DOCSLIB.ORG

Changes in Prehistoric Settlement Patterns As a Result of Shifts in Subsistence Practices in Eastern Kentucky

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changes in Prehistoric Settlement Patterns As a Result of Shifts in Subsistence Practices in Eastern Kentucky CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AS A RESULT OF SHIFTS IN SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES IN EASTERN KENTUCKY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Andrew M. Mickelson, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Dr. William S. Dancey, Advisor Approved by Dr. Kristen J. Gremillion ________________________ Dr. Paul J. Sciulli Advisor Department of Anthropology Copyright by Andrew M. Mickelson 2002 ABSTRACT This study examines the role of prehistoric subsistence change and its impact upon settlement systems in Eastern Kentucky. Eastern Kentucky’s rockshelters are well-known for their preservation of normally perishable organic plant remains. Archaeobotanical remains from rockshelter contexts have played a key role in the establishment of the region as an independent center of agricultural origins. By 4,000 to 3,000 years before the present (B.P.), prehistoric populations along the western edge of the Appalachian Mountains were engaged in the cultivation of weedy plants such as goosefoot, maygrass, sunflower, and squashes. The incorporation of domesticated plants into the diet has not received detailed examination in terms of its impact upon prehistoric settlement systems. This study acquired regional scale data to evaluate whether or not such an impact can be discerned. The results document that changes in the subsistence base did affect settlement configurations. Increased diet breadth throughout the Late Archaic period in upland contexts resulted in a reorientation of the settlement pattern in order to better fulfill subsistence requirements. In the case of the more rugged upland portion of the study area, prehistoric populations took advantage of mid-slope rockshelters to locate residential bases. Location of residences within rockshelters afforded foragers an even access to a heterogeneous environment. By gaining access to all available ecological strata, foragers were able to sustain a broad spectrum subsistence pattern in areas ii where richer floodplain settings were lacking. With the incorporation of cultigens into the subsistence base during the Early Woodland period, the use of rockshelters continued to be an energetically efficient settlement strategy. With the appearance maize by the end of the Late Woodland period, utilization of rockshelter settings as residences was no longer tenable. The advent of a field agricultural subsistence strategy based upon maize by the Late Prehistoric period marked the end of rockshelters used as permanent or semi-permanent residences. iii Dedicated to the Mickelson and the Robinson Families iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. William S. Dancey, for his guidance on methodological and conceptual issues encountered on the way to completion of this study. His assistance in keeping me on track, and his patience with this research project are greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank him for my initial introduction to Ohio Valley archaeology. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Gremillion for initiating me to the archaeology of the Cumberland Escarpment and for fieldwork opportunities in the region. I would also like to thank her for insight on the underpinnings of optimal foraging theory. I would like to thank Dr. Sciulli for his comments on this research project as well as for providing assistance with statistical issues. Dr. Marble of the Department of Geography at OSU provided theoretical insight into developing GIS models of human walking. I would like to thank Cecil Ison, Johnny Faulkner, and Don Fig of the USDA Forest Service for sharing their knowledge of the culture history of the region. I would also like to thank Cecil Ison for his support in obtaining funding for me to investigate the Gladie Creek site. Dr. Sissel Schroeder, then of the Kentucky Office of State Archaeology, provided me with a copy of the archaeology GIS dataset. GIS data support was enthusiastically v provided by Dan Carey of the Kentucky Division of Water, and Kevin Wente and Warren H. Anderson, both of the Kentucky Geological Survey. Rick Thomas provided access to a fast computer at a critical time, which facilitated a portion of this analysis. I am indebted to members of the Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society for initiating me to the excitement of archaeological fieldwork. In particular I would like to thank Paul Hooge. I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Pacheco and Dr. Dee Anne Wymer for allowing me to participate in the fieldwork enterprise with them. I would also like to acknowledge the generous support and hospitality granted to me by residents of the North Fork of the Red River. I am forever indebted to Tee and Lois Skidmore for granting me access to conduct research on their property, for giving me lodging, for friendship, and for warm conversations on cold fall nights. Dwaine Anderson also provided access to conduct fieldwork and supplied knowledge of the area. Shirley Crabtree cheerfully shared his knowledge of the archaeology of the region with me. Finally, I would like to thank my wife for sharing in fieldwork and the dissertation enterprises; she made them bearable, possible, and a source of unmitigated pleasure. vi VITA 1990. B.A. Anthropology, Beloit College 1991-1992 . Contract Research Management Archaeologist 1992-1994 . Archaeologist, West Virginia Department of Highways 1994 . M.A. Anthropology, The Ohio State University 1994-2000 . .Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. A. Mickelson, “Mitigation of the Upper Portions of the Gladie Creek Site (15MF410), Red River Gorge Geological Area, Daniel Boone National Forest, Stanton Ranger District, Menifee County, Kentucky.” Report Submitted to the USDA, Forest Service, Winchester, Kentucky (2002). 2. A. Mickelson, “The Salt Wall: A Probable Woodland Period Earthwork in Granville Township, Licking County, Ohio.” Ohio Archaeological Council Newsletter 13:1, 19-20 (2001). 3. A. Mickelson, “Recent Excavations at the Spring Creek Site. Greenbrier County, West Virginia.” West Virginia Archeologist (1999). 4. A. Mickelson, K. R. Mickelson, M. E. Mickelson, G. Crothers, C. Swedlund and R. Ward. “An Archaeological and Historical Review of Nitre Mining at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.” In Proceedings of the 1997 Mammoth Cave National Park Science Conference, Mammoth Cave (1997). vii 5. A. Mickelson, “Phase I and Phase II Report on the Columbia Gas KA Line in Wyoming County West Virginia.” Gray and Pape Cultural Resources Consultants. Richmond, Virginia (1995). 6. A. Mickelson, “Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the Proposed Corridor L (US Route 19) Four- Lane Upgrade: Hico to Mt. Nebo, Fayette and Nicholas Counties, West Virginia.” West Virginia Division of Highways, Charleston (1992). 7. A. Mickelson, “The Development of Ethics in Socio-cultural Anthropology: The Thailand Controversy Examined." Paper prepared for a National Endowment to the Humanities Grant. Copy on file at the Beloit College Department of Anthropology Library (1989). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................. ii Dedication ............................................................ iv Acknowledgments .......................................................v Vita................................................................. vii List of Figures ........................................................ xii List of Tables..........................................................xv Chapter 1: Research Question..............................................1 Chapter 2: Research Design................................................7 2.1 Methodological Issues: the GIS Environment .........................7 2.1.1 GIS Vector Data Coverages ...............................9 2.1.2 GIS Raster Coverages ...................................12 2.2 Definition of the Study Area .....................................13 2.3 Archaeological Data Acquisition Strategy ..........................14 2.4 Construction of the Archaeology GIS Database ......................14 2.5 Acquisition and Development of Environmental Data Layers ...........16 2.6 Acquisition of Environmental Context for Sites ......................17 2.7 Distributional Analysis .........................................18 2.8 Synthesis of Distributional Data ..................................19 2.9 Summary of the Research Design .................................23 Chapter 3: Background to the Study Area ....................................24 3.1 Environmental Background of the Study Area .......................24 3.1.1 Physiography and Geology ...............................25 3.1.2 Bedrock Geology and its Control over Study Area Terrain .....26 3.1.3 Climactic and Geomorphological Considerations .............27 3.2 Flora and Fauna ...............................................28 3.2.1 Flora ................................................28 3.2.2 Fauna ...............................................30 3.3 Culture History of the Study Area .................................31 ix 3.3.1 Paleo Indian Period .....................................31 3.3.2 Archaic Period ........................................32 3.3.2.1 Early Archaic Period ............................33 3.3.2.2 Middle Archaic Period ...........................34 3.3.2.3 Late Archaic Period .............................36 3.3.3 Woodland Period ......................................39
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FEBRUARY 2019 Co-Editors Linda Alderman ([email protected]) & Janice Freeman ([email protected])
    Herbs Make Scents THE HERB SOCIETY OF AMERICA SOUTH TEXAS UNIT VOLUME XLII, NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 2019 Co-Editors Linda Alderman ([email protected]) & Janice Freeman ([email protected]) February 2019 Calendar Feb 12, Tues. at 10 a.m. Day Meeting is at the home of Tamara Gruber. The program, “Salvia greggii – Hot Lips,” is presented by Cathy Livingston. Members should bring a dish to share. Guests should RSVP to Tamara at 713-665-0675 Feb 20, Wed. at 6:30 p.m. Evening Meeting is at the Cherie Flores Garden Pavilion in Hermann Park (1500 Hermann Drive, Houston, TX 77004). Hosts are Jenna Wallace, Mike Jensvold, and Virginia Camerlo. The program, “Molcajetes and Metates,” is presented by Jesus Medel, M.Ed., founder of Museo Guadalupe Aztlan. Bring your plate and napkin and a dish to share. March 2019 Calendar Mar 12, Tues. at 10 a.m. Day Meeting is at the home of Janice Stuff. The program, “Blue Blooming Salvias,” is presented by Janice Dana. Members should bring a dish to share. Guests should RSVP to Janice Stuff at [email protected] Mar 19, Tues. at 7 p.m. Board Meeting is at the home of Donna Yanowski Mar 20, Wed. at 6:30 p.m. Evening Meeting is at the Clubhouse in Hermann Park (6201 Hermann Park (Note: Change of Location) Drive, Houston, TX 77030). Parking Lot H. Hosts are Mary Sacilowski, Palma Sales. The program, “Healing Teas from the Wild Side,” is presented by Mark “Merriwether” Vorderbruggen, PhD, author of Foraging and creator of “Foraging Texas”. Bring your plate and napkin and a dish to share.
    [Show full text]
  • FEATURE TYPES Revised 2/2001 Alcove
    THE CROW CANYON ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER FEATURE TYPES Revised 2/2001 alcove. A small auxiliary chamber in a wall, usually found in pit structures; they often adjoin the east wall of the main chamber and are substantially larger than apertures and niches. aperture. A generic term for a wall opening that cannot be defined more specifically. architectural petroglyph (not on bedrock). A petroglyph in a standing masonry wall.A piece of wall fall with a petroglyph on it should be sent in as an artifact if size permits. ashpit. A pit used primarily as a receptacle for ash removed from a hearth or firepit. In a pit structure, the ash pit is commonly oval or rectangular and is located south of the hearth or firepit. bedrock feature. A feature constructed into bedrock that does not fit any of the other feature types listed here. bell-shaped cist. A large pit whose greatest diameter is substantially larger than the diameter of its opening.A storage function is implied, but the feature may not contain any stored materials, in which case the shape of the pit is sufficient for assigning this feature type. bench surface. The surface of a wide ledge in a pit structure or kiva that usually extends around at least three-fourths of the circumference of the structure and is often divided by pilasters.The southern recess surface is also considered a bench surface segment; each bench surface segment must be recorded as a separate feature. bin: not further specified. An above-ground compartment formed by walling off a portion of a structure or courtyard other than a corner.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeologist Volume 44 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 44 NO. 1 WINTER 1994 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incor­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 porated non-profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, BACK ISSUES Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130, (614)653-9477 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064, (614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres.
    [Show full text]
  • The Texas Archaic: a Symposium
    Volume 1976 Article 11 1976 The Texas Archaic: A Symposium Thomas R. Hester Center for Archaeological Research, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Hester, Thomas R. (1976) "The Texas Archaic: A Symposium," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 1976, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.21112/ita.1976.1.11 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1976/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Texas Archaic: A Symposium Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1976/iss1/11 Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio 78285 Thomas R. Hester, Director Spe.uat Re.pom Publications dealing with the archaeology of Texas and Mesoamerica. No. 1 (1975) 11 Some Aspects of Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology in Southern Texas 11 (By Thomas R.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0874-4 326 Index
    Index A Bajloni’s calotte BAJ, 17, 19–20 Accretion model of Neanderthal evolution, 29 Balanica Acculturation, 164–165, 253 BH-1, 15, 24–29, 309 Acheulean, 80, 148, 172, 177, 201, 205, 306, 308, 310 hominin, 15–17, 29 large flake, 129, 132, 218 Mala, vi, 16, 24, 30, 139–140, 144–145, lithic artifacts, 80 148, 309–311 Lower, 308 Velika, 24, 36, 139–140, 144–145, 148 Middle, 308 Balıtepe, 214, 223–224 Admixture, vi, 29, 258 Balkan, v, 3, 139, 159, 171, 187, 218, 229, 274, 282, 303 Neanderthal, 51–64 and Anatolia, 308–310 Adriatic, 46, 154, 157, 162, 164–166 Central, vi, 3, 15–30, 139–150 Aegean, 29–30, 74–76, 116, 119, 121–122, 134–135, 148, 213, implications for earliest settlement of Europe, 220–221, 261, 283, 305, 316 187–210 Aizanoi, 221 Mountains, 69, 187 Akçeşme, 214, 223–224 and neighbouring regions, 229–261 Aktaş, 214, 217 Peninsula, 51, 70, 74, 119, 134, 150, 187, 201, 208 Alluvial plain, 125, 314 Southern, 3, 12, 47, 275 Alykes, 270, 272 Bañolas mandible, 28 Amărăști, 176–177, 181 Basalt, 201, 217–218, 220, 284 Anatolia (Asia Minor), 3, 79–80, 308–310 Basins, 51, 74, 99, 119, 139, 213, 281, 303 Central (Region), 128, 132, 134, 213, 217–218, 220, 223, 313 Anagni, 306 Eastern (Region), 217 Apennine, 310, 314 and hominin dispersals, 213–225 Beni Fouda, 307 North, 120 Čačak-Kraljevo, 140 Southeastern (Region), 215, 217, 220, 223 Carpathian, 51, 148 west, 119, 121 Denizli, 83 Anatomically modern human, 23, 36, 41, 44, 46, 55–56, 62, 70, 72, evolution on archaeological distributions, 313–317 76, 95, 111, 153, 165–166, 229 Grevena, 269, 272 Apidima, 4, 7–8, 11–12, 96, 310–311 Kalloni, 121–122 Apolakkia, 270–271 Megalopolis, 9, 12, 134–135, 298 Apollonia, 74, 270, 273, 276–277, 286–287 Mygdonia, 12, 273 Arago, 10, 25, 29, 56, 59, 87–90, 149, 312 Niš, 139, 146 Archaeological pattern, 303, 305 Pannonian, 15, 23, 319 Areopolis, 97 Thessalian, 310 Asprochaliko, 95, 148, 238–239, 253, 260 Venosa, 306 Assimilation model, 162 Belen Tepe, 221–222, 225 Atapuerca, 28, 276, 285, 287, 312, 318 Benkovski, 187, 205–209, 309 Sima de los Huesos, 27–29, 304, 306–307 BH-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Intensified Middle Period Ground Stone Production on San Miguel Island
    UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Intensified Middle Period Ground Stone Production on San Miguel Island Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dh8m068 Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 22(2) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Conlee, Christina A Publication Date 2000-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 374 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Elston, Robert G., Jonathan O. Davis, Alan Levan- Neuenschwander, Neal thal, and Cameron Covington 1994 Archaeological Excavation at CA-Plu-88, 1977 The Archaeology of the Tahoe Reach of the Lakes Basin Campground, Plumas County, Tmckee River. Report on file at the California. Report on file at Peak and As­ Nevada Archaeological Survey, University sociates, Sacramento, Califomia. of Nevada, Reno. Noble, Daryl Flenniken, J. Jeffrey, and Philip J. Wilke 1983 A Technological Analysis of Chipped Stone 1989 Typology, Technology, and Chronology of From CA-Pla-272, Placer County, Califor­ Great Basin Dart Points. American An- nia. Master's thesis, Califomia State Uni­ du-opologist 91 (1): 149-173. versity, Sacramento. Foster, Daniel G., John Belts, and Lmda Sandelin Ritter, Eric W. 1999 The Association of Style 7 Rock Art and 1970 The Archaeology of 4-Pla-101, die Spring the Martis Complex in the Northern Sierra Garden Ravine Site. In: Archaeological In­ Nevada of California. Report on file at the vestigations in the Aubum Reservoir Area, California Department of Forestry and Fire Phase II-III, Eric W. Ritter, ed., pp. 270- Protection, Sacramento. 538. Report on file at the National Park Heizer, Robert F., and Albert B.
    [Show full text]
  • Grinding Stone Reuse 1983
    The Effects of Grinding Stone Reuse on the Archaeological Record in the Eastern Great Basin Author(s): STEVEN R. SIMMS Source: Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1/2 (Summer and Winter 1983), pp. 98-102 Published by: Malki Museum, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27825137 Accessed: 30-11-2015 18:41 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Malki Museum, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.123.24.42 on Mon, 30 Nov 2015 18:41:26 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 5, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 98-102 (1983). The Effects of Grinding Stone on Reuse the Archaeological Record in the Eastern Great Basin STEVEN R. SIMMS are aware thatmany hunter-gatherer societies where the transpor ARCHAEOLOGISTSfactors change archaeological sites after tation of material culture is a limiting factor. they have been initially deposited. One kind Reuse can include the use of grinding stones of post-depositional phenomena that could from nearby, older sites or the caching of change the material record is the scavenging previously used grinding stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Metate Re-Roughening, Pecking, Or Pounding?
    PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A REPLICATNE STUDY: METATE RE-ROUGHENING, PECKING, OR POUNDING? Dawn M. Reid and Mari A. Pritchard-Parker Department of Anthropology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 ABSTRACT This paper discusses the results of a replicative study on the roughening of milling equipment, specifically metates. The intent of the replication was to ascertain ifdiffering results were achieved when various percussor types were used to re-roughen a metate-like surface. Hammerstones prepared by flaking and unmodified cobbles were utilized. The results obtained in the replication were then compared with archaeological specimens in an attempt to determine more information as to the manufacturing and use behaviors associated with milling equipment. INTRODUCTION ment would be most efficiently accom­ plished with tools of different shapes and Stone metates or grinding stones have sizes, depending upon how much mass one long been a primary food processing tool for is trying to remove and where that mass is many agricultural as well as hunting and located. Where manufacture seeks to re­ gathering societies. Use of these imple­ move a relatively large amount ofmass, re­ ments to reduce both plant and animal ma­ roughening seeks to merely mar the grind­ terial has been well documented. When a ing surface to such a degree that it becomes metate is used in conjunction with a mano useful again. Identifying potential differ­ to grind foodstuffs, sharp edges are sheared ences in the types of tools used in the manu­ off ofthe metate surface and residues from facture and maintenance ofmilling imple­ the material being ground are deposited.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Overview Desert Peaks Complex of the Organ Mountains – Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico
    Cultural Resources Overview Desert Peaks Complex of the Organ Mountains – Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico Myles R. Miller, Lawrence L. Loendorf, Tim Graves, Mark Sechrist, Mark Willis, and Margaret Berrier Report submitted to the Wilderness Society Sacred Sites Research, Inc. July 18, 2017 Public Version This version of the Cultural Resources overview is intended for public distribution. Sensitive information on site locations, including maps and geographic coordinates, has been removed in accordance with State and Federal antiquities regulations. Executive Summary Since the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966, at least 50 cultural resource surveys or reviews have been conducted within the boundaries of the Desert Peaks Complex. These surveys were conducted under Sections 106 and 110 of the NHPA. More recently, local avocational archaeologists and supporters of the Organ Monument-Desert Peaks National Monument have recorded several significant rock art sites along Broad and Valles canyons. A review of site records on file at the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division and consultations with regional archaeologists compiled information on over 160 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites in the Desert Peaks Complex. Hundreds of additional sites have yet to be discovered and recorded throughout the complex. The known sites represent over 13,000 years of prehistory and history, from the first New World hunters who gazed at the nighttime stars to modern astronomers who studied the same stars while peering through telescopes on Magdalena Peak. Prehistoric sites in the complex include ancient hunting and gathering sites, earth oven pits where agave and yucca were baked for food and fermented mescal, pithouse and pueblo villages occupied by early farmers of the Southwest, quarry sites where materials for stone tools were obtained, and caves and shrines used for rituals and ceremonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia
    1.2.^5^-3 rK 'rm ' ^ -*m *~ ^-mt\^ -» V-* ^JT T ^T A . ESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE Clemson Universii akCHEOLOGY of the FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT, GEORGIA TIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3ERAL JCATK5N r -v-^tfS i> &, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, Director Ihis publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in con- nection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1 (paper cover) ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE National Monument, Georgia By Charles H. Fairbanks with introduction by Frank M. Settler ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • WASHINGTON 1956 THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM, of which Ocmulgee National Monument is a unit, is dedi- cated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his- toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Foreword Ocmulgee National Monument stands as a memorial to a way of life practiced in the Southeast over a span of 10,000 years, beginning with the Paleo-Indian hunters and ending with the modern Creeks of the 19th century. Here modern exhibits in the monument museum will enable you to view the panorama of aboriginal development, and here you can enter the restoration of an actual earth lodge and stand where forgotten ceremonies of a great tribe were held.
    [Show full text]
  • From Left to Right, R. P. Soejono, H. R. Van Heekeren, and W. G. Solheim II Hendrik Robert Van Heekeren 1902-1974
    From left to right, R. P. Soejono, H. R. van Heekeren, and W. G. Solheim II Hendrik Robert van Heekeren 1902-1974 Received 29 September 1975 R. P. SOEJONO The friendly spirit and cooperation I found from scientists as well as from the simple peoples in small villages all over Indonesia will stay with me forever. (van Heekeren's Ceremonial Lecture Dr. H. C., University of Indonesia, 1970) R. H. R. van Heekeren passed away in Heemstede on 10 September 1974 after a four month's illness. His attendance at the "Symposium on Modern D Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia," which was held on 16 May 1974 in Groningen, was the last activity of his lifetime in the field of science. The paper he gave during this symposium dealt with problems ofthe chronology of Indonesian prehistory, which he always considered as being in its formative stage, with research on this subject continuously intensifying. His work of writing the second edition of his book The Bronze-Iron Age of Indonesia (first published in 1958), being done in cooperation with R. P. Soejono at the N.LA.S. (The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar), has not yet been accomplished, in spite of his earnest desire to have the new edition published as quickly as possible. He fell ill upon his return from Groningen, making it impossible for him to continue his writing at the N.LA.S., and this illness ended with his death. It was not expected that he would pass away so soon and so suddenly, as a few days before his death he seemed to be improving and was looking forward to his next visit, the following year, to Indonesia, which he had always considered as his second homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • Animacy, Symbolism, and Feathers from Mantle's Cave, Colorado By
    Animacy, Symbolism, and Feathers from Mantle's Cave, Colorado By Caitlin Ariel Sommer B.A., Connecticut College 2006 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology 2013 This thesis entitled: Animacy, Symbolism, and Feathers from Mantle’s Cave, Colorado Written by Caitlin Ariel Sommer Has been approved for the Department of Anthropology Dr. Stephen H. Lekson Dr. Catherine M. Cameron Sheila Rae Goff, NAGPRA Liaison, History Colorado Date__________ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Abstract Sommer, Caitlin Ariel, M.A. (Anthropology Department) Title: Animacy, Symbolism, and Feathers from Mantle’s Cave, Colorado Thesis directed by Dr. Stephen H. Lekson Rediscovered in the 1930s by the Mantle family, Mantle’s Cave contained excellently preserved feather bundles, a feather headdress, moccasins, a deer-scalp headdress, baskets, stone tools, and other perishable goods. From the start of excavations, Mantle’s Cave appeared to display influences from both Fremont and Ancestral Puebloan peoples, leading Burgh and Scoggin to determine that the cave was used by Fremont people displaying traits heavily influenced by Basketmaker peoples. Researchers have analyzed the baskets, cordage, and feather headdress in the hopes of obtaining both radiocarbon dates and clues as to which culture group used Mantle’s Cave. This thesis attempts to derive the cultural influence of the artifacts from Mantle’s Cave by analyzing the feathers.
    [Show full text]