214 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月 Notes Notes Hideaki Hideaki OHBA: Notes on Tibetan Medication and Its Regional Interactions チベットの薬物誌ならびにチベット医薬への他地域からの影響(大場秀章) A disease is one of the greatest problems diseases are nearly the same beyond regions ， of of us until now. Ancient time when peoples however the medications are regionally diι were were ignorant the causes and pathogens they ferent because of the regional differences of might might panic at incurable disease. To cure any the medical materials. The differences in re- diseases diseases we must know about the causes ， gional Materia medica re f1 ect the difference however however it was impossible to detect because of regional f1 0ras which are formed under of of the lack of microscope or the know ledge different environments and climates. on anatomy ，physiology ，physiopathology ， To make clear the interactions of regional and and others. In such circumstances people be- medications a comparison between medici- lieved lieved that divinities might cause diseases. nal plants described in regional materia In In ancient time medications are the only medicae will be significan t. 1 will examine a practice practice for diseases ， and the most of materi- significant Tibetan medical illustration ， the als als used for medications were collected from Blue Beryl by Sanggye Gyamtso in the 17th wild wild plants. Knowledge on wild plants is es- century ， and the possibility of the in f1 uence sential sential for herbalists who are persons taking from other region. a part collecting necessary plants and medi- cations. cations. Herbalists accumulated the knowl- History of Tibetan medicine and its edge edge on wild plants and their effective Materia medica-Tibetan medicine contin- 位eatment for special diseases. A textbook ues to be practiced throughout the vast do- concerned concerned medicinal materials and medica- main of Tibetan culture which stretches from tions tions used was their desk-side boo k. At pre- Ladakh in the West Himalaya eastward to sent sent we this call Materia medica of which Sichuan and Gansu through Tibet ，Nepal ， name comes from De Materia Medicd by Bhutan and Yunnan (Meyer 1992). Pliny' Pliny' s contemporary man ， Pedianos Dio- Fundamentally Tibetan culture was derived skurides skurides (Dioscorides). from that of Buddhism (Snellgrove and The original text disappeared ， but its mag- Richardson 1986). Actually medication is es- nificent nificent illustrated copy made in early 6th sential practice in Buddhism. century century presumably in Constantinople has In early Buddhism ， the therapy was aimed survived. survived. This is called the Codex essentially at the mind and the monastic dis- Vindobonensis Vindobonensis of Dioscorides (Blunt and cipline imposed numerous restrictions to the Raphael Raphael 1979). Over 10 centuries European administering of medicines or healing herbalists herbalists placed this as the bases of medica- charms outside the community. However ， tions ， and published new Materia medica the milieu of the Buddhist renunciates was which which were something renewal versions of more beneficial to the early development of Dioscorides' Dioscorides' Materia Medic α. medicine in India than that of orthodox In In ancient times there were many regional Brahmanism ， which was limited by the re- medical medical systems and medications throughout straints of ritual purity (Zysk 1991). Eurasia. Eurasia. Such regional medications were Medicine was numbered among the five autochthonously autochthonously developed? Medical sys- major sciences ， along with the inner science tems tems and medications are always received of Buddha's word ，grammar ，epistemology ， in f1 uence from outside. Varieties of human and the arts. The Buddhist pantheon was August 2003 Journal of Japanese Botany ν0 1. 78 No. 4 215 then then enriched with deities specializing in cine. It 'was probably the ages during the healing: healing: two bodhisattvas ， the ngKi of royal dynastic period (the 7th to the 9th cen- Remedies Remedies (Bhaisajyaraja) and the Supreme turies) by way of the Arab conquest of physician physician (Bhais 司jyasamudgata) ， appear in Persia. Mahayanist Mahayanist texts compiled at the beginning Under the Tibetan monarchy ，two Chinese of of the common era. princesses ，Mun Chang and Kim Shang ，who Towards the end of the 3rd century married Tibetan Kings ，Srong ゐrtsan-sgam- Bhaisajyaguru ， Master of Remedies ，eclipsed po (in 641) and Kh ri-ide-gtsung-brtsan (in with with association to an Eastem paradise or 710) ， brought texts of medical works. During buddhafield. buddhafield. His thought enjoyed a great the reign of King Thrisong Detsen in the sec- success success in Central Asia ， then in the Far East ， ond half of 8th century ， the tantric master and and later in Tibe t. Nevertheless any medical Padmasambhava is said to have introduced texts texts is not known to exist ，ap 紅 t from a fa- the cult of the Medicine Buddha Bhaisajya- mous text ，Four Tantras ， and its iconograph ， guru into Tibet ， and received the Tibetan which which are as such ascribed to Bhaisajyaguru translation of the F our Tantras from the or or the Buddha Sakyamuni. A some number hands of his disciple Vairocana. Meyer also of of the extant sermons and tantric texts are wrote that the great variety of foreign influ- devoted devoted to illnesses and their 位eatmen t. ences ，especially Indian and Chinese ， which according according to later Tibetan historians ，is be- Foreign Foreign influence to Tibetan medicine in lieved to have nourished the origins of 7th 7th century- In the 7th century Tibet was Tibetan medicine between the 7th and the unified unified for the first time under the authority 9th centuries ，is confirmed by documents of of of a royal dynasty and became a redoubtable the period discovered in the caves of expansionist expansionist power open to the influence of Dunhuang ， and by traces which subsist in neighbouring neighbouring civilizations. The influence subsequent medical literature. found found beyond the borders in not only The fall of the Tibetan royal dynasty oc- Buddhism ， but also the sciences such as curred in 842 and led to an anarchy situation medicine medicine connected with it. in 150 years in central Tibe t. With the sec- Tibetan Tibetan medicinallearning was bom in the ond diffusion of Buddhism ， the diversity of first first half of the 7th century at the time of the cultural contacts which had marked Tibet reign reign of Ki ng Songtsen Gampo (Rechung during its early monarchy gave place to an Rinpoche Rinpoche 1973). Rinpoche wrote that essentially Indian influence not only Songtsen Songtsen Gampo and some his descendants Buddhism also medicine. invited invited doctors to their court from neighbouring neighbouring countries; India ，China ，Iran ， Influence of Ayurvedic medicine- In the Nepal ，Kashmir ， and others ， and their physi- 11 th century the great Rinchen Zangpo 仕ans- cians cians translated representative texts into lated a few Indian medical texts which Tibetan Tibetan under royal patronage. would be included in the Tanjur ， an anthol- Meyer (1992) introduced an example of ogy of translated treatises of Indian origins. cultural cultural exchange. A famous doctor named They include several works attributed to Galenos Galenos came from the Byzantine countries Nagarjuna ， the great Buddhist philosopher of (Phrom) (Phrom) by way of Persia. This name is evi- 2nd century ， and Astangahrdy α samhita by dently dently a reference to Galen ， the famous Vagbhata ，a famous 7th century Indian Greek Greek doctor of the 2nd centu f)人 This is an Ayurvedic medicine. The Astangahrdyasam- evidence evidence that the Tibetan tradition provides a hit， αis' accompanied by commentaries by the remote remote echo of the influence of Greek medi- author and by another one which often came 216 植物研究雑誌第78 巻第4号 平成15 年8月 to to be cited by 1ater Tibetan authors ， the Lama. The intention of the regent Sangye Padarthacandrikaprabhasa Padarthacandrikaprabhasa by Candranan- Gyamtso to codify medicine in theory and dana. dana. He is an erudite Kashmiri of the sec- practice resulted in the founding of Chagpori ond half of 10th century. Parallel to College of Medicine on the Iron Hill a司ja- Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine ， there are other Indian cent to the Potala Palace in 1696. In the 18th concepts concepts pertaining to the structure of the century medicine also flourished in Eastern body ，physiopathology and therapy ，devel- Tibet where in 1727 Dilmar Geshe com- oped oped by the alchemical and tantric traditions posed a vast repertoire of Tibetan Materia which which also reached Tibe t. The influence of medica. Ayurvedic Ayurvedic medicine has reached to Mongol The commented version includes more through through Tibet (Anonymous 1971). than 2200 drugs and their subvarieties. Two Yuthog Yontan Gonpo are distin- However at the end of the 19th century the guished guished to attribute the development of college of Chagpori in Lhasa declined and Tibetan Tibetan medicine. Yuthog the Elder is said to lead the 13th Dalai Lama to give a new im- be be a contemporary of King Thrisong Detsen petus to medical learning by founding the of of the 8th century while Yuthong the Mentsikhang School of Medicine and of Younger is said to have lived during the 12th Astrology (Mentsikhang) in Lhasa in 1916. century. century. The two are in particular related This new establishment was more oriented with with the transmission of the Four Tantras. towards practice ， and r叩 idly enjoyed a great Tantra Tantra is the term usually applied to trea- reputation. Having undergone m 司or changes tise tise by modem commentators ， but Man 住aya- since its founding ，it continues to function to na na (or Secret Mantra Vehicle) and Vajrayana the present day. (or (or Diamond V ehicle ) were more usual in the the past ， though specialists would insist that The Four Tantra s- The Four Tantras is the all all these terms are not strictly interchange- abridged title of a book entitled Tantra of able able (Snelling 1987).