DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecisd Fine Arts Connection 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecisd Fine Arts Connection 2018 ECISD FINE ARTS CONNECTION 2018 World Adventures & Art History 101 Table of Contents Fact Sheet for Educators Page 2 Educator Instructions for Tours Page 3 Museum Manners Page 3 About the Exhibitions Page 4 List of Station Activities Page 5 Vocabulary List Page 6 Pre or Post Museum Tour Activities Page 7 Art Activity for the Museum Classroom Page 8 4909 E. University Odessa, Texas 79762 432-550-9696 www.noelartmuseum.org Fact Sheet for Educators Teacher training is on September 17th at 4:30 at the Museum. At least one teacher representative from each school should attend this training session but all teachers are encouraged to attend. Those teachers can relay the information to other participating teachers at their school. There is no need this year to bring copy paper for the classroom activity. The Museum will provide art supplies and other needed materials. When you arrive at the Ellen Noël Art Museum your class will be greeted by a Museum Staff member or a Museum Volunteer. After a brief introduction, each teacher will begin their class tour. Your tour will begin in one of the galleries or in the classroom. Your class will rotate through two galleries and the classroom. Each class will spend approximately 25 minutes in each of the three spaces. To help prepare your class for their tour, a review of the Museum Manners section of this packet is essential. Museum etiquette is a part of this learning experience and important to the overall success and enjoyment of the museum tour. Each teacher will receive a tour evaluation on a clipboard. This is to be filled out near the end of your tour and returned to the front desk before you leave. If you have any questions please contact: Daniel Zies Annie Stanley Curator Educator [email protected] [email protected] 432-550-9696 ex. 216 432-550-9696 ex. 213 2 Educator Instructions for the Student Tours Divide students into 6 teams. Due to time restraints, this may be done prior to arriving at the Museum. Classes will be met by Museum Staff or Volunteer and Museum Manners will be quickly reviewed. Each classroom teacher is responsible for conducting the tour for their class and maintaining order in the gallery. Activities are prepared to be team oriented and student self-guided with supplemental teacher leadership. After touring the exhibition, direct each group to a different numbered station. Instructions will be printed on each station. Prompt each team to move to the next activity every 3-4 minutes. After 25 minutes move the class to the next gallery or to the classroom. The teacher-guided art activity will take place in the classroom. Directions and supplies are on the table in the classroom. Reminder – these are suggested activities only. Each teacher may lead their class tour as they see fit according to your needs, learning styles and size of your class. Museum Manners Please help us take care of the artwork and help everyone have a good time at the Museum by following a few rules: 1. Stay together in a group. 2. Never touch the art, since the natural oils and salts on our hands can cause damage to the artwork. 3. Stand back at least two feet from the artwork. 4. Never point a finger, hand, elbow or any other body part at a work of art. 5. Speak quietly and only one person at a time. 6. Always walk; never run. 7. Chewing gum is inappropriate in a museum. 8. Enjoy looking at the wonderful works of art. The Museum is always free; come back again soon! 3 About the Exhibits WORLD ADVENTURES From the Permanent Collection of the Oklahoma State University Museum of Art Sept 13 - Nov 11, 2018 - Nelda Lee Gallery World Adventures will contain objects from all around the globe. Each object from this collection tells the story of different cultures and civilizations. One of the earliest objects in the exhibition is an Egyptian statue of Isis from about 664-332 BCE. Another object of interest is a Japanese print from the artist Suzuki Harunobu from 1766 and several textiles from the Middle East. This exhibition will take you on an adventure of different art methods and media and will explore their significance to the art world. ART HISTORY 101 Works from the Permanent Collection Sept 11, 2018 – Aug 31, 2019 - McKnight Gallery This year, students will be touring a gallery filled with artwork from the permanent collection. The Museum has over 1000 objects in our vault and this is an opportunity for us to showcase some of favorite pieces. Students will be able to see an original Roy Lichtenstein, Thomas Hart Benton, Tracy Krumm, and also our Tom Lea mural Stampede. Cut Up/ Cut Out is not part of the school tours, but if teachers would like to have their students view the exhibition, a museum volunteer or staff member will lead them on a short tour. Many of the objects in the exhibition are fragile and require extra monitoring. CUT UP/ CUT OUT On loan and organized by the Bedford Gallery Jul 19 - Oct 14, 2018 – Rodman/Patrons Gallery Cut Up/Cut Out showcases local, national, and international artists who explore the captivating methods of decorative piercing and cutting. Artists in this show use a wide range of media from paper and plastic to metal and rubber. The transformative nature of cutting into and through a surface provides endless possibilities for converting the material from opaque to transparent, from flat to sculptural, from rigid to delicate, and from ordinary to exquisite. The process and precision required for this method of art-making is laborious, technically demanding, and always astonishing. Cut Up/Cut Out honors both innovation and tradition with a selection of over 50 artists representing diverse styles and techniques. 4 List of Station Activities WORLD ADVENTURES Egypt- Archaeology Students will learn about the different tools that archaeologist use and will be able to “dig” up their own Egyptian discoveries. Japan- Calligraphy Students will learn about the ancient art of Calligraphy. Using a magnetic board students will draw characters from the Japanese alphabet (Kanji). China- Ceramics Blue and white ceramics have been created in china for thousands of years. Students will be able to play “conservator” and piece back together a Chinese blue and white vase. India- Patterns in Textiles Students will see examples of hand block printed textiles from India. Using the pattern block, students will learn about repeating patterns and create their own pattern using wood blocks. Pakistan- Music Using a thumb piano, students will explore the different instruments played in Pakistan. Rome- Architecture With wooden blocks, student will be able to construct a Roman Arch. ART HISTORY 101 Mixing Color (Margarete Bagshaw) Using the color transparences, students will learn about color theory. Landscapes (Alfred Egerton Cooper) Using felt, students will create their own landscape painting. Storytelling (Tom Lea) Using Tom Lea’s Stampede painting as well as other copies of famous paintings, students will interpret each painting. Every painting has a story, what story is this one trying to tell us? Creating a Portrait (John W. McCoy) Using a mirrors and a Boogie Boards, students will learn how to draw a self-portrait. Pop Art (Roy Lichtenstein) Students will use a magnetic ball board that will allow them to create their own pop art. Build your own Sculpture (George Tobolowsky) Using these colorful pieces that are whimsical shapes, students will create their own abstract sculpture. 5 Vocabulary Words Media/Medium The materials and tools used by the artist to create a work of art. Abstract A term given to forms created by the artist but usually derived from objects actually observed or experienced. Usually forms are simplified or rearranged to suit the needs of artistic expression. Often there is little resemblance to the original object. Subject matter This term, in a descriptive style of art, refers to the persons or things represented in a work. In abstract and nonobjective forms of art, it refers to the basic character of all the visual signs employed by the artist. In this case, it has little to do with anything as experienced in the natural environment. Composition The arbitrary organization or inventive arrangement of all of the visual elements in an attempt to develop a unity in the total work of art. Form The totality of the work of art. Form is the organization (design) of all elements that make up the work of art. The elements of form are: lines, shapes, values (varied lights and darks), textures, and colors Realism A form of expression which retains the basic impression of visual reality but, in addition, attempts to relate and interpret the universal meanings which lie underneath the surface appearance of natural forms. Balance A feeling of equality in weight, attention, or attraction of the various visual elements within the pictorial field as a means of accomplishing organic unity. Pattern A repetitive configuration of elements that is distributed in a regular or irregular systematic organization. Line A line is the path of a moving point-that is, a mark made by a tool or instrument as it is drawn across a surface. Its length is distinctly greater than its width. Calligraphy The use of flowing rhythmical lines similar to the individual qualities found in handwriting. It means “beautiful writing.” Shape An area that stands out from the space next to or around it because of a defined boundary or because of a difference of value, color, or texture. Shadow, shade, shading The darker value on the portion of a form’s surface that is turned away from the light source.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linguistic Study About the Origins of the Aegean Scripts
    Anistoriton Journal, vol. 15 (2016-2017) Essays 1 Cretan Hieroglyphics The Ornamental and Ritual Version of the Cretan Protolinear Script The Cretan Hieroglyphic script is conventionally classified as one of the five Aegean scripts, along with Linear-A, Linear-B and the two Cypriot Syllabaries, namely the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Greek Syllabary, the latter ones being regarded as such because of their pictographic and phonetic similarities to the former ones. Cretan Hieroglyphics are encountered in the Aegean Sea area during the 2nd millennium BC. Their relationship to Linear-A is still in dispute, while the conveyed language (or languages) is still considered unknown. The authors argue herein that the Cretan Hieroglyphic script is simply a decorative version of Linear-A (or, more precisely, of the lost Cretan Protolinear script that is the ancestor of all the Aegean scripts) which was used mainly by the seal-makers or for ritual usage. The conveyed language must be a conservative form of Sumerian, as Cretan Hieroglyphic is strictly associated with the original and mainstream Minoan culture and religion – in contrast to Linear-A which was used for several other languages – while the phonetic values of signs have the same Sumerian origin as in Cretan Protolinear. Introduction The three syllabaries that were used in the Aegean area during the 2nd millennium BC were the Cretan Hieroglyphics, Linear-A and Linear-B. The latter conveys Mycenaean Greek, which is the oldest known written form of Greek, encountered after the 15th century BC. Linear-A is still regarded as a direct descendant of the Cretan Hieroglyphics, conveying the unknown language or languages of the Minoans (Davis 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last Updated: 2018-01-22)
    - Institute for Scientific and Technical Information - ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last updated: 2018-01-22) Controlled vocabulary used for indexing bibliographical records for the "Art and Archaeology" FRANCIS database (1972-2015, http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/ ). This resource contains 1960 entries grouped into 133 collections. A French version of this resource is also available. The resource is browsable online on the terminological portal Loterre: https://www.loterre.fr Legend • Syn: Synonym. • → : Corresponding Preferred Term. • FR: French Preferred Term. • ES: Spanish Preferred Term. • DE: German Preferred Term. • BT: Broader Term. • SC: Semantic Category. • DO: Subject Field. • URI: Concept's URI (link to the online view). This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license: TABLE OF CONTENTS Alphabetical Index 4 Terminological Entries 5 List Of Entries 140 Collections 183 Alphabetical Index from 'Abd al-Samad to 'Abd al-Samad p. 6 -6 from 10th century AD to 1st millenium BC p. 9 -9 from 20th century AD to 2nd millenium BC p. 11 -11 from 30th century BC to 3rd millenium BC p. 12 -12 from 4th century AD to 4th millenium BC p. 13 -13 from 5th century AD to 5th millenium BC p. 14 -14 from 6th century AD to 6th dynasty p. 15 -15 from 7th century AD to 7th dynasty p. 16 -16 from 8th century AD to 8th dynasty p. 17 -17 from 9th century AD to 9th dynasty p. 18 -18 from Abassid dynasty to Aztec Civilization p. 19 -27 from baboon to Byzantium p.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, And
    1614 CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY – Vol. 4 (2007) REVIEW History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet by Ethan B. Russo 20402 81st Avenue SW, Vashon, WA 98070, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate. This study surveys the history of cannabis, its genetics and preparations. A review of cannabis usage in Ancient Egypt will serve as an archetype, while examining first mentions from various Old World cultures and their pertinence for contemporary scientific investigation. Cannabis historians of the past have provided promising clues to potential treatments for a wide array of currently puzzling medical syndromes including chronic pain, spasticity, cancer, seizure disorders, nausea, anorexia, and infectious disease that remain challenges for 21st century medicine. Information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of these intractable medical conditions. Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Ticklish Matter of Taxonomy 3. A Bit of Geography 4. Cannabis Preparations: Bhang, Ganja, and Charas 5. History of Medicinal Cannabis 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ur of the Chaldees
    Ur of the Chaldees Ur was very ancient city in southern Babylon; iden- 150 acres, were excavated by J. E. Taylor (1854), tified with Tell Muqayyar, close to the right bank of H. R. Hall (1919), and C. Leonard Woolley (1922 the Euphrates, half-way between Baghdad and the to 1934). Persian Gulf. Terah and his sons were born there (Gen. 11:26–8) and set out from there for Haran Taylor uncovered portions of a great temple-tower, (Gen. 11:31). or ziggurat (The Mountain of Heaven) which as- cended in three stages to a height of 70 feet. In At the center of the mound of Ur remains of a each of its four corners was a niche in which were huge tower were discovered in the middle of the inscribed cylinders or “cornerstone” records giving 19th century. This was the temple of the Moon the name of the city, its founder, and those who God and excavations have brought to light Baby- had rebuilt the ziggurat from time to time. In the lonian inscriptions which prove that this was Ur. rubbish-piled room of a nearby temple was discov- Nabonidus, the last Babylonian king, rebuilt the ered a hoard of cuneiform tablets, in one of which city in about 550 bc. In ancient times it occupied King Nabonidus (556 to 536 BC) told of the build- a great stretch of land along the Euphrates. The ing and repairing of the great ziggurat; then records inscriptions record a populous city, inhabited by a prayer to Nannar, the moon god, for himself and artisans and merchants, frequented by numerous for his eldest son, Belshazzar, that he would be strangers, since all the important trade routes of “kept from sin” and “be satisfied with the abun- the ancient world, running from Elam, India and dance of life.” The and other inscriptions confirmed southern Arabia to the countries in the north and the biblical account of Belshazzar.
    [Show full text]
  • Istoria Ne Spune Că Pe La Mijlocul Mileniului
    The Getae - Sons of the Earth Let us try to search the tracks, forgotten by time, of the words Getia and Getae, as others wrote them for the first time more than 5.200 years ago, as here, in the ancestral land, hate and ass kissing serve as all proof or logic of common sense in our history that's been falsified and disparaged by all sorts of deadbeats and traitors of Kin and Country. But, for starters, let us clarify whence stems the word get, with its variants getu, gets, Geta and Getia. There is in Eme.gi known as Sumerian: ge: to tie the hair in a topknot, noble, land, wise, to make justice, faithful + ti: kinship, pride, wife, to endure, to be numerous and for the tu variant: radiance, to lead, to support, to delight, true, to marry, the four cardinal points. And for the word ta: father, person, to shine, character, to advise, integrity. From this sequence of meanings we can detach by ourselves some that will be of great import in our work of rummaging through the memory of time, little as the malicious and falsifiers have left for us, traces and shadows of the fabulous history and mythology of our Carpathian ancestors. In ancient times, this word did not define the national identity of the Carpathian people, it becoming an ethnonym perhaps at the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C., as the meanings I will ascribe henceforth will show more a defining trait of Folk Descended from Gods, rather than simply the people’s name.
    [Show full text]
  • 114 Natural Movements in Prehistoric Villages?
    Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium #114 NATURAL MOVEMENTS IN PREHISTORIC VILLAGES? MARKUS SPRING Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Zurich University [email protected] ABSTRACT Hillier and other researchers combined analysis of urban grids using axial maps with counts of pedestrian movements. They recognised the influence these grids played on pedestrian movements in cities and developed the ‘law of natural movement’ in which urban grids are principal generators of pedestrian movement and starting point for a city’s development into specialised ‘generative’ and ‘conservative’ zones. In archaeology, tree ring dating has allowed to analyse growth processes of prehistoric villages. This paper looks at some of these settlements in the Circum-Alpine region using axial maps. It analyses how new buildings fitted into emerging street patterns. Contrary to modern economies, it remains extremely difficult to determine in prehistoric settlements what could be considered equivalent to modern ‘movement-rich land uses’ to further explore the ‘law of natural movement’. However, there are signs of changing and increasingly specialised economies in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Also within certain settlements, there are occasions in which ‘not normal buildings’ were added respectively different settlement sections used for specific purposes. The paper cannot provide new inputs into the ‘law of natural movement’ as such but gives ‘spatial-based’ arguments to the discussion of social changes during the transition from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. KEYWORDS Axial maps, Natural movement, Archaeology, Neolithic, Bronze Age 1. INTRODUCTION In 1993, Hillier et al. combined the analysis of urban grids using axial maps with counts of pedestrian movements.
    [Show full text]
  • ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last Updated : Jan
    - Institute for scientific and technical information - ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last updated : Jan. 22, 2018) This resource contains 1960 entries. Controlled vocabulary used for indexing bibliographical records for the "Art and Archaeology" FRANCIS database (1972-2015, http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/ ). This vocabulary is browsable online at: https://www.loterre.fr Legend • Syn: Synonym. • →: Corresponding Preferred Term. • FR: French Preferred Term. • ES: Spanish Preferred Term. • DE: German Preferred Term. • URI: Concept's URI (link to the online view). This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license: LIST OF ENTRIES List of entries English French Page • 10th century AD Xe siècle apr. J.-C. 46 • 10th dynasty Xe dynastie 46 • 11th century AD XIe siècle apr. J.-C. 46 • 11th century BC XIe siècle av. J.-C. 46 • 11th dynasty XIe dynastie 46 • 12th century AD XIIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 12th century BC XIIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 12th dynasty XIIe dynastie 46 • 13th century AD XIIIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 13th century BC XIIIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 13th dynasty XIIIe dynastie 46 • 14th century AD XIVe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 14th century BC XIVe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 14th dynasty XIVe dynastie 46 • 15th century AD XVe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 15th century BC XVe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 15th dynasty XVe dynastie 46 • 16th century AD XVIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 16th century BC XVIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 16th dynasty XVIe dynastie 46 • 17th century AD XVIIe siècle apr.
    [Show full text]
  • La Jolla Natural Radiocarbon Measurements Vii T W Linick
    La Jolla Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII Item Type Article; text Authors Linick, T. W. Citation Linick, T. (1977). La Jolla natural radiocarbon measurements VII. Radiocarbon, 19(1), 19-48. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200003337 Publisher American Journal of Science Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © The American Journal of Science Download date 29/09/2021 17:18:02 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/652393 [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 19, No. 1, 1977, P. 19-48] LA JOLLA NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VII T W LINICK Mt Soledad Radiocarbon Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 INTRODUCTION Radiocarbon dating of many types of samples has continued at the La Jolla Radiocarbon Laboratory since the last date list was published (Bien and Pandolfi, 1972). Since the 1969 relocation of the laboratory to its present location on Mt Soledad, at least 5 low-level 14C systems have generally been in operation. The laboratory has continued to employ acetylene gas proportional counting. Samples were usually measured for 2 to 3 days in each of 2 different detectors. The properties of the 5 counters used in the measurements of samples are as follows (background and net standard counts per minute, respectively, with acetylene of 900mmHg pressure are given in parentheses): 1) Bern counter: Oeschger- type counter-guard ring unit with 1.7L sensitive center volume (2.1, 21.5), 2) MBLE counter: Oeschger-type counter-guard ring unit with 1.6L center volume (1.3, 17.4), 3) 1L counter with separate Q-gas flow guard ring (4.2, 12.9), 4) 0.4L counter with separate guard ring (1.2, 4.2), and 0.1L counter with separate guard ring (0.7, 1.2).
    [Show full text]
  • 737 Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological
    Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological Dates of the Corded Ware Culture Item Type Article; text Authors Włodarczak, Piotr Citation Włodarczak, P. (2009). Radiocarbon and dendrochronological dates of the Corded Ware culture. Radiocarbon, 51(2), 737-749. DOI 10.1017/S003382220005606X Publisher Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona. All rights reserved. Download date 28/09/2021 06:23:30 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/654291 RADIOCARBON, Vol 51, Nr 2, 2009, p 737–749 © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON AND DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL DATES OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE Piotr W≥odarczak Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, ul. S≥awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. This paper presents and discusses radiocarbon dates of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) from different regions of Europe (mainly from southern and central Germany and southern and central Poland). The main questions addressed are the controversial significance of particular results, the incompatibility of the obtained date sequences, and the “imprecision of the method.” There is clearly the problem of hundreds of dates from different laboratories and performed in different years. A slight difference in the results leads to an “elongated” chronology and acceptance of a model with synchronicity of many cultural groups. The proposed verification of the 14C chronology is connected with both the dendrochronological method and the comparison of dating sequences obtained from particular regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book-Final
    International workshop ‘Yamnaya Interactions’ 25th–26th April 201 9, University of Helsinki, Finland Collegium Common Room The arrival of the Yamnaya Complex and its peoples north and west of the Black Sea from the last century of the 4th millennium BC can rightly be seen as a turning point in European Prehistory. Since the days of Marija Gimbutas, and of her Kurgan theory, we are made aware of the fundamental changes they trigger in a continental scale. In the archaeological record, we see their impact particularly in new burial rituals, a novel socio-economic order with fresh institutions, and the forwarding of a whole package of innovations and material culture, subsequently dominating European records up to the Atlantic Ocean for nearly a millennium via Corded Wares and Bell Beakers. However with latest ancient DNA sequencing results, but also isotope analyses, enhanced anthropological, and interdisciplinary studies, we now better understand the scale of the changes, the underlying factors of mobility and migrations, of genetic transmissions and diseases, and of new ideologies and perhaps religious ideas therein, eventually leading to the establishment of Indo-European languages in most of Europe. This “Yamnaya Interactions” workshop wants to go back to the starting point of all these, the original Yamnaya westwards expansion, and explore and assess their interactions with contemporary societies near and far; from direct interactions, over cross-border exchanges between steppe and forest-steppe, or lowland and mountainous inhabitants, to indirect cultural, societal and economic transmissions across half of the European Continent. The workshop will address the topic purely on archaeological grounds, with no geneticists or linguists being directly invited to contribute.
    [Show full text]
  • Just Hearing About TENS and EMS for the First Time?
    Just hearing about TENS and EMS for the first time? Wondering whether these unusual alternatives are as new and unfamiliar as they seem? It may come as a shock to you, but electrotherapy has actually existed as a useful and valid pain reliever for a long, long time. Ancient civilizations found a surprising amount of relief from one key sea creature. Many, many years later in the 18th and 19th centuries, man honed these natural solutions and produced man-made electrical devices. A Seaworthy Treatment The application of electricity for pain treatment dates back thousands of years to the 28th century BC. In Ancient Egyptian texts from as early as 2750 BC, the authors make mention of electrical fish, what they called “Thunder of the Nile,” indicating their awareness of the shock felt when contact was made. In later years, the Greek and Romans would follow suit of the Egyptians and begin experimenting with electrical fish as a treatment for pain. The Egyptians found, for instance, that stepping on an electrical fish would produce a shock that could help relieve medical issues such as epilepsy. Much later, a man named Scribonius Largus, the physician to the Roman emperor Claudius, took this same practice and made it an official treatment option for his patients. In 46 A.D. he recorded his experiment: placing an electric ray (also called a torpedo fish) on the patient’s location of pain—the head, for instance— and allowing the shocks to numb and put an end to the pain. Largus was able to officially identify that electric current had analgesic properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Keith Ellebracht Ramapo College Honors an Analysis of American Taxation Spring 2017
    Keith Ellebracht Ramapo College Honors An Analysis of American Taxation Spring 2017 There are very few things in this world that manage to have a dramatic impact on almost every single person that lives within a modern society. For better or for worse, taxes are included among this small group. Due to the evolution of countries within their own political systems, most countries have drastically polarized views of taxation. Throughout most of Europe, the burden of taxes on the citizenry tend to be higher due to the amount of spending and benefits that come from the money that is put into it. The United States, on the other hand, tends to have a negative view of taxes. While there are many reasons for this general distrust of taxes, they continue to be a necessary evil in our society in order to help fund anything from publicly based institutions to our infrastructure. The recent presidential election helped call attention to our country’s need to have a prolonged discussion regarding taxation. Whether it was the incredibly liberal Democratic Candidate Bernie Sanders’ die-hard fans that promoted increased taxes, or the strictly conservative incumbent President Donald Trump’s winning platform that focused on lowering taxes, the diametrically opposed feelings toward taxes is something that needs to be fully fleshed out before our country is able to move forward. Taxation dates back to approximately the 28th century BC, where Ancient Egypt began what is now commonplace throughout the entire globe by beginning to impose a required payment to the government by (Taxes). Taxation, at its root, is the collection of money by a government from its citizens in order to help fund public services.
    [Show full text]