DOCSLIB.ORG

BABY BONES, FOOD, and HEALTH: STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE for INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES in the GREEK COLONY of APOLLONIA (5Th - 2Nd CENTURIES B.C.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BABY BONES, FOOD, and HEALTH: STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE for INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES in the GREEK COLONY of APOLLONIA (5Th - 2Nd CENTURIES B.C.) BABY BONES, FOOD, AND HEALTH: STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES IN THE GREEK COLONY OF APOLLONIA (5th - 2nd CENTURIES B.C.) A Thesis Submitted to the Committee of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science. TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Cynthia S. Kwok 2007 Anthropology M.A. Program June 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-31700-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-31700-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT Baby Bones, Food, and Health: Stable Isotopic Evidence for Infant Feeding Practices in the Greek Colony of Apollonia (5th _ 2nd Centuries B.C.) Cynthia S. Kwok The aim of this research is to examine infant feeding patterns in the ancient Greek colony of Apollonia (5th - 2n Centuries B.C.) on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. Collagen from the ribs of 64 subadults, ranging in age from 3 months to 15 years, are analyzed for stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes to determine the general age at which weaning was initiated and terminated, and the types of foods onto which infants were weaned. From the stable isotopic evidence, weaning is observed to begin around 1 year and ends around 3 to 5 years of age. Furthermore, the subadult diet is compared to that of the adults to investigate whether the children consumed a different type of diet than the adults of Apollonia. In addition, the stable isotopic data is integrated with the palaeopathological and archaeological evidence as well as ancient literary sources to further explore infant feeding practices at Apollonia. Finally, the Apollonian weaning pattern is discussed within the context of other Classical biochemical weaning studies. Overall, this study shows the potential of incorporating evidence from multiple sources to draw a more complete picture of ancient Greek lifestyles and childrearing practices. Keywords: Apollonia, Greek, stable isotopes, nitrogen, carbon, breastfeeding, weaning, palaeodiet, Classical-Hellenistic n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, my supervisor Dr. Anne Keenleyside deserves my utmost gratitude for her support, guidance, encouragement, and patience during this whole process at Trent, and for reminding me that not every pathological lesion is congenital syphilis, as I wish it were. Also, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Jocelyn Williams, Dr. Jennifer Moore and Dr. James Conolly for their insight and stimulating discussions. I am also grateful to my external examiner Dr. Tamara Varney for graciously taking the time to read my thesis and participating in my defense. All of their comments, suggestions and critiques are most appreciated and have improved my thesis greatly. My time spent in Sozopol will not be forgotten, and I must thank Dr. Kristina Panayotova, Dr. Margo Damyanov, and Dr. Dimitar Nedev for allowing me to work with the skeletal material, for providing information about Apollonia, and for making fieldwork an incredible experience. The hourly coffee breaks, daily ice-cream/baklava trips and five-course meals will be missed. I must also acknowledge Dr. Darren Grocke for access to the Stable-Isotope Biogeochemistry Laboratory at McMaster University, and to Martin Knyf for performing the stable isotope analysis. I am also appreciative of the use of Dr. Peter Dillon's lab and to Heather Broadbent for her assistance while I was working there. I would like to thank Dr. Tracy Prowse, Dr. Tosha Dupras and Dr. Sandra Garvie- Lok for providing the comparative information on their research. I am also thankful to Dr. Henry Schwarcz for reviewing an earlier stage of my work, and to Dr. Frances Burton for her intuition and Dr. John Albanese for telling me grad school was a 'good idea'. iii The time I have spent at Trent would not have been as memorable without my fellow graduate students: Marc Blainey, Nathan Content, Carrie Dennett, Jean-Paul Foster, Rhianne McKay, Jason Seguin, Flannery Surette, Ferenc Toth, Dagmara Zawadzka, Kate Dougherty, Christopher Little and Donald R. Garrett. I thank them for keeping me sane. It was a 'joy' being your social coordinator for the past two years. I also could not have done this without the support of my parents and family throughout this whole time. I would lastly like to acknowledge the generous financial support from the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, The Bagnani Graduate Award from Trent University and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, provided through Dr. Anne Keenleyside. IV Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v List of Figures viii List of Tables ix List of Equations x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Infant Feeding Practices and Diet in Classical Antiquity 5 2.1 Weaning Practices in Classical Antiquity 6 2.1.1 Ancient Literary Evidence for the Onset 6 and Cessation of Weaning 2.1.2 Wet-Nurses in Classical Antiquity 10 2.1.3 Archaeological Evidence for Ancient Weaning Practices 13 2.1.4 Artificial Feeding 14 2.2 The Mediterranean Diet 16 2.2.1 Cereals 17 2.2.2 Vegetables 21 2.2.3 Fruits and Nuts 22 2.2.4 Meat 24 2.2.5 Dairy Products 26 2.2.6 Marine Resources 27 2.2.7 Legumes 28 2.2.8 Wine and Olives 29 2.3 The Infant Diet 30 2.3.1 The Neonatal Diet 30 2.3.2 Weaning Diet 32 2.4 Summary 34 Chapter 3: Stable Isotope Analysis in Relation to Weaning Studies 35 3.1 A History of Stable Isotope Analysis 36 3.2 Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Biochemical Weaning Studies 36 3.2.1 "What are Stable Isotopes?" 37 3.2.2 Methods of Analysis and Tissues Used 39 3.2.3 Diagenesis 41 3.3 Stable Nitrogen Isotopes 43 3.3.1 Assumptions 45 3.3.2 Factors Influencing 5' 5N Values 47 3.4 Stable Oxygen Isotopes 49 3.4.1 Factors Affecting 6180 Values 50 3.5 Stable Carbon Isotopes 51 v Chapter 4: A Review of Biochemical Weaning Studies 53 4.1 A History of Infant Weaning Studies in Anthropology 53 4.2 Terminology 55 4.3 Weaning Studies Using Stable Nitrogen Isotopes 56 4.3.1 Contemporary Studies 56 4.3.2 Prehistoric Europe and South Africa 58 4.3.3 Pre-Contact North America 60 4.3.4 Graeco-Roman 63 4.3.5 Byzantine and Medieval 66 4.3.6 Historic North America 70 4.4 Weaning Studies using Stable Oxygen Isotopes 71 4.5 Limitations in Biochemical Weaning Studies 74 4.6 Summary of Weaning Practices 76 Chapter 5: Materials and Method 78 5.1 Historical and Archaeological Context of the Sample 78 5.2 The Human Skeletal Sample Used for Analysis 81 5.3 Methods of Subadult Age Estimation 83 5.3.1 Dental Formation and Emergence 85 5.3.2 Diaphyseal Length 87 5.3.3 Epiphyseal Fusion 88 5.4 Preparation of Bone Samples for Stable Isotope Analysis 90 5.5 Assessing the Degree of Preservation 94 5.6 Statistical Analysis 95 Chapter 6: Results 96 6.1 Age Estimation 96 6.2 Preservation of Collagen 97 6.2.1 Collagen Yield 99 6.2.2 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios 101 6.2.3 Nitrogen and Carbon Concentrations 103 6.3 Stable Nitrogen and Carbon Isotope Data 106 6.3.1 Stable Isotope Data by Age 106 6.4 Palaeopathological Data 112 6.4.1 Cribra Orbitalia 112 6.4.2 Porotic Hyperostosis 113 Chapter 7: Discussion and Interpretations 115 7.1 How Representative is the Apollonian Necropolis of the Population? 115 7.2 Assessment of the Isotopic Analysis 118 7.2.1 Stable Nitrogen Isotopes and Weaning Practices 118 7.2.2 Archaeological Evidence for Weaning Practices 122 7.3 Stable Isotopic Evidence for the Subadult Diet 125 7.3.1 Weaning Diet 126 7.3.2 Childhood Diet 130 7.3.3 Juvenile Diet Compared to the Adult Diet 134 VI 7.4 Health Implications Associated with Infant Feeding Practices 136 7.4.1 Cribra Orbitalia and Porotic Hyperostosis 137 7.5 Individual Weaning Patterns? 142 7.6 Subadult Mortality 144 7.7 Comparison of the Graeco-Roman Weaning Studies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Daf Hakashrus
    ww ww VOL. d f / NO. 4 SHEVAT 5775/FEBRUARY 2015 s xc THEDaf a K ashrus A MONTHLYH NEWSLETTER FOR THE OU RABBINIC FIELD REPRESENTATIVE MILK FROM NON-KOSHER SPECIES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE US KOSHER DAIRY INDUSTRY RABBI AVROHOM GORDIMER HORSES RC, Dairy Although horses are rou- tinely milked in some Asian countries and for exotic food “I JUST saw an article about camel milk being sold. Is this a prob- purposes in parts of Europe, lem for kosher dairy products?” “I heard that pigs are now being lactating (milk-producing) milked in Pennsylvania and there is a horse milk dairy in Missouri. horses yield only 20-33% the amount Does this affect the status of cholov stam?” of milk as dairy cows. This makes At OU headquarters, we occasionally receive such inquires, and horse dairy farming highly inefficient. This those of us who subscribe to dairy industry news media see informa- low yield, coupled with a very brief lactation period when compared with that of cows, has kept horse milk חלב tion from time to time about the potential farming and sale of milk from non-kosher animals. What are the facts on the production in the United States limited to an Amish farm ,בהמה טמאה regular milk, in any way that milks a small herd of horses and uses their milk for ,חלב סתם ground, and is the kosher status of jeopardized? soaps and cosmetics. Let’s first look at this all from an agricultural/livestock perspective DONKEYS and then from a legal perspective. Despite efforts to introduce donkey milk into the US market, donkey milk is almost nonexistent outside of PIGS countries where donkeys are one of the main forms of Pigs are impossible to milk efficiently: A pig has 8-10 small nipples, livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • Slaves, Sex, and Transgression in Greek Old Comedy
    Slaves, Sex, and Transgression in Greek Old Comedy By Daniel Christopher Walin A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Mark Griffith, Chair Professor Donald J. Mastronarde Professor Kathleen McCarthy Professor Emily Mackil Spring 2012 1 Abstract Slaves, Sex, and Transgression in Greek Old Comedy by Daniel Christopher Walin Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Berkeley Professor Mark Griffith, Chair This dissertation examines the often surprising role of the slave characters of Greek Old Comedy in sexual humor, building on work I began in my 2009 Classical Quarterly article ("An Aristophanic Slave: Peace 819–1126"). The slave characters of New and Roman comedy have long been the subject of productive scholarly interest; slave characters in Old Comedy, by contrast, have received relatively little attention (the sole extensive study being Stefanis 1980). Yet a closer look at the ancestors of the later, more familiar comic slaves offers new perspectives on Greek attitudes toward sex and social status, as well as what an Athenian audience expected from and enjoyed in Old Comedy. Moreover, my arguments about how to read several passages involving slave characters, if accepted, will have larger implications for our interpretation of individual plays. The first chapter sets the stage for the discussion of "sexually presumptive" slave characters by treating the idea of sexual relations between slaves and free women in Greek literature generally and Old Comedy in particular. I first examine the various (non-comic) treatments of this theme in Greek historiography, then its exploitation for comic effect in the fifth mimiamb of Herodas and in Machon's Chreiai.
    [Show full text]
  • Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare Around Weaning: a Review
    animals Review Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review Laia Blavi * , David Solà-Oriol , Pol Llonch , Sergi López-Vergé , Susana María Martín-Orúe and José Francisco Pérez Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] (D.S.-O.); [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (S.L.-V.); [email protected] (S.M.M.-O.); [email protected] (J.F.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-93-581-1504 Simple Summary: Weaning is an important period for the swine industry and is influenced by the early events that occur during gestation and lactation. Therefore, a range of dietary and management strategies have to be implemented to achieve optimal health status, maturity, and weight at weaning. In this review, we aimed to identify the major dietary nutrients and management strategies to enhance fetal growth, reducing the oxidative and inflammatory status of sows, modulating the microbiota of sows, enhancing colostrum and milk production, and taking care of neonatal piglets. Abstract: The performance of piglets in nurseries may vary depending on body weight, age at weaning, management, and pathogenic load in the pig facilities. The early events in a pig’s life are very important and may have long lasting consequences, since growth lag involves a significant cost to the system due to reduced market weights and increased barn occupancy. The present Citation: Blavi, L.; Solà-Oriol, D.; review evidences that there are several strategies that can be used to improve the performance and Llonch, P.; López-Vergé, S.; welfare of pigs at weaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Product Info Guide 24 Pages
    Your Guide to raising healthy, profitable young livestock www.nursette.com DeLuxe Milk Replacers formulated for Calves Lambs Kids Baby Pigs Foals LEARN ABOUT ØStomach Development ØWinter Feeding ØMilk Replacer Mixing Temperature ØCalf Milk-Bits Ø100% Milk Protein - Where does it ØProtecting Your Milk Replacers ØInvesting for the Future come from? ØCanadian Made Milk Replacers ØDeLuxe Lamb Milk Replacer - Tips Ø Putting your dairy surplus to work. ØOur DeLuxe All Milk Replacers Clot ØDeluxe Lamb Milk Replacer Feeding Ø Calf Milk Replacers - Comparison ØCompare Milk Replacer Feeding Directions Table Directions ØFeeding Kids Deluxe Super Start Milk Ø Feeding directions for DeLuxe calf ØAfter Colostrum Milk Replacer Replacer milk replacers Ø ØManagement and Feeding of Shipped Deluxe Baby Pig Milk Replacer Ø About All Milk Proteins In Calves ØMilk-Bits Pig Starters Ø Heads Up - Deaths Down ØW h y U s e D e L u x e C a l f M i l k ØDeLuxe Foal Milk Replacer Ø Calf Rearing Errors Replacers? ØFoal Milk-Bits ØAbomasal Clotting ØTips On Raising Calves for Profit ™ Milk-Based Pellets designed for Early Weaning Complete Diet Conditioning Pre-Starter Weaning Aid Supplement Quality and Service Since 1967 Manufacturers of Call Our Toll Free Number: 800-667-6624 Quality Fax 780-672-6797 — Phone 780-672-4757 MILK REPLACERS & MILK PELLETS Box 1596 Camrose Alberta T4V 1X6 For Nursing Baby Animals E-mail: [email protected] DeLuxe Milk Replacers for Calves Deluxe Super All G.U. Formula Calf Start Milk General Starter K Milk Replacer Tag Color green gold yellow rose white Protein % 26 20 20 20 20 Milk Protein % 26 20 17 17 12 Fat % 16.5 20 20 12 10 Fiber % 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.0 Phosphorus % 0.75 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Calcium % 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vitamin A IU/kg 50,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Vitamin D IU/kg 16,500 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Vitamin E IU/kg 600 50 50 50 50 Selenium mg/kg 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride % none none none none 0.0055 VALUE BEST BETTER GOOD Deluxe Super All G.U.
    [Show full text]
  • The Turing Test
    THE TURING TEST Nick Totton It is within language that the world speaks to us in a voice that is not our own. This is, I believe, a first and fundamental experience of dictation and correspondence - the dead speaking to us in language is only one level of the outside that ceaselessly invades our thought. (Robin Blaser, The Practice of Outside) This sort of thing is more difficult to do than it looked. (Professor A.W. Verrall, posthumously) Dead Authors In the early years of the twentieth century an unusual literary project was initiated, which continued for over thirty years: a project known generally as the 'Cross Correspondences': a collaboration between a number of authors and/or transcribers, some of them friends and relatives, others complete strangers, and in widely varying circumstances. These variations include important factors like class and education; but most striking, perhaps, is that several of the more prominent figures involved were dead at the time. The project1 consists of a number of separate texts, no one or several of which contains the work itself. The work - like the structure of a myth - emerges solely from the relationship between these different texts: it is a second-order reality, an epiphenomenon. One could appropriately say that the work itself is incarnate in the texts, though identifiable with none of them, nor yet with the sum of the parts. In one sense the Cross Correspondences are very much of their time: a strikingly Modernist texture, inhabiting the same world as Joyce and Eliot, as a small sample of the enormous material will show: Lots of wars - A Siege I hear the sound of chipping.
    [Show full text]
  • C O M M E N T a T I O N
    COMMENTATIONES Eos C 2013 ISSN 0012-7825 SICILY’S PLACE IN GREEK POETRY* by GERSON SCHADE ...vuote le mani, ma pieni gli occhi del ricordo di lei... Ibn Hamdis ABSTRACT: A multitude of literary texts dealing with Sicily are presented in four chapters. Starting with a fusion of the Aeneid’s presentation of Sicily and some modern literary associations, the opening chapter proves that in Virgil’s usage the term “Sicilian” became a kind of shibboleth, which turns his works into texts au deuxième degré. His Sicelides Musae come from Theocritus whose poetry is at the centre of the bifold second chapter, offering two retrospective glances upon earlier Greek poetry: a first half is dedicated to Theocritus’ Cyclops-poems and their ‘bucolic archae- ology’. Quite similarly, the second half of the second chapter is concerned with Theocritus’ poem on Hieron II and its epinician predecessors, i.e. Simonides and Pindar. This tradition, however, might well have started earlier than Simonides, and it is not unlikely that already Ibykos and Stesichoros, the latter born in Sicily, composed epinician poetry. Pindar and Simonides’ nephew Bakchylides were guests of Hieron I, who also invited innovative Aeschylus, reputed to be a vir utique Siculus, to whom the third chapter is dedicated. Aside from the bucolic and epinician tradition, Sicily has another literary facet of which the fourth chapter catches some glimpses: Sicilian lifestyle attracted attention, and Sicilians were famous in antiquity for some extravagancies, a fact well known to comedy one streak of which is supposed to have its origins in Sicily. Sicilian food and all what comes with it were not altogether above suspicion, as Plato and his translator Cicero remarked, and also Horace thought of Sicilian banquets, Siculae dapes, as most lavish.
    [Show full text]
  • 9. Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk
    9. Composition of sow colostrum and milk W.L. Hurley University of Illinois, Agricultural Education Program, 430 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; [email protected] Abstract Components of milk include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and cells. The contents of these components are affected by a variety of factors, with stage of lactation having the most dramatic influence on composition. Mammary secretions from the sow during the initial 24 h after parturition are generally higher in concentrations of immunoglobulins, some microminerals and vitamins, and hormones and growth factors, and lower in concentrations of lactose, when compared with mature milk. Fat concentration in sow milk is transiently increased during the period from day 2 to day 4 of lactation. The composition of milk after day 7 to day 10 is relatively stable for the remainder of lactation. Diet can affect some milk components, including concentrations of fat, fat-soluble vitamins and some minerals, as well as proportions of specific fatty acids. Genetics, parity, colostrum and milk yield, and ambient temperature have also been found to affect component composition of colostrum and milk. This chapter summarizes some of the literature available on sow colostrum and milk composition. Benchmark averages of component concentrations based on values reported in the literature are also provided. Keywords: mammary gland, protein, fat, lactose, immunoglobulins 9.1 Introduction In its fetal stage of development, the piglet relies on the sow as the source of all nutrients, growth stimulating factors and protective factors. Once it is born, the piglet continues to rely on the sow for many of those inputs through the secreted fluids from the mammary gland.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgenicalteration of Sow Milk to Improve Piglet Growth and Health
    Reproduction Supplement 58, 313 - 324 Transgenicalteration of sow milk to improve piglet growth and health M. B. Wheeler', G. T. Bleck' and S. M. Donovan2 Departments of 'Animal Sciences and 2Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA There are many potential applications of transgenic methodologies for developing new and improved strains of livestock. One practical application of transgenic technology in pig production is to improve milk production or composition. The first week after parturition is the period of greatest loss for pig producers, with highest morbidity and mortality attributed to malnutrition and scours. Despite the benefits to be gained by improving lactation performance, little progress has been made in this area through genetic selection or nutrition. Transgenic technology provides an important tool for addressing the problem of low milk production and its detrimental impact on pig production. Transgenic pigs over-expressing the milk protein bovine a- lactalbumin were developed. a-Lactalbumin was selected for its role in lactose synthesis and regulation of milk volume. Sows hemizygous for the transgene produced as much as 0.9 g bovine a-lactalbumin I-' pig milk. The outcomes assessed were milk composition, milk yield and piglet growth. First parity a-lactalbumin gilts had higher milk lactose content in early lactation and 20-50% greater milk yield on days 3-9 of lactation than did non- transgenic gilts. Weight gain of piglets suckling a-lactalbumin gilts was greater (days 7-21 after parturition) than that of control piglets. Thus, transgenic over-expression of milk proteins may provide a means for improving the lactation performance of pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cratinus' Cyclops
    S. Douglas Olson Cratinus’ Cyclops – and Others Abstract The primary topic of this paper is Cratinus’ lost Odusseis (“Odysseus and his Companions”), in particular fr. 147, and the over-arching question of what can reasonably be called “Cyclops-plays”. My larger purpose is to argue for caution in regard to what we can and cannot regard as settled about the basic dramatic arc or “storyline” of individual lost comedies, while simultaneously advocating openness to a larger set of possibilities than is sometimes allowed for. Late 5 th -century comedy seems to have been fundamentally dependent on wild acts of imagination and fantastic re- workings of traditional material. Given how little we know about most authors and plays, we must accordingly both beware of over-confidence in our reconstructions and attempt to not too aggressively box in the impulses of the genre. As an initial way of illustrating and articulating these issues, I begin not with Cratinus but with the five surviving fragments of Nicophon’s Birth of Aphrodite. Temi principali di questo contributo sono i perduti Odissei (Odisseo e i suoi compagni ) di Cratino, in particolare il fr. 147, e la più complessiva questione di quali commedie possano essere ragionevolmente definite “commedie sul Ciclope”. Il mio scopo più ampio è di indurre alla prudenza rispetto a cosa possiamo e non possiamo ritenere stabilito riguardo alla struttura drammaturgica di fondo o alla “trama” di singole commedie perdute, e al contempo incoraggiare l’apertura verso uno spettro di possibilità più ampio rispetto a quanto talvolta non sia consentito. La commedia di fine quinto secolo sembra esser stata ispirata fondamentalmente da liberi atti di sfrenata immaginazione e da riscritture fantastiche di materiale tradizionale.
    [Show full text]
  • Raw Milk in Context†
    BYRNE 7/20/2011 11:44 AM View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Oregon Scholars' Bank DONNA M. BYRNE* Raw Milk in Context† I. Argument and Regulation: The Milk Debate in the Twenty-First Century ...................... 112 A. The Risks of Raw Milk .................................................. 112 B. Purported Benefits of Raw Milk .................................... 115 C. The Regulatory Landscape ............................................. 117 II. A Brief History of Milk Drinking ......................................... 121 III. From There to Here ............................................................... 125 IV. Conclusion ............................................................................. 128 Most milk consumed in the United States today is pasteurized and homogenized, and comes from large commercial dairies. Raw milk, on the other hand, is obtainable almost exclusively from small-scale family farms using sustainable and organic methods. Technologically, pasteurization is a more intensive process by which a food is heated to a temperature that kills most pathogens. Pasteurization of fluid milk has been required in the United States for about 100 years, and its widespread adoption brought great reductions in infant mortality rates.1 Depending on the state, raw milk sales in this country are * Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law, St. Paul, MN. Nicolas J. Allyn, William Mitchell College of Law J.D. candidate (2011), did most of the preliminary research for this Essay as part of a paper he wrote for my Food Law Seminar. After careful review, I adopted a substantial amount of Nic’s writing into the section about the risks and benefits of raw milk. I am most grateful to Nic for his research help and for the permission to draw from his paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Hygiea Internationalis, Title Pages
    HYGIEA INTERNATIONALIS An Interdisciplinary Journal for the History of Public Health Volume 6, No. 2, 2007 The following Swedish research foundations have provided financial support for the journal: Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS) The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) ISSN, Print: 1403-8668; Electronic: 1404-4013 URL: http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/hygiea/ Editorial Board Giovanni Berlinguer, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy Virginia Berridge, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K. Patrice Bourdelais, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, France Linda Bryder, University of Auckland, New Zealand Marcos Cueto, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Peru Christopher Hamlin, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A. Robert Jütte, Robert Bosch Stiftung, Germany Øivind Larsen, University of Oslo, Norway Marie C. Nelson, Linköping University, Sweden Dorothy E. Porter, University of California, U.S.A. Günter B. Risse, University of California, U.S.A. Esteban Rodriguez-Ocaña, University of Granada, Spain John Rogers, Uppsala University, Sweden Jan Sundin, Linköping University, Sweden Lars-Göran Tedebrand, Umeå University, Sweden John H. Woodward, The University of Sheffield, U.K. Editorial Committee Laurinda Abreu, Patrice Bourdelais, Jan Sundin and Sam Willner Copyright This journal is published under the auspices of Linköping University Electronic Press. All Authors retain the copyright of their articles. © Linköping University Electronic Press and the Authors Table of Contents Volume 6, No. 2, 2007 Editorial Sam Willner Preface 5 Patrice Bourdelais Introduction. Cultural History 7 of Medical Regulations Articles Iris Borowy International Social Medicin between 13 two Wars. Positioning a Volatile Concept Esteban Rodríguez-Ocaña Medicine as a Social Political Science 37 The Case of Spain c.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigs and Plaques: Considering Rm
    IRAQ (2018) Page 1 of 15 Doi:10.1017/irq.2018.10 1 PIGS AND PLAQUES: CONSIDERING RM. 714 IN LIGHT OF COMPARATIVE ARTISTIC AND TEXTUAL SOURCES1 By GINA KONSTANTOPOULOS Rm. 714, a first millennium B.C.E. tablet in the collections of the British Museum, is remarkable for the fine carving of a striding pig in high relief on its obverse. Purchased by Hormuzd Rassam in Baghdad in 1877, it lacks archaeological context and must be considered in light of other textual and artistic references to pigs, the closest parallel being a sow and her piglets seen in the reliefs of Court VI from Sennacherib’s palace at Nineveh. Unlike depictions of pigs on later cylinder seals, where they are often shown as a dangerous quarry in hunting scenes, Rm. 714’s pig appears in a more neutral, non-aggressive posture, similar to the sow in the Assyrian reliefs. Although Rm. 714’s highly curved reverse would inhibit its use as a mounted or otherwise easily displayed object, the tablet may still have served as an apotropaic object or sculptor’s model, among other potential functions. Rm. 714: Introduction This article centers on the analysis of a single tablet, Rm. 714, and the fine carving of a pig found on its obverse. Mesopotamian tablets could serve as the medium for more than cuneiform, and drawings are found on tablets as early as the third millennium B.C.E. Many of these early tablets are otherwise uninscribed, but later examples feature both drawing and cuneiform writing on a single tablet.2 Rm.
    [Show full text]