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Physiological and Pathological Responses to Hypoxia and High Altitude PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA AND HIGH ALTITUDE EDITED BY : Rodrigo Iturriaga, Rodrigo Del Rio and Jean-Paul R-Richalet PUBLISHED IN : Frontiers in Physiology Frontiers eBook Copyright Statement About Frontiers The copyright in the text of individual articles in this eBook is the Frontiers is more than just an open-access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a property of their respective authors or their respective institutions or pioneering approach to the world of academia, radically improving the way scholarly funders. The copyright in graphics research is managed. The grand vision of Frontiers is a world where all people have and images within each article may be subject to copyright of other an equal opportunity to seek, share and generate knowledge. Frontiers provides parties. 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All copyright, and all rights therein, What are Frontiers Research Topics? are protected by national and Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals international copyright laws. The above represents a summary only. Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. For further information please read With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Frontiers’ Conditions for Website Use and Copyright Statement, and Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest the applicable CC-BY licence. key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how ISSN 1664-8714 to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by ISBN 978-2-88963-800-0 DOI 10.3389/978-2-88963-800-0 contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: [email protected] Frontiers in Physiology 1 June 2020 | Physiological and Pathological Responses to Hypoxia PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA AND HIGH ALTITUDE Topic Editors: Rodrigo Iturriaga, Pontificia Universidad Católica de chile, Chile Rodrigo Del Rio, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Chile Jean-Paul R-Richalet, Université Paris 13, France The appearance of photosynthetic organisms about 3 billion years ago increased the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the atmosphere and enabled the evolution of organisms that use glucose and oxygen to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Hypoxia is commonly defined as the reduced availability of oxygen in the tissues produced by different causes, which include reduction of atmospheric PO2 as in high altitude, and secondary to pathological conditions such as sleep breathing and pulmonary disorders, anemia, and cardiovascular alterations leading to inadequate transport, delivery, and exchange of oxygen between capillaries and cells. Nowadays, it has been shown that hypoxia plays an important role in the genesis of several human pathologies including cardiovascular, renal, myocardial and cerebral diseases in fetal, young and adult life. Several mechanisms have evolved to maintain oxygen homeostasis. Certainly, all cells respond and adapt to hypoxia, but only a few of them can detect hypoxia and initiate a cascade of signals intended to produce a functional systemic response. In mammals, oxygen detection mechanisms have been extensively studied in erythropoietin-producing cells, chromaffin cells, bulbar and cortical neurons, pulmonary neuroepithelial cells, smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries, and chemoreceptor cells. While the precise mechanism underpinning oxygen, sensing is not completely known several molecular entities have been proposed as possible oxygen sensors (i.e. Hem proteins, ion channels, NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase). Remarkably, cellular adaptation to hypoxia is mediated by the master oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which can induce up-regulation of different genes to cope the cellular effects related to a decrease in oxygen levels. Short-term responses to hypoxia included mainly chemoreceptor-mediated reflex ventilatory and hemodynamic adaptations to manage the low oxygen concentration while more prolonged exposures to hypoxia can elicit more sustained physiological responses including switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, vascularization, and enhancement of blood O2 carrying capacity. The focus of this research topic is to provide an up-to-date vision on the current knowledge on oxygen sensing mechanism, physiological responses to acute or chronic hypoxia and cellular/tissue/organ adaptations to hypoxic environment. Citation: Iturriaga, R., Rio, R. D., R-Richalet, J.-P., eds. (2020). Physiological and Pathological Responses to Hypoxia and High Altitude. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88963-800-0 Frontiers in Physiology 2 June 2020 | Physiological and Pathological Responses to Hypoxia Table of Contents 07 Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia Modulates Primary Cilia Differently in Adult and Fetal Ovine Kidneys Kiumars Shamloo, Juan Chen, Jasmine Sardar, Rinzhin T. Sherpa, Rajasekharreddy Pala, Kimberly F. Atkinson, William J. Pearce, Lubo Zhang and Surya M. Nauli 18 Hematological Risk Factors for High-Altitude Headache in Chinese Men Following Acute Exposure at 3,700 m He Huang, Bao Liu, Gang Wu, Gang Xu, Bing-Da Sun and Yu-Qi Gao 26 MiR-29a Suppresses Spermatogenic Cell Apoptosis in Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Targeting TRPV4 Channels Jin-zhuo Ning, Wei Li, Fan Cheng, Wei-min Yu, Ting Rao, Yuan Ruan, Run Yuan, Xiao-bin Zhang, Dong Zhuo, Yang Du and Cheng-cheng Xiao 36 The Influence of CO2 and Exercise on Hypobaric Hypoxia Induced Pulmonary Edema in Rats Ryan L. Sheppard, Joshua M. Swift, Aaron Hall and Richard T. Mahon 44 Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Pathway is Not Only Dominant in Metabolic Modulation but Associated With Phenotypic Variation After Acute Hypoxia Exposure Chang Liu, Bao Liu, Lu Liu, Er-Long Zhang, Bind-da Sun, Gang Xu, Jian Chen and Yu-qi Gao 56 Sensory Processing and Integration at the Carotid Body Tripartite Synapse: Neurotransmitter Functions and Effects of Chronic Hypoxia Erin M. Leonard, Shaima Salman and Colin A. Nurse 70 Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphorylation and Lactate Accumulation During Sprint Exercise in Normoxia and Severe Acute Hypoxia: Effects of Antioxidants David Morales-Alamo, Borja Guerra, Alfredo Santana, Marcos Martin-Rincon, Miriam Gelabert-Rebato, Cecilia Dorado and José A. L. Calbet 83 Long-Term Intermittent Work at High Altitude: Right Heart Functional and Morphological Status and Associated Cardiometabolic Factors Julio Brito, Patricia Siques, Rosario López, Raul Romero, Fabiola León-Velarde, Karen Flores, Nicole Lüneburg, Juliane Hannemann and Rainer H. Böger 96 The Effect of Oxygen Enrichment on Cardiorespiratory and Neuropsychological Responses in Workers With Chronic Intermittent Exposure to High Altitude (ALMA, 5,050 m) Fernando A. Moraga, Iván López, Alicia Morales, Daniel Soza and Jessica Noack 104 Leptin Signaling
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