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Infant Health Programs in the Philippines, 1900-1930

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Infant Health Programs in the Philippines, 1900-1930 Producing Citizens: Infant Health Programs in the Philippines, 1900-1930 Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln im Fach Anglo-Amerikanische Geschichte vorgelegt von Frauke Scheffler geb. am 02. September 1984 in Hagen Köln, den 18. Februar 2019 Producing Citizens: Infant Health Programs in the Philippines, 1900-1930 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Infant Health and Puericulture in the Philippines ....................................................... 1 Colonialism, Empire and the Philippines .................................................................... 9 The Multidimensionality of Colonial Relations ........................................................ 17 Colonial State Building, Medicine and Biopower ..................................................... 23 Ilustrado State-Building and Biopower ..................................................................... 28 Western Medicine and Colonialism .......................................................................... 30 Archival Sources ....................................................................................................... 32 Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 1: Infant Mortality, French Puériculture and the Founding of Gota de Leche .... 38 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 38 Infant Mortality and the Aftermath of War ............................................................... 40 Philippine Elites, Colonial Rule & Processes of Cooperation .................................. 43 American Rule, Science & Infant Health .................................................................. 46 Philippine Physicians in Europe ................................................................................ 48 Puériculture and Infant Mortality in France and in the Philippines .......................... 54 The Political Dimensions of Puériculture ................................................................. 57 Spreading the Knowledge of Puériculture ................................................................. 59 Colonial Elites and Puériculture in the Philippines ................................................... 63 Intersections between Infant Health & Women’s Organizations .............................. 66 Establishing a Puériculture Program ......................................................................... 72 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 2: Creating Knowledge about Philippine Families .............................................. 76 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 76 Part 1: Quantifying the Beginning of Life: From Vital Statistics to Citizenship .......... 80 Producing Citizens: Infant Health Programs in the Philippines, 1900-1930 From the Census to Population Studies: Studying the Population in the U.S. Occupied Philippines................................................................................................. 80 Looking Abroad: Transnational and Transimperial Discourses of Infant Health ..... 89 Quantifying the Beginning of Life ............................................................................ 92 Infant Mortality Rates, “Civilization” and Politics ................................................... 96 Part 2: Diagnosing the Population: The Construction of the Philippine Family ......... 118 Understanding Infant Mortality: Scientific Discourses and Models of Explanation ............................................................................................................. 118 Working Class Families, Health and Disease ......................................................... 125 Infant Mortality as “Class Mortality”: Socio-Economic Conditions and the Formation of Infant Mortality ................................................................................. 128 “Congested Districts”: Living Conditions of the Working Class in Manila ........... 135 Shifting Family Structures and Patterns of “Vice” under U.S. Rule ....................... 141 Creating Outcasts: Shifting Intimate Relations and the Disappearance of “Querida” ................................................................................................................ 154 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 157 Chapter 3: “Baby’s Birthright” Infant Feeding and Infant Mortality in the Philippines . 158 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 158 Infant Feeding in the Philippines ............................................................................ 160 Infant Feeding and the Medical Profession in Europe and the United States ......... 162 Medical Supervision and Infant Feeding in the U.S. occupied Philippines ............ 164 The Regulation of Infant Feeding as Biopolitics ..................................................... 166 “Baby’s Birthright”: Infant Feeding Practices in the Philippines ........................... 169 Motherhood & Infant Feeding Practices ................................................................. 176 Defining Taon or Beriberi: Contested Medical Knowledge and the American Occupation .............................................................................................................. 178 Beriberi as a Colonial Disease ................................................................................ 179 Beriberi in the Philippines ....................................................................................... 181 Identifying a Disease: Infant Mortality & Taon at the Turn of the Century ........... 182 Explaining Taon: Poverty, Waste and Microbes ..................................................... 186 Beriberi and Maternal Malnutrition ........................................................................ 188 Beriberi and Concerns about Maternal Health ........................................................ 191 Chapter 4: The Medicalization of Childbirth: Obstetrics, Maternity Practices and Midwifery in the Philippines ........................................................................................... 194 Producing Citizens: Infant Health Programs in the Philippines, 1900-1930 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 194 Obstetrics, Medicalization & Biopower .................................................................. 196 Philippine Physicians’ Critique of Midwifery......................................................... 199 Childbirth, Superstition & Medicalization .............................................................. 207 Midwives & Birthing Customs in the Philippines ................................................... 210 Chinese Physicians & Obstetrics in the Philippines ................................................ 211 Catholicism & Indigenous Midwives ...................................................................... 213 Midwives, Obstetrics & Political Implications ....................................................... 215 The Politics of Midwifery and Obstetrics ............................................................... 217 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 220 Chapter 5: “Better Babies, Better Citizens”: The Infant Health Movement in the Philippines during the 1920s ........................................................................................... 222 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 222 Part 1: Cooperation & Coordination: Building an Infant Health Movement .............. 224 “The Development of the Filipino Race”: The 1921 Conference on Infant Welfare .................................................................................................................... 224 Filipino Leadership and Aims for Self-Government during the 1920s ................... 225 Building a Population: Infant Health Reform and Independence ........................... 238 Part 2: Inculcating Habits: Everyday Practices of Puericulture .................................. 241 The Emergence of Puericulture Centers .................................................................. 241 “The Connecting Link”: Public Health Nursing and Puericulture .......................... 248 Everyday Practices of Puericulture ......................................................................... 259 “Children of Darkness”: Puericulture Centers and Education ................................ 264 Measuring Health: Infant Examinations & the Establishment of Bodily Standards ................................................................................................................. 278 Shifting Formations of Motherhood, Suffrage and Infant Welfare ......................... 287 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................
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