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A Theoretical Framework for Successful Urban Heritage Regeneration Projects Involving Private Sector Development Companies

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A Theoretical Framework for Successful Urban Heritage Regeneration Projects Involving Private Sector Development Companies A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR SUCCESSFUL URBAN HERITAGE REGENERATION PROJECTS INVOLVING PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES Paul JONES School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Doctorate of Built Environment, September 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents. i List of Tables. ix List of Figures. xi Acknowledgements. xiii Abstract. xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 Introduction. 1 1.2 Research Background. 1 1.3 Research Scope. 4 1.4 The Research Problem. 4 1.4.1 Research Aim and Objectives. 5 1.4.2 Nature of Case Study Undertaken. 6 1.5 Motivation. 7 1.6 Professional Context. 8 1.7 Structure of the Thesis. 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. 13 2.1 Introduction. 13 2.2 The Use of Heritage Assets in Urban Regeneration Projects. 13 2.2.1 Urban Regeneration. 13 2.2.2 Justification for Engagement in Urban Regeneration. 14 2.2.3 Contribution to Definition of Successful Regeneration. 15 2.2.4 Property Led Regeneration. 17 2.2.4.1 The Case of Canary Wharf, London. 18 2.2.4.2 The Case of Albert Dock, Liverpool. 19 2.2.5 The Use of Heritage Assets as a Vehicle for Urban 21 Regeneration. 2.2.6 The Value of Heritage Assets in Urban Regeneration 25 Projects. 2.3 Governance affecting Urban Heritage Regeneration Projects. 31 2.3.1 Definition and Origins of United Kingdom Regeneration 31 Governance. i 2.3.2 Contemporary Regeneration Governance in the United 33 Kingdom. 2.3.3 A Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Regeneration 37 Governance. 2.4 Private Sector Development Companies. 38 2.4.1 Introduction. 38 2.4.2 Differentiating Private Sector Development Companies. 39 2.4.3 Private Sector Development Companies Involvement in 42 Urban Heritage Regeneration Projects. 2.4.4 Opportunities and Constraints for Private Sector 45 Development Companies in Urban Heritage Regeneration. 2.4.4.1 Financial return. 45 2.4.4.2 Local Economic Context. 46 2.4.4.3 Nature of Heritage Asset. 48 2.4.4.4 Role of Public Sector Organisations. 49 2.4.4.5 Funding. 50 2.4.4.6 Risk. 53 2.4.4.7 Cost. 54 2.4.4.8 Consultation and Community Involvement. 55 2.4.4.9 The Planning and Regulatory System. 56 2.4.4.0.1 End User. 56 2.4.5 The Implications of Private Sector Development 57 Companies Involvement in Urban Heritage Regeneration. 2.5 The Changing Nature of Urban Heritage Regeneration. 58 2.6 Summary of Key Findings from Literature Review. 62 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RATIONALE. 67 3.1 Justification for Research. 67 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 69 4.1 The Research Process. 69 4.2 Completed Academic Research Training Programme. 69 4.3 Knowledge and the Built Environment. 70 4.3.1 The Built Environment Knowledge Base. 70 ii 4.3.2 Explicit and Tacit Knowledge. 73 4.3.3 Investigating the Dominant Research Paradigm in the 73 research field of Urban Regeneration. 4.4 Research Philosophy. 75 4.5 Research Approach. 77 4.5.1 Inductive Research. 78 4.6 Research Strategy. 79 4.6.1 Case Study Protocol. 81 4.6.2 Case Study Constructs. 81 4.6.3 Single Embedded Case Study Design. 83 4.6.4 Unit of Analysis. 83 4.6.5 Case Study Boundaries and Parameters . 84 4.7 Research Strategy Considerations . 84 4.7.1 Practitioner Research. 84 4.7.2 Reflexivity. 85 4.7.3 Research Ethics. 86 4.7.4 Research Validity. 88 4.8 Research Techniques. 89 4.8.1 Concept Map. 89 4.8.1.1. Concept Map Development. 90 4.8.1.2. Concept Map. 91 4.8.1.3. Concept Map Narrative. 92 4.8.2 Semi-Structured Interviews. 93 4.8.3 Pilot study. 95 4.8.3.1 Reflective Analysis Post Pilot Study. 96 4.8.4 Survey. 96 4.9 Data Collection and Analysis. 98 4.9.1 Data Collection. 98 4.9.2 Qualitative Content Analysis. 98 4.9.2.1 Qualitative Content Analysis of Semi-Structured 98 Interviews. 4.9.2.2 Qualitative Content Analysis of Key Documents. 102 4.0.1 Theoretical Framework. 106 4.1.0.1 Definitions of Theory. 106 iii 4.1.0.2 The Value of Theory in Built Environment Research. 107 CHAPTER 5: THE NORTH WEST REGION. 109 5.1 The North West Region of the United Kingdom. 109 5.1.1 Introduction and Location. 109 5.1.2 History and Heritage. 110 5.1.3 Areas of Deprivation. 111 5.1.4 A Region of Urban Regeneration Opportunity for Private 115 Sector Development Companies. 5.1.5 Governance affecting Urban Heritage Regeneration in the 116 North West Region. 5.1.5.1 Local Authority – Role and Limitations. 117 5.1.6 Urban Heritage Regeneration involving Private Sector 118 Development Companies in the North West Region. 5.1.7 Justification for Selection of Case Study Area. 122 CHAPTER 6: INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HERITAGE ASSETS 124 AS A VEHICLE FOR SUCCESSFUL URBAN REGENERATION (R01). 6.1 An Initial Definition of Successful Regeneration. 124 6.2 Codebook of Extracted Data from Semi-Structured Interviews 125 with Senior Practicing Professionals for R01. 6.3 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 136 Semi-Structured Interviews with Senior Practicing Professionals for R01. 6.4 Codebook of Extracted Data from Documentary Analysis for R01. 140 6.5 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 150 Documentary Analysis for R01. 6.6 Completed Codebook and Conclusions following Qualitative 152 Qualitative Content Analysis for R01. CHAPTER 7: GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE VALUE OF 155 URBAN HERITAGE REGENERATION PROJECTS (R02). 7.1 An Initial Definition of the Value of Urban Heritage Regeneration. 155 7.2 Codebook of Extracted Data from Semi-Structured Interviews with 157 iv Senior Practicing Professionals for RO2. 7.3 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 168 Semi-Structured Interviews with Senior Practicing Professionals for R02. 7.4 Codebook of Extracted Data from Documentary Analysis for RO2. 173 7.5 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 193 Documentary Analysis for R02. 7.6 Completed Codebook and Conclusions following Qualitative 197 Content Analysis for R02. CHAPTER 8: UNDERTAKE A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE 200 GOVERNANCE AFFECTING URBAN HERITAGE REGENERATION TO ASSESS THE IMPACT ON INVOLVEMENT OF PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES (R03). 8.1 Establishing the Importance of the Concept of Governance. 200 8.2 Development of Initial Codebook for R03. 201 8.3 Codebook of Extracted Data from Semi-Structured Interviews with 202 Senior Practicing Professionals for RO3. 8.4 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 209 Semi-Structured Interviews with Senior Practicing Professionals for R03. 8.5 Codebook of Extracted Data from Documentary Analysis for RO3. 214 8.6 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 237 Documentary Analysis for R03. 8.7 Summary of Responses from Fixed Online Survey for RO3. 241 8.8 Conclusions following Qualitative Content Analysis for R03. 243 CHAPTER 9: ENGAGE WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR 245 DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY TO ESTABLISH THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS THAT AFFECT PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES PARTICIPATION IN URBAN HERITAGE REGENERATION PROJECTS (R04). 9.1 Initial Definition of the Opportunities and Constraints affecting 245 Private Sector Development Companies Engagement in Urban v Heritage Regeneration. 9.2 Codebook of Extracted Data from Semi-Structured Interviews with 247 Senior Practicing Professionals for RO4. 9.3 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 262 Semi-Structured Interviews with Senior Practicing Professionals for R04. 9.4 Codebook of Extracted Data from Documentary Analysis for RO4. 269 9.5 Summary Table of Descriptive Codes and Findings from 280 Documentary Analysis for R04. 9.6 Conclusions following Qualitative Content Analysis for R04. 283 CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL THEORETICAL 285 FRAMEWORK. 10.1 Development of Theoretical Framework. 285 10.2 Initial Theoretical Framework for Encouragement of Private 286 Sector Development Companies in Urban Heritage Regeneration Projects. CHAPTER 11: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK VERIFICATION. 289 11.1 Existing Theoretical Schools of Thought. 289 11.1.1 Applicable Conservation Theories. 289 11.1.2 Applicable Political Theories. 292 11.1.3 Applicable Economic Development Theories. 294 11.1.4 Applicable Property Development Theories. 295 11.1.5 Proposed Revisions to Initial Theoretical Framework. 296 CHAPTER 12: RESEARCH FINDINGS. 297 12.1 Summary of the Research Process. 297 12.2 Subject Specific Conclusions. 298 12.2.1 Research Objective One. 298 12.2.2 Research Objective Two. 299 12.2.3 Research Objective Three. 300 12.2.4 Research Objective Four. 301 12.2.5 Research Objective Five. 303 vi CHAPTER 13: CONCLUSIONS. 305 13.1 Contributions to Knowledge. 305 13.2 Research Limitations. 306 13.3 Opportunities for further Research. 306 13.4 Reflective Analysis on the Research Process. 307 vii BIBLIOGRAPHY 308 Appendix A: Confirmation of Ethical Approval to Conduct Research. 341 Appendix B: Semi Structured Interview: Introductory Letter. 342 Appendix C: Semi Structured Interview: Interview Template v1. 343 Appendix D: Semi Structured Interview: Interview Template v2. 345 Appendix E: Fixed Online Survey Template. 347 Appendix F: Cost Considerations for Heritage Regeneration Projects. 355 Appendix G: A Toolbox for the Post Project Assessment of Value of Urban 357 Heritage Regeneration Projects. viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Case study Constructs. 82 Table 2: Threats and Solutions to Research Validity. 88 Table 3: Description of Senior Practicing Professional Interviewee Role. 94 Table 4: Example of Data Display Table. 101 Table 5: Summary Description of Key Documents Subject to Qualitative 103 Content Analysis. Table 6: Extracts from North West Indices of Deprivation.
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