Activism and Participation Among People of Migrant Background: Discourses and Practices of Inclusiveness in Four Italian Cities

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Activism and Participation Among People of Migrant Background: Discourses and Practices of Inclusiveness in Four Italian Cities Université de Montréal Activism and Participation Among People of Migrant Background: Discourses and Practices of Inclusiveness in Four Italian Cities Par Maria Teresa Cappiali Département de science politique Faculté des arts et des sciences Juillet 2015 Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de PhD en science politique © M. Teresa Cappiali Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée: Activism and Participation Among People of Migrant Background: Discourses and Practices of Inclusiveness in Four Italian Cities Présentée par : Maria Teresa Cappiali a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Dominique Caouette, président-rapporteur Jane Jenson, directrice de recherche Pascale Dufour, co-directrice de recherche Martin Papillon, membre du jury Marco Martiniello (Université de Liège), examinateur externe Deirdre Meintel, représentante du doyen de la Faculté i Abstract As interest in the processes of integration of immigrants and ethnic minorities grows among European scholars, the role of multiple actors in shaping civic and political participation by people of migrant background needs to be further examined. Building on the literature on migration, this study addresses the following research question: What accounts for differences in forms of civic and political participation by activists of migrant background at the local level? In order to answer this question, I have mapped the forms of participation by activists of migrant background in four Italian cities, and examined the discourses and practices of multiple actors involved in the sphere of immigration under an increasingly hostile national environment. To understand differences in participation, I argue that it is important to go beyond an exclusive consideration of the state and institutional actors, to look at both institutional and non-institutional actors, and to examine how, through their interaction, they shape opportunities and constraints for participation. This work investigate both conventional and non-conventional channels in four Italian cities and considers immigrant activists as relevant political actors, who are able to mobilize and shape participation through their interaction and alliances with the organizations of the receiving society. This research presents three main findings. The first is that approaches to integration adopted by local actors matter. This study identified three main approaches to integration: 1) assistance, based on the idea that immigrants are in need and thus focuses on the promotion of delivery of services and advocacy; 2) intercultural, founded on the idea that immigrants are would-be citizens and that integration is reciprocal; and 3) political rights promotion, which focuses on the idea that immigrants are entitled to basic political rights, and thus encourages the opening of channels of participation to immigrants who are denied local voting rights. The empirical analysis shows that while the assistance approach does not encourage participation because it conceives immigrants as passive subjects, the other two approaches encourage civic and political participation respectively. Second, this study demonstrates that left-wing actors matter. It shows that the actors who contribute to opening channels for participation are not only moderate and institutional left-wing actors, such as local authorities, main political parties, and trade unions, but also radical and non- institutional left-wing organizations. Left-wing actors interpret and act differently with respect to immigration and participation and this affects how immigrant activists mobilize. Third, this study underlines the role of perception of the opportunities for participation and shows how activists of migrant background appropriate the discourses and practices of left-wing actors. It documents how immigrant activists respond to the opportunities offered by other actors and how they contribute to the opening of channels for participation by creating alliances with the left-wing organizations and by challenging the discourses and practices of local actors. Key words: Immigrants’ civic and political participation; Local configurations of power; Institutional and non-institutional actors; Conventional and non-conventional channels; Approaches to integration; Alliances with left-wing actors; Bottom-up approaches; Italy. ii Résumé Alors que l’intérêt pour les processus d’intégration des immigrants et des minorités ethniques est en pleine croissance parmi les chercheurs européens, les facteurs qui expliquent les différentes formes de participation civique et politique doivent être examinés plus en profondeur. Prenant pour base la littérature sur l’immigration, cette étude examine la question de recherche suivante: Comment peut-on expliquer les variations des formes de participation civique et politique des activistes issus de l’immigration au niveau local? Afin de répondre à cette question, cette étude identifie les formes de participation de la part d’activistes issus de l’immigration dans quatre villes Italiennes et examine les discours et les pratiques de multiples acteurs impliqués dans le domaine de l’immigration dans un contexte national d’hostilité croissante. Cette thèse soutient que pour comprendre différentes formes de participation, il est important de considérer non seulement l’État et les acteurs institutionnels, mais aussi les acteurs non-institutionnels et examiner comment ces derniers influencent les opportunités ainsi que les restrictions à la participation. Par ailleurs, cette recherche examine les canaux conventionnels et non-conventionnels dans quatre villes italiennes et étudie les activistes issus de l’immigration comme des acteurs politiques pertinents, capables de se mobiliser et d’influencer la participation à travers leur interaction et alliances avec les acteurs de la société d’accueil. Cette recherche a permis de produire trois résultats. Le premier montre que les approches d’intégration adoptées par les acteurs sont importantes. Cette étude a identifié trois approches d’intégration: 1) « welfariste », basée sur l’idée que les immigrants sont dans le besoin et doivent donc recevoir des services; 2) interculturelle, basée sur l’idée que les immigrants sont de futurs citoyens et que l’intégration est réciproque; 3) promotion des droits politiques, basée sur l’idée que les immigrants ont des droits politiques fondamentaux ; et qui encourage l’ouverture des canaux de participation politique, surtout aux immigrants privés du droit de vote local. L’analyse empirique démontre que, alors que l’approche welfariste n’encourage pas la participation parce qu’elle conçoit les immigrants comme des acteurs passifs, les autres deux approches ont respectivement un impact sur les formes de participation civique et politique. La deuxième conclusion souligne le rôle des acteurs de gauche. En particulier, cette étude montre que les acteurs qui ouvrent de canaux pour la participation ne sont pas uniquement les acteurs de gauche modérée, comme les autorités locales, les partis politiques et les syndicats, mais aussi les groupes de gauche radicale et non-institutionnelle. Chaque acteur de gauche comprend et agit différemment par rapport aux sujets de l’immigration et de la participation et ce fait influence comment les activistes issues de l’immigration se mobilisent. La troisième conclusion met en évidence le rôle de la perception des opportunités par les activistes issus de l’immigration et la façon avec laquelle ils s’approprient les discours et les pratiques des acteurs de gauche. Ce travail démontre que l’ouverture de canaux est possible grâce à l’engagement de personnes issues de l’immigration qui agissent à travers les opportunités qui leurs sont offertes, créent des alliances avec la gauche et défient les discours et pratiques des acteurs locaux. Mots-clés: Participation civique et politique de personnes issues de l’immigration ; Configurations de pouvoir locales ; Acteurs institutionnels and non-institutionnels ; Canaux conventionnels et non-conventionnels ; Approches d’intégration ; Alliances avec la gauche ; Approches par le bas ; Italie. iii Table of Contents Map of Italy ix List of Tables x Acronyms xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction…………..……………………………………..….……………1 PART ONE: Theory, context and methodology Chapter 1. Beyond an Institutional Approach: Studying Agency and Participation Through the Local Realm of Immigration…………….….16 1.1. Strengths and limitations of the institutional approach and the role of the state in participation…………….…………………………………………….……………...17 1.2. Expanding the political arena: multiple actors and the concept of space…………………….…………………………..……………….……….…..…...20 1.3. The literature on integration and the role of approaches to integration in participation……………………………………………………………………………....22 1.3.1. Approaches to integration by multiple actors and participation……..…24 1.4.The “local turn” in immigration study……………………..…………….……........26 1.4.1. The literature on Italian localities…………...……..……..….……..……..28 1.5. Studying civic and political participation as a continuum……………………..…33 1.5.1.Literature on civic participation…………..…...……………….………...…34 1.5.2. Literature on political participation………………….……..……………...36 1.5.3. The literature on citizenship from below…………………………….…….38 Chapter 2. The Hostile National Context: Italy’s Exclusionary System, Multiple Actors and the Realm of Immigration.………….…….……..…42 2.1. Main characteristics
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