PHILIPP FRANK [Editorial Note: Numbering of Notes Refers to Numbered Paragraphs in Each Chapter. Where English Translations

PHILIPP FRANK

NOTES

[Editorial note: Numbering of Notes refers to numbered paragraphs in each chapter. Where English translations are available or the works were originally in English, they are noted here in brackets with the date of first publication. See also the list of publications of Philipp Frank, cited here by year.]

PREFACE 1. Frank, P., 'Kausalgesetz und Erfahrung', Annalen der Naturphilosophie 6 (1907) ['Experi• ence and the Law of Causality', in 1941b and 1949a]; 'Mechanismus oder Vitalismus? Versuch einer prizisen Formulierung der Fragestellung'. [Lecture to the Philosophischen Gesellschaft Wien (1907) Ann.d.Naturphilos. 7 (1908). 2. The report of the meeting in Prague (1929) is in voU of the journal Erkenntnis, pp.93-339 (1930--1931) [with an introductory address by Philipp Frank, 93-951, that of the meeting in Konigsberg (1930) in Erkenntnis, vol.lI, pp.91-190 (1931). Bavink, Bernhard Ergebnisse und Probleme der Naturwissenschaften. Eine Einfuhrung in die heutigre Naturphilosophie, fourth edition, Leipzig (1930).

CHAPTER I 1. In the claim that the statements of science are an 'Instrument', a 'tool', invented by the scholar, Henri Bergson sees the nucleus of WJlliam James's pragmatic teaching. In his introduction to the French translation of James's main work, Bergson writes concerning scientific statements in the sense of pragmatism: "They have existed before the activity of the scholar as little as the phonograph existed before Edison. The phonograph is not therefore arbitrary. It rests on the study of real observations of sound But its invention is added as an entirely new fact to these facts. Thus scientific truth also certainly has its roots in facts; but these are only the ground from which scientific truth grows. Other flowers might have sprouted there as well, if the wind had brought up other seeds". 2. Schlick, M., following Wittgenstein, says that the laws of nature themselves are not statements about the real world, but only directions for the formation of such statements ('Die Kausalitat in der gegenwartigen Physik') Naturwissenschaften, 19 145-162 (1931) ['Causality in contemporary physics', Moritz Schlick Philosophical Papers, vol.lI, pp. 176- 209 (Vienna Circle Collectwn 11, 1979)]. The essay: Schlick, Moritz: 'Erleben, Erkennen, Metaphysik', is in Kant-Studien 31 146-158 (1926). Also, Schlick, M.: 'Die Wende der Philosophie', Erkenntnis, I, 4-11 (1930--31) ['The Thrning-Point in Philosophy', Ibid 154- 160; also in Logical Positivism, ed. A.J. Ayer, 53-59 (1959)].

281 282 PHILIPP FRANK

3. See H. Hahn's lecture at the Prague Congress, 'Die Bedeutung der wissenschaftlichen Weltaufl"assung, insbesondere fur Mathematik und Physik' (Erkenntnis I), 196-105 (1930- 31). 4. Schlick, M., 'Erleben, Erkennen, Metaphysik' (i.c.) - Carnap, R.: 'Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie', Berlin (1928) [Pseudoproblems in Philosophy, included with the Logical Structure ofthe World (1967)]. 6. The problem about the whole and its parts is given by Othmar Spann in his Kategor• ienlehre, the first supplementary volume to the series Herdflamme, Jena (1924); The problem of the nothing by Martin Heidegger in his little book Was ist Metaphysikr (Bonn 1929) [What is Metaphysics? in Martin Heidegger, Basic Writings, ed. D. Krell] . The views of W. Troll are taken from the general introduction to his book Organisation und Gestalt im Bereich der Blute, especially p.33. 7. Westphal, W., Physik (second edition, Berlin 1930). Hahn, H.: l.c. 8. Neurath, 0., Empirische Soziologie, p.3, Wien 1931 ['Empirical Sociology', ch.10 of Otto Neurath, Empiricism and Sociology 319-421 (Vienna Circle Collection, voLl, 1973)]. Deborin, A., Dialektika i estestvoznanie [Dialectics and Natural Science}, Moscow (1929) (Russian) (A collection of essays from the journal Unter dem Banner des Marxismus). How strong among Marxist philosophers of Russia is the apprehension that under the cover of factual sciences philosophical views could be smuggled in, becomes clearly evident when one reads in this journal (1931, Nr. 4-5), how the Russian translation of an English chemistry textbook is critically reviewed under the title 'Against the propaganda of idealism in chemistry'. 13. Concerning the formulation that deviations from inertial motion must be given by simple functions of position and velocity, if something about reality is to be expressed, see Richard v. Mises: 'Uber Kausale und statistische Gesetzmassigkeiten in der Physik' [lecture at the Prague meeting of physicists] , in Naturwiss. 18 (1930) [also, Erkenntnis I, 189-210 (1930- 31)]. Concerning the conception that the mechanics of relativity theory is distinguished from Newton's by the way deviation from inertial motion is measured, see Philipp Frank, 'Relativitatsnechanik', in Handbuch fur Physikalische und Technische Mechanik, 2, 52ff (Leipzig 1928). 14. Whereas Bertrand Russell regards the statement of mere predetermination as not a statement about reality, James, in his essay 'The dilemma of determinism' (in his book The Will to Believe), in spite of his pragmatism, cannot quite make himself abandon the conception that predetermination means something about the world, though he quite rightly sees the main meaning in the sad feelings that are connected with words like 'predetermina• tion' because they imply the ineradicability of evil in the world. 16. Max Planck concludes this from simple psychological observations (for example in his essay 'Positivismus und reale Aussenwelt', Leipzig 1931), whereas Niels Bohr refers to the uncertainty of the future following the initial states of most delicate events of matter, which follows from the quantum theory ('Wirkungsquantum und Naturbeschreibung', Naturwiss. 17, 483-486, 1929) ['The Quantum of Action and the Description of Nature', in Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, 92-101, Cambridge (1934]. Moritz Schlick, 'Das Kausalgesetz in der gegenwartigen Physik', Naturwissenschaften 19, 145-162 ['Causality in Contemporary Physics', in Moritz Schlick Philosophical Papers, voUI, 176-209 (Vienna Circle Collection II, 1979)]. 17. Planck's formulation of the law of energy in his 'Das prinzip von der Erhaltung der Energie' (Leipzig 1887, third edition, Leipzig 1913). See my criticism of this formulation in Mh.Mathematik und Physik 2-7 (1916). Henri Poincare, Wissenschaft und Hypothese, and Der Wert der Wissenschaft [Science and Hypothesis and The Value of Science, Eng. tr. G.B. Halsted, first published with Science and Method under the title The Foundations of Science (1913) with preface by Poincare and an introduction (pp. 9-251 by Josiah Royce)]. Einstein, Geometrie und Erfahrung ['Geometry and Experience', first published with 'Ether and Relativity' under the title Sidelights on Relativity (1922) (Berlin 1921)]. THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 283

18. Dingler, H., Das System. Das Philosophisch-rationale Grundproblem und die exakte Methode der Philosophie (Munich, 1930). Hugo Dingler, Der Zusammenbruch der Wis• senschaft und das Primat der Philosophie (Munich 1926). Hans Reichenbach, Die philoso• phische Bedeutung der modernen Physik, Erkenntnis 1,49-71 ['The Philosophical Significance of Modern Physics', Hans Reichenbach Selected Writings. 1909-1953, vol.one, 304-323 (Vienna Circle Collection, vol.4, 1978).

CHAPTER II 1. Laplace, Theorie analytique des probabilites, Introduction, in the Oeuvres de Laplace 7, 6ff. (1847) [Introduction, 'Essai philosophique sur les probabilires' (153 pages) to the Theorie analytique, published in English as 'A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities' (1951»). 4. Weyl, H , Raum. Zeit. Materie [Space-Time-Matter, Eng. tr. (1950) of the 4th German Edition (1922»). 6. That Laplace's hypothesis states something definite about real experiences only in the case of the introduction of 'simple' laws of force, but not in its most general form, is very clearly shown by Mises in his Prague lecture (printed in Naturwiss. (1930), 145ft) [ibid). He says "The deterministic approach of classical physics can be maintained purely formally, or, better, in accord with its main idea, in the whole sphere of directly observable phenomena, but in many cases they will be oft' center, they no longer contribute anything to the prediction of the course of phenomena ... Who ever sees in forces, densities, etc ... things that are endowed with an existence independent of the task of describing nature, will regard determinism as preserved in principle and excluded only in practice. However for one who conceives these concept-formations only as means to make an orientation in the world of phenomena possible, the limits of applicability and the limits of determinism itself will coincide". Otto Neurath stresses the metaphysical nature of Laplace's hypothesis in his Empirische Soziologie, p.128 [ibid.). 14. Planck's law for a vibrating mass-point whose vibration is reduced by radiation of electrical energy, was first published in 1896, in Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse as 'Uber elektrische Schwingungen, die durch Resonanz erregt und durch Strahlung gedampft werden'. 17. On the significance of 'occult forces' in the development of physics, see Duhem, P., Levolution de la mecanique (1903), chapter V [The Evolution ofMechanics (1980»). 19. Driesch, H., Philosophie des Organischen, second edition, p.414f, Leipzig 1921. Schlick, M., Naturwiss. (1931).

CHAPTER III 1. The 'elan vital', in German translation 'Lebensschwungkraft' (vital force), is introduced by Henri Bergson; he describes its operation in greatest detail in his Evolution creatrice (in German under the title SchOpferische Entwicklung, Jena 1912) [Creative Evolution (1911)]. 'Factors of wholeness' playa part with Hans Driesch, Othmar Spann and their disciples, for example in the Kategorienlehre of Spann. See note to Chapter I, section 6. 'Ausgliederung' (dismemberment) is also a term in this publication. A disciple of Spann, K. Faigl, in his Ganzheit und Zahl, Jena 1926, published in the collection Die Herdjlamme, treats the role of factors of wholeness in mathematics and mathematical physics. That such 'statements of wholeness' are not statements about the real world at all, but only about the manner in which human interests are touched by them, is shown with a concrete example in our chapter IV, section 24. 2. Spann, Othmar, Kategorienlehre, p.46. Maximow, A, Pod znamenem Marksizma (Under the Banner ofMarXism) (1930), 256ft'. 284 PHILIPP FRANK

3. Ostwald, Wilhelm, Vorlesungen iiber Naturphilosolphie [Natural Philosophy (1910)]. A criticism of Ostwald's conceptions can be found in L. Boltzmann's 'Uber Herro Ostwalds Vortrag fiber den wissenschaftlichen Materialismus', in Populiire Schriften, p. 128ff, Leipzig 1905. Pierre Duhem, Die Wand[ungen der Mechanik und der mechanischen Naturerkliirung, translated by Philipp Frank, Leipzig 1912 [See note to section 17]. Duhem, Ziel und Struktur der physikalischen Theorien. Translated by Friedrich Adler, Leipzig (1908) [The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (1954)]. Coudenhovc-Kalergi, Los vom Materialismus, Wien (1930). 4. Boltzmann, L., 'Ein Wort der Mathematik an die Energetik', Ann. Physik 57 (1896). Boltzmann, L., 'Zur Energetik' , Ann. Physik 58, reprinted in Populiire Schriften, p.l04ff. Leipzig (1905). Ehrenfest, P. & T., in the article 'Statistische Mechanik', in Enzyklopiidie der mathematischen Wwenschaften, vol.4, part 4 [The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics (1959)]. 5. Exner, Franz, Vorlesungen uber die physikalischen Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften, Wien, Deuticke 1919. The significance of Exner's thoughts for our time is very correctly characterised by Erwin SchrOdinger in his essay 'Was ist ein Naturgesetz7' Naturwiss. 1929, 9ff['What is a Law of Nature7' in Science and the Human Temperament (1935)]. 6. Maxwell, J. Qerk, Theory of Heat, p.328. See also James Jeans, Dynamische Theorie der Gases, translated by R. Furth, p.233f. Brunswick (1926) [The Dynamical Theory of Gases (1904)]. 7. Exner, F., see note to section 5. R.v. Mises, Zur angewandten Mathematik und Mechanik I (1921). 9. In c::hapter I, section 7, an example from a textbook of physics is mentioned in which the rule of causal law is formulated in a way in which the concept of miracle would have a scientific meaning, namely as a case in which nature deviates from its laws. For it is claimed there that such a deviation never occurs, but thereby the concept of such a deviation is admitted as scientifically meaningful. 13. Duhem, P., Ziel und Struktur der physikalischen Theorien, pp.18Off [see note to section 4 above]. 16. Nietzsche, F., Die friihliche WlSsenschaft, Nr.126 [The Gay Science, tr. W. Kaufmann (1974)]. 17. Planck, M., quite rightly, points out again and again that progress in physics is implied by the gradual elimination of the earlier anthropomorphic conceptions, e.g., already in his publication Die Einheit des physikalischen Weltbildes, Leipzig 1909. Recently, again in his lecture 'Das Weltbild der neuen Physik', Mh. Mathematik und Physik 36 (1929) and in the independent publication: Positivismus und reale Aussenwelt, Leipzig 1931. The same meaning of progress in physics, biology and psychology is discussed by Kurt Lewin in his essay 'Der Uebergang von der Aristotelischen zur Galileischen Denkweise in Biologie und Psychologie' Erkenntnis I, 421ff(1930-31). 20. Sombart, Werner, Die drei Nationaliikonomien, pp.l93-195, Leipzig (1930). Neurath, Otto, Empirische Soziologie, Wien (1931). Mises, R.v., 'Ueber das naturwissenschaftliche Weltbild der Gegenwart'. Address at the celebration of the foundation of Berlin University 1930, Naturwiss. (1931). 23. Bergson, Henri, Schiipferische Entwicklung (see note to section I). [English edition, pp.132-133 and 181-182.]

CHAPTER IV 2. Boll, Marcel, Attardis et precurseurs, propos objectifs sur la metaphysique et sur la philosophie de ce temps et de ce pays, Paris (1921). 4. Le Materialisme actuel, Paris (1924) (Bibliotheque de Philo sophie scientifique). William. James, who always carefully investigates the case of each statement, as to whether it means THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 285 something for our experiences, has very clearly understood the meaninglessness of the mere claim that there is a plan in nature (see also section 23). 9. Neurath, 0., Empirische Soziologie, pp.56ff. 11. Driesch, H., Philosophie des Organischen, 2nd edition, pp. 11 Off (1921). 13. Driesch, H., I.c., pp. 135ff. 14. Driesch, H., I.c., p.1l6. 15. Driesch, H., I.c., pp.347ff. 17. Driesch, H., I.c., p.492. 18. Boll, M., I.c. p.115 and p.1l7. "Like the dialectic, the child too is an animist on his own: He beats the door that does not 'want' to open. It would be time to make an end to all these childish theories, like animism, finalism and vitalism ... It is extremely strange to see exactly how finalism allots the events their purposes. One will never hear it said that the diseases are given to the animals in order to finish them off, or that the processes of life have the purpose to lead the living beings to aging and death. Much rather, one always annotates something useful, good, or at least something that is supposed to be so, as the purpose; and that shows us that such finalism is much rather a desire and a hope than knowledge." Bergson, Schopferische Entwicklung, p.99. 19. Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 'Studien iiber theoretische Biologie', I & II, in Bioi. Zb~ 1927, 210ffand 655jJ. Bertalanffy, Erkenntnis I. 20. Engels, Fredrick, Dialektik der Natur (Dialectics ofNature in Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works, vo1.25, 313-588. (1987). This book, from manuscripts left after his death, was (first) published in Russia where these papers were taken, edited by D.B. Rjazanow. Deborin, A., Dialektika i Jestiestwoznanie (Dialectics and Natural Science), Moscow (1929). A presentation of Hegel's dialectical method in which special stress is put on what is stated about real experiences, can be found in William James's book, Philosophie der Erfahrung, in the section 'Hegel und seine Methode' ['Hegel and his Method' which is lecture III of James, A Pluralistic Universe, 83-130 (1909)]. 21. Podwolocki, J., 'The XVIth Congress of the Communist Party and the tasks on the philosophical front', Pod znamenem Marksisma, 1930, Nr.7-8. Deborin, A., I.c. Maximow, A., Pod znamenem Marksisma (1930) , 256ff. The resolution by which Deborin's approach is condemned, was voted on 25th January 1931 (see Pod znamenem Marksisma, 1931, Nr.4--5, p.74). 22. Adler, Friedrich, in his book Ernst Mach's Overcoming of Mechanical Materialism, Vienna 1918, tries to elaborate the positivistically expressible claims of dialectical materi• alism. 23. Sombart, Werner, I.c., p.l09. Concerning the doctrines of Hegel, see, Brunswik, A., Hegel, p.121, Munich (1922). Knoll, Fr., 'Zeitgemiisse Ziele und Methoden fur das Studium der okologischen Wechsel beziehungen', Abh. zool. -botan. Ges. in Wien, 12. Goebel, K., Die Entfaltungsbewegungen der Pflanzen und deren teleologische Deutung, Jena (1920). James, W., Der Pragmatismus, III.Kap [Pragmatism (1907)]. 24. Spann, 0., I.c., p.128. Driesch, H., I.c., p.573. Neurath, 0., I.c., p.70. Deborin, A., I.c., p.246. 25. Spann, 0., p.10lf. 26. Troll, W., I.c., pp.llff. Weyl, Hermann, Philosophie der Mathematik, Munich & Berlin (1926) [full title: 'Philosophie der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaft', in Handbuch der Philosophie (1927); 'revised and augmented' English tr. as Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science (1949)]. Sommerfeld, Arnold, Physik. Z. (1929). Stark, Johannes, has used Sommerfeld's comments that are discussed here as a point of departure for a criticism of quantum mechanics in general, which is not justified, because this theory can also be presented entirely without finalistic concepts. Namely Stark sees in Sommerfeld's comments the "construction of properties of the soul of the atom's electron" and thinks that Sommerfeld "has already left the sphere of physics behind, by constructing the soul-like properties of foresight and memory for the electron and by constructing his new causality". 286 PHILIPP FRANK

Stark, J., 'Die Kausalitiit im Verhalten des Elektrons', Ann.Physik4, 710 (1930). Also printed in the collection of essays: Fortschritte und Probleme der Atomforschung. Leipzig (1931).

CHAPTER V 3. Rignano, Eugenio, Das Leben infinaler Auffassung, translated into German by P. Graf Thun-Hohenstein, with a preface by H. Driesch, Berlin (1927) (In Abhandlungen zur theoretischen Biologie, edited by J. Schaxe!.) 5. Zilsel, Edgar, 'Die Asymmetrie der Kausalitiit und die Einsinnigkeit der Zeit', Naturwiss (1927), 280ff. 9. Schlick, Moritz, Fragen der Ethik, Wien (1930) [Problems of Ethics (1939)]. Camap, R., Der logische Aufbau der Welt, Berlin-Schlachtensee (1928) [The Logical Structure ofthe World (1967)]. 10. Schlick, Moritz, I.c.. 12. Bergson, Henri, Essai sur les donnees immUiates de la conscience, Paris (1888), 24th ed., pp.125ff, Paris (1926) [Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness (1910)].

CHAPTER VI 3. Mises, R.v., Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit, Wien (1928) (Probability, Statis• tics and Truth, first English edition (1939); second English edition from 3rd (revised) German edition of 1951 (1957)], and the detailed presentation of probability calculation by the same author that appeared under the title Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und ihre Anwendung in der Statistik und theoretischen Physik, Leipzig und Vienna (1931). 5. See also Mises, R.v., 'Ueber Kausale und statistische Gesetzmiissigkeiten in der Physik', Naturwiss. (1930).

CHAPTER VII 1 & 2. Mises, R. v., 1. c .. Reichenbach, Hans, 'Kausalitat und Wahrscheinlichkeit', lecture at the Prague Congress, printed in Erkenntnis I, pp.158-l88 (1930--31) ['Causality and Probability', Hans Reichenbach Selected Essays 1909-1953, vo!.2, pp.333-344 (1978)]. 4. Born, Max and Pascual Jordan, Elementare Quantenmechanik, Berlin 1930. Section 60, 'Quantenmechanik und Determinismus'. Einstein, A., Physik. Z. (1916,1917). 6. Frank, Ph., 'Der Charakter der heutigen physikalischen Theorien', Scientia (Milan, 1931). Reichenbach, H., 'Die philosophische Bedeutung der modernen Physik', Erkenntnis 1,49-71 (1930--31) ['The Philosophical Significance of Modem Physics', Hans Reichenbach Selected Essays, vol.1, pp.304-333 (1978)]. 10. Heisenberg, Werner, has presented the fundamental points of his theory, especially the experiments connected with the relation of indeterminacy, in his book Die physikalischen Prinzipien der Quantentheorie, Leipzig (1930) [The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (1930)]. 11. Gamow, Z.Physik 51 (1928). 19. Mach, Ernst, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung, p.488, Leipzig (1908) [The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account ofits Development, first English edition (1893); 3rd Eng. ed. with supplement, tr. from 7th German ed., 6th Eng. ed., intro. Karl Menger (1960)]. 20. Sommerfeld, Arnold, Physik Z. (1929). Heisenberg, l.c. Lanczos, Cornelius, Physik Z. 28 (1927). THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 287

22. Bohr, N., 'Wrrkungsquantum und Naturbeschreibung', Naturwiss (1929), 483-486 ['The Quantum of Action and the Description of Nature', in Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (1934»). James, William, Der Wille zum Glauben, chapter V [The Will to Believe (1897»). Boll, M., see notes to chapter IV, section 2. Bergmann, Hugo, Der Kampf urn das Kausalgesetz in der jungsten Physik, chapter III and IV, Braunschweig (1929) ['The Controversy Concerning the Law of Causality in Contemporary Physics' with Bergmann's prefatory remarks for the English translation 'Personal Remembrances of Albert Einstein', in Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, voU3 (1974» pp. 388-462).

CHAPTER VIII 3. Engels, Friedrich, in his letter to Starkenberg of25 January 1894 [cf. Letter 229 in Marx• Engels Selected Correspondance 1846-1895, pp.516-519 (1942); also in The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., pp.767-768 (1978»). Plechanow, G., Sochinjenija (Collected Works), vol.8, p.293f. See also Deborin, A., I.c., p. 197f. Neurath, 0., I.c., especially chapter X 'Soziologische Prognosen'. 4-7. Frank, Ph., 'Die statistische Betrachtungsweise in der Physik', Naturwiss. (1919), 701ff. 11. Oeuvres choisies de Diderot, pp.609ff, Paris (1884).

CHAPTER IX 1. Thus one finds, for example, in O. Halpern's and H. Thirring's report 'Ueber die Grundgedanken der neueren Quantentheorie' (as chapter X) the interpretation of the theory. Erg. exakt. Naturwiss. 8, 480ff(1929). 11. Frank, Ph., see note I to preface. Reichenbach, Hans, Relativitiitstheorie und Erkenntnis a priori, Berlin (1920) [The Theory of Relativity and A Priori Knowledge (1965»). Hessenberg, G., 'Willkiirliche SchOpfungen des Verstandes?', lb. dtsch. Mathematikervereinigg 17, 145ff (1908). Reply to Philipp Frank's comments, I.c. 230ff. Reply to this criticism, Frank, Ph., lb.dtsch.Mathematikervereinigg 17, 227 and 232 (1908). Lenin, N., Materialism and Empiri• ocriticism. Critical remarks on a reactionary philosophy, first edition (1908), in Sobraniie sochinjenii (Collected Works), voUO, p.134, Moscow (1923). 13. Schrodinger, E., Naturwiss 17, 9ff(1929). 14. Born, M. & Jordan, P., Z. Physik 34, 858 (1925), also in detail in the book Elementare Quantenmechanik, Berlin 1930. Carnap, R., 'Ueber die Aufgabe der Physik', Kant-Stud 28 (1923) and Physikalische Begriffibildung (Wissen und Wirken 39), Karlsruhe 1926. Halpern, O. & Thirring, H., 'Die Grundgedanken der neueren Quantentheorie', Erg. exakt. Naturwiss 8,490 (1929).

CHAPTER X

4. Russell, Bertrand, Unser Wissen von der Aussenwelt (1914). German translation by W. Rothstock, Leipzig 1926 [Our Knowledge of the External World (1914)]. Carnap, R. Der logische Aufbau der Welt, Berlin (1928) [The Logical Structure ofthe World (1967)]. 9. Frank, Ph., 'Was bedeuten die gegenwartigen physikalischen Theorien fur die allgemeine Erkenntnislehre?', Naturwiss. (1929) and Erkenntnis I, 126ff (1930) (Translated as 'Physical Theories of the 20th Century and School Philosophy', Modern Science and Its Philosophy, ch.4, pp. 90-121 (1949); earlier in Between Physics and Philosophy (1941)]. Bavink, B., Ergebnisse und Probleme der Naturwissenschaften. Eine Einfiihrung in die heutige Natur- 288 PHILIPP FRANK philosolphie, 4th edition, pp.217ff, Leipzig (1930). Planck, M., Positivismus und reale Aussenwelt, Leipzig (1931). 10. Schrodinger, E., 'Ueber die Kriiftefreie Bewegung in der relativistischen Quantenmecha• nik', Sitzgsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Physik.-math.KI. (1930), 418ff. 11. Planck, M., 'Das weltbild der neuen Physik', Mh. Mathematik and Physik 36, 387ff(1929). Heisenberg, W., Die physika/ischen Prinzipien der Quantentheorie, p. 11, Leipzig (1930). Dirac, PAM., Die Prinzipien der Quantenmechanik, German translation by W. Bloch, pp.7ff, Leipzig (1930) [The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, first ed. (1928)]. Schrodinger, E., address at inauguration as member ofthe Prussian Academy, Sitzgsber. preuss. Akad. W'ISS, Physik-math. Kl (1929). P. Langevin turns against the misuse of quantum theory in favour of a metaphysically tinted indeterminism, in his publication La science et Ie tieterminisme, Paris (1930). 12. Carnap, R., Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie, Berlin (1928) [See note to chapter I, section 4]. 13. Frank, Ph., 'Die Bedeutung der physikalischen Erkenntnistheorie Machs fur das Geistes• leben der Gegenwart', Naturwiss. 5 (1917) ['The Importance of Ernst Mach's Philosophy of Science for our Times', in Frank, Modern Science and its Philosophy, chapter II, pp.61-78 (1949); and in Ernst Mach Physicist and Philosopher, Appendix A, pp. 219-234 (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 6, 1970)]. The "great work of enlightenment done by the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach which - after a short time of misunderstanding - now begins to have a far-reaching effect", is pointed out by R.v. Mises in his address 'Ueber das naturwissenschaftliche Weltbild der Gegenwart', Naturwiss 19 (1931). We also already under• stand today what is correct in the view advocated by Mach, that physics has not to investigate the atoms but the observations, a view that for a long time was thought to be especially shocking, and as retarding 'creative activity'. For Heisenberg, one of the main creators of today's quantum mechanics, said at the meeting in Konigsberg: "Modem atomic physics does not deal with the character and structure of atoms, but with the events that we perceive when we observe atoms" (Erkenntnis II). 16. The meaninglessness of 'ignorabimus' from the standpoint of a purely scientific world conception is decisively advocated by R.v. Mises in his address quoted in the notes to section 13, as well as in my own Prague lecture, Naturwiss. 17 (1929). From the logical construction of all statements about the real world which Ludwig Wittgenstein and Rudolf Camap tried to carry out, it follows expressly that no meaningfully put scientific question can be unsolvable in principle. Wittgenstein, in his Logisch-philosophische Abhand/ung, Ann. d Nat. u. K. Phil. XIV (1921), says for example: "Ifan answer cannot be expressed, the question cannot be expressed either" (or: "To an answer that cannot be worded the question cannot be worded either" [Wittgenstein, 7ractatusD. R.Carnap (Der Logische Aufbau der Welt, p.183) says: "The proud thesis that no question is in principle unsolvable for science agrees very well with the humble insight that, even after all questions have been answered, the problem which life poses for us has not yet been solved" [The Logical Structure ofthe Worldp.297]. Otto Neurath attempts, in his essay 'Sociology in physicalism' (Erkenntnis 11), to exclude each comparison of statement and experience as a criterion of the truth of a theory and to retain only the comparison of statements with statements ['Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism', Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers 1913-1946, ch.6, pp. 58-90 (Vienna Circle Collection, voLl6, 1983)]. 17. Brunswik, A., 1.c., pp.30ff. 18. Boutroux, E., Science et religion, pp.25 Iff, Paris (1925). 19. Petzold, J., Das Weltproblem vom Standpunkt des relativistischen Positivismus aus, 2nd ed., Leipzig & Berlin (1912). 20. Nietzsche, Fr., Frohliche Wissenschaft, Nr.193 [The Gay Science, l.c]. 21. Nietzsche, Fr., Works left behind, Der Wille zur Macht, in Nietzsches Werke, voLl5, Leipzig (1901) [Will to Power (1967)], Nr.287, 289, 245, 248. Heidegger, Martin, Was ist Metaphysik?, p.27, Bonn (1930) [What is Metaphysics?in Basic Writings (1977)]. 22. Bergmann, H., 1.c., pp4ff. THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 289

CHAPTER XI 4. M. Planck's formulation of the law of conservation of energy can be found in chapter I, section 17 (note) of the publication quoted. Petzoldt, J., see note to chapter X, section 19. Bothc&Geiger, z. Phystk32, 639ff(1925). Compton and Simon, Physic. Rev. 26,289ff(1925). BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHILIPP FRANK*

1907a »Ober einen Satz von Routh und ein damit zusammenhingcndes Problem der Variationsrcchnung.« Mathematische Anna/en 64 (1907) 239-247; 66 (1909) 416 (»Ber• ichtigung.«). 1907b »Kausalgcsetz und Erfahrung.« Annalen der Naturphilosophie 6 (1907) 443--450. Engl. in 1941c, 1949g. 1908a »Die Intcgralgleichungcn in der Theorie der Ideinen Schwingungcn von Fiden und das Rayleigh'sche Prinzip.« Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der kaiser/ichen Akodemie der WlSsenscha/ten (Wren). Abteilung IIa 117 (1908) 279-298. 1908b »Das Relativititsprinzip der Mcchanik und die Gleichungcn rur die elektromagnc• tischen Vorginge in bcwegtcn KOrpcm.« Annalen der Physik (4) 27 (1908) 897-902. 1908c »Relativititstheorie und Elektroncntheorie in ihrcr Anwendung zur Ableitung der Grundgleichungcn rur die elektromagnetischen Vorginge in bcwcgten ponderablen KOrpem.« Annalen der Physik (4) 27 (1908) 1059-1065. 1908d ~)Uber die Stabilitit der Kreisbahncn bei Zentralbewegungen.« Astronomtsche Nachrichten 177 (1908) 97-100. 1908e »Uber die Bahnkurven der Mechanik.« lournal for die reine und angewandte Mathematik 134 (1908) 156--165. 1908f »WillkUrliche Schopfungcn des Verstandes? Bemerkungcn zu dcm Aufsatz von G. Hesscnberg.« lahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 17 (1908) 227-230. 1908g »Erwiderung auf die Erwiderung von G. Hessenberg.« lahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 17 (1908) 232-234. 1908h »Mcchanismus oder Vitalismus7 Versuch einer priziscn Formulierung der Fragestcl• lung. (Hesonders im Hinblick auf den Neovitalismus von Hans Driesch.)« Annalen der NaturphUosophie 7 (1908) 393--409. 1909a »Die Stcllung des Relativititsprinzips im System der Mcchanik und der Electro• dynamik.« Klane der kaiserlichen Akodemie der WlSsenschaften (Wien). Abteilung IIa 118 (1909) 373--446 1909b »Ein Kritcrium rur die Stabilitit der Bewegung eines milteriellcn Punktes in der Ebcne und desscn Zusammcnhang mit dem Prinzip der Idcinstcn Wirkung.« Monatshefte for Mathematik und Physik 20 (1909) 171-185. 1909c »Unstctigc LOsungcn bcim Prinzip der Ideinstcn Wlfkung.« Monatsheftefor Mathe• matik und Physik 20 (1909) 189-192. 1909d»Einc Bcmerkung fiber indefinite Variationsprobleme.« Monatshefteflir Mathematik und Physik 20 (1909) 273-278.

·In German, English and French. Reviews arc not included. - Ed.

290 THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 291

1910a Philipp Frank and Hermann Rothe, »Uber eine Verallgemeinerung des Relativitiit• sprinzips und die dazugehorige Mechanik.« Sitzungsberichte d. mathematisch-naturwis• senschaftlichen Klasse d. kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien), Abteilung lla 119 (1910) 615-630. 1910b »Das Relativitiitsprinzip und die Darstellung der physikalischen Erscheinungen im vierdimensionalen Raum.« ZeitschriftjUr physikalische Chemie 74 (1910) 466-495. Also: 1911e. 1910c »Gibt es ein absolute Bewegung?« Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum 23. lahresbericht der Philosophischen Gesellschaft an der Universitiit Wien (1910). 1911a Philipp Frank and Hermann Rothe, »Uber die Transformation der Raumzeit• koordinaten von ruhenden auf bewegte Systeme.« Annalen der Physik (4) 34 (1911) 825- 855 1911b »Das Verhalten der elektromagnetischen Feldgleichungen gegeniiber linearen Trans• formationen der Raumzeitkoordinaten.« Annalen der Physik (4) 35 599-607. 1911c »Uber den Zusammenhang von kinetischer Energie und transversaler Masse.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 12 (1911) 1112-1113. 1991d »Eine neue Abteilung fUr die Dynamik der Re1ativtheorie.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 12 (1911) 1114-1115. 1911e »Das Relativitiitsprinzip und die Darstellung der physikalischen Erscheinungen im vierdimensionalen Raum.« Annalen der Naturphilosophie 10 (1911) 129-161. Also: 1910b. 1912a »Energetische Ableitung der Formeln fUr die longitudinale und transversale Masse des Massenpunktes.« Annalen der Physik (4) 39 (1912) 693-703. 1912b »Zur Ableitung der Planckschen Strahlungsformel.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 13 (1912) 506-507. 1912c Philipp Frank and Hermann Rothe, »Zur Herieitung der Lorentztransformation.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 13 (1912) 750-753, 839 (»Berichtigung.«). 1912d »Uber allgemeine statisch unbestimmte Systeme.« MonatsheftejUr Mathematik und Physik 23 (1912) 225-239. 1914a »Zur Differentialgeometrie der Brachistochronen (mit Anwendungen auf Hydrody• namik und Variationsrechnung).« Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli• chen Klasse der kaisserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien), Abteilung 11a 123 (1914) 665-677. 1914b Philipp Frank and Georg Pick, »Sur quelques mesures dans l'espace fonctionneL« Comptes rendus hebdomadoires des seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) 158 (1914) 104-105. 1914c »Sur I'evaluation approximative de la plus petite valeur caracteristique de quelques equations integrales.« Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) 158 (1914) 551-554. 1915a »Einige Bemerkungen zum Virialsatz.« Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwis• senschaftlichen Klasse der kaisserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien), Abteilung 11a 124 (1915) 1173-1186. 1915b Philipp Frank and Georg Pick, »Distanzschiitzungen im Funktionenraum.« Mathe• matische Annalen 76 (1915) 354-375. 1916 »Uber das Vorwiegen des ersten Koeffizienten in der Fourier entwicklung einer konvexen Funktion. Mathematische Annalen 77 (1916) 301-302. 1917a »Der Virialsatz und die Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung.« Annalen der Physik (4) 52 (1917) 323-332. 1917b »Anwendung der Vektorrechnung auf die geometrische Optik in bewegten Korpem.« Annalen der Physik (4) 52 (1917) 649--656. 1917c »Die Bedeutung der physikalischen Erkenntnistheorie Machs fUr das Geistesleben der Gegenwart.« Die Naturwissenschaften 5 (1917) 65-72. Engl. in 1941c, 1949g; 1970a. 292 PHILIPP FRANK

1918a »Mathematische Analogie zwischen einem Problem aus der Optik bewegter Medien und einer Aufgabe aus dem Gebiete der Flugzeubewegung.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 19 (1918) 2-4. 1918b »]osefPopper-Lynkeus. Zu seinem achtzigsten Geburtstag.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 19 (1918) 57-59. 1918c »Ober die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Diffusion.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 19 (1918) 516-520. 1919a Philipp Frank and Karl LOwner, »Eine Anwendung des Koebeschen Verzerrungs• satzes auf ein Problem der Hydrodynamik.« Mathematische Zeitschrift 3 (1919) 78-86. 1919b »Die statistische Betrachtungsweise in der Physik.« Die Naturwissenschaften 7 (1919) 701-705, 723-729. 1920 »Wissenschaft und Theologie.« Freier Gedanke (1920) Nr. 40. 1921 »Ein Satz fiber ebene Potentialstrfunungen.« Mathematische Zeitschrift 11 (1921) 105- 107. 1922 »Die Grundhypothese der speziellen Relativitatsprinzip.« Verhandlungen der deutschen physikalischen Gesel/schaft (3) 3 (1922) 15-16. 1924a Ludwig Berwald and Philipp Frank, »Ober eine kovariante Gestalt der Differential• gleichungen der Bahnkurven allgemeiner mechanischer Systeme.« Mathematische Zeits• chrift 21 (1924) 154-159. 1924b »Aberration des Lichtes«, »Absolute Bewegung«, »Dopplersches Prinzip«, »Fizeau• scher Versuch«, »Foucaultsches Pendel«, »Michelsonscher Versuch«, >>Optik bewegter Korper«, »Relativbewegung«, »Relativitiitsprinzip nach Einstein«, »Relativitatsprinzip nach Galilei und Newton«, »Relativitatstheorie, spezielle«, »Vierdimensionale Welt«. In Physikalisches Handworterbuch, Arnold Berliner and Karl Scheel, Ed. Berlin: Springer, (1924). 1925 »Die geometrische Deutung von Painleve's Theorie der reellen Bahnkurven allgemeiner mechanischer Systeme.« In Proceedings of the First International Congress for Applied Mechanics, C.B. Biezeno und I.M. Burgers, Eds., 206-211. Delft: Waltman, (1925). 1926 »Theologische Elemente in den exacten Wissenschaften.« Prager Tageblatt, 8. Dezem• ber 1926. 1927a »Ober die Eikonalg1eichung in allgemein anisotropen Medien.« Annalen der Physik(4) 84 (1927) 891-898. 1927b Die DifJerentialgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik als 7. Aujlage von Riemann• Webers Partiellen DifJerentialgleichungen der mathematischen Physik, herausgegeben von Philipp Frank und Richard von Mises. ZweiterlphysikalischerlTeil, Philipp Frank, Ed. BraunschweigVieweg, (1927). 2. Enlarged edition 1935g. See: 1927c. 1927c »Analytische Mechanik.« In 1927b, 1-176. 1928a »Ober die >Anschaulichkeit< physikalischer Theorien.« Die Naturwissenschaften 16 (1928) 121-128. 1928b »Gibt es ein irrationales Moment in den Theorien der modemen Physik?« Neue ZUrcher Zeitung 17. Dezember 1928. 1929a »Was bedeuten die gegenwiirtigen physikalischen Theorien fUr die allgemeine Erkenntnislehre?« Die Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 971-977, 987-994. Also: 19301 French: 1934b. Eng!: 1941c, 1949g. 1929b »Die Grundbegriffe der analytischen Mechanik a1s Grundlage der Quanten- und Wellenmechanik.« Physikalische Zeitschrift 30 (1929) 209-228. 1930a Philipp Frank and Walter Glaser, »Die statistische Mechanik Boltzmanns als Niihrung der Wellenmechanik.« Zeitschriftfiir Physik 61 (1930) 640-643. 1930b »Relativitiitsmechanik.« In Handbuch der physikalischen und technischen Mechanik, Felix Auerbach und WIlhelm Hort, Eds., Vol. 11,45-77. Leipzig: Barth, (1930). 1930c »Zentralbewegung.« In Handbuch der physikalischen und technischen Mechanik, Felix Auerbach und WIlhelm Hort, Eds., Vol. 11,78-98. Leipzig: Barth, (1930). THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 293

1930d »Himmelsmechanik.« In Handbuch der physikalischen und technischen Mechanik, Felix Auerbach und Wilhelm Hort, Eds., Vol. 11,99-132. Leipzig: Barth, (1930). 1930e »Eroffnungsansprache.« Erkenntnis 1 (1930-31) 93-95. (Bericht aber die 1. Tagung jUr Erkenntnislehre der exakten WissenschaJten in Prag 1929.) 1930f »Was bedeuten die gegenwiirtigen physikalischen Theorien flir die allgemeine Erkenntnislehre?« Erkenntnis 1 (1930-31) 126-1S7. (Bericht iiber die 1. Tagung jUr Erkenntnislehre der exakten Wissenschafien in Prag 1929.) Also: 1929a. French: 1934b. Engl: 1941c, 1949g. 1931a »Der Charakter der heutigen physikalischen Theorien.« Scientia 49 (1931) 183-196. French: 1931b. 1931 b »Le caracrere des theories physiques de nos jours.« Scientia 49 (1931) Supplement: 74- 84. See 1931a. 1931c »Die philosophische Bedeutung der gegenwartigen physikalischen Theorien.« For• schungen und Fortschritte 7 (1931) 112-113. 1932 Dos Kausalgesetz und seine Grenzen. Wien: Springer, 1932. (Schri/ten zur wissenschaJtli• chen Weltauffossung, Bd. 6.) French: 1937g. [Eng: This volume - Ed.] 1933a »Lichtstrahlen und Wellenflachen in allgemein anisotropen Korpem.« ZeitschriftjUr Physik 80 (1933) 4-18. 1933b »Die schnellste Flugverbindung zwischen zwei Punkten.« ZeitschriftjUr angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 13 (1933) 88-91. 1934a »La physique contemporaine manifeste-t-elle une tendence Ii reintCgrer un element psychique?« Revue de Synthese 8 (1934) 133-1S4. Deutsch: 1935b. Engl. 1941c, 1949g. 1934b Theorie de la connaissance et physique moderne. Paris: Hermann, 1934. (,4.ctualites scientifique et industrielles, No. 97.) Translation oj1929al 1930/ 1934c »Hans Hahn t«. Erkenntnis 4 (1934) 315-316. 1935a »Die Prager Vorkonferenz 1934.« Erkenntnis 5 (1935) 3-S. (Prager VorkonJerenz der Internationalen KangressejUr Einheit der WissenschaJt-1934.) 1935b »Zeigt sich in der modemen Physik ein Zug zu einer spiritualistischen Auffassung?« Erkenntnis 5 (1935) 65-80. (Prager VorkonJerenz der Internationalen KongressejUr Einheit der WlSsenschafi -1934.) French: 1934a. Engl: 1941 c, 1949g. 1935c »lordan und der radikale Positivismus.« Erkenntnis 5 (1935) 184. (Prager VorkonJerenz der Internationalen Kongresse jUr Einheit der WlSsenschafi -1934.) 1935d »Positivistische oder metaphysische Auffassung der Physik7« Scientia 58 (1935) 1-9. French: 1935e. Engl. 1941c. 1935e »Conception positiviste ou conception metaphysique de la physique?« Scientia 58 Supplement: 1-8. See 1935d. 1935f Dos Ende der mechanistischen Physik. Wien: Gerold, (193S) (Einheitswissenschafi, H. 5.) French: 1936/ Engl: 1987. 1935g Die Differential- und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, herausgegeben von Philipp Frank und Richard von Mises. 2. vermehrte Auflage, zugleich 8. Aujlage von Riemann-Webers Partiellen Dijferentialgleichhungen der mathematischen Physik. Zweiterl physikalischerlTeil, Philipp Frank, Ed., Braunschweig: Vieweg, (193S) 2. Enlarged edition of 1927b. See 1935h. 1935h »K.lassische Mechanik und Strahlenoptik.« In 1935g, 1-239. 1936a »A1locution inaugurale.« In Actes du Congres international de philosophie scientifique Paris 1935, Fasc. I, Philosophie scientifique et empirisme logique, 13-1 S. Paris: Hermann, (1936.) (,4.ctualites scientifiques et industrielles, No. 388.) 1936b »L'abime entre les sciences physiques et biologiques vu Ii la lumicre des theories physiques modemes.« In Actes du Congres international de philosophie scientijique Paris 1935, Fasc. 2, Unite de la science, 1-3. Paris: Hermann, (1936.) (,4.ctualites scientijiques et industrielles, No. 389.) 1936c »Logisierender Empirismus in der Philosophie der U.S.S.R.« In Actes du Congres international de philosophie scientifique, Paris 1935, Fasc. 8, Histoire de la logique et de la 294 PHILIPP FRANK

philosophie scientifique, 68-76. Paris: Hermann (1936) (Actualitb scientifiques et indus• trielles, No. 395.) Engl: 1941c. 1949g. 1936d »Geisteswissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft - Naturwissenschaft und Philosophie.« Natur und Geist 4 (1936) 46-50. 1936e »Le fosse entre la physique et la biologie a la lumiere des theories physiques contemporaines.« Revue de Synthese 12 (1936) 51--60. 1936f La fin de la physique mecaniste. Paris: Hermann (1936) (Actualites scientifiques et industrielles, No. 414.) See 1935/ 1937a »Nachruf auf Moritz Schlick.« Erkenntnis 6 (1936-37) 291-292. (Das Kausalproblem. II Internationaler Kongressflir Einheit der Wissenschaft Kopenhagen 1936.) 1937b »Philosophische Deutungen und MiBdeutungen der Quantentheorie.« Erkenntnis 6 (1936-37): 303-317. (Das Kausalproblem. II Internationaler Kongress flir Einheit der Wissenschaft Kopenhagen 1936.) Engl: in 1941c. 1949g. Revised Eng!. in 1938e. 1937c »SchluBwort.« Erkenntnis 6 (1936-37) 443-450. (Das Kausalproblem. II. Internatio• naler Kongress flir Einheit der Wissenschaft Kopenhagen 1936.) 1937d »The mechanical versus the mathematical conception of nature.« Philosophy of Science 4 (1937) 41-74. Also in 1949g. 1937e »Was versteht der Physiker unter der >GraJ3e< eines Karpers? Bemerkungen zu A. Phalens Kritik der Einsteinschen Relativitiitstheorie.« Theoria 3 (1937) 76-89. Eng!. in 1941c. 1937f»La physique moderne a-t-e11e deplace la frontiere entre l'objet et al sujet?« In Travaux du IXe Congres International de Philosophie (Congres Descartes), T. vii, Causalite et determinisme, 84-89. Paris: Hermann, (1937) (Actualites scientifiques et industrielles, No. 536.) 1937g Le principe de causalite et ses limites. Paris: F1ammarion, 1937. Translation of 1932. 1938a »Ernst Mach - The centenary of his birth.« Erkenntnis 7 (1937-38) 247-256. (Die wissenschaftliche Sprache. iv. Internationaler Kongress flir Einheit der Wissenschaft Cam• bridge (England) 1938.) Also in 1941c. 1949g; 1970b. 1938b »Physik und 10gischer Empirismus.« Erkenntnis 7 (1937-38) 297-301. (Die wis• senschaftliche Sprache. iv. Internationaler Kongress flir Einheit der Wissenschaft Cambridge (England) 1938.) 1938c »Summary.« Erkenntnis 7 (1937-38) 390-392. (Die wissenschaftliche Sprache. iv. Internationaler Kongressflir Einheit der Wissenschaft Cambridge (England) 1938.) 1938d »Bemerkungen zu E. Cassirer: Determinismus und Indetenninismus in der modernen Physik.« Theoria 4 (1938): 70-80. Engl. in 1941c. 1949g. 1938e Interpretations and misinterpretations of modern physics. Paris: Hermann, (1938). (Actualites scientifiques et industrielles, No. 587.) Including rev. of 1937b; 1938/ 1938f »Philosophical interpretations and misinterpretations of the theory of relativity.« In 1938e, 34-58. 1939 »Modern physics and common sense.« Scripta Mathematica 6 (1939) 5-16. Also in 1949g. 1941a »Why do scientists and philosophers so often disagree about the merits of a new theory?« Reviews ofModern Physics 13 (1941) 171-175. Also in 1949g. 1941b »Is the universe infinite?« Popular Astronomy 49 (1941), 428-434. 1941c Between PhysiCS and Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1941. Including: 1941d; Translations of 1907b. 1917c. 1929a!1930j, 1934a!1934b. 1935d. 1936c. 1937b. 1937e. 1938d; 1938a. 1941d »Introduction: Historical Background.« In 1941c, 3-16. 1942a »The influence ofan >uneven< anisotropy on the path oflight rays.« Physical Review 62 (1942) 241-243. 1942b »Relativity ... and its astronomical implications.« Sky and Telescope 1 (1942), Nr. 12: 9-11, 19; 2 (1942), Nr. 1: 6-8, 19; Nr. 2: 7-8, 19. THE LAW OF CAUSALITY AND ITS LIMITS 295

1943 Relativity and its astronomical implications: The significance of general relativity . presented in the language of the layman. Cambridge, Mass.: Sky, 1943. 1944 »The philosophical meaning of the Copernican revolution.« Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 87 (1944) 381-386. Also in 1949g. 1946a »Science teaching and the humanities.« ETC: A Review ofGeneral Semantics 4 (1946) 3-24. Also: 1948b; in 1949g. 1946b Foundations of physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946. (International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Vol. 1, No.7.) 1946c »The relativity of truth and the advance ofknowledge.« Analisi 1 (1946). 1947a »The place of the philosophy of science in the curriculum of the physics student.« American Journal ofPhysics 15 (1947) 202-218. Also in 1949g. 1947b »The Institute for the Unity of Science: Its background and its purpose.« Synthese 6 (1947-48) 160--167 1947c Einstein: His life and times. New York: Knopf, 1947; London: Cape, 1948. Enlarged German edition: 1949/ French: 1950/ 1948a »The place of logic and metaphysics in the advancement of modem science.« Philosophy of Science 15 (1948) 275-286. Also in 1949g. 1948b »Science teaching and the humanities.« Synthese 6 (1947-48) 382-410. Also: 1946a; in 1949g. 1949a »Logical empiricism 1: The problem of physical reality.« Synthese 7 (1948-49) 458- 465. 1949b »Einstein's philosophy of science.« Reviews of Modern Physics 21 (1949) 349-355. 1949c »Albert Einstein's Stellung zur Philosophie.« Deutsche Beitriige 3 (1949) 146. 1949d »Der gekriimmte Raum. Zum 70. Geburtstag Albert Einsteins.« Rheinischer Merkur 4 (1949) No. 11: 5. 194ge »Einstein, Mach and logical positivism.« In Albert Einstein/Philosopher-scientist, Paul Arthur Schilpp, Ed., 271-286. Evanston, Ill.:Library of Living Philosophers, (1949). 1949f Einstein. Sein Leben und seine Zeit. Munich: List (1949). Enlarged edition of 1947c. 1949g Modern science and its philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949. Including: 1949h; Translations or English reprints of 1907b, 1917c; 1938a, 1929a1l930f, 1934a/1935b; 1937d, 1939; 1937b, 1938d, 1936c; 1941a, 1944, 1947a, 1946a/1948b, 1948a. 1949h »Introduction: Historical background.« In 1949g, 1-52. 1950a »Comments on realistic versus phenomenalistic interpretations.« Philosophy of Science 17 (1950) 166-169. 1950b »Metaphysical interpretations of science.« British Journal for the Philosophy ofScience 1 (1950--51) 60--74,77-91. German in 1952. 1950c »Introduction to the philosophy of physical science on the basis of logical empiri• cism.« Synthese 8 (1950--51) 28-45. 1950d »Einstein donne sa marque au vingtiernne siecie.« Figaro Litteraire 5 (1950) No. 202: 8. 1950e Relativity: A richer truth. Boston: Beacon Press, (1950) London: Cape, (1951). German in 1952. 1950f Einstein, sa vie et son temps. Paris: Michel, 1950. Translation of 1947c. 1951a »Contributions to the analysis and synthesis of knowledge. Introductory remarks.« Proceedings ofthe American Academy ofArts and Sciences 80 (1951-54) 5-8. 1951b »The logical and sociological aspects of science.« Proceedings of the American Academy ofArts and Sciences 80 (1951-54) 16-30. German in 1952. 1951c »The origin of the separation between science and philosophy.« Proceedings of the American Academy ofArt and Sciences 80 (1951-54) 115-139. 1952 Wahrheit - relativ oder absolufl Ziirich: Pan, (1952). Including translationss of 1950e, 1950b, 1951b. 296 PHILIPP FRANK

1953 »The role of authority in the interpretation of science.« In Freedom and authority in our time. Twelfth symposium of the Conference on Science, Philosophy, and Religion, Lyman Bryson etal. Eds., 361-363. New York; London: Harper, (1953). 1954a »Non-scientific symbols in science.« In Symbols and values: An initial study. Thirteenth symsposium ofthe Conference on Science, Philosophy, and Religion, Lyman Bryson et al. Eds., 341-348. New York; London: Harper, (1954). 1954b The variety of reasons for the acceptance ofscientific theories.« The Scientific Monthly 79 (1954) 139-145. Also: 1956c. 1954c »Conference on the validation of scientific theories, Boston, Dec. 27-30.« Science 119 (1954) 233-234. 1954d »The work of Richard von Mises: 1883-1953.« Science 119 (1954) 823-824. 1954e »Introduction.« In Studies in mathematics and mechanics, presented to Richard von Mises by friends, colleagues, and pupils, 1-3. New York: Academic Press, (1954). 1955 »Conference on the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. Summarizing remarks.« Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 99 (1955) 350-351. 1956a The Validation of Scientific Theories, Philipp Frank, Ed. Boston: Beacon Press, (1956). Including: 1956b, 1956c. 1956b »Introduction.« In 1956a, vii-xi. 1956c »The variety of reasons for the acceptance of scientific theories.« In 1956a, 3-17. Also: 1954b. 1957 Philosophy ofscience: The link between science and philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, (1957). 1958a »Contemporary science and the contemporary world view.« Daedolus 87 (1958) 57- 66. Also: 1958b. 1958b »Contemporary science and the contemporary world view.« In Science and the modern mind, Gerald Holton, Ed., 53-6l. Boston: Beacon Press, (1958). Also: 1958a. 1958c »Present role of science.« In Atti del xii Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia Venezia 1958, I, 3-17. Firenze: Sansoni, (1958). 1963 »The pragmatic component in Carnap's )Elimination of metaphysics<.« In The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, Paul Arthur Schilpp, Ed., 159-164. La Salle, ll1.: Open Court, (1963). 1970a »The importance of Ernst Mach's philosophy of science for our times.« In Ernst Mach Physicist and Philosopher, Robert S. Cohen and Raymond J. Seeger, Eds., 219-234. Dordrecht: Reidel, (1970). (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 6.) Transla• tions of 1917c. 1970l? »Ernst Mach and the unity of science.« In Ernst Mach Physicist and Philosopher, Robert S. Cohen and Raymond 1. Seeger, Eds., 235-244. Dordrecht: Reidel, (1970). (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 6.) Also: 1938a. 1987 »The fall of mechanistic physics.« In Unified Science, Brian F. McGuinness, Ed., 110- 129. Dordrecht: Reidel, (1987). (Vienna Circle Collection, Vol. 19.) Translation of 1935f. 1988 Dos Kausalgesetz und seine Grenzen, reprint of 1932 with new introduction by Anne Jacob Kox, Frankfurt a M: Suhrkamp 1995 The Law of Causality and its Limits. Translation of 1932 (Vienna Circle Collection). INDEX OF NAMES

Notes are indicated by n.

Adler, Friedrich 285n Coulomb 132 Ampere 55 Aristotle 68, 265 Darwin, Charles 93 Deborin, Abram 28, 120, 123, 129, 285n, Baader 267 287n Baer, Karl Ernst von 267 Descartes, Rene 59, 60, 131 Bavink, Bernhard 251, 281n, 287n Diderot 212 Bergmann, Hugo 196,268-270, 287n, 289n Dingler, Hugo 37-41, 283n Bergson, Henri 93, 94,117,126,153,196, Dirac, P.A.M. 108,252,254, 288n 281n, 283n, 284n, 286n Driesch, Hans 61-62, 105-116, 118, 119, Bemouli, Daniel 69 128-129,137-138,141,283n,285n, Bertalanffy, Ludwig von 118, 119, 127, 285n 286n Biot 55 Dubois-Reymond 260 Bohr, Niels 36,131,132-134,135,165-166, Duhem, Pierre 68, 283n, 284n 195,277,282n, 287n Boll,~arce196, 196, 284n, 285n, 287n Edison, Thomas 281n Boltzmann, Ludwig 69-71, 74, 205, 210, Ehrenfest, P. & T. 70, 284n 284n Einstein, Albert 36, 38, 56, 102, 108, 165, Bom,~ax 176,235,286n, 287n 176,192,205,233,243,247,248,249, Bose 205 282n,286n Bothe 277, 289n Engels, Friedrich 120--122, 200, 258, 285n, Boutroux,

297 298 INDEX OF NAMES

Goebel, K. 127, 285n Maximow, A. 67,123, 283n, 285n Goethe 24 Maxwell,1. Clerk 69,71-72,74,75,81,82, Gross, 1. 119 219,284n Mayer, Robert 275 Hahn, Hans 26, 282n Mendel, Gregor 85-86, 135 Halpern, O. 235, 287 Michelson 56 Hegel, G.w.F. 120-121, 126,258,261-262, Mirabeau 200 267, 285n Mises, Richard von 50, 72-74, 90, 282n, Heiciegger, Martin 267, 282n 283n, 286n, 288n Heisenberg, Werner 173-174, 182, 184,252, Moliere 59 253,286n, 288n Helmholtz 275 Natorp, Paul 268, 270 Hertz, Heinrich 118 Neurath, Otto 27,89, 129,201, 282n, 283n, Hessenberg, G. 231, 287n 284n, 285n, 288n Homer 212 Newton, Isaac 42,44,47-51,54,55,57,59, 60,66,79,86,89,92,108,109,142,178, James, William 127, 195, 281n, 282n, 284n, 189,190,191,247,248,249,270,275, 285n,287n 282n Jeans, James 284n Nietzsche, Friedrich 83,87,265-266, 284n, Jordan, Pascual 287n 288n Joule, James 275 Ohm 168 Kaluza 192 Oken267 Kammerer 93 Ostwald, Wilhelm 68-69, 284n ~t,hnmanueI230-231,261,265,270 Kepler 89,247,248,249 Petzoldt, J. 264, 276, 288n Kirchhoff 118 Planck, Max 36,37,57, 141,251,253,254, Knoll, Friedrich 126-127, 285n 276,278,282n,283n,284n, 288n, 289n Koelsch, A. 136 Plato 265 Plechanov, G. 200, 287n Lagrange 43 Podwolocki, 1. 285n Lanczos, Cornelius 192 Poincare, Henri 38, 230, 282n Langevin, P. 288n Poncelet 73 Laplace 35, 43--45, 47-51,53-61,66-68,74, 75,78,161-162,169,186-189,198,276, Raman 275 277,283n Reichenbach, Hans 40, 231, 283n, 286n, 287 Leibniz, G.w. 131 Riemann 233 Lenard, Philipp 176 Rignano, Eugenio 140, 286n Lenin 231-232,257-259, 287n Royce, Josiah 282 Lewin, Kurt 284n Russell, Bertrand 244, 268, 282n, 287n Lorentz, H.A. 192,219 Rutherford 132 Lucretius 95 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de 99 Mach, Ernst 118, 189,251,256-259,264, Saint-Venant 73 265, 270, 286n Savart 55 Marconi 113 Schelling 267 Marx,Karl 121,258 Schlick, Moritz 19,21, 26, 30, 37, 62, 148, Maupertuis 90, 91, 131 150,281n,282n,286n INDEX OF NAMES 299

Schrodinger, Erwin 23, 102, 176, 180, 185, Taylor 57 187,234,252,254,284n,287n,288n Thirring, H. 287n Simon 277, 289n Timiryasev, A.K. 122 Sombart, Werner 87-88, 284, 285n Troll,W.24,131,282n,285n Sommerfeld, Arnold 131-135,191, 285n, 286n Voltaire 78, 95, 212 Spann, Othmar 65-66, 127, 128, 130,267, 282n, 283n, 285n Westphal, W. 282n Spengler, Oswald 64 Weyl, Hermann 46,131,192, 283n Stark, Johannes 194, 285n, 286n Wittgenstein, L. 281n Steffens 267 Zilsel, Edgar 143, 286n Vienna Circle Collection

1. Otto Neurath: Empiricism and Sociology. With a Selection of Biographical and Autobiographical Sketches. Translated from German by Paul Foulkes and Marie Neurath. Edited by M. Neurath and R.S. Cohen. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0258-6; Pb 90-277-0259-4 2. Josef Schichter: Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar. Translated from German by Paul Foulkes. With a Foreword by J.F. Staal and the Introduction to the Original Edition by M. Schlick. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0296-9; Pb 90-277-0301-9 3. Ernst Mach: Knowledge and Error. Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry. Translated from German by Thomas J. McConnack and Paul Foulkes. With an Introduction by Erwin N. Hiebert. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0281-0; Pb 90-277-0282-9 4. Hans Reichenbach: Selected Writings, 1909-1953. With a Selection of Biographi• cal and Autobiographical Sketches. Translated from German by Elizabeth Hughes Schneewind and others. Edited by M. Reichenbach and R.S. Cohen. 1978,2 vols. Set ISBN 90-277-0892-4; Pb 90-277-0893-2 5. Ludwig Boltzmann: Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems. Selected Writings. Translated by Paul Foulkes. Edited by B. McGuinness. With a Foreword by S.R. de Groot. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0249-7; Pb 90-277-0250-0 6. Karl Menger: Morality, Decision and Social Organization. Toward a Logic of Ethics. Translated from German by Eric van der Schalie. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0318-3; Pb 90-277-0319-1 7. B6la Juhos: Selected Papers on Epistemology and Physics. Translated from German by Paul Foulkes. Edited and with an Introduction by Gerhard Frey. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0686-7; Pb 90-277-0687-5 8. Friedrich Waismann: Philosophical Papers. Translated from German and Dutch by Hans Kaal, Arnold Burms and Philippe van Parys. Edited by B. McGuinness. With an Introduction by Anthony Quinton. 1977 ISBN 9O-277-0712-X; Pb 90-277-0713-8 9. Felix Kaufmann: The Infinite in Mathematics. Logico-mathematical Writings. Translated from German by Paul Foulkes. Edited by B. McGuinness. With an Introduction by Ernest Nagel. 1978 ISBN 90-277-0847-9; Pb 90-277-0848-7 10. Karl Menger: Selected Papers in Logic and Foundations, Didactics, Economics. Translated from German. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0320-5; Pb 90-277-0321-3 11. Moritz Schlick: Philosophical Papers. Vol. I: 1909-1922. Translated from German by Peter Heath, Henry L. Brose and Albert E. Blumberg. With a Memoir by Herbert Feigl (1938). Vol. ll: 1925-1936. Translated from German and French by Peter Heath, Wilfred Sellars, Herbert Feigl and May Brodbeck. Edited by Henk L. Mulder and Barbara F.B. van de Velde-Schlick. 1979 Vol. I: ISBN 90-277-0314-0; Pb 90-271-0315-9 VoI.U: ISBN 90-277-0941-6; Pb 90-277-0942-4 Vienna Circle Collection

12. Eino Kaila: Reality and Experience. Four Philosophical Essays. Translated from German by Ann and Peter Kirschenmann. Edited by R.S. Cohen. With an Introduction by G.H. von Wright. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0915-7; Pb 90-277-0919-X 13. Hans Hahn: Empiricism. Logic. and Mathematics. Philosophical Papers. Translated from German by Hans Kaal. Edited by B. McGuinness. With an Introduction by Karl Menger. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1065-1; Pb 9O-277-1066-X 14. Herbert Feigl: Inquiries and Provocations. Selected Writings. 1929-1974. Translated from German by Gisela Lincoln and R.S. Cohen. Edited by R.S. Cohen. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1101-1; Pb 9O-277-1102-X 15. Victor Kraft: Foundations for a Scientific Analysis of Value. Translated from German by Elizabeth Hughes Schneewind. Edited by Henk L. Mulder. With an Introduction by Ernst Topitsch. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1211-5; Pb 90-277-1212-3 16. Otto Neurath: Philosophical Papers. 1913-1946. With a Bibliography of Otto Neurath in English. Translated from German and edited by Robert S. Cohen and Marie Neurath. with the Assistance of Carolyn R. Fawcett. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1483-5 17. Ernst Mach: Principles of the Theory of Heat. Historically and Critically Elucidated. English Edition based on the Translation from German by Thomas J. McCormack (1900-1904). Edited by B. McGuinness. With an Introduction by Martin J. Klein. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2206-4 18. Moritz Schlick: The Problems of Philosophy in Their Interconnection. Winter Semester Lectures. 1933-1934. Translated from German by Peter Heath. Edited by Henk L. Mulder, A.J. Kox and R. Hegselmann. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2465-2 19. Otto Neurath (ed.): Unified Science. The Vienna Circle Monograph Series originally edited by Otto Neurath. now in an English Edition. Translated from German by Hans Kaal. Edited by B. McGuinness. With an Introduction by Rainer Hegselmann. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2484-9 20. Karl Menger: Reminiscences of the Vienna Circle and the Mathematical Colloquium. Edited by Louise Golland, Brian McGuinness and Abe Sklar. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2711-X; Pb 0-7923-2873-6 21. Friedrich Waismann, Josef Schachter and Moritz Schlick: Ethics and the Will. Essays. Translated from German by Hans Kaal. Edited and with an Introduction by B. McGuinness and J. Schulte. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2674-1 22 P. Frank and R.S. Cohen (ed.): The Law of Causality and its Limits. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4551-7

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