214 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月

Notes Notes Hideaki Hideaki OHBA: Notes on Tibetan Medication and Its Regional Interactions チベットの薬物誌ならびにチベット医薬への他地域からの影響(大場秀章)

A disease is one of the greatest problems diseases are nearly the same beyond regions ， of of us until now. Ancient time when peoples however the medications are regionally diι were were ignorant the causes and pathogens they ferent because of the regional differences of might might panic at incurable disease. To cure any the medical materials. The differences in re- diseases diseases we must know about the causes ， gional Materia medica re f1 ect the difference however however it was impossible to detect because of regional f1 0ras which are formed under of of the lack of microscope or the know ledge different environments and climates. on anatomy ，physiology ，physiopathology ， To make clear the interactions of regional and and others. In such circumstances people be- medications a comparison between medici- lieved lieved that divinities might cause diseases. nal plants described in regional materia In In ancient time medications are the only medicae will be significan t. 1 will examine a practice practice for diseases ， and the most of materi- significant Tibetan medical illustration ， the als als used for medications were collected from Blue Beryl by Sanggye Gyamtso in the 17th wild wild plants. Knowledge on wild plants is es- ， and the possibility of the in f1 uence sential sential for herbalists who are persons taking from other region. a part collecting necessary plants and medi- cations. cations. Herbalists accumulated the knowl- History of Tibetan medicine and its edge edge on wild plants and their effective Materia medica-Tibetan medicine contin- 位eatment for special diseases. A textbook ues to be practiced throughout the vast do- concerned concerned medicinal materials and medica- main of Tibetan culture which stretches from tions tions used was their desk-side boo k. At pre- Ladakh in the West Himalaya eastward to sent sent we this call Materia medica of which Sichuan and Gansu through Tibet ，Nepal ， name comes from De Materia Medicd by Bhutan and Yunnan (Meyer 1992). Pliny' Pliny' s contemporary man ， Pedianos Dio- Fundamentally Tibetan culture was derived skurides skurides (Dioscorides). from that of Buddhism (Snellgrove and The original text disappeared ， but its mag- Richardson 1986). Actually medication is es- nificent nificent illustrated copy made in early 6th sential practice in Buddhism. century century presumably in Constantinople has In early Buddhism ， the therapy was aimed survived. survived. This is called the Codex essentially at the mind and the monastic dis- Vindobonensis Vindobonensis of Dioscorides (Blunt and cipline imposed numerous restrictions to the Raphael Raphael 1979). Over 10 European administering of medicines or healing herbalists herbalists placed this as the bases of medica- charms outside the community. However ， tions ， and published new Materia medica the milieu of the Buddhist renunciates was which which were something renewal versions of more beneficial to the early development of Dioscorides' Dioscorides' Materia Medic α. medicine in India than that of orthodox In In ancient times there were many regional Brahmanism ， which was limited by the re- medical medical systems and medications throughout straints of ritual purity (Zysk 1991). Eurasia. Eurasia. Such regional medications were Medicine was numbered among the five autochthonously autochthonously developed? Medical sys- major sciences ， along with the inner science tems tems and medications are always received of Buddha's word ，grammar ，epistemology ， in f1 uence from outside. Varieties of human and the arts. The Buddhist pantheon was August 2003 Journal of Japanese Botany ν0 1. 78 No. 4 215 then then enriched with deities specializing in cine. It 'was probably the ages during the healing: healing: two bodhisattvas ， the ngKi of royal dynastic period (the 7th to the 9th cen- Remedies Remedies (Bhaisajyaraja) and the Supreme turies) by way of the Arab conquest of physician physician (Bhais 司jyasamudgata) ， appear in Persia. Mahayanist Mahayanist texts compiled at the beginning Under the Tibetan monarchy ，two Chinese of of the common era. princesses ，Mun Chang and Kim Shang ，who Towards the end of the married Tibetan Kings ，Srong ゐrtsan-sgam- Bhaisajyaguru ， Master of Remedies ，eclipsed po (in 641) and Kh ri-ide-gtsung-brtsan (in with with association to an Eastem paradise or 710) ， brought texts of medical works. During buddhafield. buddhafield. His thought enjoyed a great the reign of King Thrisong Detsen in the sec- success success in Central Asia ， then in the Far East ， ond half of ， the tantric master and and later in Tibe t. Nevertheless any medical Padmasambhava is said to have introduced texts texts is not known to exist ，ap 紅 t from a fa- the cult of the Medicine Buddha Bhaisajya- mous text ，Four Tantras ， and its iconograph ， guru into Tibet ， and received the Tibetan which which are as such ascribed to Bhaisajyaguru translation of the F our Tantras from the or or the Buddha Sakyamuni. A some number hands of his disciple Vairocana. Meyer also of of the extant sermons and tantric texts are wrote that the great variety of foreign influ- devoted devoted to illnesses and their 位eatmen t. ences ，especially Indian and Chinese ， which according according to later Tibetan historians ，is be- Foreign Foreign influence to Tibetan medicine in lieved to have nourished the origins of 7th - In the 7th century Tibet was Tibetan medicine between the 7th and the unified unified for the first time under the authority 9th centuries ，is confirmed by documents of of of a royal dynasty and became a redoubtable the period discovered in the caves of expansionist expansionist power open to the influence of Dunhuang ， and by traces which subsist in neighbouring neighbouring civilizations. The influence subsequent medical literature. found found beyond the borders in not only The fall of the Tibetan royal dynasty oc- Buddhism ， but also the sciences such as curred in 842 and led to an anarchy situation medicine medicine connected with it. in 150 years in central Tibe t. With the sec- Tibetan Tibetan medicinallearning was bom in the ond diffusion of Buddhism ， the diversity of first first half of the 7th century at the time of the cultural contacts which had marked Tibet reign reign of Ki ng Songtsen Gampo (Rechung during its early monarchy gave place to an Rinpoche Rinpoche 1973). Rinpoche wrote that essentially Indian influence not only Songtsen Songtsen Gampo and some his descendants Buddhism also medicine. invited invited doctors to their court from neighbouring neighbouring countries; India ，China ，Iran ， Influence of Ayurvedic medicine- In the Nepal ，Kashmir ， and others ， and their physi- 11 th century the great Rinchen Zangpo 仕ans- cians cians translated representative texts into lated a few Indian medical texts which Tibetan Tibetan under royal patronage. would be included in the Tanjur ， an anthol- Meyer (1992) introduced an example of ogy of translated treatises of Indian origins. cultural cultural exchange. A famous doctor named They include several works attributed to Galenos Galenos came from the Byzantine countries Nagarjuna ， the great Buddhist philosopher of (Phrom) (Phrom) by way of Persia. This name is evi- ， and Astangahrdy α samhita by dently dently a reference to Galen ， the famous Vagbhata ，a famous 7th century Indian Greek Greek doctor of the 2nd centu f)人 This is an Ayurvedic medicine. The Astangahrdyasam- evidence evidence that the Tibetan tradition provides a hit， αis' accompanied by commentaries by the remote remote echo of the influence of Greek medi- author and by another one which often came 216 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月 to to be cited by 1ater Tibetan authors ， the Lama. The intention of the regent Sangye Padarthacandrikaprabhasa Padarthacandrikaprabhasa by Candranan- Gyamtso to codify medicine in theory and dana. dana. He is an erudite Kashmiri of the sec- practice resulted in the founding of Chagpori ond half of . Parallel to College of Medicine on the Iron Hill a司ja- Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine ， there are other Indian cent to the Potala Palace in 1696. In the 18th concepts concepts pertaining to the structure of the century medicine also flourished in Eastern body ，physiopathology and therapy ，devel- Tibet where in 1727 Dilmar Geshe com- oped oped by the alchemical and tantric traditions posed a vast repertoire of Tibetan Materia which which also reached Tibe t. The influence of medica. Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine has reached to Mongol The commented version includes more through through Tibet (Anonymous 1971). than 2200 drugs and their subvarieties. Two Yuthog Yontan Gonpo are distin- However at the end of the the guished guished to attribute the development of college of Chagpori in Lhasa declined and Tibetan Tibetan medicine. Yuthog the Elder is said to lead the 13th Dalai Lama to give a new im- be be a contemporary of King Thrisong Detsen petus to medical learning by founding the of of the 8th century while Yuthong the Mentsikhang School of Medicine and of Younger is said to have lived during the 12th Astrology (Mentsikhang) in Lhasa in 1916. century. century. The two are in particular related This new establishment was more oriented with with the transmission of the Four Tantras. towards practice ， and r叩 idly enjoyed a great Tantra Tantra is the term usually applied to trea- reputation. Having undergone m 司or changes tise tise by modem commentators ， but Man 住aya- since its founding ，it continues to function to na na (or Secret Mantra Vehicle) and Vajrayana the present day. (or (or Diamond V ehicle ) were more usual in the the past ， though specialists would insist that The Four Tantra s- The Four Tantras is the all all these terms are not strictly interchange- abridged title of a book entitled Tantra of able able (Snelling 1987). Tantra is primarily Secret Instructions on the Eight Branches ， concerned concerned with attainment of buddhahood ， the Essence of the Elixir of Immortali η， and and and offers peoples ways and means of inte- the fundamental text of Tibetan medicine. It grating grating the magical into lives their and ap- is indirectly illustrated via its commentary ， plying plying it to authentic spiritual purposes. the Bleu Beryl by Sangye Gyamtso. The Four Tantras was transmitted over Although the origin and history of the the the following centuries by various lineages Four Tantras are still obscure ，this treatise of of master and disciple ， but also from father was the su 句ect of lively debate among to to son in family lineages. At the same time Tibetan scholars. According to recent studies Tibetan Tibetan medicalliterature was progressively the F our Tantras is the magnificent work enriched enriched with numerous autochthonous highly structured of a Tibetan of author crea- works works of diverse types ，commentaries ，inde- tive and original intelligence; probably pendent pendent treatises ， handbooks of diagnostic or Yuthog the Younger is the author ，who ，per- therapeutic therapeutic techniques ， ph 訂 macopoeia ， haps basing himself on an originally Indian formularies formularies for pharmaceutical prep 訂 ations ， texts ， the Astangahrdyas α mhita and the and and also works of history of medicine. Padarth αcandrikaprabhasa ， created a syn- thesis thesis of diverse origins. Chagpori College of Medicin e-ー In the 17th Even though the short title The F our century century Tibetan civilization as a whole Tantras ， it does not consist of four gained gained a maturity ， which may be termed as independent treatises. This is a presentation classical ， under the authority of the 5th Dalai of the same medical doctrine from four diι August 2003 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 78 No. 4 217 ferent ferent perspectives ， and these four parts 紅 e (Gyurme Dorje 1992). As explained the trea- preceded preceded by an introductory scene which tise as well as the paintings are referred to presents presents the source from which they derive: even today by Tibetan physicians. The pro- the the Buddha Bhaisajyanguru in his celestial duction of the Blue Beryl began in 1687. palace ， surrounded by four retinues of gods ， These paintings were produced by Lhobrag hermit hermit sages ， Hindu divinities ， and Norbu Gyamtso who did the outlining and Buddhists. Buddhists. Each of the Four Tantras is ex- Lhasawa Genyen applied the colours. The pounded pounded by one of the four manifestations of biography of the 6th Dalai Lama made clear the the hermit sage Vidy ‘jana and p紅 tly that 62 of the totally 80 medical paintings Manasija. Manasija. As the four successive forms of were presented to the hierarch at the time of Vidy 司jnana each manifests one particular as- his enthronemen t. It was completed at least pect pect of the same absolute buddhahood ， so do in 1703. This was kept at the School of

each each of the F our Tantr α， s present a single Medicine and Astrology in Lhasa. medical medical doctrine from different perspectives. An authorized copy of this illustration was The Root Tantra ，related to the Buddha- found at the altar of the former Cathedral of mind of Bhaisajyaguru ，is a synopsis of all Ulan-Ude ， capital of the republic of elements elements of the medical teaching. The Buryiatia. This was reproduced in 1920' s at Exegetical Exegetical Tantra presents the general theo- the time of 13th Dalai Lama for training of retical retical teaching on anatomy ，physiology ， Buryiati doctors in Transbaikalia. Two other physiopathology ， and treatmen t. The copies are known to have survived in Tibet ， Instructional Instructional Tantra presents medical teach- at the School of Medicine and Astrology ing ing of practical use in the treatment of vari- (Mentsikhang) and the Summer Palace of the ous ous kind of illnesses. The Subsequent Tantra Dalai Lama (Norbulingka). Recently this is is devoted to the diagnostic and therapeutic found in Buryiatia was reproduced by activities activities of the physician. Parfionovitch et al. (1 992). The copy kept in The Four Tantra shows in f1 uences to the Mentsikhang was also published in a Tibeto-

origins origins of Tibetan medicine (Meyer 1981). Chinese by Wangle et al. in1986 and Tibeto 闇 The greater part of the physiological and English version by Byams-pa'phrin-las ， physiopathological physiopathological theories ， and therapeutic Wang Lei and Cai Jing-feng in 1988 (see techniques techniques were borrowed from Indian medi- Meyer 1992). cine. cine. The classification of intemal organs into into the five solid viscera and the six hollow Plants in the Tibetan Materia medica- viscera ， and the examination of pulses and The Four Tantras consist of Root ， moxibustion moxibustion testify to the connections with Exegetical ，Instructional ， and Subsequen t. ancient ancient Chinese medicine. Eight illustrations of the paintings of Exegetical Exegetical Tantra are reasonable to be Tibetan Tibetan Materia medica and Sangye named Materia medica. In the Materia Gyamtso's Medical Paintings-The Blue medica ，medicines 紅 e classified into 15 Be ηl is a Tibetan medical illustration by classes: these are of 1) precious (metals and Sangye Sangye Gyamtso ， the scholar and Regent of gemstones) ， 2) earth medications ， 3) wood Tibet ， and serves as an erudite yet practical medications [in which nect 紅 ous and plateau commentary on the ancient text entitled the medications ， and so forth are included. ]， and Four r; αntra. The Blue Be ηl contains 80 4) herbal medications ， and other 11 classes medical medical paintings ， and is prepared as a form derived from animal products like hom ， of of pictorial encyclopedia at the same time as bones ，f1 esh ，blood ， and so on.

the the treatise as its visual aide 田 memoire Plates 23 to 31 of Parfionovitch et al.' s 218 218 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月

Table Table 1. Classes and Orders related to plants in Li Shizhen's Bencao Gangmu

Herbs Herbs

1. 1. Mountain herbs 78 kinds 2. 2. Fragrant herbs 60 kinds 3. 3. March plants or plants grown in moist habits 137 kinds 4. 4. Poisonous plants 54 kinds 5. 5. Climbing or creeping plants 113 kinds 6. 6. Aquatic plants 29 kinds 7. 7. Plants growing on rocks or in stony places 27 kinds 8. 8. Mosses ，lickens and fern-allies 18 kinds 9. 9. Miscellaneous herbs not used in medicine 162 kinds

Grains Grains

1. 1. Hemp ，Wh 切 t，Rice ， and others 9 kinds 2. 2. M i1l et and others 17 kinds 3. 3. Fabaceous plants 13 kinds [4.] [4.] Articles of food prepared from grains and pulse. Bean-cur せ， boiled rice ，wine ， yeast ，bread ， and congee.

Vegetables Vegetables 1. 1. Strong smelling or pungent vegetables 38 kinds 2. 2. Soft and mucilaginous vegetables 46 kinds 3. 3. Vegetables producing fruits on or near the ground 12 kinds 4. 4. Aquatic vegetables 6 kinds 5. 5. Mushrooms 31 kinds Fruits Fruits

1. 1. The five fruits 16 kinds 2. 2. Mountain fruits 36 kinds 3. 3. Exotic fruits 40 kinds 4. 4. Aromatics 17 kinds 5. 5. Plants producing fruits on or near the ground 10 kinds 6. 6. Aquatic fruits 6 kinds 7. 7. Various fruits not used in medicine 22 kinds Trees Trees 1. 1. Aromatic trees 41 kinds 2. 2. Stately trees 60 kinds 3. 3. Small trees and shrubs with dense foliage 53 kinds 4. 4. Parasitic plants on trees 3 kinds 5. 5. Bamboos 27 kinds 6. 6. Miscellaneous trees and shrubs 27 kinds

edition edition co 町 espond with these classes and medications (shing-sman) include nectarous supplement of the Materia medica. Plate 23 medications (rtsi-sman) and plateau medica- is is the class of precious except 15 illustrations tions (thang-sman). Plate 25 comprises pla- belonging to the Elements. Plate 24 is those teau medications (continuous from P l. 23) of earth and wood medications. The wood and herbal medications. Herbal medications August 2003 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 78 No. 4 219 continue continue to Plates 28. The class of herbal interactions in Tibetan medications. medications medications is the largest in all classes. For the researches on ancient medications This This classification is similar to that of Li and Materia medica ， Tibet has values prior to Shi-zhen' Shi-zhen' s Bencao Gangmu in having 15 others. Studies combined with regional floras classes ， but the structure of the classification of Tibet will reveal the autochthonous medi- is is quite different (Table 1， and see Endnote cines and their developmen t. Introduced 1). 1). The Tibetan Materia medica gave a plants in the Blue Be η1 show medicinal in- weight weight to animals. For animal products the fluences from other region. Materia Materia medica established 11 classes ， but for for plants it is only two (wood and herbal) or D r. David E. Boufford ， Harvard four four (wood ，nect 紅 ous ，plateau ， and herbal). University Herbaria ， gave helpful comments All All the plants are identified by Christopher on draft of the manuscrip t. My thanks are Grey- Wilson ， a Biritish authority of Sino- also due to Professor Masayuki Mikage ， Himalayan plants. 1 agreed with his results of Kanazawa University ， for his useful discus- identification identification except a few cases. It is re- sions. Preparation of this paper was sup- markable markable to be illustrated Cinnamomum ported by a Grant-in-aid for Monbusho camphora (yellow camphor) ，saffron ，carda- International Scientific Research Progragram mom ，nutmeg ，clove ，kapok ， white cumin or to Professor 孔1ikage. fennel ，dill ，pomegranate ， black pepper ， and This article was presented at Tokyo even even Cα !psicum. These plants were all intro- Symposium for Digital Silk Roads in Tokyo duced duced to Tibet from various areas including organized by UNESCO ， Japanese National the the Old Tropics and the Far Eas t. Capsicum Commission for UNESCO ， and National was introduced from N ew W orld after Institute of Informatics in 2001 ， as titled Columbus. Columbus. The illustration indicates that “Interaction of local Materia medica through Capsicum arrived Tibet at least in 1703. Silk-road." Further Further investigation is necess 訂 Y to reveal the the interactions between different regional 病気は今日においても人類に共通する大問題で Materia Materia medica. How to find the medical ある.少なくともユーラシアでは古代においては

value value in each indigenous plant is most inter 同 多くの地域に独自の治療法や薬物誌があった.こ esting esting unsolved matter. Such knowledge is うした地域ごとの医療法や薬物誌は地域ごとに自

also also useful for ethnobotany of related re 幽 然発生的に生み出されたものなのだろうか.人間 glO ns. の擢る病気の多くは地域を越えたものでもあり， 医療法ではつねに地域外からの影響を受けてきた Conclusion- At present our know ledge on といえるが，実際には地域ごとに異なる医療法も the the influence to medications Tibetan is very 発達している.このような相違点に関係すること limited. limited. This examination on the Tibetan のひとつは，古代にあっては重要であった薬物の medications medications and the Blue Be η1 made clear 源，とくに植物の薬物資源が表裏一体のように地 the the necessity of further studies of various 域植物相と密接に関係していたことである.地域 texts texts of Tibetan medications. Although most 植物相に有効な薬物資源を見出していく過程は単 species species of medicinal plants illustrated and 純ではないが，日本の例をみるまでもなく他地域 described described in the Blue Be ηl 紅 e auto- での薬物誌での用法は参考になったにちがいない. chthonous ，some were introduced from far 本稿ではチベット医学・薬物誌の成立や発達につ removed regions. Medications using such in- いて概略し，周辺に当たるインドのアユルヴェー troduced troduced plant species as well as animals and ダ，中国の本草学，その他ペルシア，アラビア， minerals minerals are similar beyond each region. At ヨーロッパの医薬からの影響を考察した. present present we cannot the trace way of regional 220 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月

References References with the Sheng-nong's Materia medica Anonymous. Anonymous. 19 仰71. 百Tib 恥etωO named Sheng ・-nong Bencao.

An Ill ustrated T司i均betωo-Mongolian Materia Medica Representative Representative Chinese Materia medica is of of Ayurveda. Satapitaka series ，Vo l. 82. Lokesh Chandra ，New Delhi. Bencao Gα ngmu written by Li Shi-zhen. He Blunt Blunt W. and Raphael S. 1979. The Ill ustrated Herbal. was bom in Jianzhou ，Hubei ，probably in the Frances Frances Li ncoln Publishers Lt d. ， London. first quarter of ，and died toward Bretschneider ， E. 1881-1895. Botanicon Sinicum. 3 the end of the same century. Li began the vols. vols. Vo l. 1 published first in Journal of the North- compilation of the Materia medica in 1552 ， China China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vo l. 16 ， and completed it in 1578. Li died before it Article Article 3 in 1881 and re-issued by Trubner & Co. ， London London in 1882; vo l. 2 and 3 by Kelly & Walsh ， was published ，and his son ，Li Jian-yuan pre- Ltd. ， Shanghai in 1892 and 1895. sented the manuscript to the emperor in Gyurme Dorje 1992. The structu 陀 and contents of the 1596. The emperor ordered it to be printed. Four Four Tantras and Sangye Gyamtso's Commentary ， Bencao Bencao Gangmu is a Materia medica ex 四 the the Blue Bery l. In: Parfionovitch ， Y.， Gyurme plaining plaining the nature and properties of medi- Dorje ， and Meyer ， F. (eds.) 1992. Tibetan Medical paintings. paintings. Ill ustrations to the Bl ue Beryl treatise of cines ，and to general directions for their Sangye Sangye Gyamtso (1 653-1705) ，1 4- 15 pp. prescription ，though the greater p 紅 t is de- Meyer F. 198 1. Gso-ba rig-pa. Le Systeme Medical voted to natural history. He also gave the no- Tibetain. Tibetain. C.N. R. S. ，Paris. tice on the habits ，form and locality of 一一一 1992. Introduction. In: Parfionovitch Y. ， Dorje natural natural products ，and their application for G 吋 and Meyer F. (eds.) ，. Tibetan Medical paint- ings. ings. Ill ustrations to the Blue Beryl treatise of economlc pu 中oses. Sangye Sangye Gyamtso (1 653-1705) ， pp 2-13 pp. Li treated several kinds of natural objects ， Ohba H. 1993. Thunberg och japansk botanik. In: minerals ，plants ，animals ， etc. He explained Nordenstam Nordenstam B. (ed よ Carl Peter Thunberg ， pp. that the term Bencao properly means herbal ， 165-175. 165-175. Atlantis ， Stockholm (in Swedish). but as the majority of medicines 紅 e derived Parfionovitch Parfionovitch Y. ， Dorje G. and Meyer F. (eds.) 1992. from the plants ，it is used to designate a trea- Tibetan Tibetan Medical paintings. Ill ustrations to the Blue Beryl Beryl treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1 653-1705). tise on drug in genera l. Harry Harry N. Abrams ，Inc. ，New Yor k. Rechung Rechung Rinpoche J. K. 1973. Tibetan Medicine. System of Li's Bencao Gα ngmu University University of California ，Barkley. Li's Bencao Gangmu consists of 52 chap- Snellgrove Snellgrove D. L. and Richardson ， H. 1986. A Cultural ters in which the first is taken up with a list History History of Tibe t. Revised edition. Shambhala Publications ，Inc. ，Boston. of the references from which extracts have

Snelling Snelling J. 1987. The Buddhist Handbook. A Complete been made by Li Shi-zhen for the compila 国 Guide Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice. Rider ， tion. Li listed and gave a critical review of London. London. previous 42 works on Chinese Materia Zysk Zysk K. G. 199 1. Asceticism and Healing in Ancient medica here. The second chapter is devoted India. India. Oxford University Press ，New Y or k. to introductory observations on Materia (University (University Museum ，University of Tokyo) medica medica and the Chinese system of pharma- cology. cology. The 3rd and 4th are comprehend a Endnote 1) 1) Ancient Chinese materia medicae list of various diseases and the medicines ， In China the knowledge of plants for suitable for the treatmen t. The rest chapters 5-52 ，is accounts of drugs and natural ob- medical pu 中ose dates back to the age of a mythical Emperor Shen-nong ，who is said to jects and their use as medicines. have reigned in the 28th century BC ， is the All the objects are a町 anged under 16 father father of husbandry and medicine. History of classes and 62 orders ， which comprise in all Chinese materia medicae is said to begin 1892 kinds. 16 divisions 紅 e as follows: 1. August 2003 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 78 No. 4 221

Water ，2. Fire ，3. E 紅白， 4. Metals ，5. Stones ， Li Shi-zhen's Bencao Gangmu is studied 6. 6. Herbs ， 7. Grains ，8. Vegetables ， 9. Fruits ， in detail by Bretschneider (1 881-95). Li's 10. 10. Trees ， 1 1. Insects ， 12. Scaly Animals ， 13. Bencao Gangmu was known in Japan soon Shelly Shelly Animals ， 14. Birds ， 15. Quadrupeds ， after the publishing ， and gave strong influ- 16. 16. Man. In Plants each divisions 訂 e subdi- ence to J apanese herbals and pharmacology. vided vided into numerous orders as shown in It was translated into Japanese with Japanese Table Table 1. title Honzokomoku by Jakusui (Nobuyoshi) It It cannot be denied that European Materia Ina(o) in 1714. Ekiken (Atsunobu) Kaibra medica is introduced into Ar abian ，Persian ， published the first original J apanese Materia also also Central and East Asian medications via medica under the strong influence of Li Shi- ancient ancient traders trails like silk-road. On the zhen' s Bencao Gangmu in 1709 (Ohba contrary ， medications and medical materials 1993). Ranzan Ono wrote a commentary on of of Arabia ，Persia ， India and China might be Li's Bencao Gangmu in 1804 ， with title introduced introduced into Europe. In China the knowl- Honzokomoku-keim δin 35 volumes in which edge edge of plants for medical purpose dates he displayed a considerable critical judg- back to the age of a mythical Emperor Shen- ments. It is noticeable that Ranzan proved nong ，who is said to have reigned in the 28th that the same or similar natural productions century century BC ， is the father of husbandry and of the majority of those of China are found medicine. medicine. History of Chinese Materia in Japan. This commentary was revised and medica is said to begin with Shen-nong' s enlarged by his grandson and published in Bencao king of the Emperor Shen nung. 1847 (Ohba 1993) .

マルバシマザクラとシマザクラの学名(大場秀章) Hideaki Hideaki OHBA: On the Scientific Names of the Species of Hedyotis Section Leptopetalum (Rubiaceae) (Notulae ad plantas japoniae 12)

豊田武司氏の『小笠原植物図譜j (1981 年， Leptopetalum) に分類される (Fosberg and アボック社刊)の第 2 版が出版されることに 1991). Sachet またマルバシマザクラとシマ なり，出版元のアボック社編集局の森 弦一 ザクラは葉形，花柄の毛，花冠の大きさに明 氏から学名についての問い合わせがあり，検 らかな違いが認められる (Yamazaki 1993). 討した.マルパシマザクラとシマザクラの学 最近のFl ora of Japan (l watsuki et al.， vo l. 名は本誌の読者にも興味深いと思われるもの IIIa ，1993) で， Yamazaki は学名としてマル もあったので，簡単に紹介してみたい. パシマザクラに Hedyotis mexicana (Hoo k. & Am.) Am.) Hatus. を， シマザクラに H. grayi フタパムグラ属 Hedyotis は，およそ250 種 Hook .f.を用いているが マルバシマザクラ を含む大きな属で，日本には 9 種が知られて はHedyotis hookeri (K.Schum.) Fosberg ， シマ いる (Yamazaki 1993). マルパシマザクラと ザクラは H. leptopetala A.Gray とするのが正 シマザクラは，ともに小笠原諸島の固有種で， しい.その理由を以下に述べる.なお，ここ 日本産のフタバムグラ属の中では革質の大き に書く多くは Fosberg と Sachet (1991) がすで な葉と長さ 8-13 mm になる花冠をもつこと に指摘していることを記しておく. で，他種から容易に区別され，マルバシマザ マルパシマザクラは， 1838 年に Hooker と クラ亜属 (subgen. Leptopetalum) 中の上記 2 Amott によって単型新属として Leptopetalum 種からなるマルパシマザクラ節 (sec t. mexicanum の名前で記載されたのが最初であ