herta possibilityexpressed otherwise” oftheir being the of account takes that language in expressed be can they that so things between connection a

Hayden White, “The Historical Text as Literary as Text Historical “The HaydenWhite, It is worth mentioning that Hayden Whit Hayden that mentioning worth is It Hayden White, White, Hayden

Unlike William Totok and Herta Müller, Müller, Herta and Totok William Unlike hindrancea than mainrather analyticalvalue,their be to tropes t describe will I follows, what In

xlr te id o itrrttos ht igitcly hyper linguistically that interpretations of kinds the explore Idem , 70. , Tropics of Discourse. Essays in Cultural Criticism Cultural in Essays Discourse. of Tropics

ok already 42 . I consider the kind of fine tuning require tuning fine of kind the consider I .

constitute interpretations of their nature” their of interpretations constitute

“synecdochical” e himself proposes these correlations as “ideal types” and makes a case case a makes and types” “ideal as correlations these proposes himself e he se he Artifact,” in in Artifact,” lements in “poetry”. While I partly agree that in the in that agree partly I While “poetry”. in lements lf - 41 narratives of Richard Wagner, William Totok and Totok William Wagner, Richard of narratives 97 .

ily be mobilized. Gerhard Csejka, for instance, instance, for Csejka, Gerhard mobilized. be ily Richard Wagner had been a member of the the of member a been had Wagner Richard - osiuns osue teetn o which to extent the obscures consciousness Idem, Idem, n “metaphorical” and 86.

(Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, Press, University Hopkins John (Baltimore:

n h cnet f h German the of context the in d to distinguish between the between distinguish to d –

which is the chancethe the of is which 43 -

conscious authors of of authors conscious respectively, without without respectively, I am grateful to only to grateful am I st overlapping and and overlapping st CEU eTD Collection third a rather but European, an not see I Ceaușescu “In 47 46 e Chronologie Lippet, Johann See gesture. provocative very and a University), been have the would Party at the of professor out assistant opting that an becoming for prerequisite a as him to presented been had (it biβchen reasons “Das Frauendorfer, Helmuth See 1980s. early the in in Kompromiβ,” Party the joined had she because go, group theater of example the gave He compromises. making of inevitability growing 45 44 wregimes third with but Communism, European East with not comparable is regime Balkans” “the Ceaușescu’s of that was argument his of form stronger region the particular), in Bulgaria and (Yugoslavia whole the with similarities sees he communism of domestication mid the of modernization “belated” the to back traces he which Sonderweg], nationalkommunistische [der path special theoretica Wagner’s Bloc. Eastern the of rest the of that to relative Communism Romanian of path the with than dictatorship Ceaușescu’s during Communism Romanian of downfall the to relative gesture caus different a in Party Communist significance inthe 1980s thandoing so different quite a had 1970s early the in Party Communist the joining that out pointed had Lippet conviction” personal a for having afforded of luxury the had himself he collectivism, mental of world a in because exception, absolute “an and duri Party Communist coincidence” “biographical a of product the been also had Marxism to reaction adverse than rather trusting, Wagner’s that explained

Richard Wagner, Wagner, Richard Story,” 232. Aktionsgruppe “Die Csejka, Gerhardt In an interview given for the radio station Österreich 1 on September 13, 1988 13, September on 1 Österreich station radio the for given interview an In the him for been had Romania leaving for reasons the of one that explaining after so did Frauendorfer Helmuth oee, ihr Wge epotd h nraie f i ery cqer” ih the with “coquetry” early his of narrative the emplotted Wagner Richard However, 47 . pooa fr nepeig h Rmna Cmuim s h national the is Communism Romanian the interpreting for proposal l

iner Bespitzelung durch die Securitate Securitate die durch Bespitzelung iner Nachruf Sonderweg Rumänien. Bericht aus einem einem Entwicklungsland aus Bericht Rumänien. Sonderweg

…, 130 …, ng the years of illegality, having been a “genuine, convincing” communist convincing” “genuine, a been having illegality, of years the ng - - 5. In his turn, Johann Lippet explained that he had joined the Party for Party the joined had he that explained Lippet Johann turn, In his 5. 19

century l oi, ht a t d ls wt te infcne f his of significance the with less do to had that logic, al 45 . 46 –

Mroe, lhuh ih ead o h nationalis the to regard with although Moreover, . one of the members of his close family had joined the the joined had family close his of members the of one

(Heidelberg: Wunderhorn, 2009), 69 2009), Wunderhorn, (Heidelberg: - world phenomenon. One can give the example of individuals individuals of example the give can One phenomenon. world 98

44 . Both Helmuth Frauendorfer and Johann and Frauendorfer Helmuth Both . having had to let one of the members of his his of members the of one let to had having

(Berlin: Rotbuch, 1992). (Berlin: Rotbuch, , Richard Wagner explained that: that: explained Wagner Richard , - 70.

Das Leben einer Akte. einer Leben Das orld dictatorial dictatorial orld - communist communist professional professional

t CEU eTD Collection 49 34. 1975), Press, University 48 152. box [Jean or Duvalier, [François] Marcos, suchas [Ferdinand] to immigrating after Shortly past. his of account an publish to generation 1970s the of member tracesway moment” tothis even ofthinking inour left communists the by education our culture, communists’ the by shaped were “we that 1989 young the on [national parents’ the that fact the decrying was Wagner 1972 in whereas narrative, personal his for As period. previous the with continuities the obscures reality post Romanian of understanding his for consequences important has This whole. the in resolution eventual their parts between sees he relations the in imply not does he that sense the in Tragedies, as narrative and Sonderweg, Romanian the of narrative the both emplots Wagner metonymy, on anti the and generation) previous logi Party, Communist a the in taken therefore was joining opportunism, generation’s former the ofof opposite very the choiceas construed His 1970s. the of beginning the and 1960s the of post of logic the fit was it because simply not Stalinism, does regime the Ceaușescu for the stands Wagner, turn For its Sonderweg. in Romanian which Communism Romanian the for stands regime Ceaușescu representativ deemed are them of some which part of manner the

Richard Wagner, “Die Aktionsgruppe Banat. Versuch einer Selbstdarstellung,” in in Selbstdarstellung,” Versuch einer Banat. Aktionsgruppe “Die Wagner, Richard Hayden White, White, Hayden ain o ht f oain omns. n hs es, oh h anti the both sense, this In Communism. Romanian of that to alien c anrs artv vr int very narrative Wagner’s construedinphenomena difference abetween“itasserts that metonymicalin accountis His

generations’ patterns of thought, in a strikingly similar formulation he minded in minded he formulation similar strikingly a in thought, of patterns generations’ Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth in Imagination Historical The Metahistory. - oils, o isac, s e a yet as instance, for socialism, - at relationships” part

- an effect in a different causal series, not yet apparent at the end the at apparent yet not series, causal different a in effect an anti erestingly compares with that of William Totok, the first first the Totok, William of that with compares erestingly - communism of Wagner’s generation were wrong. Relying wrong. were generation Wagner’s of communism 48

–

ht s i oeae a oprsn ewe eet by events between comparison a operates it is, that e (either as causes or as effects). In this sense, the the sense, this In effects). as or causes as (either e 99 - Bédel] Bokassa”. See the transcript in HU OSA 300 OSA inHU thetranscript See Bokassa”. Bédel]

ohr oet f luoy utr, hc in which rupture, illusory of moment nother 49 .

- Century Europe Century

- socialist] past still has a bearing bearing a has still past socialist] Nachruf

(Baltimore: John Hopkins Hopkins John (Baltimore: - omns (f the (of communism .., 123. ..,

his personal personal his - 6 0 - 1, 1, -

CEU eTD Collection 53 Recollections Documents, 52 Post in Struggles Elite and Formation Class : Capitalists lived who those if publi of ritual the only in guilt collective worktheir confronted communism under would and all, from sacrifices demand would this individuals; civil create to purged i initially cast were rituals “This Townsley: 51 50 and of which are but theparts an of manner neo a as Romania Socialist 1980s and 1970s the interpreted he synecdoche, of trope the By Tragedy. a as was narrative Totok’s events, same the of account Wagner’s Richard actions” to compared repressive of chain continuous a as history investigations, ideologica implicitly surveillance, and literary, of censorship, implementation forceful abuse, physical denigrations, and verbal imprisonment, of description documented and subje were generation 1970s the of members the and Totok that control of modes coercive and ideological the of account regime socialist the of intellectuals the on drawing capitalism to socialism from transition post of rituals provide had who “the into well fitted professor it such, As officer. Securitate former a a and texts, his of 1974, analysis ideological in case Totok’s of charge in prosecutor military former a with taken interviews three with upon enlarged translation, Romanian in published partsF for Radio Romania” from “notes of volume a wrote he Germany, West

Hayden White, HaydenWhite, Will I refer here to the description of the rituals of post of rituals the of description the to here refer I William Totok, Totok, William iam Totok, iamTotok, - Stalinist regime, of which the accounts of repression were parts construed “in the the “in construed parts were repression of accounts the which of regime, Stalinist l models dictated by the party and the ruler: ”The Ceaușescu epoch will be recorded in recordedbe will epoch Ceaușescu ”The ruler: the and party the by dictated models l integration - Metahistory Die Zwänge der Erinnerung. Aufzeichnungen aus Rumänien aus Aufzeichnungen der Erinnerung. Zwänge Die omns life” communist osrnee mmre. nenr, ouet, amintiri documente, Însemnări, memoriei. Constrângerea ree Europe, under the title “the chronicle of a repression”. In 1995, his book was ree under Europe, In1995, bookwas thechronicleofrepression”.his “the title a

] (Iași: Polirom, 2001), 105. 2001), (Iași: ] Polirom, .., 34. ..,

within a whole that is that whole a within cted to under the Romanian communism communism Romanian the under to cted

microcosmic –

51 arfc, uiiain n confession and purification sacrifice, n anti n . His volume of memoires reads as a seemingly objective seemingly a as reads memoires of volume His . - communist terms: the communist system was impure, it had to be be to had it impure, was system communist the terms: communist replications” - communist life offered by Gil Eyal, Iván Szelényi, and Eleanor Eleanor and Szelényi, Iván Eyal, Gil by offered life communist

100 - Communist Central Europe Central Communist qualit

atively symbolic capital acquired by the dissident dissident the by acquired capital symbolic 53 52 . I i pras oneitiie but counterintuitive, perhaps is It .

c confession”. In confession”. c different from the sum of the parts the of sum the from different 50

(Hamburg:1988). Junius, rm hc h as delivered also he which from [ h Cntan o Mmr. No Memory. of Constraint The

– (London: Verso, 1998), 12. 12. 1998), Verso, (London:

it is therefore a detailed detailed a therefore is it Making Capitalism without without Capitalism Making -

that negotiated the the negotiated that

not emplotted not

an d tes,

CEU eTD Collection semi a as discussion the conceived I Banat. Aktionsgruppe of establishing 55 See wasnot convicted. by Totok else, anyone or read distributed be to meant was manuscript the that prove not could Police Secret the Because created]. was legend” “a pretext, a which co later and Schleich, Thomas Franz by Police 54 self of narrative a being life personal his of significance The accounts. subsequent all in maintain to was he that regime Communist Romanian the of extre is communism religion” true state a became ideology Marxist of the because necessary, rebirth “the that concluding nationalism, of resurgence the Police, Secret the of omnipotence the cult, dictator’s the of rise the democracy, proletarian h which in essay, anti radical a was manuscript The prison. from released being after immediately state the by repression Banat’s Aktionsgruppe of chronicle the down wrote first Totok that significant l between correspondence the assumes it that in answers, both to itself lends narrative synecdochical The memoires. of volume his of end the towards re history of narrative a is Totok’s disrupted, chronologies of one is narrative Wagner’s Whereas re of period “the as designates he what to them integrating Police, Secret the of Ceaușescu’s Nicolae of logic the in only understandable cause a is disbandment the whereas period, liberalization the of effects as stand activity its and group the of up setting the subsequently: integrated be cannot which orders the reveals that period the is this Wagner, For emplottments. Totok’s

The manuscript entitled “Project for an Intellectual Extermination” was photographed and translated for the Secret Secret the for translated and wasphotographed Extermination” Intellectual an for “Project manuscript entitled The peating itself. I conducted the interview in Timișoara, on April 25, 2012, with the occasion of the 40 years anniversary of the the of anniversary years 40 the of occasion the with 2012, 25, April on Timișoara, in interview the conducted I and Wagner between differences the illustrates best period Banat Aktionsgruppe The “Am I the man who sees the glass half full, or the one who sees it half empty?” asks Totok Totok asks empty?” half it sees who one the or full, glasshalf the sees who man Ithe “Am

e denounced the “Romanian Orwellianism,” the denaturation of the ideal of a a of ideal the of denaturation the Orwellianism,” “Romanian the denounced e

- o fedm Hvn are t a oa hsoy interview history oral an to agreed Having freedom. won

- story, however, changed from being from changed however, story, Sonderweg. Totok, however, amply describes the interventions the describes amply however, Totok, Sonderweg. nfiscated during a so a during nfiscated 101

- called “percheziţie legendată” [a house raid for raid house [a legendată” “percheziţie called ife story and history. It is in this sense this in is It history. and story ife ACNSAS, D 013381, vol. XXV, 6 XXV, vol. 013381, D ACNSAS, - structured interview and sought to to sought and interview structured 54 . This was the understanding the was This .

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n “avant an - ideologization following the “July Thesis”. The generational project was was project generational The Thesis”. “July the following ideologization - ad” ieay n ielgcl rga wih emnl resonated seemingly which program ideological and literary garde” te osraie fre national former conservative, the h Conclusions d to individual paths of self of paths individual to d 104 hr aroi anti patriotic ther

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- cultural revolution” by ideologically ideologically by revolution” cultural

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CEU eTD Collection Schriftste Die Gorbatschow.’ auf Rumänen die hoffen “‘Jetzt NBZ zur Stellungnahmen Meinungen. der Widerstreit “Im geführt Bossert, Rolf mit Gespräch Ein Rumäniens. Literatur deutschsprachigen der Exitus “Der fragt.” Scherr Dieter antwortet, Lippet Johann Wiseschdia: von Häuser and 178 “Die Standpunkte Autoren. junger Diskussion Erstmalige Gespräch. das war Anfang “Am “AktionsgruppeBanat.Wire Wegbereiter.” 2. 300 Funds (Budapest). Archives Society Open Na [The Securităţii Arhivelor Studierea pentru Naţional Consiliul “Comitetul Fond (Bucharest). Archives] National [Romanian României ale Naţionale Arhivele 1. Archival Documents Primary Sources

Newspaper and MagazineNewspaper and Articles 163. Ceausescu im Minderheit deutsche die über Wagner war das Gespräch’.” Berlin.” in 1986): 7. Februar 11. am Lerch Gisela von (2011): 27 Standorte.” Romanian Unit,Series 1 I233477Dosar de informativă urmărire I233471Dosar de informativă urmărire I211348 informativă Frauendorfer]. urmărire de Dosar I210847Dosar de informativă urmărire File [Surveillance I210845Dosar de informativă urmărire I184945Dosar de informativă urmărire Securitate (Bucharest). Archives] Informativ. Fond 22/1976. 13/1971, 19/1970, Files Fund]. Print” and Press for [“Committee tipărituri” și presă pentru

- 40. Neue Zeitung Banater

Neue BanaterZeitung Neue -

Subject Files, Boxes no. 152,186,18 Subject Files, Boxes no.

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