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'.tuyiEBic&Mi A World Monuments Fund program. Founding sponsor, American Express Company. ^gjRESS ince 1965, the World Monuments BOARD OF TRUSTEES WMF AFFILIATES Fund has worked to safeguard the Sheritage of mankind by encourag­ Chairman WORLD MONUMENTS ing the conservation and preservation of Marilyn Perry FUND FRANCE culturally and historically significant Bertrand du Vignand works of art and architecture worldwide. Vice Chairman and Chairman WMF works with public and private-sec­ Treasurer

tor partners to provide financial and tech­ Robert W. Wilson ASSOCIAZIONE

nical support for project planning and COMITATO

management. Today, with affiliates estab­ Vice Chairman ITALIANO lished in Europe—in Britain, France, H. Peter Stern Count Paolo Marzotto Italy, Portugal, and Spain—the World Chairman Monuments Fund sponsors an ongoing Vice Chairman and program for the conservation of cultural Chairman, Jewish ASSOCiAgAo heritage worldwide. WMF promotes the Heritage Program WORLD MONUMENTS use of monuments and sites as focal Hon. Ronald S. Lauder FUND (PORTUGAL) points for responsible development pro­ Paulo Lowndes Secretary and General grams, which guarantee the preservation Marques Counsel of the sites and their productive commu­ Chairman nity roles. The World Monuments Watch, Robert J. Geniesse a global program launched in 1995 on the WORLD MONUMENTS occasion of the 30th anniversary of the TRUSTEES FUND ESPAÑA World Monuments Fund, aims to call Paul Beirne Juan Carlos Fierro public attention to critically imperiled J. Carter Brown Chairman cultural heritage sites and direct timely WL. Lyons Brown, Jr. financial support to their preservation. Bonnie Burnham WORLD MONUMENTS Mica Ertegun FUND IN BRITAIN Copyright © 1999 World Monuments Fund Patricia Falk The Rt. Hon. All rights reserved. Louise Grunwald The Viscount Norwich World Monuments Fund Ashton Hawkins 949 Park Avenue Chairman Prince Amyn Aga Khan New York, NY 10028 Peter Kimmelman Phone:212-517-9367 Fax:212-517-9494 Jonathan S. Linen www.worldmonuments.org Lois de Ménil Samuel C. Miller ISBN 1-890879-08-8 Peter M.F. Sichel Gayfryd Steinberg Designed by Jessica Weber Design, Inc., NY Bertrand du Vignaud Printed in Hong Kong by Wescan Color Paolo Viti Cover Photo: Giraffe Rock Art Site, Niger. Detail of a Nancy Wellin scene featuring two life-size giraffes, engraved into a rocky outcrop around the 6th millennium B.C. Photo Courtesy of the Trust for African Rock Art (TARA), an organization dedicated to the documentation, preservation, and protec­ tion of Africa's rock art. 4 Acknowledgments

5 From the Chairman Dr. Marilyn Perry, Chairman, World Monuments Fund

b Why Preservation Matters to Us Harvey Golub, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, American Express Company

7 Foreword Bonnie Burnham, President, World Monuments Fund

9 1997 Selection Panel and Major Donors to the World Monuments Watch Program

IO List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 2000 (listed alphabetically by country)

40 Site Map

42 Key to Site Map

43 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 2000 (continued)

64 Progress Report: Previously Listed Sites

84 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1996

85 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1998

86 World Monuments Fund Directory

87 World Monuments Watch Program Guidelines and Schedule

88 Photo Credits The World Monuments Watch program is the product of an active collaboration between World Monuments Fund and founding sponsor American Express Company, as well as with many organizations and experts in the field. WMF is extremely grateful to the many individuals and groups that have cooperated to make this work possible.

The WMF Board of Trustees has steadfastedly championed the program—especially its Chairman, Dr. Marilyn Perry, and Vice Chairmen, Ronald S. Lauder, H. Peter Stern, and Robert W Wilson, who have all made generous financial commitments to World Monuments Watch sites.

American Express as a whole has embraced the World Monuments Watch program. WMF thanks Chairman and CEO Harvey Golub and Vice Chairman Jon Linen, a member of the WMF board; all the members of the annual American Express grants panel; Jim Cracchiolo, President of Travel Related Service International, and American Express managers worldwide for their support of individual World Monuments Watch projects; Beth Salerno, Connie Higginson, Anne Wickham, Priscilla Lee, and Yangchen Nyandak of the Philanthropic Program, and Nancy Muller of American Express Public Affairs. Special thanks are owed to Ed Kelly, Publisher, and Patricia Girty and Jennifer Kreshtool of Travel & Leisure magazine.

WMF thanks the members of the selection panel for the 2000 List ofTOO (listed on page 9). In addition, the fol­ lowing advisors, experts from around the world, enhanced the selection process by evaluating nominations to the current endangered list: Ramón Bonfil Castro, ICOMOS Mexicano; William Brumfield, Tulane University; David Bull, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; William Chapman, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Jeffrey Cody, The Chinese University in Hong Kong; Christina Dias, Ministerio da Cultura, Brazil; Hans Dorn, International Federation of Landscape Architecture; Vitaly Gevorkian, Architect, Washington, DC; Oleg Grabar, Princeton University; Puay-peng Ho, The Chinese University in Hong Kong; Corneille Jest, Boulogne, France; Carol Krinsky, New York University; Martin Lerner, Metropolitan Museum of Art; Lucy der Manuelian, Tufts University; Elias Mujica, CONDESAN, Peru; Sylvio Mutal, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Colin Pearson, Cultural Heritage Research Centre, Australia; Jan H. Pokorny, Architect, New York; Theodore Prudon, Architect, New York; Nasser Rabbat, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Gionata Rizzi, Architect, Milan; Frank Sanchis, National Trust for Historic Preservation; Ann Webster Smith, ICOMOS; Herman van Hooff, UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Hiram Woodward, Walters Art Gallery; Phyllis Madeline Wright, Scholar,

Special thanks go to the following expert participants on prior World Monuments Watch selection panels, who continue to generously lend their expertise to WMF: Gustavo Araoz, US/ICOMOS; Lester Borley, Former Secretary General of Europa Nostra; Vishakha Desai, The Asia Society; Dr. Mechtild Róssler, UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Giora Solar, The Getty Conservation Institute; James Wiseman, Boston University.

Writer David Masello audited the selection panel proceedings and prepared the catalogue entries for the new List of 100 and the brief status reports on the sites listed in 1996 and 1998.

An indispensable cadre of interns and volunteers assisted in developing and distributing program materials, enter­ ing site nomination applications on the World Monuments Watch database, and proofreading the catalogue text: Maeve de la Soudiére Gerety, Leslie Johnston-Barton, Sebastian Keneas, Julianne Polanco, Erwan Pouchous, Dana Procaccino, and Frederick Winship. Translation services were provided by the Spanish Institute, New York, NY; Joel Brody; WMF France; and the Comitato Italiano WMF. Copy editing services were provided by Mario Mercado.

The World Monuments Fund is a staff-wide activity carried out worldwide. All the employees of the organization are involved, and many have worked especially hard to coordinate this effort and contribute to its quality, especially:

Rebecca Anderson, Jon Caíame, Isabelle de Broglie, Stephen Eddy, Bill Fischer, Martha Flach, Felicia Mayro, Nicole Nichols, Chris Northrup, Johnette Pride, Lynsey Rowe, Kirstin Sechler, and Carla Toffolo. ankind's passage through history—a topic siastically travel to faraway places to present their of great relevance on the eve of the mil­ grants, generating invaluable publicity and good will. Mlennium—is memorialized in the ancient Similarly important are the pioneering challenge ruins, the sacred and secular buildings, the townscapes grants instituted by WMF's Vice Chairman Robert W and cityscapes, the monuments and gardens and cul­ Wilson, who believes that individuals, corporations, tural landscapes that survive from the past. Yet these and governments throughout the world should recip­ timeworn remains, if lost, are irreplaceable. The World rocate WMF's support for their cultural treasures. The Monuments Watch was established to aid their sur­ Wilson Challenge for Conserving our Heritage pro­ vival. Collectively, the Watch list catalogues the crises vides major funding to selected sites when non-U.S. confronting our heritage, on every continent and in donors match the grants. To date, he has given $3 mil­ every country. Singly, however, the list also indicates lion in grants for Watch projects, has helped to estab­ how each site can still be saved, and this element lish a partnership with the Aga Khan Trust for of hope accounts for the success of the program. Culture, and has elicited matching support from such Spotlighting 100 sites that have been neglected, mal­ countries as Austria, Chile, the Czech Republic, India, treated, and generally undervalued, the Watch raises Italy, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. each one to new international prominence. This in Other partners focus on specific areas of interest. turn heartens the local sponsors and encourages com­ The Samuel H. Kress Foundation, where I serve as munity action and involvement. In this atmosphere president, made a special gift of $600,000 to develop of heightened awareness, even a small grant from the conservation guidelines for Pompeii, a site so gravely World Monuments Fund and our Watch donors can at risk that it has appeared on all three Watch lists. spark a remarkable chain reaction. The foundation also recently renewed its support— Since the creation of the World Monuments Watch at $500,000 per year for five years—for a program of in 1996, WMF and its donors have contributed $7.4 matching grants for architectural sites of artistic merit million to aid listed sites and attracted an additional in Europe. $17.8 million in support from other sources, typically The relevance of cultural heritage to economic new local sponsors and governments. In some cases, development has led the World Bank to develop a simply listing a site helped to generate new funding. full-scale program of loans to national governments. These successes show the Watch to be a classic private- WMF is now working with the World Bank at sector initiative—a creative new approach in filling an Constan tin Brancusi's Endless Column in Romania, unmet need for the public good. Mostar in Bosnia, and Gondar in Ethiopia, with Partnerships are a crucial component. Every site more joint initiatives under discussion. nominator is a potential partner, but other alliances As this round of the World Monuments Watch have also emerged, based on common interests, shared commences, we are gratified with its success to date, concerns, and fundraising challenges. Each has added a and anticipate new gains. It is our goal that none of new dimension to the success of the Watch program. these precious and vulnerable sites should be lost. Our first and most fundamental partner is the pro­ The Watch is on. gram's founding sponsor, American Express. An initial five-year commitment of $5 million gave impetus to the program. Its recent renewal on the same terms will ;^C^W extend the company's annual distribution of funds to selected sites through 2005, raising its total commit­ Marilyn Perry ment to $10 million. A partner in the best sense, Chairman American Express sponsors press events and public World Monuments Fund announcements, and the company's executives enthu­ NE OF THE KEY ELEMENTS THAT preservation, both by supporting the development of defines American Express Company in the biennial List of 100 Most Endangered Sites, and by O the eyes of our customers is our relation­ offering emergency grants. To date, Amcncan Express ship to travel and tourism. What are tourism's great­ has made 71 grants to 60 sites in 37 countries under the est assets? Along with its human resources, they are Watch program. Some of the sites are extremely well- its natural and historic sites and cultural heritage. known, others are not. All, however, are either tourist These precious resources are critical to the quality of sites or show potential for tourism—and for several of life worldwide. They are also prime motivators for them, insensitive tourism presents a threat that needs to international travel—and they are increasingly at risk. be better managed. Other donors have joined us in No industry has a greater stake than ours in the supporting these and other sites on the first two lists. preservation of the world's great endangered sites. The 2000 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites is the Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world third since the inception of the Watch. Once again a as well as the major employer. According to the panel of independent experts has done a superb job of World Travel & Tourism Council, we now generate choosing among sites nominated by private and pub­ about 11 percent of global gross domestic product and lic organizations around the world. In the course of employs more than 200 million people worldwide. my own travel I have visited several of these sites, an We can look ahead to an even more productive future. experience which I heartily recommend. There is But to achieve and sustain our growth, we will have to nothing like seeing with your own eyes places such as address critical issues such as protecting our environ­ Petra in Jordan or Machu Picchu in Peru to appreci­ ment—natural and man-made—and preserving the ate the threats that they face, and to realize that even a cultures and traditions upon which tourism depends. modest contribution can help save these vital links American Express has chosen to assume a leader­ between the present and the past. ship role in the preservation of sites and monuments The track record of the World Monuments Watch at risk, for the good of our communities around the in its first five years has renewed our confidence in world and for the sake of our own industry. That is the ability of timely intervention to help preserve why, five years ago, we made a $5 million, five-year endangered sites. Based on this history of success, investment in the World Monuments Watch, an we have renewed our commitment to the World ambitious program created by the World Monuments Monuments Watch with another $5 million grant Fund to identify the world's most endangered monu­ through the year 2005, bringing us to a full decade ments and to try to save as many of them as possible. of support for this extraordinary initiative. By addressing a problem of direct interest to our Now more than ever our industry faces the chal­ industry, this initiative offered an unprecedented lenge of safeguarding its major assets—people and opportunity to reach many other potential contribu­ places. There is still much to do, and there is no tors who would understand the magnitude of the room for complacency. We are proud to be at the global challenge and respond accordingly. forefront of this effort and gratified that so many oth­ American Express has a long history of involve­ ers, including our colleagues in the travel and tourism ment in historic preservation, during which time the industry, have begun to rally behind this cause and to World Monuments Fund has often been a partner of offer financial support to individual sites and to the choice. Our past experience with WMF led us to World Monuments Watch program as a whole. believe that this new, much larger investment would be money well spent, and our confidence has been faMW rewarded. Harvey Golub The World Monuments Watch has made it possi­ Chairman & Chief Executive Officer ble to broaden the company's involvement in historic American Express Company o read this book is to discover and learn to Pichu, a potential victim of a questionable develop­ appreciate 100 marvelous and highly cher­ ment scheme to bring more visitors to the site; and Tished works of humanity throughout the Beauvais Cathedral, a building flawed since its con­ world. The opportunity to learn about these sites— struction due to its sheer height. It remains clear that many of them little known outside their own coun­ international recognition and importance provide no tries—is one of the special experiences offered guarantee against endangerment or neglect. through the World Monuments Watch catalog. But By contrast, several sites return to the list for a the experience is further charged by the awareness third cycle in the year 2000. These have been moni­ that each site, as we learn about it, is gravely threat­ tored by WMF since the Watch program's inception: ened. The salient feature shared by these sites is that the Tour and Taxis transport hub in Brussels, now they are all seriously at risk. scheduled for partial demolition; Paanajárvi Village in the Russian district of Karelia, still threatened by dam The 2000 edition of this List of 100 Most construction; Pompen in Italy, only now beginning to Endangered Sites initiates the third biennial cycle of recover from decades of degradation and neglect; the World Monuments Watch program. Over the Jaisalmer, India's picturesque but endangered fortress next two years these sites will be the focus of inten­ city; and Butrint, a pristine Greco-Roman site in the sive efforts—by their nominators and by the World politically-sensitive Balkans—face severe and urgent Monuments Fund and its partners—to improve their challenges that have not been overcome despite condition and to cultivate public concern for their intense public attention and some progress. They precarious state. With the Watch program now wide­ remain on the critical list, together with the Bogd ly known in the architectural conservation field, the Khaan Palace in Mongolia and Palpung Monastery sites on this list were chosen from among many in Himalayan China—which have simply received strong candidates. They were selected to present a no help and remain under the highest degree of broad range of building types and endangered situa­ emergency. tions as well as reflect a representative worldwide geographic distribution. Above all they were chosen Altogether 38 sites on the current list have to engage interest and promote understanding of the appeared before. After reviewing progress made since manifold emergencies that confront our cultural her­ their first listing, the selection panel considered the itage every day throughout the world. unresolved needs to be great enough to warrant

Since the World Monuments Watch was initiated returning the sites to the endangered list. Eastern in 1996, some of the world's most famous sites have State Penitentiary and the whole of Lancaster County been listed, such as the Taj Mahal, Angkor, Mesa in Pennsylvania, the fragile Uch Monument Complex Verde, and Hagia Sophia. These sites do not appear in Pakistan, and two important sites in Vietnam are on the current list—either because significant among those now listed for a second time. progress has been made toward solving the problems Of the new sites listed, some arc familiar, and oth­ for which they were included, or because no further ers invite the reader to become acquainted. Remote value would be gained by listing them again. An ancient sites of huge monumentality join the list— update on the condition of every site previously listed such as Khasekhemwy at Hierakonpolis in Egypt, appears in the back pages of this catalog. In the Mount Nemrut in Turkey, Merv in Turkmenistan, briefest iorm, it reports many success stories and a and the prehistoric rock art giraffe that appears on few regrettable losses. Replacing the world-class the cover of this catalogue. The heavily damaged monuments retired from this year's list are others war casualties of Mostar and Vukovar in Bosnia with complex problems that have defied solution to and Croatia are listed for the first time after major date—the Valley of Kings, each day more heavily planning efforts have made their recoveries possible. compromised by uncontrolled tourism; Macchu Sensitive landscapes, with their traditional villages and towns that are vestiges of disappearing civilizations, How and why did the selection panel—a distin­ are an important feature of this list—including Omo guished group of world experts—choose this eclectic Hada (the Nias Habitat) in Indonesia, the Rice group of sites from amongst others, and what does Terraces of the Cordilleras in the Philippines, and this list represent? By the dual criteria of significance Cinque Terre in Italy. Often overlooked, the magnifi­ and urgency, all these sites rank very high. But the cent engineering achievements of the last century, panel was particularly concerned about how Watch now obsolete and in need of a new use, are represent­ listing would affect the sites. From among highly ed by Vila de Paranapiacaba in Brazil and San Isidro important sites around the world, they chose those de los Destiladeros in Cuba. The list contains a sprin­ where they felt constructive action was most likely kling of important twentieth-century buildings: Alvar to be achieved by the nominator or sponsor of the Aalto's beautiful Viipuri Library in Russia, near the listing—where the endorsement of the World Finnish boarder; Konstantin Melnikov's construc- Monuments Watch would help the most. tivist Russakov Club in Moscow; and the Neutras' While the problems facing these sites may be pioneering VDL Research House in Los Angeles. daunting, the magnitude of funds needed to face these And the reader will note an actively used building in challenges is relatively modest. Total funding requests one of the world's wealthiest neighborhoods—the for the 100 sites in this round stand at $236 million, Seventh Regiment Armory in New York City—join­ or an average of over $2.3 million per site. Comparing ing other threatened sites on the list. This listing this funding to the costs of building a shopping mall, demonstrates that the causes of endangerment are sponsored by investment; a sports complex, spon­ varied, and lack of money is not always the sole sored by public bond offering; or a new hospital problem. Loss of function and lack of will or interest building, carrying the name of an individual donor, on the part of the owners are also powerful chal­ few would question the worthiness of our enterprise. lenges faced by the advocates of preserving significant So why can't we save all these wonderful places? works of the past. The answer is that we can and we must. We need For the problems generated by dire financial cir­ money and we need resourceful and effective leaders cumstances, however, Russia and Cuba merit special to act on a local level and serve as our partners. This attention. The quality and extent of the Russian her­ list offers a staggering range of opportunities for these itage to be recovered from desperate straits after two forces to come together. decades of neglect is a special problem that should command world attention. Four major sites— Arkhangelskoye near Moscow, with paintings by Tiepolo, Boucher, and Hubert Robert; Catherine the Great's Oranienbaum at Lomonosov; the Viipuri Bonnie Burnham Library, designed by Alvar Aalto; and the historic President center of Rostov Veliky—join others that have been World Monuments Fund listed in previous years. Likewise, the sheer poverty of materials and means available to the specialists in Cuba who are seeking to defend the remains of the island's unique architectural heritage is an especially affecting situation warranting a response from around the world. 2000 LIST OF 100 SELECTION PANEL

Mounir Bouchenaki Director, World Heritage Centre and Division For Cultural Heritage, UNESCO

Henry Cleere World Heritage Coordinator, ICOMOS

Jan Fontein Former Director, Boston Museum of Fine Arts

Gael de Guichen Assistant to the Director General, ICCROM

András Román Secretary General, ICOMOS Hungary

Eduard Sekler Professor Emeritus, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University

Mona Serageldin Associate Director, Unit for Housing and Urbanization, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University

Nicholas Stanley-Price Institute of Archaeology, University College London

Anthony Wood Executive Director, Ittleson Foundation

DONORS OF $50,000 AND ABOVE TO THE WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH TO DATE

American Express Company Samuel H. Kress Foundation

Anonymous Hon. Ronald S. Lauder

Ms. Eleanor Briggs Mr. and Mrs. Peter Norton

The Brown Foundation The Ralph E. Ogden Foundation

Drs. Lois and Georges de Menu Hon. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky

The East India Hotels Ltd. Rebuild Dubrovnik Fund, Inc.

Mr. and Mrs. Ahmet Ertegun The Search Charitable Foundation Ltd.

Ms. Virginia Gilder The Starr Foundation

Grand Circle Foundation Travel & Leisure

International Music and Art Foundation Trust for Mutual Understanding

Ms. Betty Wold Johnson and Mr. Douglas F. Bushnell Mr. Robert W. Wilson

The J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Yad Hanadiv

9 WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH

ONE HUNDRED MOST ENDANGERED SITES 2000

10 BUTRINT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE TIPASA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK SARANDE, ALBANIA TIPASA, ALGERIA 8TH CENTURY B.C.-18TH CENTURY A.L). SITE NO. 1 40 B.C. SITE NO. 2

s a result of political instability in the region, looting hoenician merchants established Tipasa on Algeria's of artifacts, and the threat of coastal develop­ western Mediterranean coast in the sixth century Ament—hotels, golf courses, commercial opera­ PB.C., but the city did not reach its apex until the sec­ tions—that would encroach on the ruins of this ancient set­ ond and first centuries B.C. When it was annexed to the tlement, UNESCO recently included Butrint on its list of Roman Empire in A.D. 40, Emperor Claudius granted resi­ sites in danger. As early as the eighth-century B.C., trade dents Jus Latn (rights of fellow Roman citizens). Over the developed between Epirus and Corfiot colonies in southern centuries, Tipasa suffered assaults from Berbers and Vandals Italy, and Butrint was established as a base of operations and was abandoned in the sixth century after a brief revival between the regions. The settlement became a stop along under the Byzantines. Archaeologists rediscovered the site the merchant trade routes for successive waves of Romans, in 1856 and excavations have been continuous. Remains Goths, Byzantines, Venetians, and Turks. In the 1920s, have been unearthed on both sides of a Roman wall, includ­ archaeologists unearthed a Greek polygonal wall around the ing one of the most important paleo-Christian cemeteries in acropolis, a fourth-century amphitheater, and sculptures. North Africa, an amphitheater, temples, forum, fourth-cen­ Since its inclusion on the 1996 and 1998 Watch lists, some tury basilica, baths, and mosaic works. Physical deteriora­ problems have been addressed: dense vegetation has been tion from windborne salts and vegetation affect the struc­ cleared, studies revealed ways to control flooding, and pub­ tures and illegal new building has affected the edges of the lic awareness has been raised. But development forces per­ site. Tipasa is on the World Heritage List. sist, one remedy for which would entail enlarging the Butrint UNESCO World Heritage Site boundary to keep contextually insensitive growth at a distance. A continuous management framework needs to be established. Butrint is on the World Heritage List in Danger.

LISTED 1996 I 1998 TOUR AND TAXIS (TRANSPORT HUB) MOSTAR HISTORIC CENTER BRUSSELS, BELGIUM MOSTAR, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1897-1907 SITE NO. 3 16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 4

eginning in the early twentieth century, railroad, rior to the war that ravaged Bosnia and Herzegovina customs, and maritime interests in Brussels con­ from 1992 to 1995, the city of Mostar was noted for Bverged at Tour and Taxis, a model transportation Pits rich stock of architecture from the Ottoman, hub. For decades, the complex was a city within a city. Austro-Hungarian, and even Socialist periods that made it a Inspired by the Flemish Renaissance vernacular style, the truly multicultural city. The destruction in 1993 of the warehouses and related structures engagingly exploited the famous Ottoman bridge, constructed in 1566, symbolized properties of cast-iron, reinforced concrete, steel, and glass. the end of Mostar's long and continuous history of urban With the formation of the European Community, customs development. Repeated bombardment resulted in the loss of and storage practices changed, rendering much of the facili­ nearly 75 percent of housing, along with most of the his­ ty obsolete. Although elsewhere in the world examples toric buildings of major importance, especially in the eastern abound demonstrating how former industrial sites can be sector. Mostar, now a ravaged urban landscape, remains a sensitively and respectfully readapted, developers here will politically divided city. To mend the cityscape—both politi­ soon destroy the integrity of the Tour and Taxis architectur­ cally and architecturally—funding is required to renovate al assemblage. Regional authorities granted developers per­ countless buildings damaged in attacks, which remain vul­ mission to dismantle two of the most important buildings nerable to the elements, vandalism, and collapse. A recon­ for a concert complex, commercial galleries, and parking struction program has been launched, financed by the garage. Additional schemes threaten to destroy the integrity World Bank in cooperation with the Aga Khan Trust for of the rest of the site. No comprehensive plan has consid­ Culture, UNESCO, and WMF, but additional investors are ered the potential of the whole site. Proposals that better needed. International publicity and material assistance are respect the patrimony have been made, to no avail. The necessary to Mostar's recovery and reemergence. approved construction permits spell demise for Tour and Taxis, an irreparable loss of identity and culture for Brussels.

LISTED IN 1996 11998

12 SANTO ANTONIO DO PARAGUAQU VILA DE PARANAPIACABA SAO FRANCISCO DO PARAGUACA, BAHÍA, BRAZIL SANTO ANDRÉ, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL 1650-1700 SITE NO. 5 1867 SITE NO. 6

n the mid-seventeenth century, the Franciscans estab­ n order to link the port of Santos on the Brazilian lished a church and convent in the state of Bahía, south coast with coffee growing regions in the interior I choosing a dramatic site overlooking the waters of I state of Sao Paulo, a railroad funicular was built to lift Lagamar of the Iguape. The whitewashed stone and brick entire trains, laden with coffee, across the mountainous building they erected was the prototype and preeminent divide and through the dense Atlantic forest. A British example for Portuguese colonial monasteries that would company built the immense system of steam engines that be built in the rich sugar-producing region. A three-level powered the funicular, and also established the railroad vil­ facade, an arcade, and a monumental staircase are its key lage of Paranapiacaba at the end of the nineteenth century features. The complex had a vital presence until the early for the employees who manned its operation. Wooden twentieth century, when it was abandoned by the order and workers' houses typical of those in British mining areas donated to the Sao Salvador Archdiocese. It has since were erected, while more important dwellings were fash­ remained empty, the building vulnerable to the elements, its ioned in Victorian style. Paranapiacaba thrived until auto­ artistic patrimony dispersed. A partial technical analysis has mated operations rendered the labor-intensive funicular revealed that, due to the weather as well as human actions, system obsolete. Eventually, the community moved away the structure is at risk of collapse. If properly restored, the and deterioration set in. With almost no residents left, and complex could take on a new function. But it is situated in few experts in the country knowledgeable about conserva­ a poor village where residents support themselves through tion of wooden buildings, Paranapiacaba verges on extinc­ fishing and small-scale agriculture, and no local funds are tion. Better protection and new uses for the buildings need available to start the process. Immediate repairs are neces­ to be established and a plan for sustainable development sary, followed by efforts to attract investment in order to must be implemented. With a significant investment, this reuse this complex as a revenue-generating resource. former railroad village, which vividly interprets this vital period in the history of Brazil, could be reborn. IVANOVO ROCK CHAPELS BANTEAY CHHMAR TEMPLE OF JAYAVARMAN VII ROUSSE REGION, BULGARIA THMAR PUOK, CAMBODIA 13TH-14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 7 12TH CENTURY SITE NO. 8

unning for more than five kilometers, deep t the conclusion of the civil war between the within sheer cliffs along both banks of the river Khmer and Champa kingdoms in the twelfth R Rousenski Lorn, is a medieval monastic complex. A century, King Jayavarman VII built a temple in The various churches, chapels, monastic cells, and other the Cambodian jungle to honor five heroes who died in rooms—hewn out of the rock and featuring elaborate paint­ defense of their country, one of them being his son. A "Fine ings—suggest that the finest Bulgarian artists of the time Citadel" of eight temples, situated on a nine-square-kilome­ once worked there in the dominant Eastern Orthodox tra­ ter site and surrounded by a moat, was distinguished by dition. Constant seismic activity, ground water penetration, expertly rendered bas-reliefs depicting the war between the and condensation from high humidity, and air pollution kingdoms and the accession of the Khmer king. Because of (caused by industry nearby) have accelerated the deteriora­ its remoteness, Banteay Chhmar survived the Khmer Rouge tion of painted surfaces and rock structures. After Watch period of the 1970s. But nature proved to be a ravaging listing in 1996, the site received a $20,000 Kress Foundation force, and looting has occurred regularly since 1992. The grant and some work was accomplished, removing the most scale of theft has increased dramatically in the last year. At aggressive and harmful threats to the monument. the end of 1998, a bas relief 50 meters square was drilled Scaffolding has been bought and readied for assembly. But away and brought to the black market. Ironically, some mil­ a recent assessment reveals that restoration efforts—both itary guards employed to protect Banteay Chhmar have financial and technical—have stalled. Additional funding is been the culprits. Special guards are needed and the local needed to bring the project to completion. The Ivanovo population must be educated about the site's national Rock Chapels are on the World Heritage List. importance. The international art community must also be alerted that any site material surfacing on the market is stolen.

LISTED IN 1996

LISTED IN 1998

14 ORONGO CEREMONIAL SITE DULAN COUNTY TIBETAN ROYAL TOMB GROUP EASTER ISLAND, CHILE RESHUIXIANG-XUEWEI, DULAN, CHINA 15TH-18TH CENTURY SITE NO. 9 7TH-9TH CENTURY SITE NO. 10

ith the return of migratory birds to the n this region, once part of the Tibetan empire, there are remote island in the South Pacific, the village many Buddhist and shamanistic sacred sites, but the Wof Orongo became, beginning in the fifteenth I tomb in Reshui Township is one of the only royal century, the yearly scene of competitive athletic games. The Tibetan tombs that has been excavated by archaeologists— village's 53 structures are constructed of horizontal stone first in 1982-1985 and again in 1994-1996. The partial exca­ slabs and cantilevered stone roofs covered with earth. At vations revealed a valuable collection of ancient silk textiles Mata Ngarahu, an area at the southern end of the complex, and garments, many from Central Asia and Byzantium. seven houses contain great concentrations of petroglyph art. The burial chambers have not yet been uncovered. The It is believed that priests occupied these dwellings during tomb's many artifacts and structural integrity have yielded ritual ceremonies. Virtually every rock surface displays considerable information on an otherwise rarely studied scenes of Make Make (God of Creation) and Koman period of Tibetan history. Fortunately, expert archaeological (fertility symbols). Orongo is built on a spectacular site: work to date has ensured that the structures remain intact, structures line a narrow tongue of rock, situated between thus allowing for easier archaeological investigation in the the crater of Rano Kau volcano and the sea, 300 feet below. future. However, the site faces a serious immediate threat Recent measurements of the rock art indicate that these from looters, who have brazenly attempted to dynamite an stones have shifted two meters since they were last entrance into the main tomb. Appeals have been made for measured 30 years ago. Continual rain erosion, exacerbated salvage excavation, but funds are needed to proceed; the by visitor foot traffic, is undermining the dwellings' stability. artifacts that have already been unearthed also require Unless rainwater is redirected—a terrace built to stabilize the urgent conservation. site—and tourism regulated, Orongo could collapse into the sea. Rapa Nui National Park is on the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1996

15 PALPUNG MONASTERY TEMPLE OF AGRICULTURE (XIANNONGTAN) BABANG VILLAGE, SICHUAN, CHINA BEIJING, CHINA 1725 SITE NO. I i 15TH CENTURY SITE NO. 12

emote Palpung Monastery, accessed by a single t the start of the agricultural season every spring, road, remains a thriving Buddhist university. emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties per­ RCampus facilities include a printing house, A formed rituals to ensure that nature provided a monastic quarters, and numerous stupas (shrines). Palpung bountiful harvest. In Jufu Hall, emperors literally put on was founded by King Denba Tsering, a Buddhist religious new clothes; there they changed into farming costume to leader of the Dege Kingdom which, under his rule, expand­ conduct ritual plowing to show respect to the god of agri­ ed to 25 tribes on the eastern plateau of former Tibet. The culture. The two Well Pavilions of the Divine Kitchen in main assembly hall is the largest Dege-style Tibetan build­ Xiannong Alter, a complex of sacred buildings and store­ ing in the world, with thick rammed earthen walls embell­ houses, supplied water for emperors to draw when making ished and strengthened with inset logs, decorated window sacrifices to the sacred forces of agriculture. These pavilions frames, and carved wood motifs. But this fine and resilient at Xiannong, both built in 1420, are distinguished by hexag­ building is in danger. A major earthquake in 1993 leveled onal roofs and a variety of dougons (intricately carved a three-story monastery wing. Rainwater has rotted struc­ brackets supporting interior beams). Center roof openings tural members and clay build-up on the roof from repairs allowed the energy of the gods to penetrate the well water. has added undue weight to the structure. Repairs to the The temples are in great disrepair from inappropriate use as monastery have proceeded at a pace barely ahead of factories and because of the elements. The roofs are over­ the process of decay. Survival of this intellectually and grown with weeds and rainwater penetrates the interiors. architecturally significant outpost depends on stabilizing Unless appropriate restoration materials are secured—and the structure, determining ways to reuse old timber and installed—the temples will collapse. replace rotten wood, and making the roof water-tight. Reforestation of the slopes surrounding the monastery would reduce the danger of erosion affecting the building's foundation.

LISTED IN 1998

16 XUANJIAN TOWER VUKOVAR CITY CENTER YUCI CITY, SHANXI, CHINA VUKOVAR, CROATIA 1515 SITE NO. 13 MID-18TH CENTURY SITE NO. 14

uanjian Tower is the main building in the central lthough the port city of Vukovar began as a axis of the complex known as Town God's Temple. medieval fortress, it was not until 1692, following XWhen it was rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty, the A its destruction by departing Turkish occupiers that two-story, all-wood structure was joined seamlessly to the a new, largely baroque town developed. Vukovar continued complex's Music Tower, itself an impressive two-story to grow and prosper into one of Croatia's largest and most building with a classic Chinese hip-and-gable roof. significant cities, until a three-month siege in 1991 by Xuanjian Tower is an exemplar of traditional Taoist Serbian forces in which some half million missiles were motifs—balanced proportions, fantastically articulated launched on the city. Notable ecclesiastical and secular eaves, "flying" rafters, colorfully painted support beams, buildings included the Eltz Castle, Franciscan Friary and and glazed roof tiles. Considerable alterations were made Church, Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas, and New City to the Tower when it was converted into a shoe factory Hall. These and other buildings of national and cultural in the 1950s, including the wholesale removal of carved importance were singled out for destruction and looting by motifs, roof brackets, and other vital support members. occupying forces, who ultimately retreated in 1997, leaving The repaving of a roadway in front of the Tower has the city in ruins. Vukovar has been reincarnated before, and prevented rainwater from draining away from the founda­ it is poised for yet another rebirth. An initial plan has been tion, which has eroded considerably. Although routine drawn for the restoration of 14 buildings in particular, fol­ maintenance is now performed, the foundation needs to lowed by the reroofing of every important damaged build­ be rebuilt, which requires lifting the Tower at least a full ing in the city's core. But sizeable funds and supplies are meter. Beams, columns, doors, and window frames are needed, as well as construction experts located in situ. rotting. With proper restoration, Xuanjian can take on a new role as a town museum.

17 NATIONAL ART SCHOOLS SAN ISIDRO DE LOS DESTILADEROS CUBANACAN, HAVANA, CUBA VALLE DE LOS INGENIOS, TRINIDAD, CUBA 1961-1965 SITE NO. 15 1828 SITE NO. 16

rchitects Ricardo Porro, Roberto Gottardi, and ugar mills were an industrial force in the Trapiche Vittorio Garati envisioned revolutionary building region of Cuba beginning in the late-eighteenth A for revolutionary times in their design for Cuba's Scentury. San Isidro, near the city of Trinidad on the National Schools of Art, begun in 1959. Under Fidel Caribbean Sea coast, was a typical sugar plantation, operat­ Castro, plans were drawn for a complex outside Havana ed with slave labor. For generations, the local economy was that would combine national schools of modern dance, sustained by a network of such mills. Sugar production plastic arts, dramatic arts, music, and ballet. Native brick ceased at San Isidro around 1890 and its fields were used to and terra cotta would be used instead of imported steel, and grow a variety of crops. Remnants of this thriving and his­ exuberantly domed buildings would meld with the natural torically underappreciated industrial heritage survive: an landscape. Only the schools of modern dance and plastic impressive owner's house, three-story tower, cistern, main arts were completed, and both remain in use; the other sugar factory, ancillary buildings, and dikes. Almost all arc facilities were left unfinished. Chronic poor maintenance in ruins or in imminent danger of collapse. While nature and ill-conceived additions have greatly compromised the continues to subsume the buildings, another threat comes two school buildings, as well as the semi-finished structures. from future tourism. Without adequate upkeep and restora­ Water leaks, a faulty drainage system, structural defects, tion of San Isidro, the buildings are vulnerable to vandalism vegetation, and vandalism are among the ills. The chief and the effects of too many people visiting an ill-equipped obstacle to repair is a lack of funds, although preservation site. Plans have been proposed for making the plantation of the National Schools of Art cannot proceed without a house into a museum, reestablishing the landscape, and master plan that documents and analyzes the site and employing locals for restoration work. Lobbying efforts proposes solutions for the unfinished buildings. continue to include San Isidro in UNESCO's "World Heritage Site designation for Trinidad.

18 SANTA TERESA DE JESÚS CLOISTERS KUKS FOREST SCULPTURES HAVANA, CUBA KUKS, CZECH REPUBLIC 18TH CENTURY SITE NO. 17 1695-1732 SITE NO. 18

hen nuns established the Santa Teresa convent ithin the surrounding forest of the municipali­ in 1707 and the cloisters later in the century, ty of Kuks and on the estate built by Count Wthey employed Havana's most skilled carpen­ WSporck, figures appear to emerge from natural ters, muralists, tile makers, and other artisans. The resulting outcroppings. These in-situ rock carvings are the work of two-story, mural-rich convent featured two wide double- Matthias Bernard Braun (1684—1738), the most important galleried cloisters, a third, spacious, four-galleried cloister, Bohemian sculptor of the high baroque period. Braun and vegetable gardens. In 1923, the convent went into pri­ fashioned scenes depicting the Adoration of the Magi, the vate ownership and became an apartment building. Today, Nativity of Christ, as well as individual cherubs and other Santa Teresa houses 186 people (56 families). As a way to singular figures. Elsewhere on the grounds, replicas have enlarge their living spaces, many residents have covered over replaced irreparably damaged freestanding sculptural works portions of the gallery, and built lean-to extensions within by Braun, but those cut into solid natural rock at the site the courtyard. Frequent leaks and humidity have cracked cannot be so treated. The uncannily lifelike features of wood surfaces, compromised archways, and caused parts of Braun's sculptures are fast eroding. Water continually pene­ the building to collapse. Santa Teresas problems are emblem­ trates the stone, and surfaces reveal visible biodegradation. atic of colonial-era buildings in Old Havana: architecturally Emergency protection, such as temporarily roofing the significant structures have taken on new uses and suffer from sculptures, draining excess ground water, and suppressing inadequate maintenance. Central to prospects for restoring organic growth are necessary, as well as a long-term conser­ the building is the need to involve its residents in the rescue vation plan. The harmony of natural and sculpted forms process. Old Havana is on the World Heritage List. in the Kuks landscape make it imperative that the site be preserved.

19 PUERTO PLATA LIGHTHOUSE KHASEKHEMWY AT HIERAKONPOLIS PUERTO PLATA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC EDFU, KOM EL AHMAR, EGYPT 1879 SITE NO. 19 28TH CENTURY B.C SITE NO. 20

rom the moment the Puerto Plata lighthouse was ing Khasekhemwy, the last ruler of Dynasty II, first lit on September 9, 1879, ships on the Atlantic chose Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt's predynastic Focean came to rely on its bright beacon. Employing K capital, as a site for a massive ceremonial structure. a novel revolving light and shadow system fueled by The resulting building—some 670 meters by 570 meters, kerosene, the light source symbolized the city's industrial with walls 11 meters high and 5 meters thick—remains the progress. The 24.4-meter-high, 6.2-meter-diameter tower is oldest freestanding, unfired mudbrick structure in Egypt, if a melding of neoclassical style with industrial construction. not the world. Although known as the "Fort," the building Classical-inspired columns, bracketed by prosaic I-beams, never had any military role, but instead was used as a repos­ support a delicately rendered octagonal cast-iron cupola. itory by mortuary cults of Egypt's early kings at Abydos. General maintenance on the lighthouse was last performed These massive enclosures are regarded as the direct prede­ in 1979. Its coiling interior staircase has completely disap­ cessors of the great stone pyramids of Egypt, the first one peared while constant exposure to hurricanes, cyclones, of which was built by Khasekhemwy's son, Djoser. and salt air has resulted in severe corrosion of remaining Archaeologists have been investigating the site for more surfaces. Puerto Plata is located within a national park and than 100 years—and, ironically, these excavations pose the adjacent to the city's sixteenth-century walls and the San greatest threats. Overall structural integrity has been com­ Felipe fortress museum, which are designated collectively promised by the diggings below the Fort's walls, and wind as national monuments. Given a proper restoration of and sand erosion continue to enlarge these openings. In the component parts, it is hoped that the rare cast-iron addition, infrequent, but torrential, rams have created lighthouse, one of the few still standing in the Americas, vertical gullies along the sides of walls and have washed will also achieve recognition as a monument of national away decorative brick niches. A systematic conservation importance. program, which is needed to save the site, would include mending walls with original mudbrick and creating drainage channels to divert water.

20 SULTAN QA'ITBAY COMPLEX VALLEY OF THE KINGS CAIRO, EGYPT THEBES, LUXOR, EGYPT 1477 SITE NO. 21 16TH-11TH CENTURY B.C. SITE NO. 22

n fifteenth-century Cairo, daily neighborhood interac­ early all of Egypt's New Kingdom pharaohs— tion took place at public water fountains. Perhaps the Tutankhamen, Seti I, and Rameses II, among I most elaborately rendered sabil (drinking fountain for N them—are buried in the Valley of the Kings. people) and Haud li-shurb ad-Dwab (trough for animals) in Most of the 62 discovered tombs are elaborately decorated the city were those built by Sultan Qa'itbay for his complex with painted wall friezes that are as much aesthetic marvels beside Al-Azhar mosque. The sabil—with wide metal-lat­ as narrative historical records. Even though the Valley ticed windows, horseshoe-arched recesses, and a decorative remains Egypt's best known and most frequently visited engaged column—occupied the first floor of a two-story ancient site, to date only the tomb of Tutankhamen has building. The second floor housed a kuttab, where orphan been the subject of a serious conservation study. All of the children studied the Koran and learned to read and write. major historical sites in Luxor are faced with similar prob­ Despite its utilitarian function, the small building housing lems, including flash floods, geological slippage, pollution, the animal trough displays an ornate wooden ceiling, wood­ and vandalism. But the greatest threat is posed by rapidly en beams with floral patterns and sultans' emblems, and an increasing numbers of tourists to the royal tombs who overhanging, raking roof supported by wooden corbels. inflict considerable damage to the decorated walls. Funds Following inclusion on the 1996 Watch list, the animal are needed to develop a system to monitor and control trough was subjected to extensive conservation, but the the numbers of tourists. This involves installing protective whole complex's viability depends on an appropriate reuse. railings and appropriate lighting, erecting accurate signage, The 1992 earthquake caused serious cracks in the sabil and relocating tourist facilities and parking areas, building kuttab, which also require considerable conservation work visitors' centers, and developing strategies for effective and a plan for reuse and reintegration into the fabric of the site management. TheValley of the Kings is on the World city. Islamic Cairo is on the World Heritage List. Heritage List. SUCHITOTO CITY MENTEWAB-QWESQWAM PALACE CUSCATLÁN, EL SALVADOR GONDAR, ETHIOPIA 16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 23 18TH CENTURY SITE NO. 24

y the end of El Salvador's 12-year-long civil war in ear the center of Gondar, the capital of Christian 1992, much of the population of Suchitoto City had Ethiopia that had been founded in 1632, Queen Bvanished, even though the city was left largely N Mentewab (1730-1799) built a two-story, forti­ intact. During and after the war, refugees from northern fied palace for herself. The structure she commissioned for regions of the country settled in the city, and they have been the royal compound, which extended over an area of 10,000 followed by wealthy Salvadorans from the capital who have square meters, was the kingdom's quintessential example been buying houses in the historic core as second homes. As of "Gondarian style" architecture. Its multiple-recessed the demographics of the city's population change, its charac­ archways, rounded corner turrets, stone-sculpted window ter is increasingly being compromised. The cohesive, mid- frames, and roofline timber supports embodied the best sixteenth-century settlement is characterized by one-story of Portuguese and Indian influences, melded with native dwellings fitted with red clay roof tiles, and linked by Ethiopian motifs. The Queen's 350-square-meter palace arcades and interior courtyards. Although the repopulation was complemented by a church. Although the site in and reanimation of the city is a reassuring development, northwest Ethiopia (far from current military conflicts) Suchitoto's aesthetic integrity may be irreparably altered. is maintained by the Ministry of Culture and is open to Two-story-plus houses have been rising on streets lined the public, the palace is in ruins. Admirable conservation with one-story dwellings, contextually inappropriate mate­ work had been carried out by the Center for Research rials are being used on some structures, and architecturally and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, but major roof, incompatible buildings are jarring contrasts in the cityscape. drainage, and foundation work remains to be done. Suchitoto City urgently requires a master plan for con­ Investment in the entire World Heritage site of Gondar trolled, sensitive, sustainable development. is long overdue, because its historic royal complex is one of the key monuments of the country.

LISTED IN 1998 LISTED IN 1998

22 SAINT PIERRE CATHEDRAL IKORTA CHURCH OF THE ARCHANGEL BEAUVAIS, FRANCE ZEMO ARTSEVI VILLAGE, GEORGIA 1225-1272 SITE NO. 25 1172 SITE NO. 26

espite the collapse of the choir of Beauvais he twelfth-century Ikorta Church of the Archangel Cathedral soon after completion, architects of the in Georgia was the most highly ornamented eccle­ Dtime persevered to create again the world's tallest Tsiastical structure in the region. When it was com­ Gothic vaulted space. St. Pierre retains that distinction with missioned by King George III in 1172, he stipulated that it a nave 153.5 feet high. Although the cathedral escaped the be fitted with a dome, making it an early and influential heavy incendiary bombing that destroyed entire sections of example of cult architecture in medieval Georgia. Tall, the city in World War II, its structural integrity remains narrow windows were outlined with carved stone frames, greatly compromised, largely from critical structural flaws and sculptural embellishments were applied to all exterior that developed at inception. Other key threats involve set­ elevations. Surviving fragments of artistically significant tling of the foundation and flying buttresses that oscillate murals are found in the interior. In the late Middle Ages, a with gale force winds coining off the English Channel. monastery was founded in Ikorta that remained active until These same winds shift already rotting roof members. In an the early nineteenth century. The church has always been a effort to strengthen the buttresses, engineers in the 1950s much revered structure in Georgia. Although the church mistakenly removed crucial iron ties, which instead survived a severe earthquake in 1991, much of the dome increased oscillation. A temporary tie-and-brace system collapsed; facing masonry has fallen off, vaults, pendantives, installed in the last decade may have made the cathedral too and piers have been compromised, and stone floors have rigid. Over the decades, numerous parties have proffered fallen in. These problems are exacerbated, ironically, by structural solutions, and today there is still no consensus on mangled interior scaffolding, which had been installed so how to proceed. Decisions need to be made—and actions that workers could make repairs. Access to the interior is taken—on how to keep St. Pierre standing. now greatly impeded. TBILISI HISTORIC DISTRICT GARTENREICH DESSAU-WORLITZ TBILISI, GEORGIA DESSAU, GERMANY 6TH CENTURY-PRESENT SITE NO. 27 1784-1810 SITE NO. 28

bilisi has served as the capital of Georgia from the "garden kingdom," inspired by the Enlightenment sixth century to the present (under the Soviet and romantic English gardens of the late eigh­ Tregime it was the capital of the Georgian S.S.R.). A teenth century, Wórlitz occupies 300 square kilo­ The narrow streets of its medieval core are defined by tradi­ meters within Germany's Sachsen-Anhalt region. For more tional Tbilisi dwellings: two- or three-story residential than two centuries, this cultural landscape, which includes buildings fitted with a wide wooden balcony adorned with palaces, statuary of mythological figures, follies, and carved panels, cornices, and columns. Also figuring into the bridges, has been one of Central Europe's most significant fabric of Old Tbilisi are Orthodox churches, synagogues, designed cultural landscapes. Goethe was among the promi­ mosques, and Catholic churches. Repeated invasions by nent figures who derived inspiration from the site, which Arabs, Persians, Turks, and others throughout the centuries was built also to highlight modern agrarian practices. Since changed the city's architectural character, but it was during World War II, a power station, Autobahn segment, and Soviet annexation that sizeable historic portions were lev­ other industrial elements were built in and around the site. eled to accommodate a modern infrastructure. Since inde­ And following German reunification, urban development in pendence in 1991, the changeover to private ownership of this part of former East Germany has intensified, especially the traditional dwellings now poses the greatest threat to the because of the region's high unemployment. During the city. Although funds and investments are becoming avail­ year that Hanover hosts Expo 2000, tourism to the garden able for restoration, inappropriate alterations to the tradi­ is expected to rise dramatically from its present one million, tional structures are changing the city's character. Tbilisi is an increase that may overwhelm it. The integrity of the an active urban place and while no one advocates keeping Gartenreich as a historic and cultural landscape is at jeop­ the historic center a museum piece, investors need to be ardy. The right plan is needed to reconcile the conflicting convinced that sensitive reuse and conservation will enhance demands on the landscape—as a locale for development, a the value of properties in this fragile historic area. tourist site, and an environment warranting cultural and ecological restoration.

LISTED IN 1998

24 THOMASKIRCHE KAHAL SHALOM SYNAGOGUE LEIPZIG, GERMANY RHODES, GREECE 1212-1889 SITE NO. 29 1577 SITE NO. 30

rom the moment Augustinian choral lords founded any Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish the Thomaskirche, it has been the site of some of Inquisition landed on the Greek island FLeipzig's, if not Germany's, most important cultural of Rhodes, which had become part of the and historical events. The University of Leipzig was found­ Ottoman Empire by 1522. There they established a syna­ ed at the church in 1409, the St. Thomas school was estab­ gogue that remains the oldest functioning synagogue in lished in 1553, and Johann Sebastian Bach served as choir Greece and one of the oldest in Europe. Of the town's master there from 1723-1750. Toward the end of the fifth- 1,673 Jews taken to Auschwitz in 1944, 151 survived and teenth century, the church nave was reconstructed as a returned; the membership of the synagogue now numbers Gothic hall and the facade redefined with local sandstone. 35. The interior is defined by three aisles demarcated by Renovations were performed in the late nineteenth and painted arches supported by massive columns that are a twentieth centuries. Despite surrounding modern-day melding of Corinthian and Ionic motifs. The black-and- buildings, the church's daringly peaked roof—63 degrees, white stone mosaic floor is typical of buildings used for the steepest of its kind in Europe—prevails in the city sky­ centuries in the Old Town of Rhodes. Two ehals (arks), line. But this roof and its supporting beams are being eaten modelled after those in the ancient synagogue of Sardis, away by insects and moisture. Sulphur emissions from frame a courtyard doorway. The synagogue was construct­ regional coal mines that operated up until 1959, concomi­ ed of an indigenous porous stone that is fast corroding. tant with current air pollution, have eroded the statuary, the Unless every stone is replaced and the inadequately sloped sandstone facade, and interior Gothic paintings. Sizeable roof reconfigured, one of the last remaining synagogues in funds are required for the restoration work, plans for which Greece will collapse. The plan for conservation is in place, include the building of an organ that would replicate the but funds are not. original sounds played by Bach.

25 BASGO GOMPA (MAITREYA TEMPLES) CHAMPANER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE LADAKH, LEH, INDIA PANCHMAHAL, GUJARAT, INDIA 1530-1699 SITE NO. 31 15TH-16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 32

n Buddhist philosophy, the Maitreya represents the edieval Champaner was an important stop Buddha of the future; this temple site dedicated to the on the military and trade route linking Malwa I Maitreya serves the Tibetan Buddhist diaspora as a Mand Gujarat. Dominating the site was the 800- symbol of hope and faith. Its three sacred buildings, con­ meter-high Pavagadh Hill, upon which a fortress was estab­ structed in the fifteenth century, are the oldest surviving lished in the seventh century. Champaner city developed Chamba Lhakhang (Maitreya Temples). Within the main below the hill, sprawling over six kilometers that came to temple sits a 14-meter-high Maitreya Buddha, surrounded be filled with secular, religious, and civic structures reflect­ by murals depicting scenes from the life of the deity and ing the various Hindu, Muslim, and Jain regimes that con­ portraits of patrons responsible for its construction; murals trolled the city. Mahmud Shah Begda, who made the city and statuary similarly embellish the two smaller temples. the prosperous capital of the state of Gujarat, established The fortress complex is used by the community and monks much of medieval Champaner. One single excavation by of Hemis Monastery for ceremonies and holidays. Basgo Amir Haveli reveals the sophisticated architectural and engi­ Gompa occupies a man-made hill that is being eroded by neering planning of the late fifteenth century. The 69 stand­ wind. Monks and locals regularly shore up the crumbling ing monuments—of which 39 are protected by the state— walls but the exterior cobblestone foundation needs struc­ point to the wealth that remains buried. These face the tural stabilization. Water leaking through the roofs has threat of dissolution from encroachment and unplanned threatened the stability of the floor of the main temple, as development. Highways cutting across the site, industrial well as its statue and murals. An active community and resi­ pollution, new construction, and blasting from nearby quar­ dents of the temple complex are eager to begin restoration ry operations undermine the foundations. Champaner's as soon as a plan is devised and funds are secured. integrity and viability as a historic site is at risk; it desperate­ ly needs adequate designation and recognition on a national and international scale.

26 JAISALMER FORT METROPOLITAN BUILDING RAJASTHAN, INDIA CALCUTTA, INDIA 12TH CENTURY SITE NO. 33 1908 SITE NO. 34

or medieval travelers on the major east-west caravan his former department store of Calcutta aspired route through the Thar Desert, Jaisalmer might have to be a civic landmark on par with Government Fappeared as a mirage. The fortress city, high on a hill, THouse and the Victoria Memorial. Occupying one was built of golden-colored sandstone and limestone. The of the city's most prominent intersections, this neo-baroque citadel was protected by monumental semi-circular bas­ emporium—with domes, clock tower, and arched recessed tions, within which were intricately decorated palaces, windows—exemplified fashionable shopping during the squares, and temples. Jaisalmer continues to have great British Raj. The first shopping levels including barrel-vault­ vitality, the only still-functioning fortress city in India. ed arcades in stained glass; bridges and "floating" gangways In the last few years, the city has become a major tourist accessed upper-level residential apartments arrayed about a destination, resulting in increased traffic and the adaptation large courtyard. Underutilized since nationalization in 1947, of houses to accommodate a growing number of guests. the structure has deteriorated dramatically. In a recent land­ The introduction of running water to the city without a mark victory, the Calcutta Municipal Corporation proper drainage system is an enormous problem—allowing successfully negotiated with the owner to begin rehabilita­ water to run down streets and absorb into foundations. tion instead of demolishing it and redeveloping the site. Water-eroded foundations have caused scores of properties Included on Calcutta's recently issued heritage list, the to collapse. Most recently in August 1999, an unprecedented threat is not that the building will be lost, but that its rich six inches of rain in 48 hours fell on the city resulting in potential may not be realized. An appropriate and success­ collapse of three of the 99 bastions. Since listing in 1996, ful adaptive reuse project could provide a critical model WMF, American Express, and state grants were used to for India, where preservation subsidies do not exist and stabilize and restore the Rani ka Mahal (Queen's Palace). for Calcutta, whose architecture rebirth has not yet been However with the recent damage, funds for emergency assured. stabilization, documentation, and planning for the bastions are the priority.

LISTED IN 1996 11998

27 \ h—r1

SAINT ANNE CHURCH OMO HADA (ROYAL PALACE COMPLEX) TALAULIM, GOA, INDIA NIAS, NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA 1681-1689 SITE NO. 35 1715 SITE NO. 36

rayers and services continue at St. Anne Church as here were once many villages in Indonesia with they have since the late seventeenth century. The steeply pitched wooden dwellings built without Pwhite-washed, five-story church is a typical, and yet Tnails and embodying vernacular motifs and archi­ extraordinary, example of the Indian Baroque of the tectural practices. The Nias Habitat (Orno Hada in the Nias Portuguese colonial period. Unlike the naves of European language), on an island off Sumatra, is one of the very few baroque churches that usually have one entablature crown­ surviving ensembles of this type. The main house was erect­ ing a single order of pilasters, St. Anne's contains two ed in 1715 by Sozalawa Bu'ulolo as a royal palace and meet­ orders, the result of novel visual and architectural tricks. ing room for ritual events that included the election of clan Stone and wood interior surfaces are embellished with chiefs. Surrounding dwellings are built on wooden poles native Indian floral motifs—lotuses, palm leaves, and tropi­ with centered entrances reached from below as a safeguard cal flowers and fruits—and the high-reaching vault incorpo­ against attacks. The Nias region is poor, but it lies near rates Gothic and Romanesque themes. Despite an active Lagundri beach, a popular destination for visiting cruise congregation, St. Anne's is marked by numerous structural ships and surfers from abroad. While establishing an eco­ problems that threaten its viability. A major longitudinal nomic base is crucial, there are fears that changes introduced crack runs the length of the vault, water seeps through bro­ through outside contact may encourage locals to disassem­ ken roof tiles damaging plaster walls and woodwork, and ble or compromise the structures. Since their erection, none the staircase of a cracked belltower is too weak to use. Once of the houses has received any serious conservation treat­ these and other repairs are made, a regular and rigorous ment and many suffer from leaking roofs and insect infesta­ program of maintenance can be enforced. But the Indian tion. In addition to finding funds for materials to make government, which owns the edifice, lacks the funds to repairs, locals must be made aware that the Orno Hada is a restore this and the many other important colonial monu­ national cultural asset. ments of Goa.

28 TANAH LOT TEMPLE ERBIL CITADEL TABANAN, BALI, INDONESIA KURDISH AUTONOMOUS REGION, IRAQ 15TH CENTURY SITE NO. 37 6TH MILLENNIUM B.C. SITE NO. 38

he gods of the sea are honored in the Tanah Lot rbil has been continually inhabited for around 8,000 Temple. Since these sacred Hindu buildings were years. During Assyrian times (2000 to 1500 B.C.) Tbuilt after a visit by Dang Hyang Nirartha on his Eit was a principal center of worship of the goddess holy trip in the fifteenth century, they have never lost their Ishtar. Alexander the Great's defeat of the Persian king original function. As a result of continued use, Tanah Lot Darius III in 331 B.C. is among the many historic events Temple and the attending wooden structures are well main­ that occurred there. Its main landmark, the citadel, perched tained by the community. The peril to the structures comes 26 meters above the surrounding ground level, was built from the forces of sea water erosion, and from efforts to atop archaeological ruins from consecutive historic solve this problem. One hundred concrete tetrapods were settlements. It has an area of 102,000 square meters and installed along the shoreline as a way to protect some struc­ was inhabited possibly by 5000 people at one time. Up tures which are situated on a tiny island (itself once part to the beginning of this century it served as a cultural and oí the mainland but now separated by erosion). These administrative center, where elegant buildings stood and tetrapods greatly compromise the aesthetic integrity of the prosperous families lived. Some houses have now been temple and the natural site. A less visually intrusive solution subdivided and lack proper infrastructure and sanitation. is needed. The Ministry of Education is hoping that a tech­ Many buildings are either structurally unsound or collaps­ nical-feasibility study will lead to a more appropriate and ing outright. Only now has it been possible for international effective solution for keeping the sea at bay. agencies to gain access to cultural heritage sites in Iraq. A preservation action pían is needed to call world attention to the cultural, archaeological, and historical significance of the site, now within a city inhabited by over 750,000 people.

29 SAINT BRENDAN'S CATHEDRAL TEL-DAN CANAANITE GATE CLONFERT, COUNTY GALWAY, IRELAND NEAR KIBBUTZ DAN, UPPER GALILEE, ISRAEL 1165 SITE NO. 39 18TH CENTURY B.C. SITE NO. 40

egend holds that Saint Brendan, known as "The hree mudbrick arches that span a gateway are the Navigator," crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the sixth world's oldest known arches made of this material. Lcentury some 900 years before Columbus. What is TThe gate, set on sloping earth ramparts, was con­ fact, however, is that he established an early medieval structed in the second millennium B.C. as a defense for the monastery and center of learning at Clonfert in County Canaanite city of Laish. The site had been occupied since Galway. The present Hiberno-Romanesque-style cathedral the fifth millennium B.C. and is identified with the biblical dates from the mid-twelfth century. Although the building Dan and reputed to be where King Jeroboam reinstitutcd currently serves a Church of Ireland congregation, Irish worship of the golden calf in the tenth century B.C. Protestants and Catholics share interest in preserving this Excavations carried out from 1966 to 1999 revealed city relic of their common cultural heritage. The solid stone edi­ walls, an Israelite sanctuary, sacred pillars, a tomb, artifacts, fice and bell tower is distinguished for its portal and sand­ and the 15'/2-meter-wide, 7-meter-tall, 13 '/^-meter-deep gate stone doorway, acknowledged to be the finest in Ireland. complex. The arches survived the millennia covered in soil. The doorway is centered amid an exuberantly carved series Deterioration of the mudbrick began soon after excavation of recessing arches featuring geometric, zoomorphic, and in 1979 uncovered the eastern face of the gate. For protec­ Celtic designs, above which are found several carved heads. tion, the Israel Antiquities Authority backfilled the central Weathering has eroded much detail and the south transept is arch and western face of the gate and erected a roof over in ruins. Ill-conceived repairs have caused further damage. still-visible surfaces. Exposure to the elements is jeopardiz­ Interior plastering has prevented the stone from breathing, ing the gate and arch. Even though a conservation and man­ causing granulations, spalling, and general deterioration. agement plan for the site has been devised, no work has Ireland's National Monuments Act excludes the church begun. from receiving national funds because it is an active ecclesi­ astical property. No conservation work is underway and the small congregation cannot afford repairs.

30 RAMLK WHITE MOSQUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ANCIENT POMPEII RAMLE, ISRAEL NAPLES, ITALY 8TH CENTURY SITE NO. 41 1ST CENTURY B.C.-A.D. 79 SITE NO. 42

srael's oldest mosque outside Jerusalem (according to ince excavation began in 1748, Pompeii continues to historians) now stands in a town with a mixed popula­ reveal what everyday life was like in the ancient I tion of Muslims, Jews, and Christians. At the edge of SRoman world. Pompeii is the source for most knowl­ the early Muslim site is a square minaret with stone eleva­ edge of ancient wall paintings, as well as how commercial tions marked by recessed, arched windows. Beyond the and domestic establishments functioned in ancient Rome. tower lie the mosque ruins and a network of subterranean To date, 1,266 buildings have been uncovered, within 109 vaults and cisterns. Near the tower is the tomb of Nebi acres excavated out of a total 163. Commercial structures, Salih, which is a regular pilgrimage site, and a Muslim ceme­ private dwellings, frescoed walls, marble and terra-cotta fur­ tery still in use. Since excavations were performed between nishings, household items, and even impressions (preserved 1949 and 1956, little has been done to protect the structures. as plaster casts) of people and animals at the moment of In addition to erosion from blowing sand and vegetation, their death from the volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius have and general decay from exposure, the site suffers from lack been uncovered. American Express and Kress Foundation of management and conservation plans. The town has grants have supported urgent conservation and planning, shown little concern for preserving its architectural legacy. but the perils that prompted Watch listing in 1996 and 1998 The Israel Antiquities Authority has championed the need remain: physical threats, largely due to inadequate mainte­ for research and an architectural survey and master plan, nance and conservation, and the need to manage tourist followed by a long-term conservation project. A recent flow more effectively, and provide better interpretation for Samuel H. Kress Foundation grant supported a survey of over 2 million annual visitors. Fiscal autonomy was recently the mosque ruins. Additional surveys of the tower and sub­ granted to an effective on-site authority. Current goals terranean structures are necessary, but neither state nor local include prioritizing necessary restorations and establishing funds have become available. guidelines for conversation procedures. The Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Ercolano, and Torre Annunziata are on

LISTED IN 1998 the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1996 11998

31 BRIDGE OF CHAINS CINQUE TERRE BAGNI DI LUCCA, ITALY LIGURIA, ITALY 1839-1860 SITE NO. 43 1200 SITE NO. 44

he prolific architect and engineer Lorenzo eginning in the thirteenth century, the steep, wood­ Nottolini (1787-1851) was instructed by his bene­ ed hills above five Mediterranean coastal villages in Tfactor, Duke Carlo Ludovico (Bourbon), that the BLiguria—Monterosso, Riomaggiore, Vernazza, bridge linking Fomoli and Chifenti, near Bagni di Lucca's Coriglia, and Manarola—were fashioned into terraces for thermal baths, should be both a public utility and a glorious wine cultivation. Inestimable manpower was required to monument testifying to their healing properties. Before the accomplish the geological-agricultural transformation. The bridge was completed, Nottolini died and the final design terraces were buttressed with some 2,000 kilometers of dry was turned over to Bettino Ricasoli. The resulting suspen­ walls. The immediate region is still defined by these hills, sion bridge featured a wooden platform, triumphal arched but their centuries-old role has changed. The cultivated gateways faced in sandstone, and delicate yet vigorously parcels have been largely abandoned; barely 100 hectares of articulated iron members. Wooden members and chains the terraces are used now to grow grape vines. Few young damaged during bombing in World War II were rebuilt in people in the region are interested in agriculture and most of 1953. In a nation that is used to conserving ancient monu­ the villages have experienced sizeable population decreases. ments, it has been difficult to convince town authorities and Consequent lack of maintenance on the terrace walls means locals that a regional suspension bridge of the mid-nine­ that there is a constant, imminent threat of landslides. teenth century can also be a landmark of national cultural Terrace walls need to be secured and rebuilt. Above all, importance. The surface of the bridge is worn, the nodes of what needs to be examined is whether traditional agricultur­ the chains appear compromised, and sandstone surfacing is al practices can or should be reintroduced or if new ecologi­ flaking. While these structural issues warrant immediate cal uses can be found for the fertile land in order to attract a attention, civic pride in this bridge also needs to be revivied. new breed of concerned cultivators. Cinque Terre is on the World Heritage List.

32 SANTI QUATTRO CORONATI CLOISTER FALMOUTH HISTORIC TOWN ROME, ITALY TRELAWNY PARISH, JAMAICA EARLY 13TH CENTURY SITE NO. 45 1770s SITE NO. 46

ithin the fortress-like Santi Quattro Coronati oon after the colonial town of Falmouth was laid out church near the Coliseum is a cloister that may in the 1770s on Jamaica's north coast, it became the Wbe the first built in the Roman-Cosmatesque Scapital of the parish and a prosperous port from style. Named for the Cosmati family who advanced a novel which sugar and rum were shipped to overseas destinations. style of decoration in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Falmouth's substantial houses, shops, public buildings, and the Cosmatcsque style often made use of colorful mosaics warehouses are among the finest examples of Georgian ver­ and inlaid marble designs in churches. This cloister is nacular architecture in the Caribbean. The economy was attached to the southern side of the ancient basilica of Santi once strong enough to rival Kingston, but as the port's Quattro, the foundation for which dates to the fourth cen­ economy faltered, it regressed to a quiet coastal town. Much tury and whose name derives from the story of four soldiers of the early building stock has survived, with few alter­ martyred under Diocletian. In the sixteenth century, the ations, but pervasive lack of maintenance has taken its toll monastery and cloister was transferred to the Augustinian on the town's aesthetic identity. Hurricane damage in 1988 Nuns, in whose care it remains. A model restoration was was substantial and many buildings have yet to be repaired. performed on the cloister in the early twentieth century. Throughout the neat grid of streets, buildings can be seen The contemplative, two-story space is threatened by exces­ near collapse, with some, such as the historic Barrett House, sive dampness from subterranean water sources and acceler­ having succumbed. The waterfront, public landscaping, ating deterioration of stone and plaster work; the effects of and public spaces are poorly maintained. Without a sound air pollution have added to the problems. A conservation economic base, Falmouth will continue to stagnate. plan for one of Rome's most significant—and most endan­ Revitalization depends, in part, on establishing Falmouth, gered—medieval complexes remains to be developed. with its important cultural resources, as a major tourist destination in Jamaica.

33 PETRA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE THIMLICH OHINGA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE WADI MOUSA, JORDAN MIGORI, KENYA 1ST-6TH CENTURY SITE NO. 47 14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 48

lthough remnants of civilizations dating to 7,000 ix stone structures constructed without the use of B.C. have been found at Petra, most of the extra­ mortar are what remain of one of the first settlements Aordinary structures now visible at the site are from Sin the Lake Victoria region of Kenya. The walls of the city of the Nabataeans, begun some 2,000 years ago. the structures range from 1.2 meters to 4.2 meters in height Nabataea was a trading center between Arabia, Syria, and and 1 to 3 meters wide; the main enclosure measures some Egypt at the western terminus of the eastern caravan routes. 140 meters in diameter. The impregnable buildings at Elaborate architectural and hydrological structures were Thimlich Ohinga point to a communal, centralized power built to protect the area from flash floods. Dams, cisterns, system that developed in the region in the fourteenth centu­ and grooved channels were used for water supply, storage, ry. Although Kenya designated the complex a national and irrigation. The inhabitants created magnificent sculp­ monument in 1981, only a skeleton staff has been employed tures, monumental art, and ceramics. Throughout 1,000 to oversee the open-air, unprotected site. Several portions of years, Petra evolved into a Roman and later Byzantine city. walls have caved in and at the main enclosure all points of Sustained archaeological work has revealed a virtual skyline entry are now blocked by fallen rubble. Major repair work of buildings in the rocks. Yet decay and damage of Petra is is needed for all the walls, followed by a plan for regular almost as legendary as its effect on the viewer. The Ministry' inspections and maintenance. A perimeter fence needs to be of Tourism and Antiquities has introduced policies for visi­ erected, concomitant with an increase in on-site staff mem­ tation, park management, and regulation. Building walls, bers. Eventually, it is hoped that an interpretative center can however, are fragile and will crumble if not conserved. The be built and this very important group of monuments can site is often subject to flash floods and seismic activity. be preserved for posterity. Water seepage continues to erode rock-cut monuments and free-standing structures. Looting and tourist-related encroachment remain serious threats. Petra is on the World Heritage List.

34 ENFEH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE GEORGE TOWN HISTORIC ENCLAVE ENFEH, NEAR TRIPOLI, LEBANON PENANG STATE, MALAYSIA 2ND MILLENNIUM B.C.-13TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 49 1786-MID-20TH CENTURY SITE NO. 50

wild, rocky peninsula 400 meters long and 50 eorge Town, the capital of Penang Island, is meters wide was the site of a settlement that everything a thriving city should be: a historic A spanned at least three thousand years. Most of Genvironment of residences, shops, religious build­ Enfeh's ancient fabric lies buried, but remnants of two ings and civic spaces; varied ethnic groups occupying dis­ eras in its history have been unearthed—from its earliest tinctive neighborhoods; and overlapping strectscapes with origins in the second millennium B.C., and from the seventh vibrant street life. The former British trading post, estab­ century A.D. (two exposed medieval rupestrine chapels). lished in 1786, maintains its original plan and waterfront Discoveries include a Phoenician town wall, a Roman wall, context. More than 100 churches, mosques, temples, shrines, mosaic flooring, wine presses, millstones, and stairways. and lodges provide the focal points for diverse religious cel­ When included on the 1998 Watch list, Enfeh faced a seri­ ebrations. A few of George Town's first-generation brick ous threat from a proposed port expansion project that buildings (1790-1830) survive in the old historic core, while would have overwhelmed it. Although that project has the majority of its 10,000 heritage buildings span the mid- been halted, the site is still in a precarious condition. Houses nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. But like most his­ encroach on the ruins, excavated archaeological remains lie toric urban centers, George Town faces severe development exposed to the elements and vegetation, and locals have pressures—new, unsympathetic intrusions, conversion of little regard for the site. Current plans for the expansion residences into offices, overwhelming traffic, and developers of the fishing industry will boost the local economy, but eager to demolish vernacular treasures. The imminent repeal the populace needs to be convinced of the importance of of rent control is accelerating the pace at which tenants are appropriate, sustainable development. displaced and buildings insensitively renovated or demol­ ished. Landlords and municipal authorities need to be con­

LISTED IN 1998 vinced that conservation is a form of sustainable develop­ ment that can foster cultural tourism while reinforcing the highly valued social fabric of a local community.

35 •ajáimmmm* ja 3EB*«* Hií*'

KAMPUNG CIÑA RIVER FRONTAGE MNAJDRA PREHISTORIC TEMPLES KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA MNAJDRA, MALTA LATE 19TH-EARLY 20TH CENTURY SITE NO. 51 3600 B.C-2500 B.C. SITE NO. 52

ampung Cina is the waterfront entry to the he Maltese temples arc considered the oldest sur­ historic district of the modernizing city of Kuala viving free-standing stone structures in the world. K Terengganu. This district is a unique confluence TThe curving monuments, built before Egypt's great of Kampung Cina, a street of traditional Chinese shop pyramids, stand in groupings across the island. They may houses which follows the curve of the river mouth, the have first been rediscovered in medieval times, but their real adjacent Malay villages with vernacular timber structures, significance was not established until the nineteenth and and the old palace of the Terengganu sultanate. Some of the twentieth centuries. Constructed of durable coralline and shop houses date from the turn of the twentieth century softer globigerina limestone, the Mnajdra temples, along and feature decorative ceramic cut-and-paste shard-work with others in the immediate area, reveal much about the and Art Deco elements. The physical fabric continues to western world's earliest construction methods. Although deteriorate and refuse trapped by pylons in the river is they have withstood the elements for several millennia, increasing. Recent repeal of rent control may jeopardize many of the megaliths are collapsing. A geophysical assess­ these buildings, which would destroy the character of the ment and conservation plan is needed to stabilize the struc­ community. Since the 1998 Watch listing, a facade and struc­ tures. Rain and salt air continue to erode surfaces while tural upgrading proposal has been prepared for a shop vibrations from nearby quarries may also have weakened house as a model and a phased area conservation and revi- temple walls. Visitors, too, inflict damage. A recent conven­ talisation study is nearing completion. ing of preservation agencies, including representatives from UNESCO, stressed the urgency for physical consolidation

LISTED IN 1998 of the sites. The megalithic temples of Malta are on the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1998 MADERA CAVE DWELLINGS SAN JUAN DE ULÚA FORT MADERA, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO VERACRUZ, MEXICO 10TH-14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 53 1535-1786 SITE NO. 54

ike their contemporaries in the southwestern United panish domination of Mexico began—and ended—at States, the Paquimé of northern Mexico lived in this fort. The island site was first discovered in 1518 L remote communities built of adobe at the base of Sby the adventurer Juan de Grijalva and construction sheer mountain cliffs. Of these pre-Hispanic sites, Casas began in 1535 on what became one of the most secure and Grandes, near Madera is the largest, and most studied, of an technologically advanced forts in the New World. It was indeterminate number situated along a probable commercial the first port in the Americas, serving as both the entry route leading to the Pacific. While similar sites are compara­ point for Christian missionaries and an important link in tively well documented in the United States, those in the West Indies coastal defense system. During the eigh­ Mexico have received little attention. Out of hundreds, teenth century, the fort served as the greatest repository for only 30 have been officially registered on the government riches imported from Europe, which subjected it to repeat­ inventory of cultural heritage, but even that designation is ed attacks. With its capture in 1825 by Sainz de Barada, no guarantee of protection. Local ranchers still use many Spanish rule ended. Significant portions of the original dwellings in the Madera region as shelter for livestock. masonry fort remain, including bulwarks, towers, parade Because of the sites' remoteness, vandals and treasure grounds, a cemetery, dungeons, and the governor's palace. hunters have been able to inflict considerable damage. All But most of the structure suffers from severe deterioration, of the Madera caves need to be registered and a multidisci- largely a result of its sandy site in a highly polluted harbor. plinary team of professionals must be enlisted to guide Settling has caused fractures, and waves created by passing research, conservation, and interpretation. A recent book tankers continue to erode foundations. Since 1996 Watch about these sites has helped draw attention to the perils listing, significant funds for restoration have been secured, facing them. While ecotourism may be the answer, an but the scale of work exceeds available resources. enforceable management plan needs to be devised as soon as possible. LISTED IN 1996

LISTED IN 1998

37 SANTA PRISCA PARISH CHURCH TEOTIHUACÁN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE TAXCO DE ALARCÓN, GUERRERO, MEXICO SAN JUAN TEOTIHUACÁN, MEXICO 1751-1758 SITE NO. 55 100B.C.-A.D. 750 SITE NO. 56

n 1751, after José de la Borda struck it rich mining sil­ t the height of the classical period in Mesoamerica, ver in the hills near Taxco de Alarcón, he funded the Teotihuacán was a cultural, religious, political, I building of one of Mexico's greatest baroque churches. Aeconomic, and social center, eventually becoming Notable Mexican artists participated in its construction and one of the world's largest cities. The site flourished until detailing, including Cayetano de Siguenza, Isidoro Vicente about A.D. 750 when it was abandoned and set afire. Its de Balbas, Joseph de Alba, and Miguel Cabrera. Like many pyramids, citadel, temples, palaces, plazas, and paved streets Baroque churches, Santa Prisca took as its theme the glorifi­ became buried. When Aztecs arrived at the site in the four­ cation of martyrdom, a notion reflected in the altarpieces. teenth century, the city's legacy was celebrated. They Taxco remains a vibrant silver mining city and this active renamed the ruins "Teotihuacán," or "a place where the Catholic church remains its most prominent monument. gods are born." The first archaeological excavations were An urgently-needed, full-scale restoration was begun in performed in the early twentieth century, at which time 1997 because of cracks and fissures in the vaults and severe some of the many mural paintings were uncovered. Even water damage in the central dome. Vaults and walls have though Teotihuacán is the most visited archaeological site in begun to separate—the result of earthquakes, vibrations Mexico and a national symbol, government support has from heavy traffic on nearby streets, and from past mining been inadequate. The physical fabric is at great risk, as well detonations. Presently, most important tasks are: prepara­ as the aesthetic integrity—in part from new commercial tion of elevation drawings to facilitate structural, gravita­ construction. A recent American Express grant may estab­ tional, and seismic analysis; creation of an inventory of lish a model conservation methodology and help leverage work to be done; and surveillance of the most serious further government support. Yet, permanent conservation and tourist management programs are needed. The Pre- structural issues. Hispanic city of Teotihuacán is on the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1998

38 YAXCHILÁN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE BOGD KHAAN PALACE MUSEUM CUENCA DEL USUMACINTA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA 400-900 SITE NO. 57 1893-1903 SITE NO. 58

eep within the Lacandon forest, a Mayan settle­ very Bogd Khaan (head state and religious leader) ment was founded around A.D. 400 that became had his own temple-palace in which to live and pray. Dknown for an architectural style called the E Mongolia at one time had 700 such temples, but fol­ Usumacinta, named for the river that courses the site. The lowing the brutal Stalinist purges in 1937 only four temples style, which reached its height between 500 and 700, made were left, this one among them. The 10-building complex use of sculptural relief and elaborate floral and geometric was built for Khaan VIII Bogd. During his rule, he erected a wall patterns. Hieroglyphic-like markings chiseled into lin­ winter palace in 1903 and later a "Ceremonial Gate" to cele­ tels, altars, and stelae were uncovered by researchers begin­ brate Mongolia's independence in 1911. The wooden build­ ning in 1882. In 1972, systematic research was begun that, ings, constructed without nails, arc a distinctive melding unlike at other sites in the region, involved preserving as of Asian styles. They are grouped symmetrically along a much vegetation as possible; a broader environmental con­ traditional Asian north-south axis, and situated within two servation plan was instituted in 1989. There is constant pres­ rectangular enclosures. Originally, green glazed tiles covered sure to convert the land for grazing, which has led to ero­ the roofs. When Khaan VIII died in 1924, the line of succes­ sion, runoff from which dams the river and destroys the sion ended. Both the palace and the Nogoon Labin (Green natural river bank; resulting floods erode the foundations of Residence) are rapidly deteriorating. Rainwater has pene­ the pre-Columbian structures. Further, roads are planned trated interiors, washing away paintings and finishes. through the forest to facilitate mass tourism and Yaxchilán's Wooden columns and window frames arc rotting. State remoteness has made it vulnerable to looters. The formation funds and revenues from the on-site museum have allowed of a management plans is necessary and the local populace some restoration work to move forward, but at a pace too needs to be made aware of the importance of this major slow to ensure the temple's survival. pre-Columbian site.

LISTED IN 1996 11998

39 WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH IOC

40 VÍOST ENDANGERED SITES - 2000

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I .75 ^'. 8 68 •72,76 28 73 J •3 • ,i8 86 25 29 58 * -77 • .85 '69 / " r 'L^ '*27 V .94

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41 SITE NAME, CITY, 20 Khasekhemwy at 40 Tel-Dan Canaanite 60 Teku Thapatali 81 Catalhóyük, Cumra, COUNTRY Hierakonpolis, Edfu, Gate, Near Kibbutz Dan, Monument Zone, Konya, Turkey Kom el Ahmar, Egypt Upper Galilee, Israel Kathmandu, Nepal 1 Butrint Archaeological 82 Mount Nemrut Site, Sarande, Albania 21 Sultan Qa'itbay 41 Ramie White Mosque 61 Giraffe Rock Art Site, Archaeological Site, Complex, Cairo, Egypt 2 Tipasa Archaeological Archaeological Site, Niger Káhta, Turkey Ramie, Israel Park, Tipasa, Algeria 22 Valley of the Kings, 62 Uch Monument 83 Zeyrek Mosque, Thebes, Luxor, Egypt 3 Tour and Taxis (trans­ 42 Ancient Pompeii, Complex, Bahawalpur, Istanbul, Turkey Naples, Italy Punjab, Pakistan port hub), Brussels, 23 Suchitoto City, 84 Merv Archaeological Belgium Cuscatlán, El Salvador 43 Bridge of Chains, 63 San Lorenzo Castle Site, Bairam Ali, 4 Mostar Historic Center, 24 Mentewab- Bagni di Lucca, Italy and San Gerónimo Fort, Turkmenistan Colón and Portobelo, Mostar, Bosnia and Qwesqwam Palace, 44 Cinque Terre, Liguria, 85 Kamyanets Podilsky Panama Herzegovina Gondar, Ethiopia Italy Castle Bridge, Kamyanets 64 Cusco Historic Podilsky, Ukraine 5 Santo Antonio do 25 Saint Pierre 45 Santi Quattro Center, Cusco, Peru Paraguacu, Sao Francisco Cathedral, Beauvais, Coronati Cloister, Rome, 86 Zhovkva Synagogue, do Paraguaca, Bahia, France Italy 65 Los Pinchudos Zhovkva, Ukraine Brazil Archaeological Site, Rio 26 Ikorta Church of the 46 Falmouth Historic 87 Abbey Farmstead, Abiseo National Park, 6 Vila de Paranapiacaba, Archangel, Zemo Artsevi Town, Trelawny Parish, Faversham, Kent, Peru Santo André, Sao Paulo, Village, Georgia Jamaica England, United Brazil 66 Machu Picchu, Kingdom 27 Tbilisi Historic 47 Petra Archaeological Urubamaba, Cusco, Peru 7 Ivanovo Rock Chapels, District, Tbilisi, Georgia Site, Wadi Mousa, Jordan 88 Saint Francis Church 67 Rice Terraces of the and Monastery, East Rousse Region, Bulgaria 28 Gartenreich Dessau- 48 Thimlich Ohinga Cordilleras, Ifu gao, Manchester, England, 8 Banteay Chhmar Worlitz, Dessau, Cultural Landscape, Philippines United Kingdom Temple of Jayavarman Germany Migori, Kenya VII, Thmar Puok, 68 Vistulamouth Fortress, 89 Eastern State 29 Thomaskirche, 49 Enfeh Archaeological Cambodia Gdansk, Poland Penitentiary, Philadelphia, Leipzig, Germany Site, Enfeh, near Tripoli, 9 Orongo Ceremonial Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 30 Kahal Shalom Lebanon 69 Bánffy Castle, Site, Easter Island, Chile Bontida, Romania 90 Lancaster County, Synagogue, Rhodes, 50 George Town Historic Lancaster County, 10 Dulan County Tibetan Greece Enclave, Penang State, 70 Arkhangelskoye State Pennsylvania, U.S.A Royal Tomb Group, Malaysia Museum, Moscow, Russia 31 Basgo Gompa Reshuixiang-Xuewei, 91 Seventh Regiment (Maitreya Temples), 51 Kampung Cina River 71 Irkoutsk Historic Dulan, China Armory, New York, Ladakh, Leh, India Frontage, Kuala Center, Irkoutsk, Russia 11 Palpung Monastery, New York, U.S.A 32 Champaner Terengganu, Malaysia 72 Oranienbaum State Babang Village, Sichuan, 92 Tree Studios and Archaeological Site, 52 Mnajdra Prehistoric Museum, Lomonosov, China Medinah Temple, Panchmahal, Gujarat, Temples, Mnajdra, Malta Russia 2 Temple of Agriculture India Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 53 Madera Cave 73 Paana)árvi Village, (Xiannongtan), Beijing, 93 VDL Research 33 Jaisalmer Fort, Dwellings, Madera, Kemi Province, Russia China House II, Los Angeles, Chihuahua, Mexico Rajasthan, India 74 Rostov Veliky 13 Xuanjian Tower, California, U.S.A 34 Metropolitan Building, 54 San Juan de Ulúa Fort, Historic Center, Rostov Yuci City, Shanxi, China 94 Abdulazizkhan Calcutta, India Veracruz, Mexico Veliky, Russia 14 Vukovar City, Center Complex Bukhara, 35 Saint Anne Church, 55 Santa Pnsca Parish 75 Russakov Club, Vukovar, Croatia Uzbekistan Talaulim, Goa, India Church, Taxco de Alarcón, Moscow, Russia 15 National Art Schools Guerrero, Mexico 95 San Francisco Church, 36 Orno Hada (Royal 76 Viipuri Library, Cubanacán, Havana, Coro, Falcon, Venezuela Palace Complex), Nias, 56 Teotihuacán Vyborg, Russia Cuba 96 Minh Mang Tomb, North Sumatra, Indonesia Archaeological Site, San 77 Basil the Great Hue, Vietnam 16 San Isidro de los Juan Teotihuacán, Mexico 37 Tanah Lot Temple, Church, Krajné Cierno, Destiladeros, Valle de los 97 My Son Temple Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia 57 Yaxchilán Slovakia Ingenios, Trinidad, Cuba Complex, Duy Xuyen, Archaeological Zone, 38 Erbil Citadel, Kurdish 78 Gebel Barkal Quang Nam, Vietnam 17 Santa Teresa de Jesús Cuenca del Usumacinta, Autonomous Region, Archaeological Site, Cloisters, Havana, Cuba Chiapas, Mexico 98 Tarim Historic City, Iraq Karima, Sudan Wadi Hadhramaut, 18 Kuks Forest 58 Bogd Khaan Palace 39 Saint Brendan's 79 Jodcnsavanne Yemen Sculptures, Kuks, Czech Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Cathedral, Clonfert, Archaeological Site, Redi Republic Mongolia 99 Subotica Synagogue, County Galway, Ireland Doti, Suriname 19 Puerto Plata Subotica, Yugoslavia 59 Itum Monastery, 80 Ani Archaeological Lighthouse, Puerto Plata, 100 Khami National Kathmandu, Nepal Site, Ocarli Kóyü, Kars, Dominican Republic Monument, Bulawayo, Turkey Zimbabwe

42 ITUM MONASTERY TEKU THAPATALI MONUMENT ZONE KATHMANDU, NEPAL KATHMANDU, NEPAL BEFORE 1241 SITE NO. 59 18TH-19TH CENTURY SITE NO. 60

his Buddhist monastic complex, one of the earliest indu and Buddhist temples, shrines, sattals (rest- structures of the Kathmandu Valley, has figured in houses), pathis (small resthouses), and ghats TNepalese history since at least the thirteenth centu­ H (stone steps leading to a river) line the banks of ry. The principal quadrangle retains much of its original the Bagmati and Vishnumati rivers in the Kathmandu configuration, architectural detailing, and iconographic Valley. For centuries, the Teku Thapatali monuments and wood carvings. Of the 83 extant Buddhist monasteries in the Bagmati river waters were used for funeral and crema­ Nepal, Itum is one of the very few to survive intact. The tion rites, as holy healing places, and for other sacred and future of this venerable structure is nevertheless precari­ secular practices. The Tekudoban ghat, at the confluence of ous—a ruinous timber roof structure threatens collapse; the rivers, is one of the twelve sacred pilgrimage sites in there is no money for repairs, and no legal protection to Nepal. During the last 30 years, though, Kathmandu has prevent a new building from replacing it. The situation at experienced vast, even chaotic, change. Agricultural fields Itum Monastery capsulizes key obstacles to the future of once adjacent to Teku are now a tangle of hotels and com­ preservation in Nepal. First is the inability to identify, list, mercial and residential buildings. Many temples are inhabit­ or protect historical structures outside the World Heritage ed by squatters. Encroaching development and severe mis­ Sites or under private ownership. Second is the inadequacy use of the river as a virtual open sewer has stripped the area of a centralized trust for monument maintenance created of its religious significance. Removal of sand from the when community trusts were nationalized in 1962. Bagmati River as building material, along with the digging Outreach activities aim to compensate for a third problem, of irrigation channels, has changed its course and flow. A the disturbing lack of awareness of the ongoing losses of formal plan needs to be devised to attend to emergency extraordinary historical buildings. repairs and protect the site from uncontrolled development and dumping.

LISTED IN 1996

43 £V--•£--'

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GIRAFFE ROCK ART SITE UCH MONUMENT COMPLEX NIGER BAHAWALPUR, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 6TH MILLENNIUM B.C. SITE NO. 61 CA. 2ND MILLENNIUM B.C.-MID-16TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 62 bout 9,000 years ago, a spectacular life-size scene of two giraffes was deeply sculpted into the he monuments of Uch evoke the many different A inclined, skyward facing surface of a rocky out­ roles the city has played through history. Uch is crop in the barren wilderness of the Niger Sahara. Every Tthought to be one of the Alexandrias founded by marking on the animals' hides is articulated and the propor­ Alexander the Great; it was also a medieval refuge for dis­ tions are exacting. The style of engraving is similar to a placed central Asian scholars and craftsmen, an independent known style of Saharan art, the "Early Hunter" style or seat of power during the thirteenth-century Mongol inva­ period, dating to roughly 10,000-5,000 B.C. The site, sions, and a regional focal point for Sufi Islam. The surviv­ previously known only to a handful of indigenous Tuareg ing shrines, sanctuaries, cemeteries, and mausoleums, and a few European travelers, was fully documented by including the Bibi Jawandi tomb, incorporate glazed tile and rock art specialists in 1997 and has since been widely pub­ brick revetments, lime plaster panels, terra-cotta embellish­ lished. Although it is vital that the world knows about this ments, brick structural walls laid in earth mortars, and inge­ rock carving, it is of equal concern that the work remains nious corner tower buttresses. Today Uch is stagnating, protected from visitors, at least until an enforceable tourist burdened by poverty, environmental degradation, and a management plan is established (the exact location is not breakdown of municipal management. Ad-hoc repairs using listed here for this reason). A single visit by an unsupervised cement mortars in brick infill were made to two of the three group of tourists could damage it irreparably. Already, most notable monuments, which disfigured them and also there is evidence on the surface of foot-traffic. Proposals introduced structural hazards. A grant from American call for employing guards and establishing a system requir­ Express has funded documentation surveys and project ing future tourists to obtain a permit and attend a briefing planning and preparation, but additional financial resources session before visiting the site. are needed to halt further deterioration of the monuments and to implement a holistic conservation plan involving the local community.

LISTED IN 1998

44 SAN LORENZO CASTLE AND SAN GERÓNIMO FORT Cusco HISTORIC CENTER COLÓN AND PORTOBELO, PANAMA Cusco, PERU 1595-1770 AND 1653-1760 SITE NO. 63 13TH-17TH CENTURY SITE NO. 64

eginning in the early sixteenth century, the Spanish hen Cusco became the capital of the Incas in and British campaigned intensely to control exist­ the fourteenth century, its status as a political, Bing colonies and win new ones in the Caribbean. Wreligious, and economic center across a vast San Lorenzo Castle and San Gerónimo Fort are among the region of South America was unchallenged. The city took many fortifications that once protected Panama's Caribbean on a new identity under Spanish colonial rule (established in coast. Most of the forts reveal progressive European archi­ 1534), but remained important despite having to cede its sta­ tectural and engineering influences. When the Spanish tus as capital to the city of Lima, the seat of the colonial established San Lorenzo in 1595 as a depot for gold ship­ government. Cloisters, churches, palaces, and private houses ments from Mesoamerica to Spain, they chose a rocky site defined the cityscape, with the Spanish building many struc­ above the mouth of the Chagres River. Its ruins include the tures atop Inca stone walls. Cusco became a largely baroque castle fortress, a military lunette, and high battery, all built city after a devastating earthquake in 1650. Today, signifi­ over a 200-year-period. San Gerónimo was built in the sev­ cant portions of the historic city center are devolving into enteenth century as an Italian-style polygonal fortress to slums as population density increases. Many historically which was added in the mid-eighteenth century a long, low important dwellings are decaying. The crowding is exacer­ battery of French style. An American Express grant will bated by escalating tourism, which has displaced neighbor­ help support a model stabilization project in cooperation hood residents. American Express supported a plan for a with local authorities. At this critical time, with Panama pilot study for citywide restoration. Municipal authorities assuming full control of the area, additional maintenance is proceeded to carry out minimal work recommended by the required, including removal of vegetation, rectifying water plan. Cusco is among the world's most significant urban erosion, and protecting the monuments from exposure. The centers and a master plan for its viability must be imple­ Fortifications of Portobelo and San Lorenzo are on the mented and enforced. Cusco is on the World Heritage List. World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1996

LISTED IN 1998

45 Los PINCHUDOS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MACHU PICCHU RÍO ABISEO NATIONAL PARK, PERU URUBAMBA, CUSCO, PERU 16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 65 1 5TH CENTURY SITE NO. 66

eep within jungles of the vast Rio Abiseo he ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu, high in the National Park is an array of pre-Hispanic cere­ south-central Andes, was never really part of Dmonial structures, dwellings, terraces and plat­ TSpanish Peru. As a result, in 1911, when Hiram forms, roads, and funeral buildings. Los Pinchudos, among Bingham became the first non-Peruvian to visit, it was one the most important of the park's 36 archaeological sites, of the few pre-Columbian urban centers found virtually consits of a group of seven wood and stone funerary intact. The five-square-mile site is situated on a narrow shelf chambers situated on two levels of a steep cliff. The exterior of land between two towering peaks and it owes its preser­ surfaces of the chambers are decorated with inlaid stone vation to this remote locale. Even today, visitors must arrive mosaics and red, yellow, and white paint. Anthropomorphic by foot on the Inca Path—one of the world's most inspiring sculptures, miraculously preserved, hang from cornice approaches to an ancient site—or by bus, climbing the timbers under the eaves of the principal chamber. Los aptly-named Zig Zag Bingham Road, built in 1948. A Pinchudos' stone block foundations and chamber walls government-endorsed aims to build cable-cars from Aguas are shifting in a process of steady deterioration. The slow Calientes below the site to Machu Picchu to facilitate access. collapse is due to seismic activity, natural fatigue of building This mode of transit could destroy the serene, isolated materials, and exposure to the elements. Although the quality of the site and lead to a quadrupling of tourists. park is well managed, visitors have repeatedly damaged the A massive public awareness campaign is proposed to inform chambers. Los Pinchudos will soon be lost, because of the the Peruvian government and people of the potential harm harsh environmental conditions and accelerating deterioration. this project could be to their cultural heritage. Machu An appropriate preservation plan would include prioritizing Picchu is on the World Heritage List. structures most in danger, implementing conservation mea­ sures, and establishing a maintenance program. Rio Abiseo National Park is on the World Heritage List as both a cul­ tural site and natural area.

46 RICE TERRACES OF THE CORDILLERAS VLSTULAMOUTH FORTRESS IFUGAO, PHILIPPINES GDANSK, POLAND 1ST CENTURY-PRESENT SITE NO. 67 1482-1800 SITE NO. 68

he steep mountainous terrain of northern Luzon hortly after the reunification of Pomerania with the was not an impediment for the Ifugao people who Commonwealth of Poland, a round brick tower Tsettled there millennia ago. From the heavily forest­ Sknown as the "Lantern" was built near the mouth of ed slopes, they carved out multileveled terraces for rice the Vistula River to protect the port of Gdansk. A three- cultivation and dug an ingenious network of irrigation story gun tower and moat were built around the tower in channels from forest water sources. These expertly rendered 1563. Following the design of the well-known Flemish "structures" of agricultural engineering continue to func­ architect Anthony van Obberghen, the already-secure com­ tion, producing rice for personal subsistence rather than plex was later strengthened with four earth bastions that commercial sale. But natural and man-made factors now gave the site a striking semi-star shape. In response to threaten the existence of this living cultural landscape. For Napoleonic forces, the Prussian government added yet many Ifugao people, the traditional rice terraces no longer another fortress barrier. The invincible Vistulamouth satisfy their economic or culinary needs. As the landscape Fortress lost its military significance in 1919, along with continues to lose its importance in daily life, the young smaller forts along the river, most of which were pulled Ifugao have become increasingly indifferent to its survival down. It was severely damaged in 1945 and partially rebuilt. and conservation. Much of the indigenous irrigation system Today, the fortress is a virtual oasis amid the vast industrial has been destroyed through seepage and landslides, and ter­ sprawl of a chemical factory. Sulphur and coal emissions are race walls have been eroded by burrowing giant earth­ ever-present. Waves created by large passing ships also worms spawned by El Niño. An agricultural management weaken the foundation. An American Express grant was program needs to be established to restore and preserve the awarded to the site in 1998 for initial restoration work, but rice terraces, followed by a community awareness campaign additional, detailed studies are needed to determine how to to highlight the great cultural and economic legacy of the save the site, literally and contextually. terraces.

LISTED IN 1998

47 BANFFY CASTLE ARKHANGELSKOYE STATE MUSEUM BONTIDA, ROMANIA Moscow, RUSSIA 16TH-18TH CENTURY SITE NO. 69 1751-1831 SITE NO. 70

he many generations of the Bánffy family each n the mid-eighteenth century, the Golitsyn family added their own embellishments and sense of histo­ hired French architects to design a palatial country Try to the castle in which they lived. At some point, I estate on the outskirts of Moscow. Prince Nikolai the structure was transformed from a medieval rural house Yusupov bought the property in 1810 and remodeled into the country's most important Renaissance-style castle, the palace extensively to display his large art collections. a profile it retains. In the late eighteenth century, the first The complex today encompasses the palace, a church and governor of Transylvania began work on a north wing, and, mausoleum, French sculpture garden, and numerous following the war of independence against Habsburg rule, decorative structures and outbuildings, including a theater late Renaissance-style flourishes, as well as baroque motifs, with original curtain and sets designed by Pietro Gonzago. were added. These dominate the present appearance of the Arkhangelskoye remained a Yusupov family residence until building. Successive Bánffy generations created an English 1917, whereupon it became, simultaneously, a sanitarium Romantic garden on the premises, stables, and a sculpture- and a museum and theater. In the mid-1980s, the palace was filled courtyard. The last owner, Count Miklós Bánffy, closed for renovations, and its collections, including paint­ mediated on behalf of Hungary during World War II and ings by Tiepolo, Boucher, and Van Dyke, were warehoused as an act of revenge for his peace work, retreating German in an insecure wing. Then work on the palace ceased. The soldiers set fire to the house in 1944. The castle was Ministry of Culture, which acquired Arkhangelskoye in subjected to further degradation under the Communist 1996, cannot maintain the neglected property. Exterior regime. Vandals and natural decay have added to its near columns and plaster work are damaged; the theater's roof demise. A sound and inspiring plan has been proposed to and main staircase are unsound. If the deterioration process create a restoration-training center or cultural facility in were reversed, the museum and theater could reopen, Bánffy Castle. generating revenues to make the complex self-sufficient.

48 IRKOUTSK HISTORIC CENTER ORANIENBAUM STATE MUSEUM IRKOUTSK, RUSSIA LOMONOSOV, RUSSIA 1770-1799 SITE NO. 71 1711-1774 SITE NO. 72

he village of Irkoutsk, which in 1686 became the atherine the Great commissioned the great Italian capital of Oriental Siberia, was an important stop architect Antonio Rinaldi to build a rococo-style, Ton commercial trade routes between the Orient and CChinese-inspired palace to serve her as a private the Occident. Irkoutsk lies midway between Moscow and retreat from court duties. The Chinese Palace is considered Vladivostock. The city's history is closely linked with the Rinaldi's finest creation and is among the most complete of revolutionary nobles who rebelled against the Czar in all suburban imperial palaces. The original interiors have December 1825 (hence the name "Decembrists"). These survived, including elaborately articulated parquet floors, nobles introduced French language and culture to the city, extravagant chinoiserie decorations, ceiling plafonds, and strong traces of which endure. The city's historical profile is the outstanding Bugle Work Room. But this monument to augmented by its rich eighteenth-century architectural her­ eighteenth-century Russian court architecture is in an itage of multi-colored, two-story wooden houses. Most of increasingly fragile state. Without a heating system, the inte­ these eighteenth-century dwellings feature galleries and riors are subject to widely fluctuating temperature and carved cornices. A fire in 1879 destroyed many houses. Of humidity extremes. A leaky roof has caused damage to inte­ the 1,500 that survive today, one third are in very precarious rior and exterior walls. A poor drainage system from a lake condition (the Russian financial crisis of August 1998 fur­ on the property has led to severe water penetration in the ther aggravated the situation). A Paris-based organization rooms. A comprehensive restoration and repair program is has been working since 1993 to secure funds to rehabilitate urgently required, including the installation of a heating and the houses and has already carried out restoration work on climate-control system. While the Chinese Palace is a priori­ the Chastine house and planning for one other. Completion ty, the Great Menshikov Palace, Coasting Hill Pavilion, and of the work on these two houses would provide prototypes Palace of Peter III—the other principal buildings of the for a city-wide program. ensemble—also urgently need attention.

LISTED IN 1998

49 PAANAJÁRVI VILLAGE ROSTOV VELIKY HISTORIC CENTER KEMI PROVINCE, RUSSIA ROSTOV VELIKY, RUSSIA 14TH CENTURY-PRESENT SITE NO. 73 9TH CENTURY-EARLY 20TH CENTURY SITE NO. 74

n its earliest days, Paanajárvi was a trading post ostov Veliky, one of Russia's oldest cities, is also between Vikings and the people of Byzantium. More one of its first spiritual centers. Written records I recently, it was one of the villages from which material R from 862 mention the thriving town, about 200 for the Karelian-Finnish epic Kalevala was gathered in the kilometers northeast of Moscow. Rostov Veliky became the early 1800s. For decades, little was known of the village's ancient capital of Russia. After losing its significance when wooden architecture or its oral folk traditions, which have Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg, it influenced the endured because Paanajárvi was inside the Soviet's "closed development of that city as well as Moscow. Within the zone." After the collapse of the Soviet Union, international surviving earthen ramparts and seventeenth-century town scholars rediscovered the village. During an aggressive walls, the medieval town presents a spectacular array of agricultural expansion program in the 1960s in which the vernacular wooden houses and ecclesiastical domes. The Soviets leveled many regional villages, Paanajárvi was Metropolitan's Palace, now called the Rostov Kremlin, is spared because plans had already been set for a dam across the most notable set of buildings. Until recently, this historic the Viena Kemi River. Economic crises in Russia stalled city center was the heart of urban Rostov Veliky, and its the project, which if completed would have resulted in the chief commercial and residential sector. But a rising water flooding of the village. Listed since 1996 as endangered by table undermines many of the wooden and stone structures, this project, Paanajárvi still survives intact. A new company, and many inhabitants have been leaving the historic center. however, plans to proceed with the power plant and so the Moisture has eaten away painted surfaces, ornamentation, threat looms again. The site warrants international attention. and entire foundations. Revitalization of the area as a place In the meantime, restoration of the wooden buildings has for living and working depends on solving the water table begun, with local carpenters trained for the work, partial problems, repairing the damaged properties, and relinking funding for which has come from the Samuel H. Kress the historic core to the rest of urban Rostov Veliky. Foundation.

LISTED IN 1996 11998

50 RUSSAKOV CLUB VIIPURI LIBRARY Moscow, RUSSIA VYBORG, RUSSIA 1929 SITE NO. 75 1935 SITE NO. 76

onstantin Melnikov wanted to design a theater ven though the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto whose function and plan would be immediately (1898-1976) believed in modernist ideals and tech­ K discernible from the outside. His Russakov Club, E nologies, he also admired sensuous forms and man- built as a theater for workers who labored in the nearby made objects rather than just mass produced ones. This factories, featured three massive galleries that projected high public library was built for a Finnish town that became part above the street and were equally spaced along the semi­ of the Soviet Union after World War II. This early work circular envelope of the building. The theater is one of the incorporated many of the materials, forms and principles finest examples of late Constructivist architecture and its that would eventually typify Aalto's work: natural, warm- interior is noted for its adaptability to different seating and hued materials, undulating surfaces, elaborate detailing and a staging arrangements. Although the theater was leased in masterful handling of natural light and spatial sequences. 1996 to the prominent Russian theater director Roman Like other major landmarks of modern architecture, the Viktiuk for use as a performance arena, the building is in Vyborg public library has begun to age, a process to which an unstable state. The structural integrity of the long, flat modernist buildings were once thought immune. The roof is in question and the building's foundations may need library was left abandoned for more than 10 years after work. Interior columns in the fan-shaped auditorium need World War II and subsequent repairs were inadequate and to be rebuilt and brick walls are cracking. The only mainte­ ill-conceived. Exterior brick walls and leaking roofs must be nance performed on the building since construction has repaired, and nearly all doors and windows need to be been an exterior replastering and repainting in the ¡ate replaced with compatible materials. Technical systems are 1980s. A structural analysis needs to be carried out so that outworn and there is no original detail or surface cladding a plan for restoration can proceed. left. All interior finishes and details require restoration. The ongoing economic crisis in Russia has prevented funds from being allocated. LISTED IN 1998

51 BASIL THE GREAT CHURCH GEBEL BARKAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE KRAJNÉ CIERNO, SLOVAKIA KARIMA, SUDAN 1750 SITE NO. 77 1460 B.C.-A.D. 100 SITE NO. 78

ollowers of the Eastern Christian rite erected a series ebel Barkal is an isolated sandstone butte along­ of wooden churches in the Carpathian region of side the Nile that marks the site of the ancient city Fnortheast Slovakia, even though their religious prac­ Gof Napata. The Egyptians and later Nubians tices were deemed illegal at times. This precisely constructed ("Kushites") identified the 90-meter high mountain as the church at the edge of the village maintains a small congrega­ residence of their supreme god Amun. From about 1460 to tion of 50 members, the majority of them elderly. A log- 1100 B.C., Napata marked the southern limit of the cabin construction serves as the base of the church, and Egyptian African empire in the eighth century B.C., it three conical towers cap the multitiered, shingled roof. On became the northern capital of the Nubian Kingdom of both the interior and exterior, the church reflects western Kush, whose kings restored the temples and made the site European and Byzantine influences. With a dwindling con­ their primary coronation center. Some 13 temples, three gregation, few funds available for maintenance, and a pauci­ palaces, and many royal pyramids were built here. Since the ty of carpenters familiar with traditional building techniques nineteenth century, the site has yielded numerous important and materials, Basil the Great Church is falling prey to the statues and inscriptions. Unfortunately, constant winds, forces of nature. Moss, mold, lichen, and insects are blowing sand, Nile floods, the growth of deep-rooted bush­ destroying the roof, timbers, and wooden icons. Effective es, unregulated visitors, and motor traffic all combine to financial help must be found beyond the internal sources degrade the soft sandstone ruins. The greatest immediate already tapped, or this important monument will not sur­ need for is a durable wall to encircle the complex to protect vive. Other wooden churches nearby, also of considerable it from flooding and regulate access. A segment has been significance, are equally at risk. Saving Basil the Great built, but funds are needed to complete it. would provide an important model for conserving the wooden ecclesiastical heritage of the region.

52 JODENSAVANNE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SLTE ANI ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE REDI DOTI, SURINAME OCARLI KOYÜ, KARS, TURKEY 1660-1830 SITE NO. 79 3RD-14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 80

conomic forces as well as the Inquisition impelled lthough the ancient settlement of Ani began as hundreds of Scphardic Jews to migrate from Brazil an Armenian settlement, had endured waves Eas well as from Europe in the second half of the sev­ Aof successive conquerors—Islamic Muslims, enteenth century for the New World land of Suriname (at Byzantines, Mongols, among them—it was not until the the time, Dutch Guyana). The sugar plantation settlement Mongol rule of Asia Minor that the city was abandoned. they established, deep in the interior, came to be known as In 1336, the mostly Armenian citizenry was forced to leave Jodensavanne. Jodensavanne, which developed into the and Ani was never again inhabited. Among the structures New World's largest and only autonomous Jewish agrarian left behind were proto-Gothic-style churches that may pre­ community, was a curious blend of Jewish ideology and date by 125 years Europe's first realization of the form, Dutch town planning ideals. A 90-foot-long synagogue, palaces, crenelated defensive walls, a bridge, even an early built by enslaved West African labor, was the first of any post office. For the centuries before its abandonment, the architectural significance in the western hemisphere. Jewish city, in what is now northeastern Turkey, had been a and African-descendant burial grounds contain approxi­ medieval capital of political, economic, cultural, and archi­ mately 1,000 grave markers noted for their artistry and his­ tectural importance. The site is vulnerable to earthquakes, torical information. Jodensavanne thrived until the mid- harsh weather and winds, vegetation growth, and looting. eighteenth century, but was eventually abandoned following Grants from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation enabled an a sugar glut, financial insolvency, and regional political tur­ on-site assessment by experts to take place in order to estab­ moil. The remote jungle locale has hindered maintenance lish preservation priorities. Funds are being solicited for and documentation efforts. With proper funding, local emergency stabilization. Expert masons and conservators workers could be employed to help stabilize and preserve are needed on site. the remains of Jodensavanne.

LISTED IN 1996 11998 LISTED IN 1996

53 CATALHÓYÜK MOUNT NEMRUT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE CUMRA, KONYA, TURKEY KÁHTA, TURKEY 10TH MILLENNIUM B.C. SITE NO. 81 80 B.C.-72 B.C. SITE NO. 82

he discovery of this neolithic settlement—the ing Antinochus I, who ruled the tiny Roman largest and most complex known in the world— state of Commagene beginning in 64 B.C., erect­ Twas among the great archaeological finds of the K ed a funerary site to himself and the gods he con­ 1960s. Here was evidence of one of the first agricultural- sidered relatives (Apollo, Zeus, Heracles, among them). He based settlements and a place where women may have had a began the task by enlisting slave laborers to build a 50- central leadership role. Found amid the ruins were wooden, meter-high mountain of crushed rock and then having mas­ metal, and earthenware artifacts, as well as murals, bas- ter sculptors fashion nine-meter-high figures of himself and reliefs, and sculptures that depicted systems of early belief. the gods, seated in a row. Over time, earthquakes toppled The archaeologists suddenly abandoned their work after most of the heads from their bodies. The site was acciden­ five years and the ruins were left exposed. Not until 1993 tally rediscovered in 1881 but archaeological work did not was remedial conservation work undertaken on site. Open begin until 1953. Since then, most of the heads have been trenches had allowed walls and associated art to disintegrate. recovered, as well as remains of temples, bas-reliefs, and Previous Watch listing elicited funds for urgent backfilling inscriptions—but the King's tomb has yet to be found. and shoring up of walls, but much still needs to be done. The ruins lie unprotected from the climatic conditions on Another major threat results from the severe drop in the the summit, which is 2,150 meters high. The Ministry of water table due to a local irrigation project. The Turkish Culture of Turkey has started to prepare a project for Water Authority has suggested digging a water channel protection of the site. A variety of conservation tasks is around the ruins. This must be done on an emergency basis required to preserve this ancient site, including taking an to save the artifacts still undiscovered within the buried city. inventory of works, creating a drainage system, protecting Future plans call for a conservation facility, museum, and and conserving the monuments, and devising a tourism visitor center. infrastructure and management plan.

LISTED IN 1996

54 ZEYREK MOSQUE MERV ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ISTANBUL, TURKEY BAIRAM ALI, TURKMENISTAN 1118-1136 SITE NO. 83 6TH CENTURY B.C.-15TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 84

uring the twelfth century, the Byzantine Empress he historic urban center of the Merv oasis, strategi­ Irene and Emperor John II Komenos commis­ cally located in the Karakum desert, has been of Dsioned the Pantocrator, a three-church monastic Tmajor significance since the Iron Age. It consists of complex, to serve as the dynastic mausoleum for themselves a series of cities, built side by side, and not subsequently and later Byzantine emperors. In the fourteenth and fif­ developed. The great metropolises from the time of teenth centuries, Palaeiologan emperors were also buried in Alexander the Great formed the regional capital of a series the multidomed structure in the heart of what is now the of empires, the Seljuk empire being the largest. This featured old city of Istanbul. After the Ottoman conquest in 1453, an advanced urban design aesthetic and a cosmopolitan the buildings were converted to a medresse Koranic school populace, and attracted scholars from across the Islamic and subsequently to a mosque. One part of the Zeyrek world. Notable religious and secular monuments remain, Camii is still used for Muslim worship. But the building is including the twelfth-century Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar situated in a poor neighborhood of immigrants who have and its wall paintings, other Seljuk and Timurid mausolea, little historical and cultural attachment to it. The impressive military fortifications, and a remarkable range of mudbrick structure has been allowed to deteriorate. Because the struc­ traditional buildings that include imposing palaces as well as ture remains relatively stable, the most immediate actions icehouses. That such mudbrick structures survived through required are to secure it from further damage from the the centuries is truly unusual. Merv is Turkmenistan's prin­ weather and vandalism. Funding is needed to complete cipal cultural asset, but the nation, independent since 1992, reroofing, replace all the windows, repair damaged walls, has very limited funds for the preservation of these danger­ and consolidate interior surfaces. The recent construction of ously weakened remains. The building of the Karakum a restaurant and terrace on an adjacent property suggests Canal in the 1950s, with the resulting agricultural exploita­ that local attention is beginning to be focused on this tion, has raised the water table, the effects of which are important site. proving devastating to the buildings.

55 KAMYANETS PODILSKY CASTLE BRIDGE ZHOVKVA SYNAGOGUE KAMYANETS PODILSKY, UKRAINE ZHOVKVA, UKRAINE CA. 2ND CENTURY-1942 SITE NO. 85 1692 SITE NO. 86

estern Ukraine's only preserved structure from hovkva was founded in 1594 as a private town-resi­ antiquity is still an everyday part of life in dence and built by Italian architects on Renaissance WKamyanets Podilsky. Traffic crosses the castle Ztheories of the "Ideal Town." The once sizeable and bridge that has linked the town with its fortress since the influential Jewish community was established from the out­ early centuries of the millennium. When first built over the set, alongside Ukrainian and Polish populations. Of the River Smotnch, the bridge was an engineering marvel con­ town's 40 sites listed on the state register as notable architec­ structed of six stone pillars joined with wooden trusses. The tural monuments, the impressive synagogue is a superb trusses were replaced by stone arches in medieval times and example of monumental Eastern European Jewish architec­ by the seventeenth century the bridge was encased in walls. ture. The long facade is marked by nine distinctive bays, In 1942, a three-meter-thick superstructure was added, an punctuated with circular window openings, archways, and addition that may cause the demise of this ancient structure. peaked roofs. A crenelated, fortress-like mass, housing the The stone bridge and surrounding stone-built town are main sanctuary, rises from the center of the building. Both notable in a region where buildings are wooden (kamyane the town of Zhovkva and the synagogue retained much of means stone) and Kamyanets Podilsky is the north- their Renaissance appearance until World War II, when easternmost town constructed of stone. The many changes bombing leveled considerable portions of the city. In 1941, to the bridge have resulted in its structural compromise. German occupiers blew up the synagogue. Although interi­ Given the decay of the foundation, exfoliation from sup­ ors were destroyed, the walls remained. The first step to porting members, and earthquake damage in 1986, disaster conserving the building is to prevent collapse, stop deterio­ is imminent. A structural analysis is needed, to be followed ration, and reverse decades-old decay. With complete by emergency stabilization. restoration, the synagogue may find new use as a museum of Galician-Jewish history and culture.

56 ABBEY FARMSTEAD SAINT FRANCIS CHURCH AND MONASTERY FAVERSHAM, KENT, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM EAST MANCHESTER, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM 13TH CENTURY-PRESENT SITE NO. 87 1863-1872 SITE NO. 88

hen Faversham Abbey was established as a ntil the last mass was held in 1989, St. Francis had royal foundation in 1147, Abbey Farm was been a focal point for Manchester's Catholics, as Wbuilt as its grange. Four buildings remain on Uwell as a city landmark. The neo-Gothic-High the site—two barns, a farmhouse, and stables. As an ensem­ Victorian church was erected at the height of the Industrial ble, the structures demonstrate the medieval monastic econ­ Revolution when the city's population was growing. omy and medieval commerce. The surviving barns are two Architect Edward Welby Pugin's 184-foot-long, 98-foot- of only eight such barns left in Kent and one of only two high church incorporated elaborate alabaster and marble sets of extant twin barns in the United Kingdom. The sta­ altars, stained glass windows, and a variety of stones for bles are noted for their early sans purlin roof (rafters with­ columns and ornament. As the congregation dwindled, the out supporting horizontal members) and splayed scarf joint; Franciscans could no longer fund the upkeep and the the farmhouse is a rare example of a domestic building with church was vacated. Many interior fittings were stolen, but a scissor-braced roof. Although these sturdy buildings 12 important statues were rescued just before their auction. remained in use until 1987, none are now occupied, except A number of important improvements occurred since 1998 for the farmhouse. They have been left to deteriorate and Watch listing: ownership rights have transferred to a non­ their conditions have been severely worsened by ^cts of profit preservation trust; considerable media attention has vandalism and arson. A British conservation trust is seeking resulted in donated materials, grants, and city-sponsored to conduct a feasibility study and consider new uses for the security; and temporary weatherproofing has been installed. structure. Depending upon the outcome, the trust would A professional team has been appointed, and a conservation acquire the site from its legal guardians, Wadham College, plan is being prepared. Still, substantial repairs are required Oxford, for a symbolic one pound in order to make repairs before the buildings can be converted to new use. It is and preserve the buildings. hoped that this effort will be launched with Heritage Lottery funds, which would help leverage support from other donors.

LISTED IN 1998

57 EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY LANCASTER COUNTY PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A 1829-1835 SITE NO. 89 171 0-PRESENT SITE NO. 90

n the wake of the American Revolution, one major uburban sprawl continues to threaten Lancaster intellectual export was prison design and reform. The County, one of America's greatest cultural and agri­ I massive Eastern State Penitentiary, opened in 1829, was Scultural landscapes. This fertile region in southeastern once the most famous prison in the world. It is estimated Pennsylvania is the embodiment of William Penn's seven­ that 300 prisons on four contenents were modeled after teenth-century vision of religious tolerance—a haven for architect John Haviland's radial architecture plan and the German, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh immigrants. Notable revolutionary Pennsylvania System, which replaced corpo­ among them were the "Plain People"—Amish, Mennonite, ral punishment with Quaker-inspired isolation and labor. and other Anabaptist faith communities, which have Proponents believed that criminals who thought, in silence, become synonymous with the county. For generations, about their behavior would become genuinely penitent. these people have tended small family farms that are inter­ Prisoners had private cells, each with an adjecent outdoor spersed among towns and a central namesake city, all the exercise yard contained by a 10-foot wall. The buildings while maintaining their faith and traditions. These farms were equipped with central heat, running water, flush toi­ continue to define much of the county, but the land and lets, and skylights. The prison closed in 1971. Since 1994, culture is being eroded and degraded by sprawl. A new as a result of local citizen initiative, the prison has been open superhighway has also been proposed through the eastern to increasing numbers of tour groups. Following Watch part of the county, which would destroy some of the most listing in 1996, funds were secured to repair roofs over productive and scenic farmland in the United States. some wings, but water infiltration remains a major problem Public and private farmland preservation groups have throughout the site. The building is in the hands of a trust become active, as well as the National Trust for Historic and the the city and state have offered matching funds once Preservation. But without widespread community support private money can be found and a stabilization plan devised. and carefully designed economic development programs that respect the traditions of the area, the region's integrity is at risk. LISTED IN 1996

LISTED IN 1998

58 SEVENTH REGIMENT ARMORY TREE STUDIOS AND MEDINAH TEMPLE NEW YORK, NEW YORK, U.S.A CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. 1877-1881 SITE NO. 91 1894-1913 SITE NO. 92

fficers of the Seventh Regiment Armory in the uring the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in late nineteenth century had access to facilities Chicago, philanthropist Judge Lambert Tree Othat included lavish reception spaces and public- Dcommissioned these namesake studios to entice area rooms designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany, Stanford visiting artists to settle in the city. They are the oldest exist­ White, and the Herter brothers. The Armory, on the Upper ing artists studios in the country. More than 500 artists have East Side of Manhattan, was built with private funds and worked and lived in the three studio buildings (49 individ­ many of its troops were volunteers from well-to-do New ual studios), including John Singer Sargent, Tarzan illustra­ York families. The 53,000-square-foot drill shed remains tor J. Allen St. John, Pauline Palmer, John Warner Norton, one of the largest unobstructed interiors in the city and the and Albin Polasek. The small-scale buildings, centered on a oldest extant "balloon shed" in the nation. Today, the red garden courtyard, meld European Modernism, Arts and brick structure serves as offices for State National Guard Crafts, and Art Nouveau. Also on this square block-site in troops, a homeless shelter, and arena for arts and antiques Chicago's fashionable near north side is the Medinah shows. Despite continued use by diverse groups, the Temple (1912), an auditorium and headquarters for the Armory suffers from decades of neglect. The significant Chicago chapter of the Shriners. This group, which owns interiors have been damaged by water leaks to the extent the block, is eager to sell the studios and temple to a devel­ that some rooms are closed because of falling plaster. The oper who wants to build a highrise tower on the block. state agency responsible for its operation, has neither funds Most of the structures would have to be either greatly nor incentive to perform repairs. A local conservancy group altered or demolished. A concerned group of citizens has has been formed in response, but sizeable funds, public lobbied the Chicago Landmark Commission to designate awareness, and political support must be mobilized to keep the buildings as official city landmarks. However, no defini­ the structure a viable urban presence. tive action has been taken and loss of the structures looms ever closer.

59 VDL RESEARCH HOUSE II ABDULAZIZKHAN COMPLEX Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A BUKHARA, UZBEKISTAN 1932; REBUILT 1966 SITE NO. 93 1417 SITE NO. 94

t a time when Mission-Mediteranean was the style nlike other traditional Central Asian mosques, the of choice in Los Angeles, architect Richard Neutra Medrese Abdulazizkhan in the center of Bukhara A(1892-1970) built himself a Modernist combined Ufeatured four iwans (alcoves) positioned around a home and studio that summed up his design ethos. The courtyard. Teachers and students studying theology and law three-level structure is marked by full-length window walls, lived together and worshiped in two mosques, one for the narrow support columns, interlocking volumes, and private summer and another in winter. The mosques incorporate a outdoor spaces. Neutra was often concerned with empha­ degree of ornamentation not found elsewhere in Central sizing the "skeleton" of a structure, an interest that the Asia, including elaborate brick mosaics, marble inlays, house's clean, pure geometry reflects. The house was par­ reliefs of dragons and birds, and striking blue-on-white tially financed by Dutch industrialist C.H. Van der Leeuw paintings of trees and flowers. With the death of Bukhara's (thus the moniker "VDL"). Gutted by fire in 1963, Neutra king, Abdulazizkhan, work stopped on the complex, which rebuilt the house in collaboration with his architect son and accounts for the absence of detail on one facade. Local mas­ partner, Dion Neutra. California State Polytechnic ter craftsmen first restored the Medrese in 1930, but little University, Pomona took control of the site in 1990 but no has been done since. The complex is now used as a space substantive maintenance was performed until 1998, when a for selling local crafts. Although Abdulazizkhan figures new roof was installed. But the house is plagued with seri­ into UNESCO's World Heritage designation for the city, ous problems: asbestos needs to be removed, electrical sys­ less-than-adequate repairs and restorations have been made tems must be updated (the cause of the first fire), dry rot to the structure. Foundations are cracking, many archways, has set in, termite damage is occurring, and many windows walls, and domes are crumbling, and a rising ground level and doors need to be replaced. An effective and sustainable hinders proper drainage. Highly experienced conservators use for the house must be found. are needed to oversee a thorough restoration. Bukhara is on the World Heritage List.

60 SAN FRANCISCO CHURCH MINH MANG TOMB CORO, FALCÓN, VENEZUELA HUE, VIETNAM 1720-1887 SITE NO. 95 1840 SITE NO. %

n 1613 Franciscans founded the Convent of La Salceda, pon the death in 1840 of Minh Mang, second king but it was not until 1720 they raised San Francisco of Vietnam's Nguyen Dynasty, a 40-building Í Church, one of the first the order erected in Venezuela. Utomb complex was built in the southwest moun­ Following several enlargements and reconstructions, in 1887 tainous region of Hue city. Unlike any previous ruler, Minh finished the neo-Gothic-inspired structure. But the church Mang was able to unify Vietnam at a time when the region is equally distinguished by its vernacular motifs, including was mired in feudalism. Each of the 40 brick-and-tile struc­ delicate decorative ironwork in neo-Gothic windows and a tures is architecturally distinctive and all managed to survive polychrome wood-covered ceiling. The church remains an the heavy wartime bombing of Hue. Today, some 500,000 active place of worship but the religious order is unable to tourists—among them 150,000 foreigners—visit the tomb fund major repairs. Years ago state agencies carried out annually. Prior to 1996 Watch listing, the structures of Minh insufficient conservation measures that caused considerable Mang Tomb were plagued by cracking and sinking founda­ damage. Part of that intervention involved removing the tions, termite infestation, leaking roofs, and rotting wood roof, leaving the interior exposed to the elements for two frames. An American Express grant helped restore one of years. The subsoil became saturated, the clay within it the main structures in the complex. It is hoped that this expanded, and dangerous interior and exterior cracks devel­ restoration will serve as a pilot project for the other struc­ oped. Since 1998 Watch listing, several studies were con­ tures, most of which require considerable repair and new ducted and preventive repairs made, but the original threats materials. The Complex of Hue Monuments is on the World remain. The church is included in the site Coro and its Port, Heritage List. •which is on the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1996 LISTED IN 1998

61 MY SON TEMPLE COMPLEX TARIM HISTORIC CITY DUY XUYEN, QUANG NAM, VIETNAM WADI HADHRAMAUT, YEMEN 4TH-13TH CENTURY SITE NO. 97 1870-1920 SITE NO. 98

y Son, the royal seat of the Champa kingdom n Tarim, the earthen architecture of Yemen is at its from 300-1200, contains the oldest and largest most elaborate and technologically sophisticated. The surviving collection of Champa architecture. I city's 50-meter-high, unreinforced mud brick minaret The first wooden temple was built at the end of the fourth is the tallest on the Arabian peninsula. The Al-Awqaf century during the reign of King Bhadravarman. After the Library, early twentieth-century palaces, and other civic temple burned down in a great fire more than two centuries buildings reveal Tarim's role as a trading center straddling later, King Sambhuvarman rebuilt it using more durable the Islamic world and Asia. The styles include neo classical, materials. Each successive Champa dynasty built new tem­ neo-rococo, early Modernist, and vernacular Hadhramai. ples or restored old ones. More than 70 were built between Since Yemen's unification in 1992, Tarim's character-defin­ the fourth and thirteenth centuries, making My Son the ing palaces, previously expropriated for use as public hous­ kingdom's holiest site. After its abandonment at the end of ing, are being returned to private ownership. However, the the thirteenth century, My Son lay largely undisturbed until diaspora of the inheritors of these palaces, and the lack of a U.S. bombing raid in 1969. Two prior Watch listings have funds and private initiative for their preservation, has result­ prompted some progress in opening the site to visitors and ed in their neglect. Some of the buildings are now in serious clearing vegetation, which in turn has revealed more temple states of deterioration. A systematic documentation should foundations, inscriptions, and artifacts. Ground water regu­ be made of the 23 mud brick palaces, in particular, followed larly floods the site as the result of a broken dam. A master by a pilot program restoration. Ideally, this project will help plan for reconstruction and tourism has been drafted, but establish a Center for Mud Architecture, whose mandate the site needs a continuous conservation program to expe­ will be to perpetuate this building tradition throughout the dite repairs and protect artifacts exposed to the elements. region. The Wadi Hadhramaut and walled city ofShiham are on the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1996 11998

62 SUBOTICA SYNAGOGUE KHAMI NATIONAL MONUMENT SUBOTICA, YUGOSLAVIA BULAWAYO, ZIMBABWE 1902 SITE NO. 99 MID-15TH CENTURY-MID-17TH CENTURY SITE NO. 100

ne of the best surviving examples of the exuber­ f the 50 known archaeological settlement sites ant Art Nouveau style as applied to religious between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, the Oarchitecture is the synagogue of Subotica, a five- Oruins of Khami, capital of the Torwa state (suc­ domed, red-brick-and-tile building in northeast Yugoslavia, cessor to Great Zimbabwe), are the most important. near Hungary. The roof is covered with colorful glazed tiles Beginning around 1450, the settlement flourished as a trad­ and the domes are clad in copper. The interior plan is deter­ ing post and missionary stop. Among the ruins archaeolo­ mined by eight steel columns, set in a circle, that support gists have found Ming porcelain, Portuguese imitations of the vast central dome. Interior walls, columns, and balcony seventeenth-century Chinese porcelain, and Spanish silver. panels are decorated with murals and wood carvings Portuguese missionaries erected a monumental granite cross inspired by Hungarian folklore and Secessionist-style floral on a hillside. Khami s inhabitants occupied huts of cob motifs. Prior to the building's inclusion on the 1996 Watch work (an earth and straw mixture) surrounded by a serpen­ list, the roof had been restored. Interior decorative work tine series of granite walls. Many residences, interconnected remains unrestored. In the early 1990s, suspension of work via narrow passageways and galleries, featured decorative on the building left it again vulnerable to water penetration. friezes in chevron and checkered patterns. With Watch list­ The current political crises in Yugoslavia further complicates ing in 1996, attention was brought to the site's crumbling, the future of this building and all historic monuments in the collapsing, bulging walls. These threats have intensified. region. The synagogue requires a thorough building assess­ Vegetation damage has been occurring—both from rampant ment and preservation plan before outdated heating, electri­ growth as well as its hasty removal. Burrowing animals and cal, and water systems can be replaced. trespassers foraging for firewood and building stones are further destabilizing the site. A strategic action plan for site protection and conservation has been prepared, but help is LISTED IN 1996 needed to put it into practice. Khami Ruins National Monument is on the World Heritage List.

LISTED IN 1996

63 WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH

PROGRESS REPORT: SITES PREVIOUSLY ON THE LIST OF

64 PROGRESS REPORT: SITES PREVIOUSLY ON THE LIST OF 100

he selection of a new World Monuments the 1996 list. As the descriptions of these sites in Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites the catalogue indicate, the selection panel felt that Tbrings with it the challenge of assessing the re-listing could be a critical influence in reversing progress and current condition of the sites previously the threats to these sites during the next two years on the endangered list. and was therefore urgently needed.

World Monuments Watch listing provides a form of To date, a total of 234 sites have been on the World advocacy, rather than official designation. Inclusion Monuments Watch since its inception in 1996. With on the List of 100 is intended to be a fluid process: each new endangered list cycle, the roster of previ­ each new list stands alone and is not a continuation ously listed sites will grow. WMF has a continuing of the previous one. Formal international endan­ commitment to report on the condition of previous­ gered recognition is possible through the World ly listed sites and to advocate for their protection Heritage Convention, administered by UNESCO. and conservation. The following section describes the accomplishments, successes, and, unfortunately, A primary goal of the program is to assist as many some losses at the 134 sites previously listed in sites as possible by focusing international attention 1996 and 1998. on the threats placing them at risk. Therefore, the selection panel reviews all the sites listed in the past Progress has ranged dramatically—from sites that as well as all new nominations. In preparation for have been completely rescued from loss and destruc­ the selection of the 2000 List of 100, all 1998 and tion, to sites that have taken modest steps and have 1996 site nominators were invited to complete a gained momentum towards solving their biggest Nomination Update Form and request inclusion on problems, to sites where little or no progress has the next list. Seventy sites from the 1998 List of 100 been made since listing. and 32 additional sites from the 1996 list were renominated. To ensure that the list includes the As the World Monuments Watch program moves most threatened sites, they must be competitive with into the new millennium, we look forward to the new nominations on the basis of significance, reporting on more progress and success in this urgency, and viability of the proposed action. update section. Program partners, financial contrib­ utors, and nominators should be applauded for The World Monuments Fund staff reviews previous­ their continuing commitment to safeguard the ly listed sites using an expanded definition of viabili­ world's cultural heritage. ty. Each site is reviewed and ranked according to 1) the type and extent of action taken in the last two years to mitigate the primary threats by the nomina­ tor and WMF, and 2) the capacity of further listing to achieve substantial progress toward protecting and conserving the site. The selection panel then reviews WMF's evaluations as well as the update- forms submitted by the sites' original nominators.

Of the 102 sites that were resubmitted, the panel select­ ed 38 for renewed inclusion on the 2000 List of 100. Kirstin Sechler Eight of the sites have appeared on both previous Manager lists, 19 sites were on the 1998 list and 11 were on World Monuments Watch Program

65 AFGHANISTAN USHUAIA PRISON • FRANCISCAN CHURCH • BELGIUM HERAT OLD CITY • USHUAIA VIENNA PREVIOUS RADIO AND HERAT TELEVISION BUILDING • BRUSSELS

hree of five wings of epairs are continuing Tthis former prison, R on one of Austria's he threats to Herat which operated until 1947, foremost religious monu­ his modernist landmark, Tremain—an increasing are secure once again. The ments. Franciscan friars Tthreatened with demoli­ influx of refugees, looting of leaking roof has been sealed, have secured nearly $1 tion, received considerable artifacts, regional conflict, windows have been replaced, million, in addition to media attention as a result of and structurally compromised and damaged interiors attracting local volunteer Watch listing. A new buyer buildings. An international repaired. Work is already support. Now that restora­ now intends to restore all nongovernmental organization underway to make the tion work on the church interior spaces and provide has offered money for restora­ prison a self-sustaining facade and roof stabilization an appropriate reuse for the tion, provided matching funds maritime museum. has been completed, the building. Listed in 1998 can be found. Listed in 1998 Listed in 1998 restoration of the monastery facade is proceeding. WORTEL COLONY ARGENTINA AUSTRIA Listed in 1996 ESTATE • HOOGSTRATEN SAN IGNACIO MINI • BELVEDERE GARDENS • SAN IGNACIO VIENNA BARBADOS MORGAN LEWIS SUGAR MILL • ST. ANDREW

n 1999, national, regional, I and local authorities for­ merican Express grants mally agreed to maintain Atotaling $50,000 are TVChallenge grant through much of this vast estate laid supporting a comprehensive WMF of $500,000 resulted in n the fall of 1999, the great out by Prince Frederik in conservation plan for this a $1.8 million commitment I arms of this eighteenth- 1822. As a result of a major seventeenth-century Spanish from the Austrian govern­ century wind-powered sugar publicity campaign by the baroque mission complex, ment for the restoration of mill should be turning again. nominator, undertaken after as well as restoration of the this French baroque garden American Express grants Watch listing, the site will portal. Progress has been and its sculptures and infra­ totaling $50,000 helped the remain intact. About 40 slow, though, in reopening structure. These efforts were nominator raise an additional acres will be set aside for the site to tourists as part prompted by a $20,000 grant $300,000 in local private reuse as a jail, and the main of a program funded by from the Samuel H. Kress funds to enable the mill to farm property will become the Inter American Foundation that supported be fully restored and set in a park, with bike and walk­ Development Bank. the hiring of an on-site operation as a cultural land­ ing trails, and playing fields. Listed in 1996 expert. Restoration work is mark and permanent exhibi­ Listed in 1998 set to be complete by 2005. tion about the island's sugar Listed in 1996 industry. Listed in 1996

66 BELIZE other palaces. International $25,000 from American removed. The Inter EL PILAR agencies are advising local Express for emergency con­ American Development ARCHAEOLOGICAL authorities on site manage­ servation work that includes Bank allocated funds to RESERVE • ment, which includes vegetation removal, cleaning, build roads to the site, a BELIZE RIVER AREA collecting entry fees from and general consolidation. UNESCO-sponsored tech­ visitors to support ongoing Listed in 1998 nical mission has been orga­ maintenance. Listed in 1996 nized, and specialists from and 1998 BOSNIA AND the International Council HERZEGOVINA of Museums and Seikci BOLIVIA VILLAGE OF POCITELJ University of Japan have ARANI AND CALLAPA prepared conservation mea­ CHURCHES sures that local park staff will implement. Listed in 1996

ince listing, a concrete BULGARIA Sagreement has been MADARA HORSEMAN • developed between Belize KASPICHAN and Guatemala for joint research, conservation, and presentation of the ancient feasibility study was Maya site. Scientists, admin­ Acompleted in 1996, istrators, and the community lthough local residents along with suggestions for have forged an alliance Aand pilgrims to these restituting the Colony of focused on conserving cul­ two adobe churches have Artists, a project which tural and natural resources. financed some restoration would have brought together The next step is to assemble work, both structures, as a range of professionals to a well-coordinated team well as scores of others in repair the historic fabric of reservation of this to develop the process of the region, remain unstable. this war-devastated town. PBulgarian icon continues integrated natural and cul­ Despite listing, neither pri­ To date, no significant con­ to present a technical conun­ tural heritage management. vate nor public support has servation actions have been drum: the relief was meant Listed in 1996 been secured, and repeated taken. Chronic political to be in the open air but listing may not be the most obstacles and lack of sus­ some experts have concluded BENIN appropriate means for tained funding continue that only installing a perma­ ROYAL PALACES OF attracting site protection and to undermine preservation nent roof and retractable ABOMEY • ABOMEY consideration. Listed in 1998 efforts. Listed in 1996 and 1998 screen will save it from the elements. Since listing, con­ Río LAUCA BRAZIL servation methods have been PREHISTORIC BURIAL SERRA DA CAPIVARA researched and the responsi­ TOWERS • DEPARTMENT NATIONAL PARK • SAO ble parties arc working to OF ORURO RAIMUNDO NONATO, reach a consensus, although PIAUI funds are still lacking. Listed in 1996 and 1998

CAMBODIA ince listing, this royal ANGKOR Scomplex—occupied by a ARCHAEOLOGICAL succession of 12 kings—has DISTRICT • SIEM REAP received international atten­ everal international teams tion and funding. Two Sare working at Angkor. palaces, which now house a his site containing 45 By 2000, WMF will com­ museum, have been restored, Tfunerary towers adorned atural and human plete its planned decade of and emergency repairs have with unusual abstract designs N threats to the Stone field work involving conser- been made to some of the 12 has just received a grant of Age murals have largely been vation of the Preah Khan

67 CHILE ELEVATORS OF and the indigenous commu­ ALAMEDA RAILROAD VALPARAÍSO • nity, will coordinate site STATION • SANTIAGO VALPARAÍSO activities and constant pro­ tection. Funds are still needed for physical conservation, but it is hoped that local private and public support will be found. Listed in 1998 temple complex. WMF has CHINA helped develop training pro­ LIAO DYNASTY SITE • grams for Cambodian stu­ CHI FENG CITY, INNER dents and local workers and neighborhood redevel­ merican Express allo­ MONGOLIA is the lead institution in a opment scheme threat­ cated $40,000 to study consortium which has estab­ A A ened to shut down or ways to reverse deterioration lished the Center for Khmer seriously compromise the of 24 funiculars built Studies. With security issues architectural integrity of between 1883 and 1915 to now diminished, Angkor is Chile's largest, grandest facilitate pedestrian traffic progressing toward the goal railroad station. In response (and many still in use). The of an adequate conservation to listing, Chilean authori­ elevators have been designat­ management infrastructure. ties have committed to the ed historical monuments by Listed in 1996 preservation of the station. the National Council of Listed in 1998 Monuments of Chile, as a iao Dynasty tombs have CANADA prelude to conservation yielded extensive human GULF OF GEORGIA L CHURCHES OF CHILOÉ • work. A Robert W. Wilson and material remains, includ­ CANNERY • RICHMOND, CHILOÉ ARCHIPELAGO Challenge grant may support ing elaborately crafted metal BRITISH COLUMBIA further conservation work and pottery artifacts. Plans and discussions are in place had been approved to build to nominate the entire his­ two dikes to prevent further toric center to the World flooding of the excavated Heritage List. Listed in 1996 tombs, but to date WMF has received neither a pro­ TULOR ALDEA • SAN gress report nor a request PEDRO DE ATACAMA for assistance to continue the site's inclusion on hese 70 churches are the endangered list. his late nineteenth- the most important Listed in 1996 century cannery at the T T ensemble of wooden reli­ mouth of the Fraser River gious buildings in Latin NAMSELING MANOR • is the sole survivor of many America. A group of funding DRACHI, TIBET that dotted the coastline. and labor sources—the Since listing, the cannery European Community, has received more than $1 Andes Foundation, Spanish million in federal funding Agency for International tate authorities, working to replace structural mem­ Cooperation, Esso Chile, with the indigenous com­ bers and remedy insect infes­ S local parishes and preserva­ munity, have hired and tation and dry rot. The can­ tionists, the University of trained tour guides at this nery will eventually house Chile—is helping to restore pre-Hispanic dwelling site, a permanent exhibition and preserve the structures. and have built a pedestrian space interpreting the walkway, observation area, atch listing brought west coast fishing industry. Listed in 1996 and protective wall. A new Wattention to the plight Listed in 1998 management committee, rep­ of Tibet's great manor hous­ resenting various agencies es, palaces, fortresses, and

68 noble estates—with funding emergency repairs to Namseling among the heavy damage inflicted in the few surviving examples. 1991-92 war. The town's However, efforts to organize library collection has been a stabilization effort were removed to temporary stor­ unsuccessful. The nominator age. It is hoped that these has requested removal of the grants will leverage support site from the endangered list. from local public and private Its future is uncertain. Listed sources so that the former Dalmatian coast. A $25,000 in 1996 and 1998 palace can be restored as a cultural center once again. Kress Foundation grant sup­ ported a conference that SAN XING DUI SITE • Listed in 1998 explored the sensitive reuse GUANG HAN CITY, of these monasteries. Lopud VILLAGE OF TVRDA • SICHUAN PROVINCE FRANCISCAN has attracted the interest of a OSIJEK MONASTERY LIBRARY • private owner, who proposes DUBROVNIK to restore the complex and make the unused areas sus­ tainable. Listed in 1996

OLD CITY HARBOR • DUBROVNIK

an Xing Dui (Three Stars ugoslav army forces in Mound) is one of the S the early 1990s damaged most famous primitive tribal ince listing, funds in Y more than 90 percent of the ruins in Guang Han. A dike excess of $100,000 have S buildings in this unique has been built to protect the been secured from American baroque fortified city. site from flooding and a new Express and the Rebuild Reconstruction plans have local museum now displays Dubrovnik Fund. These been developed and are pro­ the many unearthed artifacts. funds supported a detailed ceeding slowly as funding A $30,000 American Express physical survey and prioriti­ art of the fifteenth-cen­ becomes available. grant has supported site zation plan; full-scale restora­ Ptury fortress wall that Listed in 1996 interpretation, artifact con­ tion of the war-damaged protected the city from attack servation, and publication of west wing of the library over the centuries sustained an English-language guide will be completed in 2000. numerous hits during the CUBA siege of Dubrovnik in the CONVENT OF SANTA to the museum. Listed in 1996 Concurrently, UNESCO has removed the city of early 1990s. Earthquakes— CLARA OF ASSISI • CROATIA Dubrovnik, including the prior and subsequent to the HAVANA monastery library, from its bombings—have caused list of World Heritage Sites additional damage. Two state in Danger. Listed in ¡998 agencies are now overseeing repairs. Listed in 1996 LOPUD FRANCISCAN SPLIT HISTORIC CENTER • MONASTERY • SPLIT DUBROVNIK-NERETVA onservation work con­ COUNTY tinues on this ancient opud Monastery, which C city, defined by a rich and caffolding is in place for still has a functioning L multilayered architectural the restoration, stabiliza­ rants of $75,000 and church, exemplifies the many S legacy. Archaeological tion, and roof repairs of the $15,000, from American fine monastic complexes G research is continuing at third cloister of Havana's Express and the Kress linking largely abandoned Diocletian's palace. The first convent, which dates Foundation respectively, are islands on the southern from 1638. Cuba's Centro tion work has included LEDNICE PARK PRAGUE'S HISTORIC Nacional de Conservación, addressing the unstable STRUCTURES • LEDNICE CENTER • PRAGUE Restauración y Museología foundation. Listed in 1996 AND VALTICE VILLAGES (CNCRM), which occupies part of the convent, is using HEAVENLY FATHER allocated funds for the CHAPEL • KUTNÁ HORA restoration project. Listed in 1996 l REINA CEMETERY • HfirL; l " M CIENFUEGOS fepM |L|&a»jyH rague's ongoing eco­ ince 1993, WMF has been P nomic growth continues Sinvolved in conserving to transform its historic Europe's largest man-made medieval center. Since listing, n an effort to convert landscape. Watch listing the nature and extent of the I this fourteenth-century generated a $50,000 American changes and their potential Gothic building into a city Express grant, along with negative impact have history museum, municipal funds from public and Czech received extensive media authorities have spent private sources in partnership attention. In addition to isting raised awareness $25,000 for studies and a with WMF's Robert W. television, radio, video, and L in Cuba and the United planning survey. Restoration Wilson Program for print coverage, plans are States of the many threats work is proceeding. Conserving Our Heritage. in the works to develop facing this historic, artistical­ Listed in 1998 The Czech government has an educational web site to ly embellished cemetery. As committed $2 million. disseminate information a result, municipal authorities KLADRUBY BENEDICTINE Although funds are still need­ on appropriate conservation undertook some restoration, MONASTERY • TACHOV ed, the task is feasible and methodology and materials but considerable funds and DISTRICT attainable. WMF continues to for the historic center.

materials are required to be involved with the restora­ Listed in 1998 complete the work. tion efforts. Listed in 1998 Listed in 1998 ECUADOR NEBÍLOVY MANSION • CHURCH OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC NEBÍLOVY, PLZEN COMPAÑÍA • QUITO CESKY KRUMLOV DISTRICT GARDEN • CESKY KRUMLOV

unding from the FCzech state budget, Commission of European Communities, and other sources has been used to restore the roof and rafters ollowing a devastating of the monastery's ehabilitation of this Ffire in 1996, emergency Assumption of the Virgin Rbaroque mansion was funds were received from the he fountain sculpture at Mary Church. An elaborate completed in 1998 with government, Pichicha Bank, Tthis eclectic garden fea­ restoration plan for the financial support from and UNESCO; much of the turing French-style plantings monastery has been prepared the regional conservation most serious damage has and Italianate rococo and but lack of funding has pre­ authorities. Both the front been remedied. Earlier funds neoclassical terraces is being vented its implementation. garden and interior court­ from the Getty Grant restored with help from a Listed in 1996 yard were reestablished and Program have been used $50,000 American Express opened to the public in to make a variety of repairs grant. Government restora­ July 1998. Listed in 1998 and the Inter American

70 Development Bank has Long range plans include and their restoration sponsored restoration of developing a sustainable guaranteed, while efforts other buildings nearby. economy and application continue to raise funds Listed in 1996 for World Heritage listing. to restore the others. Listed in 1998 Listed in 1998 EGYPT MORTUARY TEMPLE OF FRANCE SAINT-ÉMILION KING AHMENHOTEP III • CHATEAU AQUEDUCT • MONOLITHIC CHURCH • LUXOR CASTELNAU- SAINT-ÉMILION include it in a World Bank PÉGAYROLLES loan package. Listed in 1998

GEORGIA PITARETI MONASTIC COMPLEX • TETRITSKARO DISTRICT

his site, along with the ince listing, American T others in the Valley of s a direct result of S Express and the Florence the Kings, suffers from an A listing, this eleventh- Gould Foundation have onslaught of tourists, flood­ century aqueduct system contributed funds through ing, and exposure to the ele­ was designated a national WMF towards solving the ments. Listing prompted a historic monument in key structural problem: the $50,000 grant to carry out a France. Resulting public and 3,000-ton bell tower, off- hen the Samuel H. site survey, defoliation, and private funds were sufficient center from its supporting Kress Foundation other emergency conserva­ to repair collapsed walls and pillars, collapse may be W awarded this site a $20,000 tion. Listed in 1998 address water infiltration imminent. A March 1999 grant, the support represent­ problems. Listed in 1996 workshop involving interna­ ed the first international FIJI tional experts reviewed funding for cultural heritage LEVUKA TOWNSHIP CHATEAU OF CHANTILLY research conducted by the in Georgia. Emergency 'GALERIE' • CHANTILLY University of Bordeaux. Additional studies are stabilization measures and underway to determine the reintroduced traditional effects of ground water and conservation methods set a the bearing capacity of the new standard for the coun­ stone out of which the sub­ try. The grant has also terranean church is built. supported planning for the protection and reconstruc­ Listed in 1996 tion of the historic environs. Listed in 1996 evuka is a time capsule GAMBIA of vernacular and British ince listing, the risk of JAMES ISLAND L GERMANY colonial-style architecture. further damage to the $15,000 American S FESTSPIELHAUS Watch listing helped galva­ 12 paintings and interior Express grant is being A HELLERAU • DRESDEN nize national government decoration in the Galerie used for emergency conser­ HELLERAU efforts to focus on cultural des Actions de Monsieur vation and structural work ork is progressing on patrimony as a whole, as Le Prince has been eliminat­ at the ruins of this masonry the restoration of this well as this historic town. ed. An American Express fort, from which many slaves W historic cultural arena, a har­ While a more appropriate grant of $40,000 was used embarked for the Americas. binger of the Bauhaus move­ government agency now to fully restore one of the Several academic and private ment. Since listing, damaged looks after this site, most endangered paintings. international agencies are roofs were repaired with a resources for emergency To date, six of the 12 paint­ also assisting this site, and combination of funds from conservation are still scarce. ings have been "adopted" plans are in progress to

71 GUYANA SPA CENTER HISTORIC TAJ MAHAL • AGRA MORUKA-WAINI ENSEMBLE • CULTURAL LANDSCAPE BALATONFÜRED WARAO SETTLEMENTS

the state and the Getty Grant Program. The new nder orders from the Festspielhaus Hellerau Supreme Court of GmbH was established to U n an effort to find new India, the government is manage the site and create ncreasing development uses for the nineteenth- seeking ways to close nearby education programs about I pressures are threatening century buildings of polluting industrial plants the restoration. State author­ I this ancient site of shell Hungary's oldest and most without causing widespread ities have pledged matching mounds. Listing highlighted important traditional spa, unemployment. Also at issue funds. The challenges now those threats and helped the municipality has pre­ is the local practice of burn­ include expediting the hand­ catalyze efforts to develop pared a redevelopment ing tires for energy and the over of the property to the an eco-tourism and conser­ plan, and also recently pur­ widespread use of diesel gen­ new private owner and rais­ vation program. The pro­ chased some of the build­ erators because of frequent ing community awareness posed plan has far to go ings. Listing resulted in power outages. While many and support. Listed in 1996 to be implemented. considerable press attention identified conservation pro­ Listed in 1996 and investors are now being cedures are currently stalled, GREECE sought for development of significant deterioration ETZ HAYIM SYNAGOGUE • HUNGARY the historic properties. of the monument will not HANI \ ROYAL GARDEN Listed in 1998 occur in the next two years. PAVILIONS • BUDAPEST Listed in 1996 INDIA AHMEDABAD WALLED INDONESIA a CITY • AHMEDABAD BOROBUDUR • CENTRAL JAVA * h •

his last surviving Jewish monument on Crete has T $50,000 grant from been fully stabilized—the American Express result of a $40,000 grant A prompted an international from the Samuel H. Kress on-site planning conference lthough the local Foundation and additional in the fall of 1996 and a con­ municipality has hen plans were intro­ funds from a variety of A solidated government effort initiated measures to stop duced for new tourist sources. A new roof is in W to stabilize, conserve, and encroachment on certain city attractions that included a place and the interior will reuse the pavilions in this monuments, upgrade roads, sound-and-light show and soon be renovated as part late nineteenth-century gar­ and carry out maintenance more vendors, it was feared of its reuse as a museum. den complex in time for and clean-up of public areas, that the religious and aesthet­ Listed in 1996 Budapest's 125th anniversary city-wide conservation has ic integrity of Borobudur in 2000. It is expected that made little progress. Further would be compromised. government funding will listing will be ineffective Recent reports now confirm complete the restoration until a more broadly defined that the ninth-century works. Listed in 1996 and viable proposal is set. Buddhist complex remains Listed in 1998 in good condition. While

72 Borobudur would benefit two buildings of the authorities, who drafted an from better tourist manage­ Gemeindehaus, built in urban renewal plan for the ment, its physical integrity 1869 by a German Lutheran port, at the heart of which remains intact. Listed in 1996 sect. They have remained stands the arch. An exhibi­ abandoned for more than tion about the arch and the IRELAND a decade, and further listing initial phase of the restora­ CLONMACNOISE NEW is not likely to catalyze any tion program opened in GRAVEYARD • COUNTY further results. Listed in 1996 spring 1999. Listed in 1998 OFFALY and 1998 pressurizing and desalination BARTOLOMEO plant for the garden. Listed THE WHITE CITY • TEL COLLEONI MONUMENT • AVIV VENICE in 1998

ETRUSCAN FRESCOED TOMBS • TARQUINIA

atch listing focused Wattention on the nega­ tive impact of extending a new graveyard adjacent to ince Watch listing, orrosive pollutants this sixth-century site. The Sdozens of buildings in Cwere eroding the surface National Monuments Service this city within a city have of this monumental bronze and the Offaly County been restored to their appro­ equestrian statue when it ecently, the Soprinten- Council provided funds for priate modernist idiom. The was included on the endan­ R denza has completed the restoration of the tomb further archaeological inves­ municipality created a com­ gered list. An initial $15,000 of Tifone, one of the largest tigation and a ground-pene­ puter archive of information was raised by Associazione and most important tombs trating radar survey. The site on each of the 1,000 buildings Comitato Italiano WMF at Tarquinia from the is now a registered National and continues to compile to complete preliminary Hellenistic period. At the Monument, which protects it standards for appropriate analytic studies that would same time studies have con­ from encroachment, and new preservation techniques. determine the extent of tinued with the National burials have been stopped. the damage and the Listed in 1996 Center for Research perfect­ Listed in 1996 appropriate procedures ing appropriate restoration ITALY needed for a final restoration. procedures, with particular ISRAEL ARCH OF TRAJAN • According to a subsequent attention to the system of GEMEINDEHAUS • HAIFA ANCONA cost estimate, $625,000 is glass barriers and illumina­ needed to restore the statue. tion that allows these monu­ Listed in 1996 ments to be visited by the public. Regular state funding BOTANICAL GARDEN OF continues but private funds PADUA UNIVERSITY • are being encouraged to PADUA supplement conservation ubsequent to Watch list­ costs. Listed in 1998 Sing, this garden, with the world's oldest botanical col­ GROTTOS OF SAN espite listing in previ­ ince listing, substantial lection, was included on the MICHELE • SALERNO Dous Watch cycles, the Sprogress has been made World Heritage List as a grant of $12,000 from efforts of a neighborhood on efforts to restore this sec­ result of wider recognition. A the Samuel H. Kress conservation group and local ond-century Roman com­ Private American funding Foundation is supporting the and state designation as a memorative monument. The supported the installation restoration of a small facade historic site, no work has recognition helped bring of a drainage and irrigation of one of the chapels in this been clone to conserve the together city and port system as well as a pumping, complex of seven chapels

73 helped to obtain approval of renowned for frescoes and a master plan for restoration stucco decoration, has faced at Boboli and significant threats from complex envi­ financing through the Italian ronmental factors. Listing lottery. Listed in 1996 and 1998 highlighted the urgent need for a detailed survey on the NEOPITAGORICA condition of surviving ruins, BASILICA • some of which were under ROME excavation. In June 1999, located within a natural 32 of 150 palace rooms, archaeological remains of the cavern. The local municipaliy restored by the regional Roman city would have been of Olevano sul Tusciano superintendent for archaeo­ destroyed. A court order financed the necessary logical sites, were opened to halted the project and Watch emergency maintenance, the public. There are plans listing encouraged all con­ a regional conference was to continue excavation and cerned parties to investigate organized, and a fundraising conservation, and to make a alternative solutions to the campaign was launched to 15,500 square foot archaeo­ flood control problem. garner support from the logical park. Listed in 1996 Listed in 1996 European Community. The he remarkable stucco local monuments authority bas-reliefs within this PALAZZO DORIA RUPESTRIAN CHURCHES is funding archaeological T first-century, subterranean PAMPHILI • OF PUGLIA AND THE excavations in anticipation basilica have suffered from VALMONTONE CITY OF MATERA of a needed wider conserva­ condensation, bacterial tion effort. Listed in 1996 growth, and vibrations from a nearby railroad line. Since LlMONAIA AT BOBOLI listing over two Watch GARDENS AND cycles, an environmental GARDENS OF VILLA purification system has been MEDICI AT CASTELLO • completed, followed by a FLORENCE limited conservation of deco­ rated surfaces with funding iS^"' from the Italian state. reliminary consolidation atera's San Pietro Although considerable P of the three rooms con­ M Barisano, one of the il restoration work is still taining the most important city's 160 rupestrian (rock- ' 1 ! ' hewn) churches, is being ii' needed, the selection panel frescoes has been completed. JÜÜ •fe restored with the help of 1| feels that progress—albeit During this project, another slow—will continue, given ceiling decoration by Pier a $100,000 grant from the site's importance. Listed Francesco Mola was discov­ American Express and funds from the Italian government's in 1996 and 1998 ered. The threat of plaster acking emergency heating collapse has been brought Jubilee financing. It is hoped Lsystems, the Medici NERO'S PALACE— under control. Additional that the focus on San Pietro will encourage funding and family collection of potted DOMUS AUREA • ROME restoration work is proceed­ citrus plants housed at the ing under the aegis of the local technical assistance for the Boboli garden and the Villa monuments superintendent. region's other rupestrian Medici at Castello are imper­ churches. Listed in 1998 Listed in 1998 iled by freezing temperatures and lack of humidity. The RUINS ON THE RIVER SAN GIACOMO 1996 listing of the Castello CENTA • ALBENGA MAGGIORE PORTICO • limonaia and garden— (SAVONA) BOLOGNA notable for fountains, sculp­ ad the city of Albenga ir pollution, leaking tures, and grottoes—and H carried out plans to A roofs, and repeated acts subsequent listing of the of vandalism had caused this ero's 150-room widen a portion of the river Boboli limonaia in 1998 Renaissance portico to reach N "Golden House,' bed, a significant area of the

74 TERRA DEL SOLE PRISON International, is developing a CELLS • TERRA DEL SOLE conservation plan pro bono, and some state funds have been secured. Listed in 1998

LAOS VAT SISAKET VIENTIANE

an advanced state of deterio­ increasing damage to its ration. Watch listing has dome, decorative interiors, prompted the formation and crypt. The Italian hotographic documenta­ of a coalition of local civic government continues to tion of the historic graffiti groups, city and national support restorations and P in the nine cells of this mid-fif­ government agencies, and other funds are expected to teenth-century prison has been private sector sponsors be allocated in conjunction completed. A new CD-ROM dedicated to carrying out with the 2000 Jubilee. Major describes the history of the the restoration of the monu­ structural problems have prison, while the campaign for ince listing, emergency ment. Listed in 1996 been resolved. Listed in 1996 emergency conservation work Sroof repairs have been continues. Isolated structural carried out at this monastery, SANTA MARIA IN STELLE TEMPLE OF HERCULES, problems have been addressed as well as a site survey and a VERONA FORUM BOARIUM • and decorative sculptural study of the interior murals ROME facade elements have been and iconography. A new restored. Future goals include plaque details the plight of complete restoration, the the buildings and WMF's installation of museum facili­ involvement, including a ties, and a closer exchange $15,000 grant. A Vat Sisaket of information and historical Appeal Fund has been estab­ records with the town's crim­ lished in Laos to secure addi­ inal archive. Listed in 1998 tional funding sources. Listed in 1996 and 1998 grant of $20,000 from JAMAICA the Samuel H. Kress he ancient circular tem­ A OLD IRON BRIDGE • LATVIA Foundation supported an ple, once known as the T SPANISH TOWN, ABAVA VALLEY architectural and photo­ Temple of Vesta, will be ST. CATHERINE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE • graphic survey of this sec­ restored for the Jubilee cele­ KURZEME DISTRICT ond-century grotto, analysis bration. American Express of the condition of the fres­ grants totaling $185,000, coes and environmental along with other WMF donor causes of deterioration, and funding sources, financed the the formulation of conserva­ restoration of the temple's tion and maintenance guide­ interior celia and its fifteenth- lines. Plans for public access century fresco (added when are being considered, and the monument became a further conservation studies Christian church). The col- he plight of this iron are underway. Listed in 1996 lumns and roof have been bridge, thought to be isting raised awareness of restored with government T the first of its kind in the L the threats to the valley. STS. AMBROGIO AND funds, while the podium and Americas, has now received The medieval site has been CARLO AL CORSO • pavement of the colonnade considerable attention. nominated to the World ROME are being restored with American Express has awarded Heritage List, a sound plan ne of the most promi­ WMF funds. Listed in 1996 a grant of $50,000 towards for future development has nent landmarks in O restoration, the British been drawn up, and two Rome's skyline was included engineering firm, WSP pilot projects implemented. on the 1996 list because of

75 The Council of Europe has Although the historic city center and its surrounding cathedral, which has tilted remained involved in conser­ is included on the World area as a public park. The and settled unevenly due vation efforts. Threats of Heritage List, only minimal ultimate success of the pro­ to unstable soil conditions. insensitive development restoration of the wall has ject depends on further fund­ "Soft" soil areas have now remain, but a sufficient num­ occurred due to other local ing and participation from been identified. A second ber of concerned private and priorities. Listed in 1998 public and private sectors in phase, which involves below- public agencies should help Chihuahua. Listed in 1998 ground injections of a special safeguard this cultural land­ MALI mortar, is set to commence. scape. Listed in 1996 and 1998 DjENNÉ-DjENO CHURCH OF JESÚS Cracks are being monitored, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE NAZARENO • scaffolding is being removed LEBANON DJENNÉ ATOTONILCO from the nave, and restoration ANCIENT TYRE • TYRE is ongoing. Listed in 1998 >

y MODERN MURAL

• ij PAINTINGS • VARIOUS él m 1 Wm$ •ti ••' Tl 1Svf ? CITIES

f m.-~ ' -" 1 .1

._ . • I « ^^M ^^

ince Watch listing, con­ $25,000 grant from ar damage, political Ssiderable progress has A American Express was Winstability, urban devel­ been made on halting ero­ applied to the restoration of opment, deterioration, and sion with the establishment the church's famous gilded looting have greatly compro­ of a green belt, and reducing altar and murals in the mised the site. Since listing, looting through public Rosary Chapel. A matching grant of $30,000 from the Kress Foundation award­ awareness of the value of this grant was secured from the AAmerican Express has ed a grant of $25,000 to create ancient site, and building of local government and the supplied funds for the a master plan for preservation, a visitor center and museum. Mexican conservation group restoration of a mural by which includes further excava­ With continued funding, fur­ Adopté una Obra de Arte José Clemente Orozco in the tion work to determine offi­ ther improvements are being has conserved a chapel and Church of Jesús Nazareno cial boundaries for the site. made. Listed in 1996 other murals. Adopté una in Mexico City. This support Other funds have since been Obre de Arte continues to resulted in state funds for secured, including $100,000 MEXICO actively raise funds to com­ major restoration of the struc­ from UNESCO and $22,000 CAROLINA HACIENDA, plete restoration work in tural damage of the church. from the French insurance MAIN HOUSE • partnership with WMF. Many more modern mural company Unistrat. Listed in 1996 CHIHUAHUA Listed in 1996 paintings and their buildings are in desperate need of LITHUANIA METROPOLITAN restoration. Listed in 1996 CATHEDRAL • MEXICO CITY PALACE OF FINE ARTS • MEXICO CITY

ifi^^H' ¿S^fei

is French neoclassical- style house has been designated a state cultural i 'HI I III 111 11 odest repairs have heritage site. A partial devel­ 'TTOESS* . - > M been made to a sec­ opment plan for the area vel geotechnical wm% M- tion of the wall, funded by intends to redevelop the A..proces; s is being $100,000 grant from state and city agencies. hacienda as a community employed to stabilize the AAmerica n Express is

76 being used for testing and ew physical changes have tion, new contextual perils ings warrant major repair, restoration of the central Ftaken place since listing have arisen. A bus station but no funds are available in dome. Significantly more in 1998, although the federal built in 1998 at the center one of the world's poorest funds are needed to complete government allocated funds of the site has greatly compro­ nations. Watch listing was this and the two side domes. for gabions (foundation sup­ mised its aesthetic and historic instrumental in spotlighting The Instituto Nacional de ports) as a way to control integrity. It is hoped that pub­ the island's extensive preser­ Bellas Artes has initiated a erosion at this pre-Hispanic lic and private sources will vation, economic, and social fundraising campaign for urban site. Listed in 1998 work together to stem further needs. No new submission the palace, and WMF will encroachment. Listed in 1996 was received and no word on continue to be involved in this YUCATÁN INDIAN progress has been available. restoration project. Listed in 1998 CHAPELS • YUCATÁN RABBI SHLOMO IBN UNESCO continues to take PENINSULA DANAN AND MANSANO a leading role in this project. SAN JUAN BAUTISTA SYNAGOGUES • FEZ Listed in 1996 CHURCHES AND CONVENTS • MORELOS NEPAL GOMBAS OF UPPER MUSTANG • Lo MANTHANG

ÉBSÚLÉJ ith a $20,000 gift from WAmerican Express, a merican Express award­ model treatment program A ed $30,000 toward ublic support has been and an exhibition that illus­ restoration of the Ibn Danan P galvanized to restore the trates appropriate restoration synagogue, which is now San Juan Bautista Monastery techniques for the Yucatan's complete. Watch listing helped estoration work is in Tlayacapan with a grant more than 100 important secure the involvement of the R proceeding on the from American Express adobe ecclesiastical buildings Danan family in conserving two earthen gombas (temple/ Mexico. Restoration work was instituted. Work contin­ the structure and transferring monasteries) of Thubchen has been completed on the ues on these structures dat­ ownership to a public trust, and Jamba, the best surviving cloister and several rooms ing from the sixteenth to which in turn is working examples of classical Tibetan are serving as a museum. eighteenth centuries, and with the Moroccan Ministry monastic architecture. Nepalese In Tétela del Volcán, local local community involve­ of Culture in its efforts to authorities have opened the workers are being trained ment continues to grow. safeguard Fez. The project is dependent kingdom of Mus­ to help restore the convent Listed in 1996 part of the UNESCO restora­ tang to tourism. Listed in 1996 with local and state funds. tion campaign for the medina Significant conservation MOROCCO of Fez. Listed in 1996 NORWAY challenges remain. MEDIEVAL SIJILMASSA • KORSGATA (CROSS Listed in 1998 RISSANI MOZAMBIQUE STREET) • TRONDHEIM MOZAMBIQUE ISLAND • -^-ffc -"uvn»^^^^ VEGA DE LA PEÑA NAMPULA PROVINCE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE • JBk FILO-BOBOS, VERACRUZ

JHt^ 9J Si • -^Pi [ . ^^i^' ,wB • .~J_J lthough many of the student organization A physical threats to this Athat provides housing mudbrick city have been rec­ n estimated 80 percent for university students tified, including desertifica­ Aof Mozambique's build- now owns the traditional

77 wooden houses on this street. months of World Monuments al profile. No further infor­ further incorporation in Fortunately, this new owner Watch listing, the Indus mation has been received the local tourist route. plans to upgrade the entire River swept the site away since the site's nomination, Listed in 1998 neighborhood, restore the old completely Listed in 1996 at which time it was noted buildings, and infill vacant that the municipality PHILIPPINES sites with new buildings. PERU of Lima had established a While demolition no longer APURLEC planning organization to poses a threat, restoration ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE • develop the neighborhood. guidelines are still needed to MOTUPE, LAMBAYEQUE Listed in 1998 direct the conservation. Listed in 1998

VÁGÁ OLD CHURCH • VÁGÁMO

he site has been saved. TAn American Express he remains of Apurlec, grant of $40,000 enabled a Tone of the largest pre- rock art conservation spe­ Columbian settlements in cialist to visit the site and the Americas, has been establish a training program included on the Ministry for conservators. A manage­ t the time of Watch of Agriculture's official land ment plan has been devised Alisting, Vágá remained registry, meaning that no year-old murals in this and documentation of the vulnerable to arson attacks more commercial conces­ important rural colonial ancient petroglyphs is pro­ that had destroyed 20 other sions can be built nearby. A church. In the absence of ceeding. There is also a new wooden churches in Norway. new legal resolution desig­ any status report on the con­ viewing platform and on-site A $15,000 grant from the nates Apurlec as part of the dition of the paintings, it is museum. Listed in 1996 Samuel H. Kress Foundation national cultural patrimony. assumed that no preservation equipped the church with Physical problems have measures have been imple­ KABAYAN MUMMY CAVES surveillance cameras and worsened, however. WMF mented to date. Listed in 1996 a motion detection system. will continue to monitor The municipality subse­ progress at the site. "RANSOM ROOM" • quently installed a fire detec­ Listed m 1998 CAJAMARCA tion system, and further grants were secured from Norwegian LA QUINTA HEEREN • corporations. These protective LIMA measures are now being imple­ mented in other wooden churches across the country. $35,000 grant from Listed in 1996 A American Express is being used for technical assis­ PAKISTAN tance and conservation at this TAMBA WARI INDUS he historic site where the ancient burial site, which has RIVER DELTA • SINDH TInca emperor Atahualpa suffered from vandalism and he remains of a tenth- was held for ransom by the looting. Concurrently, there is Tcentury mosque, one he revitalization of La Spanish appears to remain in ongoing documentation of of the earliest examples of TQuinta, an architectural­ the same condition as when the caves. Visiting museum a synthesis of Islamic and ly distinct suburb, has it was included on the experts have applied preven­ Hindu motifs, had long remained a local issue, endangered list. Plans are tive conservation measures been affected by flooding. despite hopes that Watch still in place for the restora­ to the mummies and burial Unfortunately, within six listing would raise its nation­ tion of the building and its sites. Listed in 1998

78 SAN SEBASTIÁN CHURCH to reduce threats resulting Watch listing has raised • MANILA from an altered water table. $75,000 in grants from Listed in 1996 and 1998 American Express, the Kenneth and Evelyn Lipper OUR LADY'S Foundation, and Hon. ASSUMPTION BASILICA • Ronald S. Lauder. Earlier CRACOW grants from Ambass-ador Lauder prompted the pur­ chase of two of the four buildings by the Jewish Bank, which recently Renaissance Foundation approved a $2.2 million loan for the restoration of the he problems inherent of Poland. Listed in 1996 column and the nearby stone to an all-steel structure T sculptures that are part of in a tropical climate persist, PORTUGAL an ensemble. Restoration but progress has been made COA VALLEY is scheduled to be complete since listing with a $25,000 PETROGLYPHS • VILLA by September 2000. WMF American Express grant. undreds of daily NOVA DE FOZ COA continues to play a major Under the direction of the visitors to this High- H project management role. National Historical Institute, Gothic church, coupled with old plans and drawings of inadequate maintenance and Listed in 1996 and 1998 the church have been ana­ the city's chronic pollution lyzed, site documentation have taken their toll on the ROMANO CATHOLIC is in progress, and conserva­ structure. The government CHURCH • GHELINTA tors have been collaborating matched a $25,000 grant with metals industry experts from American Express to assess the building's to restore the portal of the structural problems. church's west facade. The fter a series of Paleo­ Listed in 1998 government and private A lithic petrogylphs were sector are responding with discovered during survey POLAND fundraising and additional work for a large dam project, DEBNO PARISH CHURCH conservation projects. the dam project was can­ • NOWY TARG Listed in 1996 celed. Lobbying efforts convinced the Portuguese ince listing, the building PROZNA STREET • government to establish a Shas been stabilized, the WARSAW national archaeological park roof repaired, the wooden on the site. Also, a tourism ceiling restored, and a management plan (largely drainage system installed. in response to vandalism), The murals, however, are is being instituted. still in need of conservation. Listed in 1996 A $5,000 grant from the Kress Foundation supports the visit of a fresco conserva­ $30,000 grant from ROMANIA tion expert from Bucharest the Samuel H. Kress BRANCUSI'S ENDLESS A to evaluate the murals and a Foundation is supporting COLUMN • TARGU-JIU proposed treatment for pro­ efforts to monitor the interi­ survey of the important atch listing over two tecting them. Listed in 1996 or microclimate and the A interior and exterior Wcycles has generated and 1998 effects of humidity on the features of four surviving some $3 million in restora­ polychromed interior sur­ buildings from the Warsaw tion funding commitments. faces. Laboratory tests and Ghetto will be completed by These public and private documentation will generate fall 1999. This is the first sources include American a conservation strategy step in the project to restore Express and other WMF followed by a pilot project the buildings, for which sponsors, and the World

79 RUSSIA Navy had vacated the build­ survey of Yelagin Island's Alhambra. A second $50,000 AGATE PAVILION OF THE ing, leaving it for more "Flag Pavilion," to precede grant from American CATHERINE PALACE • appropriate use by the muse­ a larger preservation plan Express supports a pilot TSARSKOE SELO, ST. um. Listed in 1996 and 1998 and fundraising effort for restoration project of the PETERSBURG the Czarist park ensemble. house at 7 Calle San KlZHI POGOST • KlZHI In the immediate wake of Buenaventura, which will ISLAND, LAKE ONEGA the Russian financial crisis become a cultural center. work on the project stalled. With help from the locally Now back on track, plans based El Legado Andalusi can go forward to restore the (Legacy of al-Andalaus), pavilion to house a museum other private owners are on its architect, Carlo Rossi. showing interest in restoring Listed in 1998 their houses. Listed in 1996

lthough no progress has SLOVAKIA WIND MILLS OF A been made since listing HELL HOUSE BANSKA MALLORCA • BALEARIC to remedy problems of water rants of $35,000 from STIAVNICA ISLANDS infiltration and decay, other, Gthe Kress Foundation, more important sites in $49,720 from the Grand Russia warrant immediate Circle Foundation, and other attention. Technical analyses international sources have have been made and discus­ funded emergency fire pre­ sions on the extent of restora­ vention measures, control tion has slowly placed this of high humidity levels, and project in a better position restoration of icons and the for implementation. iconostasis. A political and Listed in 1998 financial stalemate, however, new private owner has n American Express has halted progress. It is Ataken possession of this A grant of $50,000 is ALEXANDER PALACE • hoped that a 1999 conference former inn, but very little helping a local group restore TSARSKOE SELO, in St. Petersburg on Russia's progress has been made towards a wind mill in the city of ST. PETERSBURG wooden architecture will its restoration. The national Mallorca that will serve as help galvanize restoration government and local groups a pilot project. The Watch work. WMF will continue are actively seeking financial panel feels that this action is to be involved through the support to preserve the build­ a positive step in encouraging administration of the grant ing. Listed in 1998 private owners to conserve— funds. Listed in 1996 rather than reconstruct—their SPAIN wind mills. Listed in 1998 YELAGIN ISLAND MOORISH HOUSES OF PALACE AND PARK GRANADA TANZANIA ENSEMBLE • KlLWA KlSIWANI ne-fourth of the palace ST. PETERSBURG PORTUGUESE FORT • Ohas now been restored. LINDI REGION Watch listing prompted JLtJ 'Hl^V : American Express to award grants totaling $200,000 for emergency roof repairs, as well as the repair of electrical and water systems. The Tsarskoe Selo museum allo­ n initial $50,000 cated funds for the recon­ A American Express grant struction and reopening of orld Monuments supported feasibility studies 18 rooms to the public. As WFund in Britain at 10 of 15 surviving houses he Calouste Gulbenkian of June 1999, the Russian recently sponsored a detailed from the period of the TFoundation has sent two

80 experts to the masonry fort Express to support roof to assess the effects of ocean repairs, structural monitor­ erosion, vandalism, and ing and the conservation uncontrolled vegetation. of the dome mosaics, other In consort with Tanzanian international organizations authorities, a plan is in place are providing funds and for consolidation, protec­ expertise to restore this tion, and presentation to the former Byzantine cathedral. public. Traditional building Along with a $1 million materials and methods are commitment, the Turkish repairs to the roof and repair emergency repairs. Hadlow to be employed. Listed in 1996 government has resolved structural cracks. The full Tower would then be eligible to keep Hagia Sophia as a restoration of this Catholic for a grant from the National THAILAND public museum and not cathedral is underway. Heritage Memorial Fund. AYUTTAYA AND OTHER transfer control back to Listed in 1998 Listed in 1998 FLOODED SITES ALONG religious authorities, as MUSSENDEN TEMPLE • CHAO PRAYA RIVER was previously feared. UKRAINE ANCIENT CHERSONESOS CASTLEROCK, Listed in 1996 and 1998 • SEVASTOPOL, CRIMEA NORTHERN IRELAND PATARA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE • KAS

he annual floods that Tinundate these sites 1999 $25,000 American ith help from a result from improper land Express grant for $20,000 Samuel H. management, including land A W research and conservation Kress Foundation grant and filling and deforestation. planning follows in the wake other state and private An American Express grant his ancient site on the of a $35,000 grant from the sources, Mussenden Temple of $50,000 restored one southern Turkish coast T J.M. Kaplan Fund supported has been permanently stabi­ of the damaged temples. remains largely unexcavated a remote sensing survey of lized with 23 rock anchors. WMF continues to await and, since Watch listing, little the ruined Greek city site. The eighteenth-century word from the nominator has been done to protect Further financing is needed rotunda library structure is concerning the status of those monuments that are to develop and implement a out of danger. Listed in 1998 other preservation plans. exposed. Minimal funds are site management plan. WMF Listed in 1996 contributed annually by will continue to be involved the Ministry of Culture and THE ST. VINCENT through the administration TURKEY _ Akdeniz University. A STREET CHURCH • of grant funds over the GLASGOW, SCOTLAND HAGIA SOPHIA • visit to the site by WMF's next two years. Listed in ISTANBUL International Council in MrnM 1996 and 1998 <\ ' * > »>>•;•, M June 1999 raised $30,000 1 I'''1 . |H for use on a pilot project. •fcá* ^: ^ ^ * UNITED KINGDOM Listed in 1998 HADLOW TOWER • fc ¿••93 TONBRIDGE, ENGLAND i ¡ UGANDA ayr s a result of continued MASAKA CATHEDRAL • inaction by the private [L *• MASARA, KITOVU A :!t owner, the Borough Council ; S 3 , VILLAGE M ^l is attempting the compulsory he World Monuments 1 $25,000 grant from purchase of the Gothic Fund in Britain has n addition to grants of A American Express T Revival and will undertake sponsored a feasibility study I $200,000 from American was used to make emergency

81 for the church in preparation momentum toward the goal for application to the of bringing all buildings up National Heritage Lottery to code, at which point the Fund. Watch listing spurred White Mountain Apaches a $50,000 American Express will assume full control over grant. A charitable trust has the site. Listed in 1998 been established to oversee the restoration efforts at the GOLDEN GATE PARK church and the local commu­ CONSERVATORY • nity remains actively involved. of Land Management has Hotels grant. This funding SAN FRANCISCO, Listed in 1998 purchased 500 acres sur­ allowed WMF to partner CALIFORNIA rounding the site that had with the New York UNITED STATES been privately owned and Landmarks Conservancy OF AMERICA slated for development. in a pilot program for stabi­ The buildings, however, ADOBE MISSIONS OF lization, weatherproofing, remain in a precarious state. NEW MEXICO • NEW and basic exterior restora­ MEXICO Listed in 1998 tion of one of the island's 29 unrestored hospital adminis­ CHACO CULTURE tration buildings. Additional NATIONAL HISTORIC funding for stabilization has been received from the PARK • MCKINLEY merican Express award­ White House Save America's COUNTY, NEW MEXICO ed $100,000 in response Treasures program, the A to Watch listing, but funds state of New Jersey, the have not yet been expended Federal Government, and fully. This rare surviving nine­ the Ellis Island Foundation. teenth-century conservatory o date, 125 churches Listed in 1996 used wood in its construction. Thave been saved through The San Francisco Parks and the work of Cornerstones FORT APACHE • WHITE Recreations department has Community Partnerships. MOUNTAIN APACHE stipulated that wood be used The organization has also TRIBAL LAND, ARIZONA for all repairs, allaying fears promoted the maintenance rchitectural and photo­ that metal might be substitut­ of nearly 600 churches that A graphic documentation ed. With new support from may be threatened if actions is ongoing at most sites and the Save America's Treasures are not taken. Various state large-scale backfilling and program, conservation efforts and private funds have been drainage projects have been are proceeding; but the build­ used to publish a conserva­ completed at four locales; ing still awaits city landmark tion handbook, coordinate work continues at two oth­ Status. Listed in 1996 youth training, and organize ers. Routine maintenance and repair—repointing of numerous community work­ HOLY ASCENSION mortar joints, recapping shops. This is one of the merican Express award­ CHURCH • UNALASKA, masonry walls—is being most successful and exem­ A ed an $80,000 grant ALASKA plary state-wide conserva­ performed. Listed in 1996 toward emergency stabiliza­ tion projects in the U.S.A. tion of some of the 28 Listed in 1996 ELLIS ISLAND NATIONAL historic buildings at Fort MONUMENT • NEW Apache. The site also BODIE STATE HISTORIC YORK, NEW YORK received $313,000 through Save America's Treasures, PARK • CALIFORNIA atch recognition of a White House millennial ncroachment, one of the Wthe unrestored build­ program. The newly created E major threats facing this ings on the south side of Fort Apache Heritage former ghost town in the the former Ellis Island immi­ Foundation will raise addi­ Sierra Nevadas has been per­ gration processing facility Ith an American resulted in a $25,000 Loews tional funds and sustain manently halted. The Bureau W:Expres s grant of

82 $40,000, an on-site conserva­ MESA VERDE NATIONAL cultural landscape posed by tion laboratory was estab­ PARK • COLORADO a planned pipeline through lished and experts hired to the area. Listed in 1998 help restore the church's 252 canvas Orthodox icons. YEMEN Some 14 icons will soon be SHIBAM HISTORIC CITY completed. The National Parks Service and Federal Express have given, respec­ tively, $10,000 and $2,500 towards further conservation work. Listed in 1996 rants awarded since list­ Ging—$1,497,672 from LAFAYETTE CEMETERY the Save Americas Treasures No. 1 • NEW ORLEANS, program, and $183,000 from LOUISIANA American Express—support a major site conservation v_y forward with efforts to project for these indigenous conserve the unique mud American cave dwellings. brick architecture of Shibam. The plan encompasses condi­ Past listing of Shibam and tions assessment (including a current listing of Tarim is survey of alcove sites not meant to raise awareness and seen for decades), tree-ring support for Yemen's mud dating, decorative wall fin­ brick architectural heritage. ishes restoration, and water Listed in 1998 $20,000 grant from drainage improvements. A American Express sup­ Listed in 1998 ported a preservation plan for the cemetery, New SOUTH PASS CULTURAL Orleans's earliest example LANDSCAPE • WYOMING of above-ground interment. Some of the most vexing issues have been partially addressed—vegetation growth, tourism damage, and tomb restoration. Additional funds are being sought for Lafayette and other cemeter­ ies across the city as inci­ dents of looting and vandal­ pdated information has ism continue to rise. U not been received since Listed in 1996 1998 listing, which highlight­ ed the threats to this vast

83 WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH LIST OF 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES 1996

ALBANIA CROATIA ISRAEL MOZAMBIQUE THAILAND Sarande • Butrint Dubrovnik • Old City German Colony, Haifa • Nampula Province • Ayuttaya & Other Sites on Archaeological Site Harbor Gemeindehaus Mozambique Island Chao Praya River • Dubrovnik-Ncretva County • Tel Aviv • The White City Flooded Sites in ARGENTINA Lopud Franciscan Monastery NEPAL Central Thailand San Ignacio • San Osijek • Village of Tvrda ITALY Bagmati River, Ignacio Mini Split • Split Historic Center Albenga (Savona) • Ruins on Kathmandu • Teku TURKEY the River Centa Thapatali Monument Zone Cumra, Konya • Catalhóyuk AUSTRIA CUBA Bologna • San Giacomo Lo Manthang, Mustang • Ocarli Kóyü, Kars • Ani Vienna • Belvedere Gardens, Havana • Convent of Santa Maggiorc Portico Gombas of Upper Mustang Archaeological Site Franciscan Church Clara of Assisi Florence • Garden of Villa Istanbul • Hagia Sophia Medici at Castello NORWAY BARBADOS CZECH REPUBLIC Pompeii (Naples) • Ancient Vágámo, Oppland County • UKRAINE St. Andrew • Morgan Lewis Cesky Krumlov • Cesky Pompeii Vágá Old Church Sevastopol, Crimea • Sugar Mill Krumlov Garden Rome • Neopitagorica Ancient Chersonesos Kladruby, Tachov District • Basilica at Porta Maggiore, PAKISTAN BELGIUM Kladruby Benedictine Nero's Palace - Domus Indus River Delta, Sindh • UNITED STATES OF Brussels • Tour and Taxis Monastery Aurea, Sts. Ambrogio and Tamba Wari AMERICA (transport hub) Carlo al Corso, New Mexico • Adobe ECUADOR Temple of Hercules PERU Missions BELIZE Quito • Church of the Salerno • Grottos oí San Cusco • Historic Center McKinley County, New Belize River Area, Cayo Compañía Michelc of Cusco Mexico • Chaco Culture Belize • El Pilar Reserve Venice • Bartolomeo Rapaz • Murals of the National Historic Park EGYPT Colleoni Monument Allauca Church New Orleans, Louisiana • BENIN Cairo • Qa'itbay Sebil Verona • Santa Maria Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 Abomey and Porto-Novo • (Fountain House) in Stelle PHILIPPINES New York, New York • Royal Palaces of Benin Rizal • Angono Petroglyphs Ellis Island National FRANCE JORDAN Monument (South End) BOSNIA AND Castelnau-Pégayrolles • Wadi Mousa, Petra • POLAND Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • HERZEGOVINA Chateau Aqueduct Southern Temple Cracow • Our Lady's Eastern State Penitentiary Pocitelj • Village of Pocitelj Saint-Emilion • Saint- Assumption Basilica San Francisco, California • Emilion Monolithic LAOS Nowy Targ • Debno Parish Golden Gate Park BRAZIL Church Vientiane • Vat Sisaket Church Conservatory of Flowers Sao Raimundo Nonato, Warsaw • Prózna Street Unalaska, Alaska • Holy Piaui • Serra da Capivara GEORGIA LATVIA Ascension Russian National Park Tetritskaro District • Kurzeme District • Abava PORTUGAL Orthodox Church Pitareti Monastic Complex Valley Cultural Landscape Vila Nova de Foz Coa • BULGARIA Coa Valley Petroglyphs VIETNAM Rousse Region • Ivanovo GERMANY LEBANON Duy Xuyen District • Rock Chapels Dresden Hellerau • Tyre • Ancient Tyre ROMANIA My Son Temple District Kaspichan • Madara Festspielhaus Hellerau Ghelinta • Romano Hue City • Minh Mang Horseman MALI Catholic Church Tomb GREECE Djenné • Djenné-Djeno Tárgu-Jiu • Brancusi's CAMBODIA Hania, Crete • Etz Hayim Archaeological Site Endless Column YUGOSLAVIA Siem Reap • Angkor Synagogue Subotica • Subotica Archaeological District MEXICO RUSSIA Synagogue GUYANA Atotonilco, Guanajuato • Kemi Province • Paanajárvi CHILE Warao Settlements • Church of Jesús Nazareno Village ZIMBABWE Chiloé Archipelago • Moruka-Waini Cultural Veracruz • San Juan de Kizhi Island, Lake Onega • Bulawayo • Khami National Churches of Chiloé Landscape Ulúa Fort Kizhi Pogost Monument Valparaíso • Elevators of Yucatán Peninsula • Yucatán Tsarskoje Sclo, St. Valparaiso HUNGARY Indian Chapels Petersburg • Alexander Easter Island • Orongo Budapest • Royal Garden Various buildings • Palace Pavilions Modern Mural Paintings CHINA SPAIN Chi Feng City, Inner INDIA MONGOLIA Granada • Moorish Houses Mongolia • Liao Jaisalmer, Rajasthan • Ulaanbaatar Town • Bogd of Granada Dynasty Site Jaisalmer Fort Khaan Palace Museum Drachi, Tibet • Namscling Agra • Taj Mahal SURINAME Manor MOROCCO Redi Doti • Sichuan Province • San INDONESIA Fes • Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Jodensavanne Xing Dui Archaeological Central Java • Borobudur Danan and Mansano Site Synagogues TANZANIA IRELAND Rissani • Medieval Sijilmassa Lindi Region • Kilwa Shannonbndge, County Kisiwani Portuguese Fort Offaly • Clonmacnoise New Graveyard

84 WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH LIST OF 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES 1998

AFGHANISTAN EGYPT Lebanon RUSSIA Herat • Herat Old City Gurna, Luxor • Mortuary Enfeh (Tripoli) • Enfeh Irkoutsk • Irkoutsk Historic Temple, King Ahmenhotep III Center ALBANIA LITHUANIA Kemi Province • Paanajarvi Sarande • Butrint EL SALVADOR Vilnius • Vilnius Town Wall Village Archaeological Site Suchitoto, Cuscatlán • Moscow • Russakov Club Suchitoto City MALAYSIA St. Petersburg -Yelagin Island ARGENTINA Kuala Terengganu • Kampung Palace/Park Ensemble Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego - ETHIOPIA Cina River Frontage Tsarskoe Sclo (St. Petersburg) • Ushuaia Prison Gondar • Mentewab- Agate Pavilion of the Qwcsqwam Palace MALTA Catherine Palace BELGIUM Mnajdra • Mnajdra Prehistoric Alexander Palace Brussels • Previous Radio and FIJI Temples Television Building Levuka • Levuka Township SLOVAKIA Tour and Taxis MEXICO Banska Stiavnica • Hell House Hoogstraten • Wortel Colony FRANCE Chihuahua • Carolina Estate Chantilly • Galerie des Hacienda SPAIN Actions de Monsieur le Madera Cave Dwellings Balearic Islands • Wind Mills BENIN Prince, Chateau of Chantilly Filor-Bobos, Veracruz • Vega of Mallorca Abomey - Royal Palaces of de la Peña Archaeological Site- Attorney GAMBIA Mexico City • TURKEY James Island • James Island Metropolitan Cathedral Istanbul • Hagia Sophia BOLIVIA Palace of Fine Arts Kas • Patara Archaeological Site Arani and Callapa Churches GEORGIA San Juan Teotihuacán • Ocarli Kóyü Department of Oruro • Rio Tbilisi • Tbilisi Historic Teotihuacán Archaeological Kars • Ani Archaeological Site Lauca Prehistoric Burial District Site Towers Tétela del Volcán & Tlayacapan, UGANDA HUNGARY Morelos • Monasteries of San Kitovu Village • Masaka BOSNIA AND Balatonfiired • Spa Center Juan Bautista Cathedral HERZEGOVINA Historic Ensemble Pocitelj • Village of Pocitelj MONGOLIA UKRAINE INDIA Ulaanbaatar Town • Bogd Sevastopol, Crimea • Ancient BULGARIA Ahmedabad • Ahmedabad Khaan Palace Museum Chersonesos Kaspichan • Madara Horseman Walled City Jaisalmcr, Rajasthan • Jaisalmer NEPAL UNITED KINGDOM CAMBODIA Fort Mustang • Gombas of Upper Castlerock, Northern Ireland • Thmar Puok • Bantcay Chhmar Mustang Mussenden Temple Temple of Jayavarman VII ISRAEL Glasgow, Scotland • The St. Haifa • Gemeindehaus NORWAY Vincent Street Church CANADA Ramie • Ramie White Mosque Trondheim • Wooden Manchester, England • St. Richmond, British Columbia • Archaeological Site Architecture of Trondheim Francis Church and Gulf of Georgia Cannery Gorton Monastery ITALY PAKISTAN Tonbridge, England • Hadlow CHILE Ancona • Arch of Trajan Punjab Province • Uch Tower San Pedro de Atacama • Tulor Castrocaro Terme and Terra del Monument Complex Aldea Sole • Terra del Sole Prison UNITED STATES OF Santiago • Alameda Railroad Cells PANAMA AMERICA Station Florence • Limonaia at Boboh Colón and Portobelo • Arizona • Fort Apache Gardens and Gardens of San Gerónimo Fort and San California • Bodie State CHINA Villa Medici at Castello Lorenzo Castle Historic Park Babang Village, Sichuan • Padua • Botanical Garden of Colorado • Mesa Verde Palpung Monastery Padua University PERU National Park Beijing • Jufu Hall, Xian Nong Pompeii • Ancient Pompeii Cajamarca • "Ransom Room" Pennsylvania • Lancaster Tan Puglia and the City of Matera • Lambayeque Province • County Drachi, Tibet • Namseling Rupestrian Churches Apurlec Archaeological Site Wyoming • South Pass Manor Rome • Neopitagorica Basilica Lima • La Quinta Heeren Cultural Landscape Tarquinia • Etruscan Painted CROATIA Tombs of Tarquinia PHILIPPINES VENEZUELA Dubrovnik • Franciscan Valmotonc • Palazzo Doria Kabayan, Benguet • Kabayan Coro, Falcon • San Francisco Monastery Library Pamphili Mummy Caves Church Zadar • Ducal Palace Manila • San Sebastian Basilica JAMAICA VIETNAM CUBA Spanish Town, St. Catherine • POLAND Duy Xuyen District • My Son Cienfucgos • Reina Cemetery Old Iron Bridge Gdansk • Vistulamouth Temple District Fortress CZECH REPUBLIC JORDAN Nowy Targ • Debno Parish YEMEN Kutná Hora • Heavenly Father Petra, Wadi Mousa • Petra Church Shibam • Shibam Historic City Chapel Lednice and Valtice Villages • LAOS ROMANIA Follies and Conservatory Vientiane • Vat Sisakct Ghelinta • Romano Catholic in Lednice Park Church Nebilovy, Plzen District • LATVIA Tárgu-Jiu • Brancusi's Endless Ncbilovy Mansion Kurzeme District • Abava Column Prague • Prague's Historic Valley Cultural Landscape Center

85 WORLD MONUMENTS FUND DIRECTORY

WORLD MONUMENTS FUND (HEADQUARTERS) EUROPEAN OFFICES 949 PARK AVENUE Hon. Jennone Walker NEW YORK, NY 10028 Vice President for Europe PHONE: (212) 517-9367/FAX: (212) 517-9494 www.worldmonuments.org Colin Amery, Special Advisor; Donatella Asta, Venice Program Representative; Brian Curran, Project Development Bonnie Burnham (WMF in Britain); Stephen Eddy, Italy; Naomi Gordon, President Administration (WMF in Britain); Carla Toffolo, European Office Assistant (Paris office) ADMINISTRATION World Monuments Fund France Irene Bareis 34, avenue de New York Business Manager 75016 Paris, France Daniel Burke telephone: (33 1) 47 20 71 99 / telefax: (33 1) 47 20 71 27 Office Manager Jon Caíame World Monuments Fund (Venice Office) Special Projects Manager Piazza San Marco 63 30124 Venice, Italy Bill Fischer telephone: (39 41) 523 7614 / telefax: (39 41) 523 7614 Assistant to the President Johnette Pride Associazionc Comitato Italiano World Monuments Fund Receptionist Contra del Monte 13 36100 Vicenza, Italy DEVELOPMENT AND EXTERNAL AFFAIRS telephone: (39 444) 323 688 / telefax: (39 444) 325 825

Laurie Beckelman Associacáo World Monuments Fund (Portugal) Vice President Mostciro dos Jerónimos Rebecca Anderson Prac,a dos Imperio Director of Publications 1400 Lisbon, Portugal telephone: (351 1) 362 0034 / telefax: (351 1) 363 97 45 Martha Flach Archivist and Media Coordinator World Monuments Fund España James Harris Garcia de Paredes, 94-3°A Development Associate 28010 Madrid, Spain telephone: (34 91) 308 46 98 / telefax: (34 91) 308 41 12 Holly Hawkins Marketing Assistant World Monuments Fund in Britain Lisa Kahn 39-40 St. James's Place Development Officer London, SW1A INS United Kingdom telephone: (44 17) 499 8254 / telefax: (44 171) 493 3982 Scott Leurquin Director of Development

PROGRAMS John Stubbs WMF CONSULTANTS Vice President Amita Baig, Program Advisor, India; A. Elena Charola - Felicia Mayro Easter Island ProgramConsultant; Diana Goldin - Project Manager Special Advisor -Jewish Heritage Program; Samuel Kirstin Sechler Gruber -Jewish Heritage Program Consultant; Manager, World Monuments Watch Program John Sanday - Preah Khan Project Manager Mark Weber Technical Director PROGRAM GUIDELINES

How TO NOMINATE A SITE

Nominations to the biennial List of 100 Most Endangered Sites are solicited every other year from govern­ ments, organizations active in the field of heritage conservation, and individuals throughout the world. It is strongly recommended, however, that a preservation professional advise on completion of the application.

Cultural sites of all types may be nominated to the List of 100 Most Endangered Sites, including historic struc­ tures, groups of buildings, historic districts, archaeological sites, public art, and cultural landscapes. Movable artifacts and works of art are eligible only when they are integral to an architectural context. Both privately owned and public sites are eligible for listing.

Nominations are reviewed and judged by an independent Selection Panel consisting of leading international professionals in the field of heritage conservation. Three criteria are applied to select the 100 sites — Significance of the site, Urgency of the threat, and Viability of the action proposed to save the site.

Nomination forms are available from WMF's headquarters in New York as well as its offices in London, Paris, and Venice. Application forms are provided in English, French, and Spanish. Nominations may not be sent by fax or e-mail. Please contact a WMF office to request a nomination form.

PROGRAM SCHEDULE

EARLY SUMMER 2000 • Distribution of nomination forms for the List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 2002.

DECEMBER 2000 • Deadline for application submission.

SEPTEMBER 2001 • Announcement of List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 2002.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH

Sites named to the List of 100 Most Endangered Sites are eligible for limited financial assistance. Funding will not be provided automatically but will be awarded on a competitive basis to selected sites on the list. Not all sites on the list will receive financial assistance.

One million dollars in grants will be awarded annually through the World Monuments Watch from American Express, the program's founding sponsor. Other grants will be made as funds become available from other World Monuments Watch sponsors.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Evaluations will be made annually to monitor the status of sites. Those sites receiving financial assistance from the World Monuments Watch program are required to provide written reports at least twice a year and at the completion of the project. Grant funds are released in three installments and the World Monuments Watch remains involved in all projects receiving funds throughout the administration of the grant.

87 PHOTO CREDITS FOR WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH LIST OF 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES 1996-2000

World Monuments Fund 47. WMF/J. Stubbs 99. Samuel Gruber Commune of Saint- Carlos Wester la Torre thanks and gratefully 48. Isaya O. Ojala 100. Zimbabwe Nat'l Mus. Emilion John Belle acknowledges the many 49. G Bustros/I. and Monuments Joffroy Thierry Luis Castro and Rocio ph otographers whose work Kouatily/H. Jreij (CRATerre- EAG) Mencndez is used in this publication. 50. Khoo Salma PROGRESS REPORT: Georgian Rest. Inst./M. Beyer Blinder Belle All images are Nasution/Khoo Su Nin 1996-98 SITES Botchoidze National Museum of the property of World 31. Brian Quirk Jim Webster Philippines Monuments Fund and 32. Mexico Museums Dept. Said Faizi Nikos Stavroulakis Orlando Abinion reproduction is strictly 53. Carlos Lazcano Carlos Pernaut Walter Roth Mus. of Reynaldo A. Inovero prohibited. Sahagun Victor Hugo Cuello Anthropology Mary Borley 54. INAH WMF/F. Mayro Lászlo Végh/Palatium ICOMOS Poland LIST OF 100 MOST 55. Arq. Norma Laguna Bundesdenkmalamt-Wien Palatium WMF/M. Weber ENDANGERED SITES Orduña William Cummins/ Dcbashish Nayak IPPAR 2000 56. WMF/K. Sechler Barbados Nat'l Trust Bombay Development Christian 57. Haydeé Orean Magaña Sint. Lurasarchief, Authority Crampont/Courtcsy 1. The Butrint Foundation 58, Museum of Bogd Luc Magels Douglas C. Comer Dr. Radu Varia 2. A. Georger/S. Ferdi Khaan Mia Uydens Office of Public Works, Biroul de Architectura 3. AIRPRINT 59. Rohit Kumar Ranjitkar BRASS/E1 Pilar, Ireland Atelier M. srl. 4. WMF/J.Calame 60. Linda Kentro Francia Gaunt Haifa Municipality Arkadi Bugacv 5. Francisco de Assisi 61. David Coulson Joffroy Thierry/ Zionist Archive WMF/J. Stubbs Salgado de Santana 62. Masood A. Khan CRATerre-EAG Paolo Guiri Johan Mattsson 6. Guto Arouca 63. WMF/J. Caíame The Embassy of Bolivia Giovanni Morigi S.G. Nikiti/ T.A. Ershova 7. Nat'l Inst, for 64. Facultad de Juan Carlos Jemio Slinas F. Danesin/G Deganello Ing. Arch. Katarina Veskcva Monuments of Culture Arquitectura Dr. Vjekoslava Sankovic S.A. per PEtruria Carlos Sanchez 8. Claude Jacques 65. Ricardo Morales Simcic Meridionale Amigos de los Molinos de 9. Api Charola Gamarra FUMDHAM Archivio Sop. B.A.A.A. Mallorca 10. Xu Xinguo 66. Buddy Mays/ N.I.M.C. Sofia Salerno Department of Antiquities, 11. Pamela Logan International Stock WMF S.B.A.S. di Firenze, Pistoia, Tanzania 12. Xiaotao Li 67. Apollo Sampol Estabrook, P. Buchik, e Prato Thailand Fine Arts 13. Li Zengxiang 68. Dr. Krzepztof Biskup G. Weibe Archivio Fotográfico S.A.R. Department 14. Kresimir Lednic 69. Adam Maksay Jaime Migonc Rettig Archivio Fotográfico S.A.R. WMF/J. Stubbs 15. Paolo Gasparini (1965) 70. George B. Rome Fund. Cult. Amigos de las S.B.A.S. per Roma e il Lazio H. Dunne 16. Felix Eduardo Peña 71. A. Iakovlev Iglesias de Chiloé Sop. Archeological della Diocese of Masaka Vivas 72. Dimitry Vladimirovich J. Migone/CONPAL-Chile Liguria Christopher Williams 17. Manuel Sanchez 73. Markku Nieminen Arch. Cons. Monumentos S.B.A.A.A.S. Puglia/B. Keith Nicholson 18. Zuzana Pykalova 74. Assc. Revitalisation de Nac. Gerone John Ruddle 19. Manuel del Monté Rostov State Bureau of Cultural Archivio Sop. B.A. e A. - Alexander Thompson 20. Saleh Lamei "5. WMF/J. Stubbs Relics Bologna Society 21. Renee Friedman 76. Maija Kairamo Shalu Association Sop. Archeologiche per il Jim Gautier 22. Francis Dzikowski 77. Marek Sarrisky State Bureau of Cultural Véneto William N. Lindermann 23. Orplid Forrer 78. T. Kendall Relies Arch. SS. Ambrogio e Carlo Southwest Parks & 24. A. Oesal 79. Rachel Frankel Republic of Croatia Archivio Fotográfico S.A.R. Monuments Assc. 25. Stephen Murray 80. WMF/J. Stubbs Damir Fabdanic Corrado Metri National Park Service 26. George Morbedadze SI. Catalhóyük Research Sylvia Gottwald-Thapar Coleen MeGeachy John Welch 27. ICOMOS, Georgia Project Mediterranean Centre for Min. of Info, and Culture, Deanna Brinkman 28. Carl Steinitz 82. Sohret Scnsoy Built Heritage Laos Alaska Regional Office, 29. Angela Golnitz 83. R. Ousterhout/ Agency for the Hist. Core Ojars A. Feldbergs Nat'l Park Service 30. The Jewish Ahunbay of Split Véromque Dauge/ Elizabeth D. Calvit Community of Rhodes 84. International Merv State Agency for Protection UNESCO Larry S. Diese/ 31. Lozang Jamspal Project of Culture Mecislovas Sakalauskas Connie Silver 32. Karan Grover 85. O. Plamenytska/ K. Randall R. Mcintosh Todd Gucnther 33. Sue Carpenter J. Rymsza/J. Strilenko Julio Rodriguez-Roldan WMF/K. Sechler UNESCO 34. Dulal Mukherjee 86. Samuel Gruber Historical Monuments of Adopte una Obra de Arte 35. Dr. J.V.P. Rao 87. Jane Wade Ceske Budejovice WMF/M. Flach 36. Fotarisman Zaluchu 88. Mark Rayner Kutná Hora Archives N. Sapieha 37. R. Arakaki/ 89. PA Prison Society Památkovy Ustav Palace of Fine Arts International Stock MO. Blair Seitz (Inst, of Hist. Bldgs. and WMF/B. Burnham 38. Sami Salih Mehdi 91. John M. Hall Monuments) INAH 39. Brian Connolly

88 ERRATA

Please note corrected numbering for map on pages 40 and 41:

70 corresponds to SITE NO. 72 71 corresponds to SITE NO. 76 72 corresponds to SITE NO. 70 73 corresponds to SITE NO. 71 74 corresponds to SITE NO. 73 75 corresponds to SITE NO. 74 76 corresponds to SITE NO. 75 91 corresponds to SITE NO. 93 92 corresponds to SITE NO. 91 93 corresponds to SITE NO. 92 LIST OF 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES - 2000

ALBANIA - i Butrint Archaeological Site - Sarande ALGERIA- 2 Tipasa Archaeological Park - Tipasa BELGIUM- 3 Tour and

Taxis (transport hub) - Brussels BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA - 4 Mostar Historic Center - Mostar BRAZIL - 5 Santo

Antonio of Paraguay - Sao Francisco do Paraguaya, Bahia 6 Vila de Paranapiacaba - Santo André, Sao Paolo BULGARIA - 7

Ivanovo Rock Chapels - Rousse Region CAMBODIA - 8 Banteay Chhmar Temple of Jayavarman VII -Thmar Puok CHILE - 9

Orongo Ceremonial Site - Easter Island CHINA - 10 Dulan County Tibetan Royal Tomb Group - Reshuixiang-Xuewei, Reshui,

anastery - Babang Village, Sichuan 12 Temple of Agriculture (Xiannongtan) - Beijing 13 Xuanjian Tower - Yuci

6 Ikorta Church of the Archangel - Zeno Artsevi Village 27 Tbilisi Historic District - Tbilisi GERMANY

Dessau-Worlitz - Dessau 29 Thorn as ki re he - Leipzig GREECE - 30 Kahal Shalom Synagogue - Rhodes I N DIA - 3a Basgo Gompa

(Maitreya Temples) - Ladakh Leh 32 Champaner Archaeological Site - Panchmahal, Gujarat 33 Jaisalmer Fort - Rajasthan 34

Metropolitan Building - Calcutta 35 Sai nt Anne Church - Talaulim, Goa INDONESIA - 36 Omo Haia - Nias, North Sumatra 37

Tanah Lot Temple - Tabanan, Bali I RAQ_Q^- 38 Erbil CitadeCitadel - Kurdish Autonomous Region IRELAND - 39 Saint Brendan's

Cathedral - Clonfert, County Galway ISRAEL - 40 Tel-Dan Canaanite Gate - Near Kibbutz Dan 41 Ramie White Mosque Archeological Site - Ramie ITALY - 42 Ancient Pompeii - Naples 43 Bridge of Chains - Bagni di Lucca 44 Cinque Tcrre - Liguria

45 Santi Quattro Coronati Cloister - Rome JAMAICA - 46 Falmouth Historic Town - Trelawny Parish JORDAN - 47 Petra

Archaeological Site - Wadi Mousa KENYA - 48 Thimlich Ohinga Cultural Landscape - Migori LEBANON - 49 Enfeh

Archaeological Site - Enfeh (near Tripoli) MALAYSIA - 50 George Town Historic Center - Penang State 51 Kampung Cina River

Frontage - Kuala Terengganu MALTA - 52 Mnajdra Prehistoric Temples - Mnajdra MEXICO - 53 Madera Cave Dwellings -

Madera, Chihuahua 54 San Juan de Ulúa Fort - Veracruz 55 Santa Prisca Parish Church - Taxco de Alarcon, Guerrero 56 Teotihuacán

Archaeological Site - San Juan Teotihuacán 57 Yaxchilan Archaeological Zone - Cuenca del Usumacinta, Chiapas MONGOLIA -

58 Bogd Khaan Palace Museum - Ulaanbaatar NEPAL - 59 Itum Monastery - Kathmandu 60 Teku Thapatali Monument Zone -

Kathmandu NIGER - 61 Giraffe Rock Art Site PAKISTAN - 62 Uch Monument Complex - Bahawalpur, Punjab PANAMA - 63

San Lorenzo Castle and San Gerónimo Fort, Colón and Portobelo PERU - 64 Cusco Historic Center - Cusco 65 Los Pinchudos

Archaeological Site - Rio Abisco National Park 66 Machu Picchu - Urubamba, Cusco PHILIPPINES - 67 Rice Terraces of the

Cordilleras - Ifugao POLAND - 68 Vistulamouth Fortress - Gdansk ROMANIA - 69 Bánffy Castle - Bontida RUSSIA - 70

Arkhangelskoye State Museum - Moscow 71 Irkoutsk Historic Center - Irkoutsk 72 Oranienbaum State Museum - Lomonosov 73

Paanajárvi Village - Kcmi Province 74 Rostov Veliky Historic Center - Rostov Veliky 75 Russakov Club - Moscow 76 Viipuri

Library - Vyborg SLOVAKIA - 77 Basil the Great Church - Krajné Cierno SUDAN - 78 Gebel Barkal Archaeological Site -

Karima SURINAME - 79 Jodensavanne Archaeological Site - Redi Doti TURKEY - 80 Ani Archaeological Site - Ocarli Kóyü,

Kars 81 Catalhóyük Archaeological Site - Cumra, Konya 82 Mount Nemrut Archaeological Site - Káhta 83 Zeyrek Mosque -

Istanbul TURKMENISTAN - 84 Merv Archaeological Site - Bairam Ali UKRAINE - 85 Kamyanets Podilsky Castle Bridge -

Kamyanets Podilsky 86 Zhovkva Synagogue - Zhovkva UNITED KINGDOM - 87 Abbey Farmstead - Faversham, Kent, England

88 Saint Francicis Church and Monastery - 1Eas t Manchester, England UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - 89 Eastern State

Penitentiary - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 990 Lancaster County - Lancaster County, Pennsylvania 91 Seventh Regiment Armory

New York, New York 92 Tree Studios and MMedinac h Temple - Chicago, Illinois 93 VDL Research House II - Los Angeles, California

UZBEKISTAN - 94 Abdulazizkhan Complex - Bukhara VENEZUELA - 95 San Francisco Church - Coro, Falcon VIETNAM -

96 Minh Mang Tomb - Hue 97 My Son Temple Complexx - Duy Xuyen, Quang Nam YEMEN - 98 Tarim Historic CitCityy - Wadi

Hadhramaut YUGOSLAVIA - 99 Subotica Synagogue - Subotica ZIMBABWE - 100 Khami National Monument - Bulawayo