: K M&&0i %. DYEING OF 3SB PAPER PULP '\ '.•'• '-':: '• 1 -5- . , -'J* . ... gDra '« ®hp 1. H. Hill ffithrarg North Carolina &tate llmnpraitu. Special Collec TS1118 THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY BUILDING. \ THE DYEING OF PAPER PL' LI BY JULIUS ERFURT MANAGER OF A PAPER MILL TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH AM) EDITED WITH ADDITIONS BY JULIUS HUBNER, F.C.S. LECTURER ON PAPERMAK1NG AT THE MANCHESTER MUNICIPAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL B practical Zlreatise for tbe Xllse of papevmahers, fl>aperstainers, Stuoents ano others WITH ILLUSTRATIOXS AND 137 PATTERSs ol- PAPERS DYED IN THE PULP TRANSLATED FROM THE SECOND COMPLETELY REVISED EDITION LONDON SCOTT, GREENWOOD AND CO. CpufifififJerfl of tecQnicat <TJ?orft» 19 LUDGATE HILL, B.C. 1901 [The sole right of translation into English n$ti AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The first edition, which has been out of print for many years, has undergone a complete revision in the present volume. The author has endeavoured to make its contents as concise as possible, and suitable for practical require- ments. For this reason a number of dyed patterns with the corresponding recipes have been added, as these are of greater value than written explanation. The use of the coal tar colours most extensively employed in paper-making is exhaustively dealt with. Special attention has been paid in this work to saving in cost of production, obtaining clear backwaters, and to the behaviour of the colouring matters towards the different kinds of fibres. JULIUS ERFURT, Director of the Czenstochau Paper Mill. January, 1900. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/dyeingofpaperpulOOerfu TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. The great success of the first German edition of Erfurt's Farben des Papierstoffs, and the fact that the new edition is the only work which is specially devoted to the dyeing of paper pulp, induced me to undertake the translation of this work into English. The addition of numerous patterns of dyed papers, illustrating the results obtained with the various colours, greatly enhances the value of the book. Twelve new patterns of papers dyed in the pulp, manufactured in England, have been embodied in the English edition. The full recipes for these as to pulp mixture, colours, etc., are given in the text. I venture to hope that the translation will not only be of service to practical paper-makers, but also to those students and mill apprentices who may not be able to follow the text of the original. I have to express my indebtedness to my friend and colleague, Dr. E. Knecht, F.I.C., for his advice and his kindness in reading the proofs. JULIUS HUBNER Manchester, November, 1900' TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE I. Behaviour of the Paper Fibres during the Process of Dyeing, Theory of the Mord ant— Cotton 2 Flax and Hemp 3 Esparto ...... q Jute 7 Straw Cellulose 8 Chemical and Mechanical Wood Pulp 8 Mixed Fibres 10 Theory of Dyeing 11 II. Colour Fixing Mediums (Mordants)— Alum 17 Aluminium Sulphate 18 Aluminium Acetate 19 Tin Crystals (Stannous Chloride) 19 Copperas (Ferrous Sulphate) - 20 Nitrate of Iron (Ferric Sulphate) Acetate of Iron (Pyrolignite of Iron) 24 Action of Tannic Acid 25 Importance of Materials containing Tannin - - - - 88 Treatment with Tannic Acid of Paper Pulp intended for Dyeing 26 Bluestone (Copper Sulphate) 27 Potassium Bichromate 28 Sodium Bichromate '-"' Chalk (Calcium Carbonate) 29 Soda Crystals (Sodium Carbonate) 29 Antimony Potassium Tartrate (Tartar Emetic; - - - 29 in. Influence of the Quality of the Wateb Used- - - 30 X CONTENTS. PAGE IV. Inorganic Colours— 1. Artificial Mineral Colours 33 ' Iron Buff - - - 33 Manganese Bronze 34 Chrome Yellow (Chromate of Lead) .... 35 Chrome Orange (Basic Chromate of Lead) 37 Red Lead 38 Chrome Green 39 Blue with Yellow Prussiate 39 Prussian Blue - 40 Method for Producing Prussian Blue Free from Acid - 43 Ultramarine 44 2. Natural Mineral Colours (Earth Colours) - - 40 Yellow Earth Colours ------- 48 Red „ „ 49 Brown „ „ 50 Green, Grey and Black Earth Colours 50 White Earth Colours - 52 White Clay (China Clay) 52 „ Gypsum - « - 52 Baryta 53 Magnesium Carbonate 54 Talc, Soapstone 54 V. Organic Colours— 1. Colours of Vegetable and Animal Origin - - - 50 (a) Substantive {Direct Dyeing) Colouring Matters - - 50 Annatto 50 Turmeric 57 Safflower 57 (b) Adjective (Indirect Dyeing) Colouring Matters - - 58 Redwood 58 Cochineal 00 Weld .-- 01 Persian Berries - 02 Fustic Extract ------- 02 Quercitron - - 02 Catechu (Cutch) 03 Logwood Extract 05 CONTENTS. Xi PAOl Artificial Organic (Coal Tar) Coloubing Matters - 89 - Acid Colours u Basic Colours 71 Substantive (Direct Dyeing) Colours .... ~-j Dissolving of the Coal Tar Colours - - - -73 00 Auramine 74 Naphthol Yellow S° 7<; Quinoline Yellow 71; Metanil Yellow" 7c Paper Yellow 77 Azoflavine RS°, S° 7« xx xx Cotton Yellow G and R 7 H Orange II ° 7s Chrysoidine A°°, RL°° 7«i °° Vesuvine Extra 80 BC°° 80 ° Fast Brown °, Naphthylamine Brown - - - - 81 Water Blue IN 81 „ TB° 83 Victoria Blue B°° 83 0O Methylene Blue MD 86 00 Nile BlueR 86 New Blue S°° 86 Indoine Blue BB°° 87 Eosine 442 N * 87 PhloxineBBN* 89 RhodamineB 00 89 „ GG°° 90 Naphthylamine Red G° '»l Fast Red A° i»l ° Cotton Scarlet '-'I ErythrineRR 93 X° 93 P° !,:i Ponceau 2R° - - - 98 Fast Ponceau B° and G° 93 Paper Scarlet P°° - - - - - - - -98 SaftraninePP 00 W °° Magenta Powder A - - - - - - -96 00 Acetate of Rosaniline - ------ 97 Cerise D IV 00 97 Methyl Violet BB °° - Crystal Violet 00 -------- 99 Ethvl Violet °° W Xll CONTENTS. PAGE Arid TO 99 Violel :5BN , 4R° ------- Diamond Green B °° ------- 100 NigroaineWL - - 101 Coal Black °° --------- 101 Brilliant Black B° - ------- 102 VI. Practical Application of the Coal Tar Colours accord- ing to their Properties and their Behaviour towards the Different Paper Fibres - 104 Coal Tar Colours, which rank foremost, as far as their fast- ness to light is concerned- __-.-. 104 Colour Combinations with which colourless or nearly colourless Backwater is obtained ----- 104 Colours which do not Bleed into White Fibres, for Blotting and Copying Paper Pulp ------- 106 Colours which produce the best results on Mechanical Wood and on Unbleached Sulphite Wood - 106 Dyeing of Cotton, Jate and Wool Half-stuff for Mottling White or Light Coloured Papers 106 Colours suitable for Cotton - - - - - ... 107 Colours specially suited for Jute Dyeing - 108 Colours suitable for Wool Fibres ----- 108 VII. Dyed Patterns on Various Pulp Mixtures - - - 110 Placard and Wrapping Papers - Ill Black Cartridge Papers - 138 Blotting Papers --------- 141 Mottled and Marbled Papers, made with Coloured Linen, Cotton and Union Rags, or with Cotton, Jute, Wool and Sulphite Wood Fibres, dyed specially for this purpose - 141 Mottling with Dark-Blue Linen ------ 142 „ „ „ „ „ and Dark-Blue Cotton - 143 Mottling with Dark-Blue Cotton- ----- 143 - n „ „ „ and Red Cotton 145 - „ „ „ Red Cotton 146 Mottling of Bleached Stuff, with 3 to 4 per cent, of Dyed Cotton Fibres --------- 146 Mottling with Dark-Blue Union (Linen and Wool or Cotton Warp with Wool Weft) ------- 147 Mottling with Blue Striped Red Union ... - 148 Mottling of Bleached Stuff with 3 to 4 per cent, of Dyed Wool Fibres - 149 CONTENTS. x iii I'A'.K Mottling of Bleached Stuff with 3 to 4 per cent, of Dyed Jute Fibres Mottling of Bleached Stuff with 3 to 4 per cent, of Dyed Sulphite Wood Fibres - - . 1:,., Wall - Papers - - . _ _ _ 153 Packing Papers - - -,- 1 VIII. Dyeing to Shade - 171 Index ]»» THE DYEING OF PAPER PULP. I. THE PAPER FIBRES AND THEIR BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS COLOURING MATTERS. Papeb is made almost exclusively from vegetable tildes. In the direct dyeing of paper pulp the same principles are generally observed, according to which textile fibres such as cotton or linen are treated. The behaviour of the vegetable fibres towards colour- ing matters differs considerably from that of the animal fibres, such as wool and silk, which arc dyed readily without previous preparation. Except in the ease of those mineral colours which are fixed direct upon vege- table fibres, fixing agents are necessary for dyeing which are termed " mordants ". The dyeing of paper pulp is not only a question of forming coloured precipitates, but of obtaining, as far as possible, a thorough combination of these precipitates matter with the fibres, by fixing the soluble colouring suitable in an insoluble state on the fibres by means of a mordant. fibres, and The mordanting is the preparation of the There are has therefore always to precede the dyeing. this only a few colours which form an exception to general rule (direct cotton colours, catechu, etc). *J THE DYEING OF PAPER PULP. The vegetable fibres which are generally used in papermaking, such as flax, hemp, jute, cotton, wood, straw and esparto cellulose arc rarely used individually. The various fibres which arc mixed in the beater have to l»e all treated in the same manner during the dye- ing process, though the fibres may have a different chemical composition and different physical properties, A i Fig. 1. Cotton, according to Wiesner, magnified 400 times. A, in air; B, immersed in water; c, cuticula. which are not without influence on their behaviour towards colouring matters. Cotton. —The chief characteristic of the nearly opaque cotton fibre is its flexibility, which is due to a large extent to its structure. Under the microscope the cotton fibre appears like a flattened, usually twisted, PAPEB FIBRES \M> COLOURING MATTERS. :! band, the side walls thickened, tubular, and with a slightly developed parenohym. See Fig. 1. fFig. 999, from Carl Hofmann's Prfaktisckes Handbuch der Papier- Fabrikation). Cotton consists principally of pure cellulose, with a slight admixture of other matters, from which it may l»e readily freed by boiling with weak alkaline solutions. During this boiling operation the fibres should l>e entirely covered by the milk of lime, a> thej are considerably weakened if exposed bo the direct steam.