DOCSLIB.ORG

Page 1 214 Film 784 158 Notes Hideaki OHBA: Notes on Tibetan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Page 1 214 Film 784 158 Notes Hideaki OHBA: Notes on Tibetan 214 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月 Notes Notes Hideaki Hideaki OHBA: Notes on Tibetan Medication and Its Regional Interactions チベットの薬物誌ならびにチベット医薬への他地域からの影響(大場秀章) A disease is one of the greatest problems diseases are nearly the same beyond regions ， of of us until now. Ancient time when peoples however the medications are regionally diι were were ignorant the causes and pathogens they ferent because of the regional differences of might might panic at incurable disease. To cure any the medical materials. The differences in re- diseases diseases we must know about the causes ， gional Materia medica re f1 ect the difference however however it was impossible to detect because of regional f1 0ras which are formed under of of the lack of microscope or the know ledge different environments and climates. on anatomy ，physiology ，physiopathology ， To make clear the interactions of regional and and others. In such circumstances people be- medications a comparison between medici- lieved lieved that divinities might cause diseases. nal plants described in regional materia In In ancient time medications are the only medicae will be significan t. 1 will examine a practice practice for diseases ， and the most of materi- significant Tibetan medical illustration ， the als als used for medications were collected from Blue Beryl by Sanggye Gyamtso in the 17th wild wild plants. Knowledge on wild plants is es- century ， and the possibility of the in f1 uence sential sential for herbalists who are persons taking from other region. a part collecting necessary plants and medi- cations. cations. Herbalists accumulated the knowl- History of Tibetan medicine and its edge edge on wild plants and their effective Materia medica-Tibetan medicine contin- 位eatment for special diseases. A textbook ues to be practiced throughout the vast do- concerned concerned medicinal materials and medica- main of Tibetan culture which stretches from tions tions used was their desk-side boo k. At pre- Ladakh in the West Himalaya eastward to sent sent we this call Materia medica of which Sichuan and Gansu through Tibet ，Nepal ， name comes from De Materia Medicd by Bhutan and Yunnan (Meyer 1992). Pliny' Pliny' s contemporary man ， Pedianos Dio- Fundamentally Tibetan culture was derived skurides skurides (Dioscorides). from that of Buddhism (Snellgrove and The original text disappeared ， but its mag- Richardson 1986). Actually medication is es- nificent nificent illustrated copy made in early 6th sential practice in Buddhism. century century presumably in Constantinople has In early Buddhism ， the therapy was aimed survived. survived. This is called the Codex essentially at the mind and the monastic dis- Vindobonensis Vindobonensis of Dioscorides (Blunt and cipline imposed numerous restrictions to the Raphael Raphael 1979). Over 10 centuries European administering of medicines or healing herbalists herbalists placed this as the bases of medica- charms outside the community. However ， tions ， and published new Materia medica the milieu of the Buddhist renunciates was which which were something renewal versions of more beneficial to the early development of Dioscorides' Dioscorides' Materia Medic α. medicine in India than that of orthodox In In ancient times there were many regional Brahmanism ， which was limited by the re- medical medical systems and medications throughout straints of ritual purity (Zysk 1991). Eurasia. Eurasia. Such regional medications were Medicine was numbered among the five autochthonously autochthonously developed? Medical sys- major sciences ， along with the inner science tems tems and medications are always received of Buddha's word ，grammar ，epistemology ， in f1 uence from outside. Varieties of human and the arts. The Buddhist pantheon was August 2003 Journal of Japanese Botany ν0 1. 78 No. 4 215 then then enriched with deities specializing in cine. It 'was probably the ages during the healing: healing: two bodhisattvas ， the ngKi of royal dynastic period (the 7th to the 9th cen- Remedies Remedies (Bhaisajyaraja) and the Supreme turies) by way of the Arab conquest of physician physician (Bhais 司jyasamudgata) ， appear in Persia. Mahayanist Mahayanist texts compiled at the beginning Under the Tibetan monarchy ，two Chinese of of the common era. princesses ，Mun Chang and Kim Shang ，who Towards the end of the 3rd century married Tibetan Kings ，Srong ゐrtsan-sgam- Bhaisajyaguru ， Master of Remedies ，eclipsed po (in 641) and Kh ri-ide-gtsung-brtsan (in with with association to an Eastem paradise or 710) ， brought texts of medical works. During buddhafield. buddhafield. His thought enjoyed a great the reign of King Thrisong Detsen in the sec- success success in Central Asia ， then in the Far East ， ond half of 8th century ， the tantric master and and later in Tibe t. Nevertheless any medical Padmasambhava is said to have introduced texts texts is not known to exist ，ap 紅 t from a fa- the cult of the Medicine Buddha Bhaisajya- mous text ，Four Tantras ， and its iconograph ， guru into Tibet ， and received the Tibetan which which are as such ascribed to Bhaisajyaguru translation of the F our Tantras from the or or the Buddha Sakyamuni. A some number hands of his disciple Vairocana. Meyer also of of the extant sermons and tantric texts are wrote that the great variety of foreign influ- devoted devoted to illnesses and their 位eatmen t. ences ，especially Indian and Chinese ， which according according to later Tibetan historians ，is be- Foreign Foreign influence to Tibetan medicine in lieved to have nourished the origins of 7th 7th century- In the 7th century Tibet was Tibetan medicine between the 7th and the unified unified for the first time under the authority 9th centuries ，is confirmed by documents of of of a royal dynasty and became a redoubtable the period discovered in the caves of expansionist expansionist power open to the influence of Dunhuang ， and by traces which subsist in neighbouring neighbouring civilizations. The influence subsequent medical literature. found found beyond the borders in not only The fall of the Tibetan royal dynasty oc- Buddhism ， but also the sciences such as curred in 842 and led to an anarchy situation medicine medicine connected with it. in 150 years in central Tibe t. With the sec- Tibetan Tibetan medicinallearning was bom in the ond diffusion of Buddhism ， the diversity of first first half of the 7th century at the time of the cultural contacts which had marked Tibet reign reign of Ki ng Songtsen Gampo (Rechung during its early monarchy gave place to an Rinpoche Rinpoche 1973). Rinpoche wrote that essentially Indian influence not only Songtsen Songtsen Gampo and some his descendants Buddhism also medicine. invited invited doctors to their court from neighbouring neighbouring countries; India ，China ，Iran ， Influence of Ayurvedic medicine- In the Nepal ，Kashmir ， and others ， and their physi- 11 th century the great Rinchen Zangpo 仕ans- cians cians translated representative texts into lated a few Indian medical texts which Tibetan Tibetan under royal patronage. would be included in the Tanjur ， an anthol- Meyer (1992) introduced an example of ogy of translated treatises of Indian origins. cultural cultural exchange. A famous doctor named They include several works attributed to Galenos Galenos came from the Byzantine countries Nagarjuna ， the great Buddhist philosopher of (Phrom) (Phrom) by way of Persia. This name is evi- 2nd century ， and Astangahrdy α samhita by dently dently a reference to Galen ， the famous Vagbhata ，a famous 7th century Indian Greek Greek doctor of the 2nd centu f)人 This is an Ayurvedic medicine. The Astangahrdyasam- evidence evidence that the Tibetan tradition provides a hit， αis' accompanied by commentaries by the remote remote echo of the influence of Greek medi- author and by another one which often came 216 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月 to to be cited by 1ater Tibetan authors ， the Lama. The intention of the regent Sangye Padarthacandrikaprabhasa Padarthacandrikaprabhasa by Candranan- Gyamtso to codify medicine in theory and dana. dana. He is an erudite Kashmiri of the sec- practice resulted in the founding of Chagpori ond half of 10th century. Parallel to College of Medicine on the Iron Hill a司ja- Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine ， there are other Indian cent to the Potala Palace in 1696. In the 18th concepts concepts pertaining to the structure of the century medicine also flourished in Eastern body ，physiopathology and therapy ，devel- Tibet where in 1727 Dilmar Geshe com- oped oped by the alchemical and tantric traditions posed a vast repertoire of Tibetan Materia which which also reached Tibe t. The influence of medica. Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine has reached to Mongol The commented version includes more through through Tibet (Anonymous 1971). than 2200 drugs and their subvarieties. Two Yuthog Yontan Gonpo are distin- However at the end of the 19th century the guished guished to attribute the development of college of Chagpori in Lhasa declined and Tibetan Tibetan medicine. Yuthog the Elder is said to lead the 13th Dalai Lama to give a new im- be be a contemporary of King Thrisong Detsen petus to medical learning by founding the of of the 8th century while Yuthong the Mentsikhang School of Medicine and of Younger is said to have lived during the 12th Astrology (Mentsikhang) in Lhasa in 1916. century. century. The two are in particular related This new establishment was more oriented with with the transmission of the Four Tantras. towards practice ， and r叩 idly enjoyed a great Tantra Tantra is the term usually applied to trea- reputation. Having undergone m 司or changes tise tise by modem commentators ， but Man 住aya- since its founding ，it continues to function to na na (or Secret Mantra Vehicle) and Vajrayana the present day. (or (or Diamond V ehicle ) were more usual in the the past ， though specialists would insist that The Four Tantra s- The Four Tantras is the all all these terms are not strictly interchange- abridged title of a book entitled Tantra of able able (Snelling 1987).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linguistic Study About the Origins of the Aegean Scripts
    Anistoriton Journal, vol. 15 (2016-2017) Essays 1 Cretan Hieroglyphics The Ornamental and Ritual Version of the Cretan Protolinear Script The Cretan Hieroglyphic script is conventionally classified as one of the five Aegean scripts, along with Linear-A, Linear-B and the two Cypriot Syllabaries, namely the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Greek Syllabary, the latter ones being regarded as such because of their pictographic and phonetic similarities to the former ones. Cretan Hieroglyphics are encountered in the Aegean Sea area during the 2nd millennium BC. Their relationship to Linear-A is still in dispute, while the conveyed language (or languages) is still considered unknown. The authors argue herein that the Cretan Hieroglyphic script is simply a decorative version of Linear-A (or, more precisely, of the lost Cretan Protolinear script that is the ancestor of all the Aegean scripts) which was used mainly by the seal-makers or for ritual usage. The conveyed language must be a conservative form of Sumerian, as Cretan Hieroglyphic is strictly associated with the original and mainstream Minoan culture and religion – in contrast to Linear-A which was used for several other languages – while the phonetic values of signs have the same Sumerian origin as in Cretan Protolinear. Introduction The three syllabaries that were used in the Aegean area during the 2nd millennium BC were the Cretan Hieroglyphics, Linear-A and Linear-B. The latter conveys Mycenaean Greek, which is the oldest known written form of Greek, encountered after the 15th century BC. Linear-A is still regarded as a direct descendant of the Cretan Hieroglyphics, conveying the unknown language or languages of the Minoans (Davis 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last Updated: 2018-01-22)
    - Institute for Scientific and Technical Information - ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last updated: 2018-01-22) Controlled vocabulary used for indexing bibliographical records for the "Art and Archaeology" FRANCIS database (1972-2015, http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/ ). This resource contains 1960 entries grouped into 133 collections. A French version of this resource is also available. The resource is browsable online on the terminological portal Loterre: https://www.loterre.fr Legend • Syn: Synonym. • → : Corresponding Preferred Term. • FR: French Preferred Term. • ES: Spanish Preferred Term. • DE: German Preferred Term. • BT: Broader Term. • SC: Semantic Category. • DO: Subject Field. • URI: Concept's URI (link to the online view). This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license: TABLE OF CONTENTS Alphabetical Index 4 Terminological Entries 5 List Of Entries 140 Collections 183 Alphabetical Index from 'Abd al-Samad to 'Abd al-Samad p. 6 -6 from 10th century AD to 1st millenium BC p. 9 -9 from 20th century AD to 2nd millenium BC p. 11 -11 from 30th century BC to 3rd millenium BC p. 12 -12 from 4th century AD to 4th millenium BC p. 13 -13 from 5th century AD to 5th millenium BC p. 14 -14 from 6th century AD to 6th dynasty p. 15 -15 from 7th century AD to 7th dynasty p. 16 -16 from 8th century AD to 8th dynasty p. 17 -17 from 9th century AD to 9th dynasty p. 18 -18 from Abassid dynasty to Aztec Civilization p. 19 -27 from baboon to Byzantium p.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, And
    1614 CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY – Vol. 4 (2007) REVIEW History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet by Ethan B. Russo 20402 81st Avenue SW, Vashon, WA 98070, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate. This study surveys the history of cannabis, its genetics and preparations. A review of cannabis usage in Ancient Egypt will serve as an archetype, while examining first mentions from various Old World cultures and their pertinence for contemporary scientific investigation. Cannabis historians of the past have provided promising clues to potential treatments for a wide array of currently puzzling medical syndromes including chronic pain, spasticity, cancer, seizure disorders, nausea, anorexia, and infectious disease that remain challenges for 21st century medicine. Information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of these intractable medical conditions. Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Ticklish Matter of Taxonomy 3. A Bit of Geography 4. Cannabis Preparations: Bhang, Ganja, and Charas 5. History of Medicinal Cannabis 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ur of the Chaldees
    Ur of the Chaldees Ur was very ancient city in southern Babylon; iden- 150 acres, were excavated by J. E. Taylor (1854), tified with Tell Muqayyar, close to the right bank of H. R. Hall (1919), and C. Leonard Woolley (1922 the Euphrates, half-way between Baghdad and the to 1934). Persian Gulf. Terah and his sons were born there (Gen. 11:26–8) and set out from there for Haran Taylor uncovered portions of a great temple-tower, (Gen. 11:31). or ziggurat (The Mountain of Heaven) which as- cended in three stages to a height of 70 feet. In At the center of the mound of Ur remains of a each of its four corners was a niche in which were huge tower were discovered in the middle of the inscribed cylinders or “cornerstone” records giving 19th century. This was the temple of the Moon the name of the city, its founder, and those who God and excavations have brought to light Baby- had rebuilt the ziggurat from time to time. In the lonian inscriptions which prove that this was Ur. rubbish-piled room of a nearby temple was discov- Nabonidus, the last Babylonian king, rebuilt the ered a hoard of cuneiform tablets, in one of which city in about 550 bc. In ancient times it occupied King Nabonidus (556 to 536 BC) told of the build- a great stretch of land along the Euphrates. The ing and repairing of the great ziggurat; then records inscriptions record a populous city, inhabited by a prayer to Nannar, the moon god, for himself and artisans and merchants, frequented by numerous for his eldest son, Belshazzar, that he would be strangers, since all the important trade routes of “kept from sin” and “be satisfied with the abun- the ancient world, running from Elam, India and dance of life.” The and other inscriptions confirmed southern Arabia to the countries in the north and the biblical account of Belshazzar.
    [Show full text]
  • Istoria Ne Spune Că Pe La Mijlocul Mileniului
    The Getae - Sons of the Earth Let us try to search the tracks, forgotten by time, of the words Getia and Getae, as others wrote them for the first time more than 5.200 years ago, as here, in the ancestral land, hate and ass kissing serve as all proof or logic of common sense in our history that's been falsified and disparaged by all sorts of deadbeats and traitors of Kin and Country. But, for starters, let us clarify whence stems the word get, with its variants getu, gets, Geta and Getia. There is in Eme.gi known as Sumerian: ge: to tie the hair in a topknot, noble, land, wise, to make justice, faithful + ti: kinship, pride, wife, to endure, to be numerous and for the tu variant: radiance, to lead, to support, to delight, true, to marry, the four cardinal points. And for the word ta: father, person, to shine, character, to advise, integrity. From this sequence of meanings we can detach by ourselves some that will be of great import in our work of rummaging through the memory of time, little as the malicious and falsifiers have left for us, traces and shadows of the fabulous history and mythology of our Carpathian ancestors. In ancient times, this word did not define the national identity of the Carpathian people, it becoming an ethnonym perhaps at the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C., as the meanings I will ascribe henceforth will show more a defining trait of Folk Descended from Gods, rather than simply the people’s name.
    [Show full text]
  • 114 Natural Movements in Prehistoric Villages?
    Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium #114 NATURAL MOVEMENTS IN PREHISTORIC VILLAGES? MARKUS SPRING Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Zurich University [email protected] ABSTRACT Hillier and other researchers combined analysis of urban grids using axial maps with counts of pedestrian movements. They recognised the influence these grids played on pedestrian movements in cities and developed the ‘law of natural movement’ in which urban grids are principal generators of pedestrian movement and starting point for a city’s development into specialised ‘generative’ and ‘conservative’ zones. In archaeology, tree ring dating has allowed to analyse growth processes of prehistoric villages. This paper looks at some of these settlements in the Circum-Alpine region using axial maps. It analyses how new buildings fitted into emerging street patterns. Contrary to modern economies, it remains extremely difficult to determine in prehistoric settlements what could be considered equivalent to modern ‘movement-rich land uses’ to further explore the ‘law of natural movement’. However, there are signs of changing and increasingly specialised economies in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Also within certain settlements, there are occasions in which ‘not normal buildings’ were added respectively different settlement sections used for specific purposes. The paper cannot provide new inputs into the ‘law of natural movement’ as such but gives ‘spatial-based’ arguments to the discussion of social changes during the transition from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. KEYWORDS Axial maps, Natural movement, Archaeology, Neolithic, Bronze Age 1. INTRODUCTION In 1993, Hillier et al. combined the analysis of urban grids using axial maps with counts of pedestrian movements.
    [Show full text]
  • ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last Updated : Jan
    - Institute for scientific and technical information - ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last updated : Jan. 22, 2018) This resource contains 1960 entries. Controlled vocabulary used for indexing bibliographical records for the "Art and Archaeology" FRANCIS database (1972-2015, http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/ ). This vocabulary is browsable online at: https://www.loterre.fr Legend • Syn: Synonym. • →: Corresponding Preferred Term. • FR: French Preferred Term. • ES: Spanish Preferred Term. • DE: German Preferred Term. • URI: Concept's URI (link to the online view). This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license: LIST OF ENTRIES List of entries English French Page • 10th century AD Xe siècle apr. J.-C. 46 • 10th dynasty Xe dynastie 46 • 11th century AD XIe siècle apr. J.-C. 46 • 11th century BC XIe siècle av. J.-C. 46 • 11th dynasty XIe dynastie 46 • 12th century AD XIIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 12th century BC XIIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 12th dynasty XIIe dynastie 46 • 13th century AD XIIIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 13th century BC XIIIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 13th dynasty XIIIe dynastie 46 • 14th century AD XIVe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 14th century BC XIVe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 14th dynasty XIVe dynastie 46 • 15th century AD XVe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 15th century BC XVe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 15th dynasty XVe dynastie 46 • 16th century AD XVIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 16th century BC XVIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 16th dynasty XVIe dynastie 46 • 17th century AD XVIIe siècle apr.
    [Show full text]
  • La Jolla Natural Radiocarbon Measurements Vii T W Linick
    La Jolla Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII Item Type Article; text Authors Linick, T. W. Citation Linick, T. (1977). La Jolla natural radiocarbon measurements VII. Radiocarbon, 19(1), 19-48. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200003337 Publisher American Journal of Science Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © The American Journal of Science Download date 29/09/2021 17:18:02 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/652393 [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 19, No. 1, 1977, P. 19-48] LA JOLLA NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VII T W LINICK Mt Soledad Radiocarbon Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 INTRODUCTION Radiocarbon dating of many types of samples has continued at the La Jolla Radiocarbon Laboratory since the last date list was published (Bien and Pandolfi, 1972). Since the 1969 relocation of the laboratory to its present location on Mt Soledad, at least 5 low-level 14C systems have generally been in operation. The laboratory has continued to employ acetylene gas proportional counting. Samples were usually measured for 2 to 3 days in each of 2 different detectors. The properties of the 5 counters used in the measurements of samples are as follows (background and net standard counts per minute, respectively, with acetylene of 900mmHg pressure are given in parentheses): 1) Bern counter: Oeschger- type counter-guard ring unit with 1.7L sensitive center volume (2.1, 21.5), 2) MBLE counter: Oeschger-type counter-guard ring unit with 1.6L center volume (1.3, 17.4), 3) 1L counter with separate Q-gas flow guard ring (4.2, 12.9), 4) 0.4L counter with separate guard ring (1.2, 4.2), and 0.1L counter with separate guard ring (0.7, 1.2).
    [Show full text]
  • 737 Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological
    Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological Dates of the Corded Ware Culture Item Type Article; text Authors Włodarczak, Piotr Citation Włodarczak, P. (2009). Radiocarbon and dendrochronological dates of the Corded Ware culture. Radiocarbon, 51(2), 737-749. DOI 10.1017/S003382220005606X Publisher Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona. All rights reserved. Download date 28/09/2021 06:23:30 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/654291 RADIOCARBON, Vol 51, Nr 2, 2009, p 737–749 © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON AND DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL DATES OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE Piotr W≥odarczak Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, ul. S≥awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. This paper presents and discusses radiocarbon dates of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) from different regions of Europe (mainly from southern and central Germany and southern and central Poland). The main questions addressed are the controversial significance of particular results, the incompatibility of the obtained date sequences, and the “imprecision of the method.” There is clearly the problem of hundreds of dates from different laboratories and performed in different years. A slight difference in the results leads to an “elongated” chronology and acceptance of a model with synchronicity of many cultural groups. The proposed verification of the 14C chronology is connected with both the dendrochronological method and the comparison of dating sequences obtained from particular regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book-Final
    International workshop ‘Yamnaya Interactions’ 25th–26th April 201 9, University of Helsinki, Finland Collegium Common Room The arrival of the Yamnaya Complex and its peoples north and west of the Black Sea from the last century of the 4th millennium BC can rightly be seen as a turning point in European Prehistory. Since the days of Marija Gimbutas, and of her Kurgan theory, we are made aware of the fundamental changes they trigger in a continental scale. In the archaeological record, we see their impact particularly in new burial rituals, a novel socio-economic order with fresh institutions, and the forwarding of a whole package of innovations and material culture, subsequently dominating European records up to the Atlantic Ocean for nearly a millennium via Corded Wares and Bell Beakers. However with latest ancient DNA sequencing results, but also isotope analyses, enhanced anthropological, and interdisciplinary studies, we now better understand the scale of the changes, the underlying factors of mobility and migrations, of genetic transmissions and diseases, and of new ideologies and perhaps religious ideas therein, eventually leading to the establishment of Indo-European languages in most of Europe. This “Yamnaya Interactions” workshop wants to go back to the starting point of all these, the original Yamnaya westwards expansion, and explore and assess their interactions with contemporary societies near and far; from direct interactions, over cross-border exchanges between steppe and forest-steppe, or lowland and mountainous inhabitants, to indirect cultural, societal and economic transmissions across half of the European Continent. The workshop will address the topic purely on archaeological grounds, with no geneticists or linguists being directly invited to contribute.
    [Show full text]
  • Just Hearing About TENS and EMS for the First Time?
    Just hearing about TENS and EMS for the first time? Wondering whether these unusual alternatives are as new and unfamiliar as they seem? It may come as a shock to you, but electrotherapy has actually existed as a useful and valid pain reliever for a long, long time. Ancient civilizations found a surprising amount of relief from one key sea creature. Many, many years later in the 18th and 19th centuries, man honed these natural solutions and produced man-made electrical devices. A Seaworthy Treatment The application of electricity for pain treatment dates back thousands of years to the 28th century BC. In Ancient Egyptian texts from as early as 2750 BC, the authors make mention of electrical fish, what they called “Thunder of the Nile,” indicating their awareness of the shock felt when contact was made. In later years, the Greek and Romans would follow suit of the Egyptians and begin experimenting with electrical fish as a treatment for pain. The Egyptians found, for instance, that stepping on an electrical fish would produce a shock that could help relieve medical issues such as epilepsy. Much later, a man named Scribonius Largus, the physician to the Roman emperor Claudius, took this same practice and made it an official treatment option for his patients. In 46 A.D. he recorded his experiment: placing an electric ray (also called a torpedo fish) on the patient’s location of pain—the head, for instance— and allowing the shocks to numb and put an end to the pain. Largus was able to officially identify that electric current had analgesic properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecisd Fine Arts Connection 2018
    ECISD FINE ARTS CONNECTION 2018 World Adventures & Art History 101 Table of Contents Fact Sheet for Educators Page 2 Educator Instructions for Tours Page 3 Museum Manners Page 3 About the Exhibitions Page 4 List of Station Activities Page 5 Vocabulary List Page 6 Pre or Post Museum Tour Activities Page 7 Art Activity for the Museum Classroom Page 8 4909 E. University Odessa, Texas 79762 432-550-9696 www.noelartmuseum.org Fact Sheet for Educators Teacher training is on September 17th at 4:30 at the Museum. At least one teacher representative from each school should attend this training session but all teachers are encouraged to attend. Those teachers can relay the information to other participating teachers at their school. There is no need this year to bring copy paper for the classroom activity. The Museum will provide art supplies and other needed materials. When you arrive at the Ellen Noël Art Museum your class will be greeted by a Museum Staff member or a Museum Volunteer. After a brief introduction, each teacher will begin their class tour. Your tour will begin in one of the galleries or in the classroom. Your class will rotate through two galleries and the classroom. Each class will spend approximately 25 minutes in each of the three spaces. To help prepare your class for their tour, a review of the Museum Manners section of this packet is essential. Museum etiquette is a part of this learning experience and important to the overall success and enjoyment of the museum tour. Each teacher will receive a tour evaluation on a clipboard.
    [Show full text]