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Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare Around Weaning: a Review

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Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare Around Weaning: a Review animals Review Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review Laia Blavi * , David Solà-Oriol , Pol Llonch , Sergi López-Vergé , Susana María Martín-Orúe and José Francisco Pérez Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] (D.S.-O.); [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (S.L.-V.); [email protected] (S.M.M.-O.); [email protected] (J.F.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-93-581-1504 Simple Summary: Weaning is an important period for the swine industry and is influenced by the early events that occur during gestation and lactation. Therefore, a range of dietary and management strategies have to be implemented to achieve optimal health status, maturity, and weight at weaning. In this review, we aimed to identify the major dietary nutrients and management strategies to enhance fetal growth, reducing the oxidative and inflammatory status of sows, modulating the microbiota of sows, enhancing colostrum and milk production, and taking care of neonatal piglets. Abstract: The performance of piglets in nurseries may vary depending on body weight, age at weaning, management, and pathogenic load in the pig facilities. The early events in a pig’s life are very important and may have long lasting consequences, since growth lag involves a significant cost to the system due to reduced market weights and increased barn occupancy. The present Citation: Blavi, L.; Solà-Oriol, D.; review evidences that there are several strategies that can be used to improve the performance and Llonch, P.; López-Vergé, S.; welfare of pigs at weaning. A complex set of early management and dietary strategies have been Martín-Orúe, S.M.; Pérez, J.F. explored in sows and suckling piglets for achieving optimum and efficient growth of piglets after Management and Feeding Strategies weaning. The management strategies studied to improve development and animal welfare include: in Early Life to Increase Piglet (1) improving sow housing during gestation, (2) reducing pain during farrowing, (3) facilitating an Performance and Welfare around early and sufficient colostrum intake, (4) promoting an early social interaction between litters, and (5) Weaning: A Review. Animals 2021, 11, providing complementary feed during lactation. Dietary strategies for sows and suckling piglets aim 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ to: (1) enhance fetal growth (arginine, folate, betaine, vitamin B , carnitine, chromium, and zinc), ani11020302 12 (2) increase colostrum and milk production (DL-methionine, DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic Academic Editor: Keelin O’Driscoll acid, arginine, L-carnitine, tryptophan, valine, vitamin E, and phytogenic actives), (3) modulate sows’ Received: 7 December 2020 oxidative and inflammation status (polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, selenium, phytogenic Accepted: 20 January 2021 actives, and spray dried plasma), (4) allow early microbial colonization (probiotics), or (5) supply Published: 25 January 2021 conditionally essential nutrients (nucleotides, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and tryptophan). Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: feeding; management; strategies; weaning; pigs with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction The average litter size of sows has been increased by genetic selection over the last decades; however, this is associated with a reduction in the average birth weight and, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. concomitantly, an increased within-litter body weight (BW) variation. Consequently, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. this has increased the proportion of small piglets (less than one kg birth weight) in large This article is an open access article litters [1]. Some of the pigs with low birth weight (LBW) exhibit consistent long-term effects, distributed under the terms and such as higher morbidity–mortality and lower growth rates [2], which could suggest that conditions of the Creative Commons there are long-term alterations due to the negative effects of dietary restriction during Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// pregnancy, among other causes. This growth failure is explained partly by the reduced creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ intestinal size, shorter villus height and the villus:crypt ratio [3], and the lower intestinal 4.0/). Animals 2021, 11, 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020302 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 48 Animals 2021, 11, 302 2 of 43 by the reduced intestinal size, shorter villus height and the villus:crypt ratio [3], and the lower intestinal trophic responses to the introduction of enteral feed during the early postnataltrophic responses period. Changes to the introduction in gut microbiota of enteral and feedsigns during of an immature the early innate postnatal immunity, period. areChanges also evident in gut microbiotain pigs with and LBW signs [4]. of an immature innate immunity, are also evident in pigsIn with addition, LBW [4 ].weaning weight is also important in post-weaning growth, morbidity, and mortality.In addition, Lighter weaning piglets weight (less isthan also 5.0 important kg) are a insignificant post-weaning cost to growth, the system morbidity, due to reducedand mortality. market Lighter weights piglets and increased (less than barn 5.0 kg) occupancy; are a significant however, cost they to thealso system represent due the to greatestreduced marginal market weights opportunity and increased to decrease barn days occupancy; to slaughter however, (8 days they more also to represent achieve 125 the kggreatest of BW marginal or weigh opportunity 3.3 kg less to than decrease piglets days weaned to slaughter at 5.5 (8kg days BW more[5]). toStein achieve [6] also 125 re- kg of BW or weigh 3.3 kg less than piglets weaned at 5.5 kg BW [5]). Stein [6] also reported a ported a significant performance and mortality penalty for groups with very light (<4.5 significant performance and mortality penalty for groups with very light (<4.5 kg) average kg) average weaning weight and a substantial penalty, even for groups with light (5 kg) weaning weight and a substantial penalty, even for groups with light (5 kg) average average weaning weights. He also observed that there was a positive effect of weaning weaning weights. He also observed that there was a positive effect of weaning weight on weight on average daily gain, i.e., the higher the initial BW, the higher the average daily average daily gain, i.e., the higher the initial BW, the higher the average daily gain. gain. Several studies conducted in our group showed some insights into the effect of birth Several studies conducted in our group showed some insights into the effect of birth BW and weaning BW until slaughter (see Figure1). In initial growth phases (i.e., until the BW and weaning BW until slaughter (see Figure 1). In initial growth phases (i.e., until the end of lactation), changes in pigs’ BW category are common, reflected by low correlation end of lactation), changes in pigs’ BW category are common, reflected by low correlation coefficients, which means that a certain percentage of piglets change category over the coefficients, which means that a certain percentage of piglets change category over the period. From weaning onwards these changes are less common (correlation coefficients period. From weaning onwards these changes are less common (correlation coefficients are higher), meaning that pigs that reach nursery with a low BW category have a higher areprobability higher), ofmeaning remining that in pigs the samethat reach class atnursery the end with of thea low cycle, BW which category negatively have a higher affects probabilitythe margin of growthremining improvement in the same achievedclass at the by end implementing of the cycle, different which negatively strategies. affects the margin of growth improvement achieved by implementing different strategies. Figure 1. Effect of birth and weaning body weight until slaughter. The spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) indicates the Figure 1. Effect of birth and weaning body weight until slaughter. The spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) indicates the correlation between body weights at different production phases with the number of days to reach a market body weight correlation between body weights at different production phases with the number of days to reach a market body weight of of 105 kg. BBW: birth body weight; WBW: weaning body weight; NBW: nursery body weight; MBM: market body weight. 105† means kg. BBW: slaughter birth house body weight;Adapted WBW: from [2,7]. weaning body weight; NBW: nursery body weight; MBM: market body weight. † means slaughter house [2,7]. Recently, Montoro et al. [8] showed similar findings, as they found that birth BW has Recently, Montoro et al. [8] showed similar findings, as they found that birth BW has a a low capacity to act as a predictor of subsequent growth until slaughter, mainly because low capacity to act as a predictor of subsequent growth until slaughter, mainly because BW BW categories can change throughout lactation. Furthermore, similar results were ob- categories can change throughout lactation. Furthermore, similar results were observed served when suitable and practical indicators of early carcass depreciation were deter- when suitable and practical indicators of early carcass depreciation were determined, and mined, and the conclusion was that BW could be a valid predictor at the end of nursery the conclusion was that BW could be a valid predictor at the end of nursery [7]. [7]. Therefore, it is very important to reach a high BW at weaning or even at the end of nursery, because from this point onwards, the opportunity to implement strategies so that lighter pigs can successfully catch up to their heavier pen mates decreases dramatically. Animals 2021, 11, 302 3 of 43 The extreme case would even be beyond the nursery (i.e., growing-finishing period) when the correlation is particularly high (ρ = −0.80/−0.90).
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