Properties of Wool and Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Eucalyptus, Tannin and Flavonoids

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Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit, Jiří Kryštůfek, Properties of Wool and Cotton Fabrics Dyed Jakub Wiener, Jarmila Studničková with Eucalyptus, Tannin and Flavonoids

Technical University of Liberec, Abstract Faculty of Textile Engineering, Fabrics made from wool and cotton were dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract, rutin, querecetin Department of Textile Chemistry, and tannin dyes by the pad-dry technique. In this experiment, ferrous sulfate was used as a Studentská 2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic mordant. The dyeing properties were evaluated by measuring K/S values and CIELAB. The dif- E-mail: [email protected] ferent fastness properties were also evaluated. The effect of dyes at different concentration levels with respect to their colour strength was also studied. Key words: natural dyes, eucalyptus leaves, quercetin, rutin, tannin, flavonoid, pad-dry dyeing.

Flavonoids (polyphenolic pigments) are n Experimental widely present in plants. Rutin (3,3’,4’,5,7 -pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnogluco- Materials and chemicals side) and quercetin (3,3’,4’,5,7- pentahy- The eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus ca- droxyl- flavone) are phenolic compounds maldulensis) used in this study were derived from hydroxyl substitutions on collected in Thailand. Quercetin dehy- drate, 98% purity (C H O .2H O, n Introduction a flavone chromophore. Flavone-based 15 10 7 2 compounds are known to form stable MW = 338.80), rutin hydrate, 95% pu- Eucalyptus is a member of the evergreen complexes with metal cations (Fe, Cu, Al rity (C27H30O16.xH2O, MW = 610.52), hardwood genus, endemic to Australasia. and Cr) [7]. and tannin Ph. Eur. 5 (C76H52O46, There are approximately nine hundred MW = 1701.20) were purchased from species and sub-species. Eucalyptus has Sigma, Fluka and Lachner, respectively. Silk dyed with an aqueous extract of also been successfully ground in many Commercially produced wool fabric eucalyptus leaves possessing a mordant parts of the world, including southern Eu- (298 g/m2 twill weave) was washed with compound displays a yellowish-brown , rope, Asia and the west coast of the Unit- a nonionic surfactant at 45 °C for 30 min- colour. An exception is that when the ed States [1]. Eucalyptus leaves contain utes. Then it was thoroughly rinsed and up to 11% of the major component - tan- fabric is dyed with a ferrous mordant, air dried at room temperature. The plain nin (gallic acid [3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic the fabric shade becomes dark brownish- weave cotton fabric used was a mill- acid], with ellagic acid [2,3,7,8-tetrahy- grey. In such cases, the colour fastness to scoured and bleached cotton fabric of droxy (1) benzopyrano (5,4,3-cde) (1) washing, water and perspiration is at a 135 g/m2. The mordant used was ferrous good to very good level, whereas the col- benzopyran-5,10-dione]) and flavonoids (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O). (quercetin and rutin) as the minor com- our fastness to light and rubbing exhibits The anion wetting agent - Altaran S8 ponents [2, 3]. The structures of selected fair to good levels [8 - 10]. (Sodium alkylsulfate) and soaping agent important colouring components of euca- - Syntapon ABA were supplied by Chem- lyptus leaves are given in Figure 1. Flavonoids and tannins are two of the otex Děčin, Czech Republic. most interesting natural phenolic com- Vegetable tannin extracts contain a va- pounds. Our interest lies in the colour Instrumentation riety of amorphous materials including that these compounds impart when added The mordanting and dyeing were carried polyphenolic tannins of large relative to wool and cotton fabrics by the pad- out in a two-bowl padding mangle ma- molecular mass (M ), such as hydrolys- dry dyeing technique, whereby a cloth is r chine (Mathis, type number HVF.69805). able gallotannin, and tannic acid, as well “padded” mechanically, applied by rapid A drying machine (Mathis Labdryer, type as a less-complex of non-tannins, such as passage through a small padding trough, number LTE-2992) was used for drying flavones and gums [4]. Because tannins followed by intensive squeezing between the dyed fabrics. A spectrophotometer have a large M and are water-soluble r expression rollers and then dye fixation (Datacolor 3890) was used to measure phenolic compounds, they undergo typi- by hot air while drying. After the dye fix- the colour strength. The colour strength, cal phenolic reactions, notably the che- ation, the samples are thoroughly rinsed lation of metal ions. Tannins have been in terms of K/S values, was calculated and air-dried. The process of padding is used in textiles for several hundreds of using the Kubelka-Munk equation, continuous and very rapid. 2 years, as exemplified by the dyeing of K/S = (1-R) /2R, where R is the reflect- cotton and silk with dyewoods, in which ance. the tannin is ‘fixed’ by a metal salt (e.g., Pure quercetin, rutin, and tannin were used in this study because they are 2.3 Dye extraction from eucalyptus CuSO4) employed as a mordant for the dye [5]. Perkin [6] used tannins as mor- the most common and effective. They leaves dants to increase the uptake of cationic are abundant in eucalyptus leaves. Fresh eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus ca- dyes (e.g., Mauvein) onto cotton by first- FeSO4.7H2O mordant was also used in maldulensis) were dried in sunlight for ly applying tannin to the cotton, followed this work. This study also investigated one month and crumbled using a blender, by the ‘fixing’ of tannin by the applica- the CIELAB and K/S values of the dye- after which they were used as raw ma- tion of metal (Fe, Al, Cu, Pb, or Sn) salt. ing, as well as the fastness properties. terial for dye extraction, achieved by the

90 Mongkholrattanasit R., Kryštůfek J., Wiener J.,Studničková J.; Properties of Wool and Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Eucalyptus, Tannin and Flavonoids. FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 2 (85) pp. 90-95. Quercetin (C.I. 75670) Rutin (C.I. 75730) Ellagic acid (C.I. 75270)

Figure 1. Colour composition of eucalyptus leaf extract dye.

Figure 2. UV-VIS spectra of 50 mg/l crude eucalyptus leaf extract Figure 3. UV-VIS spectra of 5 mg/l quercetin and 20 mg/l rutin in dye and 20 mg/l tannin in distilled water. methanol. reflux technique. 70 grams of the crum- cetin (5 mg/l) and rutin (20 mg/l) were of 400 nm. The colour fastness to wash- bled eucalyptus leaves was mixed with prepared by dissolution in methanol. The ing, light and rubbing of the dyed sam- 1 litre of distilled water and refluxed for spectrophotometer scanned from 190 nm ples was determined according to ISO 1 hour. The sample was then filtered and to 820 nm to obtain the UV-visible spectra. 105-C06 A1S: 1994, ISO 105-B02: 1994, the dye solution separated into two por- and ISO 105-X12: 2001, respectively. tions, one for evaporating under reduced Mordanting and pad-dyeing pressure (rotary evaporator), and the oth- A simultaneous padding process was n er for dyeing. A crude dye extract of eu- used. To study the effect of dye con- Results and discussion calyptus leaves obtained from the rotary centration, 2 and 5 g/l concentrations of UV-visible spectra evaporator was crumbled with a blender dyes (eucalyptus leaf extract, quercetin, The UV spectra of the crude eucalyptus and used for obtaining a standard cali- rutin, and tannin) were chosen. Ferrous leaf extract dye and tannin (in an aque- bration curve. The dilution of the euca- sulfate was varied at 2, 5 and 10 g/l for ous solution) are presented in Figure 2. lyptus leaf extract gave a relatively clear each concentration of the dye, and an The characteristic spectra show ab- solution with a linear dependance on the anion wetting agent, Altaran S8 (1 g/l), sorptions in the 200 nm to 220 nm and concentration absorbance relation at an was added to the solution. The fabric 250 nm to 285 nm regions. Absorption absorption peak (λmax) of 262 nm [11]. was then immersed in the dye solution at in the 200 nm to 220 nm region is attrib- A concentration of 20 g/l was calculated room temperature and padded on a two- uted to various chromophores including from a standard curve of concentrations bowl padding mangle at 80% pick up. the C=C bond of various compounds, of the eucalyptus leaf extract dye solu- After padding for 2 seconds, the samples the C=O bond of carbonyl compounds, tions versus the absorbance at the wave- were dried at 90 ºC for 5 minutes. The and the benzene ring [12]. Absorption length mentioned. samples were then washed in a 1 g/l solu- in the 250 nm to 285 nm region is at- tion of a soaping agent, Syntapon ABA, tributed to the electronic transition of Identification of eucalyptus leaf at 80 °C for 5 minutes and then air-dried benzene [12]. extract dye, quercetin, rutin, at room temperature. and tannin The UV spectral characteristics of The crude eucalyptus leaf extract dye, Evaluation of colour strength quercetin and rutin show three absorp- quercetin, rutin, and tannin were charac- and fastness properties tion maxima in the ranges of 200 nm to terised by UV-visible spectroscopy. The The colour strength (K/S) and CIELAB of 230 nm, 240 nm to 280 nm and 300 nm to crude extraction solution (50 mg/l) and the dyed samples were evaluated using a 400 nm. The absorption range of 240 nm tannin (20 mg/l) were prepared by dis- spectrophotometer (Datacolor 3890). All to 280 nm is referred to as band II and solution in distilled water, and the Quer- samples measured showed a λmax value the range of 300 nm to 400 nm as band

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 2 (85) 91 I. (The results are shown in Figure 3). Table 1. Colour values of wool and cotton fabrics, with and without ferrous sulfate, dyed with various Absorption band II is considered to origi- concentrations of eucalyptus leaf extract dye and quercetin. nate from the π→π* transitions in the A Dyeing and Wool fabric Cotton fabric ring for the benzene system in Figure 1, mordanting L* a* b* Colour obtained L* a* b* Colour obtained whereas absorption band I is attributed condition to transitions in the B ring for the cin- namoyl system [13 - 15]. 2 g/l Eucalyptus 74.3 3.0 11.3 83.8 0.8 3.3

Effect of dyeing on CIELAB and K/S values 2 g/l Eucalyptus + 70.4 0.7 1.9 The colour value results are presented 55.9 1.3 6.8 10 g/l FeSO4 in Tables 1 and 2. Wool and cotton dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract and tannin dye showed a pale yellowish-grey shade, while those dyed with ferrous sulfate 5 g/l Eucalyptus 75.6 2.5 11.8 83.6 0.9 3.8 showed a dark greyish-brown colour.

Wool and cotton fabrics dyed with quercetin without a mordant had a yellowish 5 g/l Eucalyptus + 45.6 1.2 3.2 60.7 1.1 1.2 green and pale yellowish green colour, 10 g/l FeSO4 respectively. Wool and cotton mordanted with ferrous sulfate produced a dark yellowish-brown and greenish-yellowish brown shade, respectively. 2 g/l Quercetin 74.3 -2.1 28.1 82.3 -3.5 16.6

Wool and cotton substrates dyed with rutin gave a pale yellowish-green and very 2 g/l Quercetin + 45.3 3.3 17.4 70.3 1.1 14.5 pale yellowish-cream colour, respective- 10 g/l FeSO4 ly, while those dyed with ferrous sulfate had a yellowish-brown colour for wool and a grayish-pale yellow for cotton. 5 g/l Quercetin 73.7 -2.3 30.5 81.0 -3.2 16.3 From Tables 1 and 2, it is clear that the colour shade of the fabrics dyed with tannin (a major constituent of eucalyptus 5 g/l Quercetin + leaves) is colourimetrically and visually 37.4 2.4 14.4 64.3 1.2 15.6 10 g/l FeSO4 observed to be very similar to that using eucalyptus leaf extract dye.

The colours obtained with the various dye-ferrous complexes, different shades dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract, quer- dyes vary in their tone due to the fact that are then attained. cetin, rutin and tannin, respectively. It when the different dyes (eucalyptus leaf can be observed that the K/S values in- extract, quercetin, rutin, and tannin) are Figures 4 & 5 show the colour strength crease with an increase in dye and ferrous combined with ferrous sulfate to form (K/S) values of wool and cotton fabrics sulfate concentrations for wool fabric as

a) b)

Figure 4. K/S values of wool and cotton fabrics dyed with 2 g/l and 5 g/l; eucalyptus leaf extract dye solutions (a) and quercetin (b) with varying ferrous sulfate concentrations.

92 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 2 (85) Table 2. Colour values of wool and cotton fabrics, with and without ferrous sulfate, dyed with various extract dye, quercetin, rutin and tannin concentrations of rutin and tannin . due to the formation of ferrous coordina-

Dyeing and Wool fabric Cotton fabric tion complexes. Ferrous sulfate readily mordanting chelated with the dyes. As the coordina- L* a* b* Colour obtained L* a* b* Colour obtained condition tion number of ferrous sulfate is 6, some coordination sites remain unoccupied 2 g/l Rutin 78.9 -1.8 16.0 86.6 0.1 2.2 when they interact with the fiber, which allows functional groups, such as amino and carboxylic acid, on the fibre to occu- py these unoccupied sites. Thus ferrous 2 g/l Rutin + can form a ternary complex on one site 52.7 3.3 19.4 73.5 0.4 14.7 10 g/l FeSO4 with the fiber and on another site with the dye [16]. Quercetin and rutin have a lower affinity to cotton fabric than tannin. Tan- nin has many carboxylic (-COOH) and 5 g/l Rutin 78.0 -1.6 15.9 86.3 0.1 1.8 hydroxyl (-OH) groups which are able to bind with cellulose macromolecules. It also possesses excellent possibilities for complexing with ferrous sulfate. 5 g/l Rutin + 47.7 2.2 15.9 73.5 0.6 14.9 10 g/l FeSO4 The colour fastness properties The fastness ratings of wool and cotton fabrics dyed with and without mordants 76.3 2.4 9.4 86.8 0.2 1.9 2 g/l Tannin at a dye concentration of 5 g/l and ferrous sulfate (10 g/l) are presented in Tables 3 to 5. Table 3 indicates that the washing fastness rating of wool and cotton fabrics 2 g/l Tannin + 41.6 1.7 -2.5 50.0 2.8 3.0 dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract, quer- 10 g/l FeSO4 cetin, rutin and tannin is very good (4 to 4-5). A probable explanation for the good fastness property is that tannin and flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) can form metal 5 g/l Tannin 76.3 2.1 9.6 85.4 0.1 2.5 chelates with the ferrous mordant. Hence, after mordanting, the tannin and flavonoids are insoluble in water, thereby ul- timately improving the washing fastness. 5 g/l Tannin + 38.9 1.9 -3.0 40.8 2.8 -3.9 10 g/l FeSO4 As seen in Table 4, a light fastness in the range of 3-4 to 4-5 (fair to good) can be observed in the wool fabric, except for well as cotton fabric dyed with eucalyptus dye and ferrous sulfate were increased, that dyed with quercetin, whose rating leaf extract and tannin. In the case of cot- the K/S values slightly increased. was 2 (poor). This is attributed to the fact ton fabric dyed with quercetin and rutin, that the presence of 3-hydroxy groups in it can be clearly observed (Figures 5.a It can be concluded that wool fabrics can quercetin reduces the light fastness due and 5.b) that when the concentrations of be successfully dyed with eucalyptus leaf to lower photostability [17]. However,

a) b)

Figure 5. K/S values of wool and cotton fabrics dyed with 2 g/l and 5 g/l rutin (a) and tannin (b) with varying ferrous sulfate concentrations.

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 2 (85) 93 Table 3. Colour fastness to washing at 40 °C (ISO 105-C06 A1S: 1994). Note: Fe = FeSO4. n Conclusions

Dyeing and mordanting Colour Colour staining of adjacent fibers Wool fabrics dyed with eucalyptus leaf conditions change Acetate Cotton Nylon Polyester Acrylic Wool extract, quercetin, rutin and tannin show Eucalyptus 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 higher colour strength than cotton fab- Eucalyptus + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 rics. Tannins are considered as a main Quercetin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 material in dyeing processes not only Quercetin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4 4-5 4-5 4 because of the shade similarities of eu- Rutin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 calyptus leaves and tannin dyed on wool Wool fabric Wool Rutin + Fe 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 and cotton fabric but also because of the Tannin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 K/S and absorption spectra similarities Tannin + Fe 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 of eucalyptus leaf extracts and tannin Eucalyptus 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 solutions. The colour fastness to wash- Eucalyptus + Fe 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 ing shows very good results, whereas Quercetin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 the colour fastness to rubbing was fair Quercetin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 to good, except for wool and cotton fab- Rutin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 rics dyed with tannin with ferrous sulfate

Cotton fabric Rutin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Tannin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 as the mordant, whose rating was poor Tannin + Fe 4 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 when subjected to wet rubbing. The light fastness property of the wool fabric mordanted with ferrous sulfate shows a fair Table 4. Colour fastness to light (ISO 105-B02: 1994). to good result, but in the case of the cotton fabric, poor fastness was obtained, Dyeing and mordanting Colour change except for cotton fabric dyed with tannin, conditions Wool fabric Cotton fabric whose rating was fair to good. Eucalyptus 3-4 3 Eucalyptus + FeSO 4 3 4 Natural dyes from eucalyptus leaf ex- Quercetin 2 2 tract, quercetin, rutin and tannin cannot Quercetin + FeSO 5 2-3 4 be used as simple alternatives to synthet- Rutin 3-4 2 ic dyes and pigments. They do, however, Rutin + FeSO4 5 2-3 Tannin 4-5 4 have potential for application in specific areas to reduce the consumption of some Tannin + FeSO4 5 4-5 of the more highly polluting synthetic dyes. They also have potential to replace Table 5. Colour fastness to rubbing (ISO105- X12: 2001). Note: Fe = FeSO4 some of the toxic, sensitising and carci- nogenic dyes and intermediates. The ap- Wool fabric Cotton fabric plication of natural dyes on wool and cot- Dyeing and Warp direction Weft direction Warp direction Weft direction mordanting ton fabrics by the pad-dry technique can conditions Colour staining Colour staining Colour staining Colour staining Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet be considered to be an effective eco- op- Eucalyptus 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 tion; hence the technique could be con- Eucalyptus + Fe 4 3-4 4 3-4 3-4 3 3-4 3 sidered to be the most suitable for small Quercetin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 scale industries or for the cottage dyeing Quercetin + Fe 3-4 3 3-4 3 4 3 4 3 of natural dyes. Rutin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Rutin + Fe 4 3-4 4 3-4 4 4 4 4 Tannin 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Acknowledgments Tannin + Fe 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 The authors would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chintana Saiwan for her valuable com- ments and Mr. Robert J. Wright for proofre- a rating of 4 to 5 (good) can be seen in cotton fabrics dyed with eucalyptus leaf ading the English. the wool fabric mordanted with ferrous extract, quercetin, rutin and tannin, ex- mordant. Poor light fastness (2-3) can cept for those mordanted with ferrous be clearly observed for cotton dyed with sulfate, whose ratings were 3 to 4 (fair References to good). However, the fabrics dyed with dyes with or without the ferrous mordant, 1. India F.; An antipodean alchemy -the except for the cotton dyed with tannin tannin and ferrous sulfate show a rating of 2 to 3 (poor to fair). This is attributed eucalypt dyes. Turkey Red Journal, 2007, with or without a mordant, which shows to a difference in the extent to which the 30, pp. 1-6. to be in the range of 4 to 4-5 (good). From 2. Conde E., Cadahia E., Garcia-Vallejo M. low aqueous solubility ferrous-tannate these results, it can be concluded that cot- C.; Low molecular weight polyphenols complexes were able to diffuse within in leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. ton consisting of cellulose fibers fades the dyed fiber. For the large molecular due to the photo-oxidation process, while E. globules and E. rudis. Phytochemical size complex that was formed within the Analysis, 1997, 8(4), pp. 186-193. wool, bearing amino acids, retards photo- dyeing bath, it could be anticipated to 3. Conde E., Cadahia E., Garcia-Vallejo oxidation by the reductive process [17]. display very low diffusional behaviour M.C., Fernandez de Simon B.; High and, therefore, to deposit mostly on the pressure liquid chromatographic analysis From Table 5, very good (4-5) rubbing periphery of the dyed fiber, resulting in a of polyphenols in leaves of Eucalyptus fastness can be observed in wool and low rubbing fastness [4]. camadulensis. E. globules and E. rudis:

94 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2011, Vol. 19, No. 2 (85) proanthocyanidins, ellagitannins and flavonol glycosides. Phytochemical Analysis, 1997, 8(2), pp. 78-83. INSTITUTE OF BIOPOLYMERS 4. Burkinshaw S. M., Kumar N.; A tannic AND CHEMICAL FIBRES acid/ ferrous sulfate aftertreatment for dyed nylon 6,6. Dyes and Pigments, 2008, 79(1), pp. 48-53. 5. Burkinshaw S. M., Kumar N.; The mor- LABORATORY OF PAPER QUALITY dant dyeing of wool using tannic acid and FeSO4, Part 1: Initial finding. Dyes and Pigments, 2009, 80(1), pp. 53-60. 6. Burkinshaw S. M.; Chemical principles of Since 02.07.1996 the Laboratory has had the accreditation synthetic fibre dyeing. Glasgow: Chap- certificate of the Polish Centre for Accreditation man and Hall, 1995. No AB 065. 7. Septhum C., Rattanaphani V., Rattana- phani S.; UV-Vis spectroscopic study of The accreditation includes tests of more than 70 proper- natural dyes with alum as a mordant. ties and factors carried out for: n Suranaree Journal Science Technology, pulps January-March 2007, 14, pp. 91-97. n tissue, paper & board, 8. Mongkholrattanasit R., Vitidsant T.; Dye- n cores, ing and colour fastness properties of silk n transport packaging, and cotton fabrics dyed with eucalyptus AB 065 leaves extract, 6th International Confer- n auxiliary agents, waste, wastewater and process water in ence –TEXSCI, Technical University of the pulp and paper industry. Liberec, Textile Faculty, Liberec, Czech Republic, 2007, pp. 285-286. The Laboratory offers services within the scope of testing the following: 9. Mongkholrattanasit R., Kryštůfek J., raw ‑materials, intermediate and final paper products, as well as training Wiener J.; Dyeing and fastness properties activities. of natural dye extracted from eucalyptus leaves using padding techniques. Fibers and Polymers Journal, 2010, 11(3), pp. Properties tested: 346-350. n general (dimensions, squareness, grammage, thickness, fibre furnish 10. Mongkholrattanasit R., Kryštůfek J., analysis, etc.), Wiener J.; Dyeing of wool and silk by n chemical (pH, ash content, formaldehyde, metals, kappa number, etc.), eucalyptus leaves extract. Journal of n surface (smoothness, roughness, degree of dusting, sizing and picking of Natural fibers, 2009, 6(4), pp. 319-330. a surface), 11. Yarosh E. A., Gigoshvili T. I., Alaniya M. n D.; Chemical composition of eucalyptus absorption, permeability (air permeability, grease permeability, water jumanii cultivated in the humid Georgian absorption, oil absorption) and deformation, subtropics. Chemistry of Natural Com- n optical (brightness ISO, whitness CIE, opacity, colour), pound, 2001, 37(1-2), pp. 86-87. n tensile, bursting, tearing, and bending strength, etc., 12. Pretsch E., Bühlmann P., Affolter C.; n compression strength of corrugated containers, vertical impact testing by Structure determination of organic com- dropping, horizontal impact testing, vibration testing, testing corrugated pounds (Tables of spectral data), Berlin: containers for signs „B” and „UN”. Springer-Verlag, 2000. 13. Bloor S. J.; Overview of methods analysis and identification of flavonoids. In Packer The equipment consists: Lester (ed.), Methods in enzymology Vol- n micrometers (thickness), tensile testing machines (Alwetron), Mullens ume 335: Flavonoids and other Polyphe- (bursting strength), Elmendorf (tearing resistance), Bekk, Bendtsen, PPS nols, San Diego: Acrademic press, 2001, (smoothness/roughness), Gurley, Bendtsen, Schopper (air permeance), pp. 3-14. Cobb (water absorptiveness), etc., 14. Pietta P. Mauri E.; Analysis of flavonoids in medicinal plants. In Packer Lester (ed.), n crush tester (RCT, CMT, CCT, ECT, FCT), SCT, Taber and Methods in enzymology Volume 335: Lorentzen&Wettre (bending 2-point method) Lorentzen&Wettre (bend- Flavonoids and other polyphenols, San ing 4-point metod and stiffness rezonanse method), Scott-Bond (internal Diego: Acrademic press, 2001, pp. 26-45. bond strength), etc., 15. Malešev D., Kuntić V.; Investigation of n IGT (printing properties) and L&W Elrepho (optical properties), ect., metal-flavonoid chelates and determi- n power-driven press, fall apparatus, incline plane tester, vibration table nation of flavonoids via metal-flavonoid (specialized equipment for testing strength transport packages), complexing reactions. Journal of the n atomic absorption spectrmeter for the determination of trace element Serbian Chemical Society, 2007, 72, pp. content, pH-meter, spectrophotometer UV-Vis. 921-939. 16. Bhattacharya S. D. Shah A. K.; Metal ion effect on dyeing of wool fabric with catechu. Coloration Technology, 2000, Contact: 116(1), pp. 10-12. INSTITUTE OF BIOPOLYMERS AND CHEMICAL FIBRES 17. Bhat S. V., Nagasampagi B. A., Sivaku- ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland mar M.; Chemistry of natural products. Elżbieta Baranek Dr eng. mech., New Delhi: Narosa, 2006. pp. 655-661. tel. (+48 42) 638 03 31, e-mail: [email protected]

Received 15.05.2009 Reviewed 22.07.2010

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