Deux Pôles De L'image Littéraire Au Xx Siècle La

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Deux Pôles De L'image Littéraire Au Xx Siècle La DEUX PÔLES DE L’IMAGE LITTÉRAIRE AU XXe SIÈCLE LA POÉSIE PLASTIQUE DE PIERRE REVERDY ET LE MYTHE DANS LES ROMANS DE MICHEL TOURNIER Franck Dalmas A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: Martine Antle Reader: Dominique Fisher Reader: Hassan Melehy Reader: Valentin-Yves Mudimbe Reader: José Polo de Bernabé © 2006 Franck Dalmas ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT FRANCK DALMAS: Deux pôles de l’image littéraire au XXe siècle : la poésie plastique de Pierre Reverdy et le mythe dans les romans de Michel Tournier (Under the direction of Martine Antle) My dissertation explores the role of poetical and mythical images in twentieth- century French literature in relation to the visual arts. In the first section, I scrutinize Reverdy’s poetic works and influential definition of the “Image” alongside the innovative painting of his Cubist friends, Picasso, Braque, and Gris. In an overview of formative poetic trends (Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Rimbaud), and in parallel to visual depictions (Manet, Cézanne, and Cubism), we will read Reverdy’s new poetics through the scope of phenomenology: a critical approach that discusses the subject-object intertwining within the creative process (Husserl) as well as the important correlation to internal-external perceptiveness (Merleau-Ponty). In the second part, I analyze the revival of myths in the works of Tournier as another instance of literary images, and study the exposure and reproduction of myths in parallel with the medium of photography. The novelistic exploitation of images will demonstrate, quite similarly as in the poetic exploitation, the quest for one’s self separated from the collectivity while attempting at recapturing a lost identity. This feeling of loss is best exemplified by the photographic imagery. Through Tournier’s texts we will move from an anthropological awareness of depersonalization to a psychological split personality, and then, to a socio-cultural fragmentation of media representations. Some of the most important photographers will provide the illustrations iii to understand the texts (Atget, Boubat, Clergue, and Tress). The seminal thinking of J.-P. Sartre, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Gaston Bachelard in Tournier’s oeuvre will help to harmonize this three-fold interpretation of the literary image as well as it will link the two “poles” of my thesis by combining the mythical and the poetical structures within a theory of the image in twentieth-century literature. iv Je dédie ma thèse de doctorat à Michael Hollington (Ph.D. Urbana-Champaign ’67) grâce à qui j’ai acquis la passion de la littérature anglaise dans ses cours dispensés à l’Université de Toulon-Var, pendant les deux années privilégiées où il y a professé (1997-98). J’ai énormément bénéficié de son enseignement enthousiaste et de son contact humain, ce qui m’a ultérieurement incité à poursuivre des études littéraires que j’achève aujourd’hui par cette étude. Je lui suis reconnaissant de la trace impérissable qu’il aura laissée dans mon souvenir et dans ma détermination personnelle. v REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie ma directrice de thèse, Professeur Martine Antle, pour m’avoir dirigé dans mon travail de recherche et pour la patience qu’elle a montrée et les encouragements qu’elle m’a prodigués au cours de l’élaboration de ce long projet. Je tiens également à remercier les membres du comité de soutenance pour leur lecture attentive et leurs commentaires utiles : Drs. Dominique Fisher, Hassan Melehy, José Polo de Bernabé, et tout particulièrement Dr. Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, pour sa précieuse expertise de la matière théorique et philosophique dont j’ai fait le support critique de mon étude. De plus, il me faut reconnaître tout le bénéfice que j’ai pu retirer des immenses ressources disponibles à la bibliothèque Davis Library de UNC-Chapel Hill, sans lesquelles cette thèse de doctorat n’aurait jamais vu le jour ; ainsi que les nombreux liens extérieurs, moteurs de recherche Internet et journaux en ligne : InterLibrary Loan, WorldCat, Jstor. J’y associe tout le personnel qui a permis l’acheminement rapide et consciencieux des matériaux littéraires nécessaires à la compilation des sources. Considérant l’apport technique indispensable à l’élaboration des documents visuels dans mon travail, je me dois de reconnaître l’aide inestimable et la disponibilité sans réserve des assistants du laboratoire IT Resources, Karin Reese et Neal Morris, qui ont apporté la compétence informatique que je n’avais pas. A tous et toutes, j’adresse ma reconnaissance et mes sincères remerciements ! vi AVANT-PROPOS Cette étude sur l’image dans la littérature française du XXe siècle était prétexte à analyser très méticuleusement les textes de deux auteurs chéris de nous, mais pas toujours reconnus à leur plus juste mérite. L’incipit de Reverdy nous a fourni le mot-clé du titre de notre thèse d’étude sur l’image : « deux pôles entre lesquels se déroulent la destinée pathétique de l’homme. » Nous sommes donc parti d’une idée littéraire en essayant (en prétendant) rendre les textes plus « visibles ». Cependant, au cours de notre recherche, nous avons été de plus en plus converti au pouvoir communicatif des images en elles- mêmes et nous en sommes venu à « lire » les images à travers les textes envisagés. Et c’est là tout le mérite que nous trouvons à l’autre citation, de Mac Orlan : c’est-à-dire un constant dialogue entre les images littéraires et les images visuelles ! Ce changement d’optique est patent dans notre travail. Nous espérons de même que nos lecteurs seront peu à peu gagnés par cette porosité de l’écriture vers la représentation visuelle et, réciproquement, de la perception des choses vers l’imagination créatrice – qui n’est que le fait du pouvoir de l’image. Franck Dalmas. vii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page TABLE DES FIGURES ET ANNEXES . xii TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS . xiii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS . xvi INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE . 1 1re PARTIE : POÉSIE D’IMAGE ET THÉORIE PLASTIQUE DE REVERDY. 24 CHAPITRE I : LES INFLUENCES DE PIERRE REVERDY . 26 I. 1. Mallarmé, ou le discours de l’ambigu . 27 I. 2. Rimbaud, et les multiples réalités . 32 I. 3. Baudelaire, entre mémoire du tout et image du particulier. 38 I. 4. Apollinaire et Max Jacob, les contemporains de l’Image. 43 CHAPITRE II : LA POÉSIE DE REVERDY DANS LE TEXTE . 52 II. 1. Première période : 1913-1922 . 53 A) Etude de « Grandeur nature » (PT 112) . 54 B) Etude de « L’homme et le temps » (PT 339) . 58 II. 2. Deuxième période : 1925-1930 . 62 A) Etude de « Chemin tournant » (MO 81) . 63 B) Etude de « Le toit s’incline » (MO 132) . 67 II. 3. Troisième période : Ferraille (1937) et après . 70 viii A) Etude de « Le cœur tournant » (MO 327) . 71 B) Etude de « Le temps et moi » (MO 376) . 76 CHAPITRE III : ASPECTS DE LA POÉTIQUE REVERDIENNE . 82 III. 1. Construction de l’image . 82 III. 2. Inclusion, exclusion, complémentation . 86 III. 3. La simultanéité spatio-temporelle « cubiste » . 92 III. 4. Différences d’espace et de place dans l’image . 99 III. 5. La synthèse impersonnelle du « On ». 106 III. 6. Tables annexes. 114 CHAPITRE IV : CONCORDANCES PICTURALES . 123 IV. 1. Le Quattrocento : une peinture plane et conceptuelle . 125 IV. 2. Édouard Manet : matérialité intérieure et regard extérieur . 129 IV. 3. Paul Cézanne : étagements spatio-temporels . 134 IV. 4. Le Cubisme analytique de Picasso et Braque. 141 IV. 5. Le Cubisme synthétique de Juan Gris . 147 IV. 6. L’image du peintre et l’image du poète . 153 CHAPITRE V : APPROCHE PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIQUE . 157 V. 1. Définitions sur la phénoménologie . 158 V. 2. Cas d’étude de poèmes. 171 V. 3. La médiation du « On » . 174 V. 4. La vision binoculaire . 177 V. 5. Problématiques de la réalité. 181 V. 6. Le temps et l’espace : actualisation et spatialisation . 184 ix 2e PARTIE : MYTHES DE L’IMAGE DANS LES ROMANS DE TOURNIER. 190 CHAPITRE VI : VENDREDI : UNE ANTHROPOLOGIE DE L’IMAGE . 193 VI. 1. Introduction . 193 VI. 2. Primitivisme et impersonnalisme . 196 VI. 3. L’image de l’Autre . 204 VI. 4. Images de l’individuel et du collectif . 208 VI. 5. La conversion en image créative : le bouc Andoar . 212 VI. 6. Inversions d’images. 216 CHAPITRE VII : LES MÉTÉORES : UNE PSYCHOLOGIE DE L’IMAGE. 220 VII. 1. Introduction . 220 VII. 2. L’image jumelle, jumelée. 224 VII. 3. Les miroirs vénitiens . 230 VII. 4. Une miniature du cosmos . 234 VII. 5. L’art en image du jardin Zen . 240 CHAPITRE VIII : LA GOUTTE D’OR : UNE SOCIOLOGIE DE L’IMAGE. 246 VIII. 1. Introduction . 246 VIII. 2. La femme blonde et la bulla aurea. 249 VIII. 3. Les dessous de l’image du « voyant ». 256 VIII. 4. Des images inversées . 260 VIII. 5. L’image voyeuse et voleuse en vitrine . 266 VIII. 6. Le portrait de Barberousse . 271 VIII. 7. La légende de la calligraphie . 274 x CHAPITRE IX : LA PHOTOGRAPHIE : FACTUELLE, FICTIONNELLE, FICTIVE ?. 282 IX. 1. Introduction . 282 IX. 2. Théories barthiennes de la photographie. 286 IX. 3. L’art impersonnel d’Eugène Atget . 296 IX. 4. La poésie photographique de Lucien Clergue. 302 IX. 5. L’illusion naturaliste d’Edouard Boubat. 307 IX. 6. L’artificialité du réel d’Arthur Tress. 312 CHAPITRE X : SUITES À DONNER ET CONCLUSIONS . 319 X. 1. Pourquoi (pas) une mythanalyse de l’image ?. 322 X. 2. Le bricol(im)age de Reverdy. 327 X. 3. Le mythe et l’image. 337 X. 4. Conclusion finale. 344 PLANCHES D’ILLUSTRATIONS . 350 BIBLIOGRAPHIE . 370 xi TABLE DES FIGURES ETANNEXES Page 1.
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