DOCSLIB.ORG

Perspectives on the Americanisation of Australian English

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Perspectives on the Americanisation of Australian English Department of Modern Languages Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki PERSPECTIVES ON THE AMERICANISATION OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF VARIATION Minna Korhonen ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in lecture room 4, Metsätalo, on the 27th of July, 2017 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2017 ©Minna Korhonen ISBN 978-951513559-9 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951513560-5 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a mi-ed methods st.dy of the alleged 0mericanisation of 0.stralian 2nglish as it is percei3ed by the speakers and e3inced in their language .se. The st.dy is based on sociolinguistic interview material collected by the a.thor in the small co.ntry town of Blayney in New So.th 5ales, with participants from three age gro.ps (adolescent, middle-aged and older speakers). 0s cross-generational st.dies of this kind ha3e th.s far been relati3ely scarce, this thesis makes an important contribution in the field of empirical sociolinguistic st.dy of present-day 0.stralian 2nglish. 0longside speaker perceptions of the alleged 0merican infl.ence, this apparent time st.dy in3estigates the 3ariable pron.nciations of a set of le-emes by the interview participants together with morphosyntactic feat.res (s.bject-3erb agreement with there-e-istentials and stati3e possessi3e have (got)) and disco.rse 8.otati3es. This thesis addresses the following three 8.estions9 1) o people think there is 0merican 2nglish infl.ence in 0.stralian 2nglish:, 2) 0re 0merican 2nglish style .sages becoming more common: and 3) o the different feat.res present different res.lts: In interpreting the findings, speaker age and se- are considered thro.gho.t as the central factors conditioning the observed 3ariation. In addition, the effect of selected linguistic constraints is also e-amined. The findings of the percept.al part of the st.dy confirm that the speakers of all ages feel that 0.stralian 2nglish is being infl.enced by 0merican 2nglish. 5hile the interview participants across generations confirm the e-istence of s.ch infl.ence, different language feat.res are regarded as comprising 0mericanisms by different age gro.ps. Th.s, while the yo.ng speakers mainly see 3ocabulary as being 0mericanised, the older interviewees are more inclined to also incl.de e-amples of spelling and pron.nciation in their acco.nts. In terms of their act.al language .se, the in3estigation of the speakers’ pron.nciation re3eals that while some of the words are indeed increasingly prono.nced in the percei3ed 0merican style, others show hardly any 3ariation across generations. The distributional analysis of the morphosyntactic feat.res and disco.rse 8.otati3es, on the other hand, shows generational patterning across all the 3ariables. The findings provide s.pport for the ass.mption that the yo.nger speakers are more likely to .se the more 0merican style 3ariants. 0ltho.gh these changes in the .sage patterns cannot be attributed directly to 0merican infl.ence, the possibility of them being percei3ed as s.ch by the speakers may strengthen their 3iews of 0mericanisation. By taking into consideration both speakers’ perceptions and their language .se the findings presented in this thesis offer significant insights into the alleged 0merican 2nglish infl.ence in the 0.stralian 2nglish conte-t. PREFACE This dissertation wo.ld ha3e ne3er been written witho.t the help and enco.ragement of colleagues, interview participants, friends and family. It is my great pleas.re to e-press my gratit.de to all those who ha3e made the completion of this project possible. First and foremost, I wish to thank my s.pervisors. My heartfelt thanks are d.e to Professor Tertt. Ne3alainen, who welcomed me to the Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English (V0RIENG) and has guided me in so many ways in the world of academia. I also wish to thank Professor Markk. Filpp.la, who enco.raged me especially when I took my first steps as a researcher. Thank yo. both for yo.r patience and enco.ragement over the years. My 0.stralian s.pervisor, Professor 2merita Pam Peters, I thank yo. for yo.r insightf.l comments on my work, and also for all those letters of in3itation to be incl.ded in my 0.stralian 3isa applications. Thank yo.? I wish to thank my preliminary e-aminers, Professor Kate B.rridge and Professor Miriam Meyerhoff, for their enco.raging feedback and helpf.l s.ggestions for improvement. 0ll remaining errors are nat.rally my own. I am gratef.l to the members of V0RI2NG for creating s.ch an inspiring research en3ironment. Thank yo. r. T.ro Hilt.nen, r. Marianna Hintikka, r. Leena Kahlas-Tarkka, r. Matti KilpiA, Professor Mikko Laitinen, r. 0n. Lehto, r. Ville Marttila, r. 0nneli Me.rman-Solin, Professor Martti MBkinen, r. Minna Ne3ala, r. 0rja N.rmi, Professor Päi3i Pahta, Professor Minna PalanderCollin, r. Ma.ra Ratia, Professor 2merit.s Matti Rissanen, r. 0nni Sairio, r. Mai7a Sten3all, r. Carla S.hr, Professor 2merita Irma Taa3itsainen, Professor Olga Timofee3a, r. Heli Tissari, Professor E.kka TyrkkA, r. T.ro Vartiainen, Mr. Mikko Hakala, Ms. Kanerva Heikkinen, Mr. Teo E.3onen, Mr. Sam.li Kaislaniemi, Mr. Eoe McVeigh and Ms. Fs.Gsanna RenkH-MichelsIn. Thanks are also d.e to my office mates in Helsinki and Sydney with whom I ha3e had the pri3ilege of sharing my work space9 r. Haidee Kruger, r. Rod McConchie (with whom we formed the J0.stralian section” of V0RIENG), r. Kirsti Peitsara, r. Eaana S.3iniitty, r. Tan7a SBily, r. 0nna-Liisa Vasko, r. eanna 5ong, Ms. Lasmin F.nk and Ms. 2lina Sorva. Thank yo. for the many disc.ssions we shared. Two of my postgrad.ate colleagues deserve a special mention9 r. Tiina RBisBnen and r. Pa.la Ra.tionaho. Thank yo. both for setting an e-cellent e-ample and for yo.r constant enco.ragement. Towards the end of writing this dissertation I had the pri3ilege to disc.ss and recei3e feedback on my work from two specialists in 0.stralian 2nglish9 r. Cara Penry 5illiams and r. Celeste RodrMgueG Lo.ro. I thank yo. for yo.r insightf.l comments and patience in answering my n.mero.s 8.estions. I wo.ld also like to thank Professor 2merit.s Peter Collins, r. Loy Lising, r. 0dam Smith and Professor Brian Taylor with whom I ha3e been fort.nate to disc.ss many aspects of 0.stralian 2nglish and related fields over the years. I ha3e recei3ed f.nding both for research and conference tra3el from m.ltiple so.rces d.ring the years and th.s wish to thank the following f.nding bodies9 V0RIENG, The Uni3ersity of Helsinki, The Chancellor of the Uni3ersity of Helsinki, Langnet grad.ate school, Finnish C.lt.ral Fo.ndation and 0.stralian Government’s 2ndea3o.r Scholarships and Fellowships. I ha3e also had a strong affiliation with the epartment of Linguistics at Mac8.arie Uni3ersity since I first started my fieldwork in 0.stralia. I especially acknowledge their generosity for providing me with a work space in 2014O 2017. oing a sociolinguistic st.dy in3ol3ing interview participants means there are also many people to thank o.tside of academia. First, I wish to thank the Rotary Cl.b of Blayney for ha3ing me as an e-change st.dent all those years ago and welcoming me to Blayney over and over again since then. Ian and 2liGabeth Tooke and S.e Townsend and her e-tended family O thank yo. for providing me with a roof over my head and helping me in so many ways d.ring my fieldwork trips. 0nd most importantly of all, my heartfelt thanks are d.e to my interview participants. For obvio.s reasons, I cannot list yo.r names here but yo. know who yo. are. 5itho.t yo. this st.dy wo.ld simply not e-ist. Thanks are also d.e to my friends and family. Kirsi Peruski3i, thank yo. for being my friend all these years and the f.n times we ha3e had (often in3ol3ing tea and pancakes?). I also wish to thank my in-laws, 0n7a and Kari, and their entire family for s.pport. I 7.st wish that Kari, who ne3er failed to ask me how my doctoral st.dies were going, wo.ld ha3e li3ed to see this day when I co.ld ha3e told him that I ha3e now finished them. My m.m and dad, Hilkka and Raimo, deserve a special thank yo. for their constant enco.ragement, s.pport and .nderstanding – and for trusting me to tra3el to the other side of the globe to find my own place in this world. Thank yo. both? I 7.st wish my dad, whom we lost so early, co.ld see me now. T..kka, my so.lmate, I wish to thank yo. for s.pporting me in so many ways d.ring this dissertation project. It was yo.r gentle pers.asion and yo.r willingness to spend all that 8.ality time with the kids that kept me going and made the completion of this thesis possible. 5itho.t yo. I wo.ld ne3er ha3e made it this far. Last but not least, Tiit.s, Isla and Noel who ha3e ta.ght me more than anyone or anything before9 I thank yo. for simply being there and taking my mind off work. 0nd for yo.r eagerness to hop on yo.r bikes and bring me more coffee d.ring my long Sat.rdays and S.ndays at the .ni3ersity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Historical Study of the Influences of European Immigration on the Formation of American English
    ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 2410-2414, November 2014 © 2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.4.11.2410-2414 A Historical Study of the Influences of European Immigration on the Formation of American English Chunming Gao School of Foreign Languages, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China Lili Sun School of Foreign Languages, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China Abstract—The paper studies the formation of American English under the influence of European immigration from a historical perspective. A literature review is presented first with many important early researches on American English, the history of American English, and American immigration. Then a general survey of American English is put forward, including how American English is defined, what the typical features are, how American English is formed and developed. The focus of the paper is the influences of European immigration on the formation of American English, in which the influences of Spanish, French, Dutch and German immigration are illustrated respectively. Index Terms—American English, European immigration, historical perspective I. INTRODUCTION Language is an important carrier of a country’s national culture and is also inevitably affected by the culture. With the development of the world, the global pattern changes quickly and American culture is affecting the world in various forms. It gains great academic and practical significance to study the formation and development of American English under the influence of American immigration culture, which helps understand the history of American English, American culture and American values.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars
    1 Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars Most of us have had the experience of sitting in a public place and eavesdropping on conversations taking place around the United States. We pretend to be preoccupied, but we can’t seem to help listening. And we form impressions of speakers based not only on the topic of conversation, but on how people are discussing it. In fact, there’s a good chance that the most critical part of our impression comes from how people talk rather than what they are talking about. We judge people’s regional background, social stat us, ethnicity, and a host of other social and personal traits based simply on the kind of language they are using. We may have similar kinds of reactions in telephone conversations, as we try to associate a set of characteristics with an unidentified speaker in order to make claims such as, “It sounds like a salesperson of some type” or “It sounds like the auto mechanic.” In fact, it is surprising how little conversation it takes to draw conclusions about a speaker’s background – a sentence, a phrase, or even a word is often enough to trigger a regional, social, or ethnic classification. Video: What an accent does Assessments of a complex set of social characteristics and personality traits based on language differences are as inevitable as the kinds of judgments we make when we find out where people live, what their occupations are, where they went to school, and who their friends are. Language differences, in fact, may serve as the single most reliable indicator of social position in our society.
    [Show full text]
  • Not Taking Yourself Too Seriously in Australian English: Semantic Explications, Cultural Scripts, Corpus Evidence
    Not taking yourself too seriously in Australian English: Semantic explications, cultural scripts, corpus evidence Author Goddard, Cliff Published 2009 Journal Title Intercultural Pragmatics Version Version of Record (VoR) DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/IPRG.2009.002 Copyright Statement © 2009 Walter de Gruyter & Co. KG Publishers. The attached file is reproduced here in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/44428 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Not taking yourself too seriously in Australian English: Semantic explications, cultural scripts, corpus evidence CLIFF GODDARD Abstract In the mainstream speech culture of Australia (as in the UK, though per- haps more so in Australia), taking yourself too seriously is culturally proscribed. This study applies the techniques of Natural Semantic Meta- language (NSM) semantics and ethnopragmatics (Goddard 2006b, 2008; Wierzbicka 1996, 2003, 2006a) to this aspect of Australian English speech culture. It first develops a semantic explication for the language-specific ex- pression taking yourself too seriously, thus helping to give access to an ‘‘in- sider perspective’’ on the practice. Next, it seeks to identify some of the broader communicative norms and social attitudes that are involved, using the method of cultural scripts (Goddard and Wierzbicka 2004). Finally, it investigates the extent to which predictions generated from the analysis can be supported or disconfirmed by contrastive analysis of Australian English corpora as against other English corpora, and by the use of the Google search engine to explore di¤erent subdomains of the World Wide Web.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideology of American English As Standard English in Taiwan
    Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume.7 Number.4 December, 2016 Pp. 80 - 96 The Ideology of American English as Standard English in Taiwan Jackie Chang English Department, National Pingtung University Pingtung City, Taiwan Abstract English language teaching and learning in Taiwan usually refers to American English teaching and learning. Taiwan views American English as Standard English. This is a strictly perceptual and ideological issue, as attested in the language school promotional materials that comprise the research data. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was employed to analyze data drawn from language school promotional materials. The results indicate that American English as Standard English (AESE) ideology is prevalent in Taiwan. American English is viewed as correct, superior and the proper English language version for Taiwanese people to compete globally. As a result, Taiwanese English language learners regard native English speakers with an American accent as having the greatest prestige and as model teachers deserving emulation. This ideology has resulted in racial and linguistic inequalities in contemporary Taiwanese society. AESE gives Taiwanese learners a restricted knowledge of English and its underlying culture. It is apparent that many Taiwanese people need tore-examine their taken-for-granted beliefs about AESE. Keywords: American English as Standard English (AESE),Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), ideology, inequalities 80 Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Vol.7. No. 4 December 2016 The Ideology of American English as Standard English in Taiwan Chang Introduction It is an undeniable fact that English has become the global lingua franca. However, as far as English teaching and learning are concerned, there is a prevailing belief that the world should be learning not just any English variety but rather what is termed Standard English.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of English and American Studies English Language And
    Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Jana Krejčířová Australian English Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: PhDr. Kateřina Tomková, Ph. D. 2016 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor PhDr. Kateřina Tomková, Ph.D. for her patience and valuable advice. I would also like to thank my partner Martin Burian and my family for their support and understanding. Table of Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7 1. AUSTRALIA AND ITS HISTORY ................................................................. 10 1.1. Australia before the arrival of the British .................................................... 11 1.1.1. Aboriginal people .............................................................................. 11 1.1.2. First explorers .................................................................................... 14 1.2. Arrival of the British .................................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Convicts ............................................................................................. 15 1.3. Australia in the
    [Show full text]
  • Imagereal Capture
    1980] Case Notes 229 CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING CO. AND OTHERS v. SOUTH AUSTRALIAl Constitutionallaw-ApplicabilityofImperial law in Australia-Whether Merchant Shipping Act 1894-1900 (U.K.) extends to South Australia­ Whether U.K. Act applies to the Crown of its own force or by virtue of Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) - Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (U.K.) ­ Merchant Shipping (Liability 0/ Shipowners and Others) Act 1900 (U.K.) -Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) Proceedings before the High Court comprised a stated case removed from the Supreme Court of South Australia in the course of litigation arising from the collision of a ship with port facilities in South Australia which were the property of the Crown. The Minister of Marine of South Australia brought actions in the Supreme Court claiming damages under the Harbors Acts 1936-1974 (S.A.) against the owner of the ship, China Ocean Shipping Co., its "agent" in Australia, Patrick Operations Pty Ltd, and its master; the defendants thereupon commenced an action in the Supreme Court seeking declarations under section 504 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894-1900 (U.K.) that their liability for damages was, by virtue of section 503 of the Act, limited to an amount of £8 stg. per ton of the registered tonnage of the ship. The parties agreed to state a special case to resolve three questions of law: 1. Did section 504 of the Merchant Shipping Act entitle the plaintiffs or any of them to make an application relating to alleged liability in respect of damage to property on-shore (disregarding the owner­ ship of the property for the purposes of this question)? 2.
    [Show full text]
  • English in Australia and New Zealand
    English in Australia and New Zealand James Dixon, Narrative of a Voyage to New South Wales and Van Dieman’s Land in the Ship Skelton During the Year 1820 (1822) The children born in these colonies, and now grown up, speak a better language, purer, more harmonious, than is generally the case in most parts of England. The amalgamation of such various dialects assembled together, seems to improve the mode of articulating the words. Valerie Desmond, The Awful Australian (1911) But it is not so much the vagaries of pronunciation that hurt the ear of the visitor. It is the extraordinary intonation that the Australian imparts to his phrases. There is no such thing as cultured, reposeful conversation in this land; everybody sings his remarks as if he were reciting blank verse after the manner of an imperfect elocutionist. It would be quite possible to take an ordinary Australian conversation and immortalise its cadences and diapasons by means of musical notation. Herein the Australian differs from the American. The accent of the American, educated and uneducated alike, is abhorrent to the cultured Englishman or Englishwoman, but it is, at any rate, harmonious. That of the Australian is full of discords and surprises. His voice rises and falls with unexpected syncopations, and, even among the few cultured persons this country possesses, seems to bear in every syllable the sign of the parvenu. Walter Churchill (of the American Philological Society) The common speech of the commonwealth of Australia represents the most brutal maltreatment which has ever been inflicted upon the mother tongue of the English-speaking nations.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand English
    New Zealand English Štajner, Renata Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2011 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:005306 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-26 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Preddiplomski studij Engleskog jezika i književnosti i Njemačkog jezika i književnosti Renata Štajner New Zealand English Završni rad Prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2011 0 Summary ....................................................................................................................................2 Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1. History and Origin of New Zealand English…………………………………………..5 2. New Zealand English vs. British and American English ………………………….….6 3. New Zealand English vs. Australian English………………………………………….8 4. Distinctive Pronunciation………………………………………………………………9 5. Morphology and Grammar……………………………………………………………11 6. Maori influence……………………………………………………………………….12 6.1.The Maori language……………………………………………………………...12 6.2.Maori Influence on the New Zealand English………………………….………..13 6.3.The
    [Show full text]
  • English in South Africa: Effective Communication and the Policy Debate
    ENGLISH IN SOUTH AFRICA: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND THE POLICY DEBATE INAUGURAL LECTURE DELIVERED AT RHODES UNIVERSITY on 19 May 1993 by L.S. WRIGHT BA (Hons) (Rhodes), MA (Warwick), DPhil (Oxon) Director Institute for the Study of English in Africa GRAHAMSTOWN RHODES UNIVERSITY 1993 ENGLISH IN SOUTH AFRICA: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND THE POLICY DEBATE INAUGURAL LECTURE DELIVERED AT RHODES UNIVERSITY on 19 May 1993 by L.S. WRIGHT BA (Hons) (Rhodes), MA (Warwick), DPhil (Oxon) Director Institute for the Study of English in Africa GRAHAMSTOWN RHODES UNIVERSITY 1993 First published in 1993 by Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa ©PROF LS WRIGHT -1993 Laurence Wright English in South Africa: Effective Communication and the Policy Debate ISBN: 0-620-03155-7 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Mr Vice Chancellor, my former teachers, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen: It is a special privilege to be asked to give an inaugural lecture before the University in which my undergraduate days were spent and which holds, as a result, a special place in my affections. At his own "Inaugural Address at Edinburgh" in 1866, Thomas Carlyle observed that "the true University of our days is a Collection of Books".1 This definition - beloved of university library committees worldwide - retains a certain validity even in these days of microfiche and e-mail, but it has never been remotely adequate. John Henry Newman supplied the counterpoise: . no book can convey the special spirit and delicate peculiarities of its subject with that rapidity and certainty which attend on the sympathy of mind with mind, through the eyes, the look, the accent and the manner.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of British Migration to Western Australia in the 1960S, with Special Emphasis on Those Who Travelled on the SS Castel Felice
    University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2007 From Dream to Reality: A study of British migration to Western Australia in the 1960s, with special emphasis on those who travelled on the SS Castel Felice Hilda June Caunt University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The am terial in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Caunt, H. J. (2007). From Dream to Reality: A study of British migration to Western Australia in the 1960s, with special emphasis on those who travelled on the SS Castel Felice (Master of Arts (MA)). University of Notre Dame Australia. http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/34 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chapter Five ‘‘‘It‘It was even better than they advertisedadvertised’’’’ Settling in to life in Western Australia In such promotional material distributed in Britain as ‘Australia invites you’, prospective migrants were promised a ‘British way of life’ in Australia, social security, a healthy lifestyle, and, indeed a better standard of living ‘among the highest in the world’.1 Immigration propaganda was certainly persuasive; so much so that Knightley suggests the Australian government offered bribes to the British immigrants.2 But the promise of a better life looked for many, on arrival, to be unattainable.
    [Show full text]
  • Sounding Southern: Identities Expressed Through Language1
    FEATURED ARTICLE Sounding Southern: Identities Expressed Through Language1 Irina Shport and Wendy Herd 2 “Where are you from?” is the question one often hears in innovations necessary to understand them, and the inter- the United States. Many English speakers from the South- play of sociolinguistic variables in identity expression ern United States can hardly avoid this question (similar through language. Elements typical to Southern speech to speakers of English as a second language) unless they are used selectively and creatively by individual Southern become bidialectal and learn to switch between a Southern speakers rather than as a stereotypical bundle that some accent and a more mainstream, Standard American accent, are accustomed to see in descriptions of Southern speech. as many Southerners nowadays do (to compare South- ern and Standard pronunciation of a bidialectal speaker, The Stabilized Representation of listen to Multimedia1 at acousticstoday.org/shportmm). Southern United States English Southern US English stands out among North American Comprehensive overviews and synthesis of acoustic English dialects as being talked about and stigmatized the research on Southern US English can be found in works most, similar to English spoken in New York City (Pres- such as the Atlas of North American English (ANAE; Labov ton, 1988). It is often portrayed in the media and public as et al., 2006) and the special issue on Southern US English having a Southern drawl, twang, nasal, or sing-song qual- of The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Shport ity to it. These labels serve to stereotype Southern speech and Herd, 2020; Thomas, 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • GST As a Secure Source of Revenue for the States and Territories
    eJournal of Tax Research vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 27-44 GST as a secure source of revenue for the States and Territories Greg Smith Abstract Goods and services tax (GST) revenues collected by the Commonwealth Government in Australia are provided in full as untied revenue grants to the State and Territory governments. The hypothecation of GST revenues in this way provides a reasonably secure foundation for federal financial relations in Australia. However, Australia’s federation has been marked by continuing change in the vertical sharing of government functions, costs and revenues, and State fiscal security is potentially vulnerable in these changing circumstances. The advantages and disadvantages of the GST revenue arrangements have themselves changed over time since the GST was introduced in 2000, with implications both for the GST as a tax and for the evolution of the Australian federation. This article discusses these developments and some possible future directions. Key words: Federal Financial Relations, GST, fiscal equalisation, revenue sharing. Former Chairman, Commonwealth Grants Commission; the views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commonwealth Grants Commission or any other entity. 27 eJournal of Tax Research GST as a secure source of revenue for the States and Territories 1. INTRODUCTION The introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in Australia on 1 July 2000 combined a substantial tax reform with a more modest reform of federal financial relations.
    [Show full text]