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La Masonería Española En Filipinas Después De 1898: Del Rechazo a La Fusión Con Las Logias Norteamericanas

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La Masonería Española En Filipinas Después De 1898: Del Rechazo a La Fusión Con Las Logias Norteamericanas REVISTA FILIPINA Otoño 2014, Vol. 2, Número 1 http://revista.carayanpress.com ARTÍCULOS Y NOTAS LA MASONERÍA ESPAÑOLA EN FILIPINAS DESPUÉS DE 1898: DEL RECHAZO A LA FUSIÓN CON LAS LOGIAS NORTEAMERICANAS ÁLVARO JIMENA Universidad de Estrasburgo INTRODUCCIÓN Al inicio de la colonización norteamericana de Filipinas, la masonería española se reorganizó y se mantuvo activa en el archipiélago durante más de tres décadas. A pesar de la represión sufrida por los masones filipinos tras la revolución del Katipunan y de la implantación de la masonería estadounidense, las logias españolas siguieron siendo las más importantes de Filipinas hasta 1917. En ese año se fusionaron con las logias norteamericanas, que hasta entonces habían intentado sin éxito hacerse con el control de la masonería local. Sin embargo, se trató de una decisión muy polémica debido a que supuso el abandono de la tradición masónica filipina y provocó la aparición de logias disidentes bajo soberanía española hasta la década de los años treinta. Por lo tanto, parece un objeto de estudio adecuado para analizar la evolución del hispanismo en Filipinas en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Hasta la fecha, los principales estudios sobre la masonería en Filipinas se han centrado en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX, investigando su relación con el movimiento nacionalista filipino y la revolución de 1896.1 Y sobre la masonería durante la colonización norteamericana solo se han publicado algunos estudios realizados por varios masones2 y una tesis doctoral que describe la evolución de las logias españolas en el archipiélago, aunque trata principalmente la vida masónica de estos talleres y no los pone en relación con el contexto profano3. Por ello creemos oportuno realizar un análisis más amplio de esta 1 Por ejemplo, John N. Schumacher, “Philippine masonry to 1890”, Asian Studies, 4 (1966), pp. 328–341 y Antonio Caulín Martínez, “La masonería en Filipinas” en María Dolores Elizalde Pérez-Grueso, Las Relaciones entre España y Filipinas, siglos XVI-XX, Madrid, CSIC, 2002, p. 241. 2 Reynold S. Fajardo, The Brethren, Manila, Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines, 1999 y Teodoro M. Kalaw, La masonería filipina; su origen, desarrollo y vicisitudes hasta la época presente, Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1920. 3 Susana Cuartero, La Masonería española en Filipinas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Idea, 2007. 37 Copyright © 2014 Revista Filipina, Edmundo Farolán evolución, que se llevó a cabo en un período de gran importancia en el desarrollo de la identidad filipina. Y es que tras la aparición de un movimiento nacionalista en el último cuarto del siglo XIX, el medio siglo norteamericano fue clave en la elaboración de un proyecto nacional para la posterior independencia de Filipinas. En ese proceso la influencia del hispanismo fue tan importante como la de la cultura anglosajona impuesta por el nuevo colonizador. Así lo demuestran la conservación del español como lengua franca de la clase política del archipiélago o la importancia de los periódicos en castellano hasta el inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. No obstante, existen otros muchos aspectos de la sociedad filipina que todavía no han sido estudiados y que, como la masonería, pueden ser muy útiles para evaluar el rol del hispanismo en Filipinas tras 1898. En los últimos años se han publicado algunas investigaciones que recogen este planteamiento y que aprovechan las numerosas fuentes en español para estudiar la primera mitad del siglo XX filipino. Destacan los trabajos de Florentino Rodao, que ha estudiado principalmente la repercusión de la Guerra Civil en la comunidad española de Filipinas y el declive del hispanismo en el archipiélago4. A este respecto, Rodao rechaza la creencia generalizada de que la influencia hispana en Filipinas fue disminuyendo progresivamente durante los primeros años del siglo XX y defiende que se mantuvo muy viva hasta el período de la Mancomunidad filipina (1935-1945), cuando la victoria franquista en España y la destrucción de Manila durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial significaron un punto de no retorno para la hispanidad en Filipinas5. Además, afirma que durante estas décadas, ante la ausencia de relaciones con la antigua metrópoli, los filipinos se apropiaron de la herencia hispana y la transformaron hasta crear un carácter “filhispano”. Según Rodao, fue una forma de contrarrestar la influencia norteamericana que incluso llegó a adquirir un cierto carácter anticolonial6. Esta reevaluación de la herencia hispana en el archipiélago asiático también ha sido defendida por varios autores filipinos, que la consideran como un elemento importante para enriquecer el debate sobre la identidad filipina7. Y es que uno de las principales problemáticas de esta discusión que ocupa a la comunidad académica de las islas desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, es la dificultad para definir la cultura filipina en términos asiáticos. A este respecto, el principal problema es la influencia hispana, que ha sido valorada, en general, de una forma negativa y siempre ligada a la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en Filipinas. No obstante, los estudios realizados a partir de nuevos enfoques en los últimos años están dando nuevos resultados que demuestran la importancia del legado hispánico en otros aspectos de la cultura y la sociedad filipina8. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es utilizar este enfoque para realizar un primer análisis de la evolución de la masonería en Filipinas entre 1898 y 1917. Durante este período las logias españolas fueron las más numerosas y llegaron a disfrutar de una independencia de acción que desapareció tras la fusión con la masonería norteamericana, por lo que parece una etapa adecuada para estudiar la oposición entre la influencia hispánica y la estadounidense. Para llevar a cabo este 4 Florentino Rodao, Franquistas sin Franco: Una historia alternativa de la Guerra Civil Española desde Filipinas, Granada, Editorial Comares, 2012. 5 Florentino Rodao, “Una hipótesis que parece cumplirse”, Revista Filipina, Segunda Etapa. Verano 2013, Vol. 1, Número 1. 6 Florentino Rodao, “Spanish Language in the Philippines: 1900-1940,” Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 45-1 (1997), pp. 94–107. 7 Fernando N. Zialcita, “Why insist on an Asian Flavor?,” Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 48-4 (2000), pp. 523–548. 8 Isaac Donoso (ed.): More Hispanic than We Admit: Insights into Philippine Cultural History, Quezon City, Vibal Foundation, 2008. 38 Copyright © 2014 Revista Filipina, Edmundo Farolán análisis nos basaremos en las obras ya publicadas y en una serie de revistas masónicas en español editadas por las logias filipinas durante este período y que no han sido utilizadas hasta la fecha9. Estas publicaciones contienen numerosos artículos que analizados a la luz de la evolución del sistema colonial norteamericano en Filipinas, permiten realizar una interpretación provisional del devenir de la masonería en el archipiélago asiático durante la colonización estadounidense. I. LA MASONERÍA EN FILIPINAS ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE 1898 La historia de la masonería española en Filipinas se asocia habitualmente al período anterior a 1898, a pesar de que el trabajo de las logias en el archipiélago se desarrolló durante muy pocos años. Hay dudas sobre la fecha de la llegada de la masonería a Filipinas, pero se acepta el hecho de que hasta finales de la década de 1870 la institución no se implantó con solidez en el archipiélago10. Además, antes de 1884 las logias españolas no admitían a filipinos en sus filas y fue gracias a la vuelta de los emigrados en la península Ibérica que la masonería se desarrolló en los primeros años de la década de 1890. Algunos de los miembros del movimiento creado alrededor del semanario La Solidaridad en Barcelona y Madrid crearon nuevas logias bajo los auspicios del Grande Oriente Español y hasta 1896 la masonería en Filipinas vivió un período dorado que se terminó bruscamente con su persecución tras el estallido de la revolución de 1896. La relación entre la sociedad del Katipunan y la masonería ha provocado desde entonces mucha polémica debido a que algunos filipinos eran miembros de las dos instituciones, aunque parece que las ideas de la mayoría de los masones eran mucho más moderadas y no tenían relación con esta sociedad secreta11. El período posterior a 1898 es mucho menos conocido pero, en realidad, ocupa un período más amplio puesto que durante las dos primeras décadas del siglo XX la masonería española llevó a cabo sus trabajos prácticamente sin interrupciones. Comenzó a reorganizarse poco después del inicio de la colonización norteamericana y tras varios años de poca actividad debido a las consecuencias de la represión sufrida por la institución después de la revolución del Katipunan, el Grande Oriente Español se consolidó como la orden masónica mayoritaria en el archipiélago. A mediados de la segunda década del siglo XX, coincidiendo con la aprobación de la ley Jones que daba autonomía en política interior a la colonia, la masonería filipina intentó independizarse pero sus esfuerzos fracasaron. La oposición de la masonería norteamericana, que había intentado controlar las logias del archipiélago desde el inicio del siglo, fue clave. Y, paradójicamente, provocó la fusión de los dos tipos de masonería en 1917. A continuación vamos a analizar más en detalle este período, que hemos divido en tres etapas. La primera trata la reorganización de la masonería española en Filipinas, que tuvo lugar desde 1899, fecha de la reanudación
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